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1
Davis, Jillian S. "Functional Morphology of Mastication in Musteloid Carnivorans." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1405694251.
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2
Iwaniuk, Andrew N., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The evolution of skilled forelimb movements in carnivorans." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2000, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/94.
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Emancipating the forelimbs from locomotion for use in other activities, such as food manipulation, is a major evolutionary milestone. A variety of selective forces and evolutionary correlates may influence the evolution of various degrees of skill with which the forelimbs are used. Using the order Carnivora as a test group, I assesed the relative influence of six factors: relative brain size, neocortical volume, manus proportions, body size, phylogenetic relatedness, type of locomotion and diet. I developed a rating system to describe the dexterity of individual species and compared the scores to the six factors using modern comparative methods. Only phylogeny and diet were significanly correlated with forelimb dexterity. More specifically, forelimb dexterity tends to be higher in caniform than in feliform carnivorans and decreases with increasing specialisation on vertebrate prey. I conclude that food handling and feeding niche breath have a significant effect upon the evolution of skilled forelimb movements.xii, 151 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
3
Iwaniuk, Andrew N. "The evolution of skilled forelimb movements in carnivorans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ49136.pdf.
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4
Robles, Giménez Josep Maria. "Miocene carnivorans from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284933.
Full textAbstract:
Aquesta
tesi
doctoral
proporciona
una
revisió
actualitzada
dels
carnívors
fòssils
(Mammalia:
Carnivora)
del
Miocè
de
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès.
Situada
al
NE
de
la
península
Ibèrica,
aquesta
conca
es
caracteritza
per
un
ric
registre
fòssil
de
vertebrats
terrestres.
Mentre
que
alguns
grups,
com
els
primat,
s’han
estudiat
molt
a
fons,
el
registre
fòssil
dels
carnívors
no
s’hi
havia
estudiat
en
detall
durant
les
darreres
dècades.
Després
de
tres
capítols
introductoris
dedicats
a
la
filogènia
i
anatomia
dels
carnívors,
els
mètodes
generals
emprats
en
la
tesi,
i
el
context
geològic
i
biostratigràfic
de
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès,
el
cos
principal
de
la
tesi
es
composa
de
cinc
capítols
dedicats
a
la
biostratigrafia
de
l’Euràsia
Occidental
(amb
èmfasi
en
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès),
així
com
també
a
la
taxonomia
i
filogènia
de
grups
particulars
de
carnívors.
En
concret,
aquesta
capítols
proporcionen
diagnosis
esmenades
i
anàlisis
cladístiques
de
diversos
tàxons
—Trocharion
albanense
(Mustelidae:
Leptarctinae)
i
Albanosmilus
jourdani
(Barbourofelidae)—
a
partir
de
restes
prèviament
inèdites
provinents
d’aquesta
conca.
Aquests
capítols
també
descriuen
noves
restes
de
diversos
fèlids
dels
gèneres
Styriofelis
(Felidae:
Felinae),
Pseudaelurus
(Felidae:
Felinae)
i
Machairodus
(Felidae:
Machairodontinae),
i
sobre
aquesta
base
se’n
revisa
la
distribució
cronostratigràfica
a
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐
Penedès.
També
es
proporcionen
contribucions
taxonòmiques
significatives
en
els
apèndixs
d’aquest
treball.
En
un
d’ells,
es
descriu
un
nou
gènere,
Kretzoiarctos
(Ursidae:
Ailuropodinae)
—el
qual
representa
el
membre
més
antic
enregistrat
del
llinatge
del
panda
gegant—,
i
se’n
discuteixen
les
seves
implicacions
per
a
l’evolució
dels
úrsids.
En
l’altre
apèndix,
es
revisa
i
actualitza
tot
el
registre
de
carnívors
del
Miocè
de
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès,
a
partir
de
la
revisió
de
les
restes
fòssils
disponibles.
Els
resultats
de
la
tesi
s’integren
i
resumeixen
en
la
discussió
i
conclusions,
on
es
proporciona
una
revisió
resumida
de
la
història
evolutiva
dels
Carnivora
en
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès.
En
conjunt,
aquesta
tesi
proporciona
una
actualització
del
registre
fòssil
conegut
dels
carnívors
en
aquesta
conca,
principalment
des
d’una
perspectiva
taxonòmica
i
filogenètica,
però
alhora
tot
explorant-‐ne
les
implicacions
paleobiogeogràfiques
i
biostratigràfiques.
Es
conclou
que
actualment
hi
ha
representades
55
espècies
de
carnívors,
corresponents
a
11
famílies,
en
el
Miocè
de
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès.
També
es
discuteixen
els
canvis
en
la
paleobiodiversitat
dels
carnívors
al
llarg
del
temps
en
aquesta
conca.
A
més
de
les
contribucions
al
coneixement
de
l’evolució
dels
carnívors
en
general,
i
del
registre
fòssil
de
vertebrats
en
la
conca
del
Vallès-‐Penedès
en
particular,
aquesta
tesi
també
posa
de
manifest
la
necessitat
de
realitzar
estudis
taxonòmics
detallats
abans
d’utilitzar
dades
paleontològiques
publicades
fa
temps
per
tal
de
dur
a
terme
estudis
de
la
dinàmica
de
la
diversitat.This doctoral dissertation provides an updated review of the fossil carnivorans (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Miocene of the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin. Situated in NE Iberian Peninsula, this basin is characterized by a rich fossiliferous record of terrestrial vertebrates. While some groups, such as primates, have been thoroughly studied, the fossil record of carnivorans had not been studied in detail for several decades. After three introductory chapters devoted to carnivoran phylogeny and anatomy, the general methods employed in the dissertation, and the geological and biostratigraphic framework of the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin, the main body of the dissertation is composed of five chapters devoted to the biostratigraphy of Western Eurasia (with emphasis on the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin) as well as to the taxonomy and phylogeny of selected groups of carnivorans. In particular, these chapters provide emended diagnoses and cladistic analyses of various taxa— Trocharion albanense (Mustelidae: Leptarctinae) and Albanosmilus jourdani (Barbourofelidae)—based on previously unpublished remains from this basin. These chapters further describe new remains of various felids from the genera Styriofelis (Felidae: Felinae), Pseudaelurus (Felidae: Felinae) and Machairodus (Felidae: Machairodontinae), and on their basis they review their chronostratigraphic distribution in the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin. Significant taxonomic contributions are also done in the appendices of the work. In one of them, a new genus, Kretzoiarctos (Ursidae: Ailuropodinae)—representing the earliest recorded member of the giant panda lineage—is described, and their implications for ursid evolution are discussed. In the other appendix, the whole carnivoran record of the Miocene from the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin is reviewed and updated based on the revision of the available fossil remains. The results of the dissertation are integrated and summarized in the discussion and conclusions, which provide a summary review of the evolutionary history of the Carnivora in the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin. Overal, this dissertation provides an update of the known fossil record of carnivorans in this basin, mostly from a taxonomic and phylogenetic viewpoint, but further exploring its paleobiogeographic and biostratigraphic implications. It is concluded that 55 carnivoran species, belonging to 11 families, are currently recorded in the Miocene of the Vallès-‐Penedès Basin. Changes in carnivoran paleobiodiversity through time in this basin are further discussed. Besides the contributions to the knowledge of carnivoran evolution in general, and of the vertebrate fossil record of the Vallès-‐ Penedès Basin in particular, this dissertaion further highlights the need to perform detailed taxonomic studies before using paleontological data published long ago for performing studies of diversity dynamics.
5
Gardezi, Tariq Farid. "A comparative study of species diversity in relation to body size in carnivores, Mammalia, carnivora." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0028/MQ31429.pdf.
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6
Nakano-Oliveira, Eduardo 1972. "Ecologia alimentar e area de vida de carnivoros da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Ipero, SP (Carnivora : Mammalia)." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315864.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Emygdio L. A. Monteiro-FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T08:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nakano-Oliveira_Eduardo_M.pdf: 2710657 bytes, checksum: 6fa2270af4758571cf79ee5221c0d674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Resumo: Esse estudo organizado em dois capítulos, teve por finalidade obter maiores informações sobre a comunidade de mamíferos carnívoros da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, localizada no município de lperó, Estado de São Paulo. Foi possível estudar mais detalhadamente a dieta de 5 espécies: lontra (Lontra longicaudis), cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), quati (Nasua nasua), gato-do-mato (Leopardus tigrinus) e gato mourisco (Herpailurus yagouaroundl). Inicialmente o objetivo foi conhecer os itens alimentares utilizados por essas espécies, investigar se existe sobreposição entre suas dietas, verificar se existe variação sazonal, determinar a amplitude de nicho e utilização de hábitat. Também foi possível obter informações menos detalhadas sobre a dieta de mais 3 espécies: mão-pelada (Procyon cancrivorous), furão (Galictis cuja) e suçuarana (Puma concolor). Para isso foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo fecal (N=257). Os resultados indicaram a lontra como a espécie mais especialista, se alimentando basicamente de peixes e crustáceos, seguida pelos felídeos que utilizaram grande quantidade de vertebrados e poucos invertebrados e matéria vegetal, se mostrando as espécies mais predadoras do estudo. O cachorro-do-mato e o quati aparecem como generalistas, se alimentando tanto de matéria animal como vegetal, e apresentando grande variação sazonal em sua dieta. Além dos dados referentes à ecologia alimentar, foi também possível obter informações sobre padrão de atividade, tamanho e sobreposição da área de vida e utilização de hábitat de 4 indivíduos (2 cachorros-do-mato e 2 quatis) através do método de rádio-telemetria. Em relação ao padrão de atividade, os cachorrosdo-mato apresentaram hábitos noturnos, e os quatis hábitos diurnos embora tenha ocorrido alguma atividade noturna. Os cachorros-do-mato utilizaram principalmente áreas de vegetação aberta, chegando próximo a habitações humanas, porém sem causar prejuízos. Utilizaram o mesmo dormitório, e apesar de forragearem próximos um do outro, cada um procurou seu próprio alimento a não ser no período de amamentação, quando o macho aparentemente levava alimento para a fêmea e os filhotes. Os quatis demonstraram preferência por áreas fechadas, sendo que a fêmea fazia parte de um bando e o macho permaneceu solitário a maior parte do estudo
Abstract: The aim of this work organized en Mo chapters was to obtain more information about the community of Camivora of the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema located in the State of São Paulo. It was possible to study with more details the diet of 5 species: otter (Lontra /ongicaudis), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), coati (Nasua nasua), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) e jaguarundi (Herpai/urus yagouaroundl). It also was possible to obtain some information about the diet of 3 more species: crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorous), grison (Ga/ictis cuja) and puma (Puma conc%J). This part of the study was developed through scat analysis (N=257). Information about activity time, habitat use, and home-range of 4 individuais (2 crab-eating fox and 2 coatis) was obtained through radio-telemetry. The results showed that otters were specialist, eating mainly fishes and crustaceans. The felids
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia
7
Dehghani, Reihaneh. "Aspects of carnivoran evolution in Africa." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7506.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis concerns the evolution of African small carnivorans, with emphasis on East African Viverridae and Herpestidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Viverridae and Herpestidae are two Old World feliform (belonging to the cat branch) carnivoran families with a confusing, and sometimes even misleading, taxonomic and systematic history, in addition to a scarce fossil record.
A new genus and species from Fort Ternan, western Kenya, dated to ca 14 Mya (million years ago), was described and tentatively assigned to the Viverridae. The excellent preservation of this material has the potential to shed much light on the evolution of feliform carnivorans from Africa. The fossil record of Carnivora from Laetoli, a Pliocene hominid-bearing site in northern Tanzania, was also described and placed in an evolutionary context. The age of the fossil fauna from Laetoli ranges from 4.3 Mya to 2.5 Mya. The fossil material from this site is remarkable for two reasons: it is extensive in both number of taxa represented and amount of fossil material, especially of small carnivorans, and it is fossilized and preserved under aeolian conditions. In addition to these paleontological studies, two studies concerning extant Viverridae and Herpestidae were conducted. First, the phylogeography of the white-tailed mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda, (Herpestidae), was examined, with the tentative conclusion that its origin is southern African. Second, the ecomorphology and biogeography of African and Eurasian Viverridae and Herpestidae was analysed in order to investigate if these features can be used to help assess their evolutionary history in the absence of fossils. The pattern that emerges in this study is that the species of Viverridae and Herpestidae do not generally overlap in ecomorphology where they overlap geographically, which indicates considerable competitive interactions between the families in both Africa and Eurasia.
8
Johnson, William T. "Bladderwort, Arizona's Carnivorous Wildflower." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554235.
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9
Argant, Alain. "Carnivores quaternaires de Bourgogne." Grenoble : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375938945.
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10
Argant, Alain. "Carnivores quaternaires de Bourgogne /." Villeurbanne : Université Claude-Bernard, Centre des sciences de la terre, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35462701r.
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11
Argant, Alain. "Carnivores quaternaires du Bourgogne." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10152.
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Trente-deux gisements paleontologiques ou prehistoriques ayant livre de la faune sont recenses en bourgogne meridionale entre dijon et macon. Chaque gisement rassemble un minimum d'informations: situation, historique des fouilles, stratigraphie, liste de faune, lieu de conservation du materiel, elements de datation connus. Quelques sites, fouilles personnellement font l'objet d'une presentation plus detaillee. La seconde partie correspond aux donnees paleontologiques brutes qu'apportent les vingt-deux especes fossiles de carnivores rencontrees en bourgogne meridionale. Certaines, comme panthera gombaszoegensis, ursus thibetanus, felis minuta, fournissent des informations nouvelles. D'autres, bien representees, comme panthera mosbachensis, p. Spelaea, ursus deningeri, u. Spelaeus, apportent de nombreuses informations et constituent de solides jalons, bien echelonnes dans le temps a partir du pleistocene moyen. Pour chaque espece, le biotope et les indications climatiques sont discutes a la lumiere des informations qu'il est possible de tirer des gisements de bourgogne meridionale. Ces donnees sont utilisees dans la troisieme partie, en comparaison avec celles d'autres gisements d'europe occidentale, pour essayer de repondre a la question: peut-on dater un gisement, ou une couche de ce gisement, a l'aide des carnivores? dans les cas les plus favorables, comme canis lupus, ursus deningeri-spelaeus, panthera mosbachensis-spelaea, il devient possible de confronter le materiel de bourgogne meridionale au modele theorique que constitue une lignee evolutive et d'en tirer des elements de datation. Une biochronologie des gisements de bourgogne meridionale est enfin tentee, et un tableau de synthese termine l'ouvrage
12
Jacobson, A. P. "Large carnivores under threat : investigating human impacts on large carnivores in East Africa." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1559725/.
Full textAbstract:
Large carnivores are a polarizing group of species that play an outsized role in relation to their number. They structure ecosystems and feature prominently in human culture. Yet, their place in a rapidly changing world is uncertain. The large carnivore guild in the five countries of East Africa, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, is largely intact; however, expanding human populations pose a substantial threat. Interventions are necessary to promote coexistence. To accomplish this, more accurate identification of threats, and improved understanding of species’ responses are needed. Primary threats to large carnivores in the region include habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict (HWC). Problematically, identification of human impacted areas from earth observation data can be difficult in heterogeneous savannah habitat, much of East Africa. I create a tool that enables land cover classification using Google Earth’s high-resolution imagery. With this tool I develop a data set of human impacted areas for East Africa. To ascertain carnivore response to human dominated lands, I use correlative species distribution modeling (SDM). Yet, there is no clear consensus on proper methods for generating pseudo-absence (PsA) data in these models. I review some existing methods in the context of their ecological meaning, and propose new PsA selection strategies. I then apply two novel and one existing PsA strategy to assess four carnivores’ (cheetah, wild dog, leopard, and lion) responses to human land cover and human population densities. Results suggest these carnivores are more susceptible to human land cover than human populations. Finally, I consider existing approaches of using SDM with HWC records to generate spatial risk maps with the goal of alleviating conflict. I draw on the SDM literature to highlight and demonstrate how two commonly overlooked issues in spatial risk modeling can hamper generating useful conclusions. In sum, these efforts represent attempts at improving commonly used methods used to study wildlife distribution and threats, and can be widely applied to other species and systems.
13
Adhola, Enock Titus. "Ecologie et conservation des grands carnivores au Kenya : apport sur les conflits hommes/carnivores." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0246.
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Ma thèse porte sur l'écologie, la taphonomie et la conservation des grands carnivores au Kenya dans le but de rechercher des stratégies pratiques pour atténuer les conflits homme-carnivore. Les points saillants de notre étude sont les suivants: il a été possible de distinguer statistiquement les marques dentaires de perforation (‘punctures’) sur les os de proie entre l’hyène brune et les autres carnivores (hyène rayée, hyène tachetée, lion et léopard). Egalement, il a été possible de distinguer les marques entre hyène rayée de celles de hyène tachetée, lion et léopard. Les facteurs écologiques et socioculturels ont des effets différents sur les tendances à la prédation du bétail suivant chaque espèce de grand carnivore africain. À cette fin, il est important de bien identifier et exploiter de manière positive ces effets différentiels des facteurs écologiques et socioculturels qui influent sur la déprédation du bétail par les grands carnivores, constituent un pas de géant vers la mise en œuvre de stratégies efficaces axées sur l'atténuation des conflits entre humains et carnivores. Enfin, l'apport de cette étude au débat chasse-charognage dans les études de paléoanthropologie est que si ces deux stratégies favorisent une communauté pastorale Africaine moderne, c’est que ce le trait doit reposer sur des fondements évolutifs issus des sociétés humaines anciennesMy PhD study assessed the ecology, taphonomy and conservation of large carnivores in Kenya with a goal of seeking practical strategies to mitigate human-carnivore conflict. The key highlights from the PhD study include: it was possible to statistically differentiate brown hyaena tooth puncture marks from striped hyaena, spotted hyaena, lion and leopard tooth puncture marks on prey bones. It was also possible to statistically differentiate striped hyaena tooth puncture marks from spotted hyaena, lion and leopard tooth puncture marks on prey bones. Ecological and socio-cultural factors have differential effects on the livestock depredatory tendencies of each species of African large carnivore. To this end, identifying and positively harnessing these differential effects of ecological and sociocultural factors influencing livestock depredation by large carnivores, is a giant step towards implementing effective strategies geared towards successful mitigation of human-carnivore conflict. Finally, the contribution of this study to the hunting-scavenging debate in the domain of anthropology is that; if both hunting and scavenging favours a modern African pastoralist community, then the trait must have evolutionary underpinnings from past human societies
14
Farris, Zachary J. "Responses of Madagascar's Endemic Carnivores to Fragmentation, Hunting, and Exotic Carnivores Across the Masoala-Makira Landscape." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51171.
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The carnivores of Madagascar are likely the least studied of the world's carnivores, thus little is known about threats to their persistence. I provide the first long-term assessment of Madagascar's rainforest carnivore community, including: 1) how multiple forms of habitat degradation (i.e., fragmentation, exotic carnivores, human encroachment, and hunting) affect native and exotic carnivore occupancy; 2) how native and exotic carnivore temporal activity overlap and how body size and niche explain these patterns; 3) how native and exotic carnivores spatially co-occur across the landscape and which variables explain these relationships; and 4) how native and exotic carnivores and humans co-occur with lemurs across Madagascar's largest protected landscape: the Masoala-Makira landscape. From 2008 to 2013 I photographically sampled carnivores and conducted line-transect surveys of lemurs at seven study sites with varying degrees of degradation and human encroachment, including repeat surveys of two sites. As degradation increased, exotic carnivores showed increases in activity and occupancy while endemic carnivore, small mammal, and lemur occupancy and/or activity decreased. Wild/feral cats (Felis sp.) and dogs (Canis familiaris) had higher occupancy (0.37 ± SE 0.08 and 0.61 ± SE 0.07, respectively) than half of the endemic carnivore species across the landscape. Additionally, exotic carnivores had both direct and indirect negative effects on native carnivore occupancy. For example, spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana) occupancy (0.70 ± SE 0.07) was negatively impacted by both wild/feral cat (beta = -2.65) and Indian civets (beta = -1.20). My results revealed intense pressure from hunting (ex. n = 31 fosa Cryptoprocta ferox consumed per year from 2005-2011 across four villages), including evidence that hunters target intact forest where native carnivore and lemur occupancy and/or activity are highest. I found evidence of high temporal overlap between native and exotic carnivores (ex. temporal overlap between brown-tail vontsira Salanoia concolor and dogs is 0.88), including fosa (Cryptoprocta ferox) avoiding dogs and humans across all seasons. However, I found no evidence of body size or correlates of ecological niche explaining temporal overlap among carnivores. Estimates of spatial co-occurrence among native and exotic carnivores in rainforest habitat revealed strong evidence that native and exotic carnivores occur together less often than expected and that exotic carnivores may be replacing native carnivores in forests close to human settlements. For example, falanouc show a strong increase in occupancy when dogs are absent (0.69 ± SE 0.11) compared to when they are present (0.23 ± SE 0.05). Finally, the two-species interaction occupancy models for carnivores and lemurs, revealed a higher number of interactions among species across contiguous forest where carnivore and lemur occupancy were highest. These various anthropogenic pressures and their effects on carnivore and lemur populations, particularly increases in exotic carnivores and hunting, have wide-ranging, global implications and demand effective management plans to target the influx of exotic carnivores and unsustainable hunting affecting carnivore and primate populations across Madagascar and worldwide.Ph. D.
15
Slater, Graham James. "Biomechanical adaptations to predation in the carnivoran craniofacial skeleton." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1997615301&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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16
Leney, Mark. "Morphology and microevolution in pleistocene carnivores." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442406.
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Goller, Katja Verena. "Pathogens in free-ranging African carnivores." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16393.
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Die ökologische Rolle der meisten Wildtier-Pathogene in Bezug zur langfristigen Populationsdynamik ihrer Wirte ist nur ansatzweise erforscht und wird deshalb nur unzureichend verstanden. Stattdessen ist die Erforschung von Infektionen mit Pathogenen oft beschränkt auf einzelne Fallstudien oder auf Perioden mit deutlich erhöhten Mortalitätsraten innerhalb der Wirtspopulation. Pathogene mit geringer Virulenz können jedoch durch synergistisches Auftreten verheerende Auswirkungen auf die Fitness ihrer Wirte haben oder sich auf wichtige individuelle lebensgeschichtliche Merkmale, wie zum Beispiel Lebensdauer oder Reproduktionserfolg, auswirken. Des Weiteren sind die Auswirkungen von Krankheitserregern auf die Populationsdynamik der Wildtiere schwer abzuschätzen, zum Beispiel wenn sie die Überlebenschancen von selten zu beobachtenden Jungtieren beeinträchtigen. Bis heute sind Untersuchungen von Infektionen mit Pathogenen und deren Auswirkungen auf Lebensgeschichten meist auf Laborstudien beschränkt, in denen Tiere unter streng definierten Bedingungen gezüchtet und gehalten werden, bzw. auf Studien an kleinen, kurzlebigen Arten wie Nagern, Vögeln und Insekten oder auf Studien an der Humanpopulation. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Auswirkungen von Einzel- oder Koinfektionen auf individuelle lebensgeschichtliche Schlüsselparameter sowie die Einflüsse bestimmter lebensgeschichtlicher Merkmale auf den Infektionsstatus anhand einer frei lebenden sozialen Karnivorenart, der Tüpfelhyäne Crocuta crocuta, zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit war in eine Langzeitstudie integriert und wurde an mehreren Gruppen von Tüpfelhyänen zweier Subpopulationen durchgeführt, die im Serengeti Nationalpark sowie in dem angrenzenden Ngorongoro Krater in Tansania in Ostafrika lebten. Daten über wichtige lebensgeschichtliche Merkmale von mehreren hundert individuell bekannten Tieren in Kombination mit Daten über die wechselhafte Beuteverfügbarkeit in den Territorien der Gruppen standen hierfür zur Verfügung. Ich etablierte molekularbiologische Methoden (Polymerase Kettenreaktionen (PCRs) und Reverse Transkriptions PCRs), um eine Vielzahl an Kot-, Blut- und Gewebeproben individueller Tüpfelhyänen und sympatrisch lebender Karnivoren auf das Vorkommen von Coronaviren, Caliciviren, Hundestaupe-Viren, Parvoviren sowie eines von Zecken übertragenen Blutparasiten, Hepatozoon sp., zu untersuchen. 1The ecological role of most wildlife pathogens is poorly understood because pathogens are rarely studied in relation to the long-term population dynamics of wildlife hosts. Instead, pathogen infections are reported on a case basis or studies are focused on periods when pathogens cause noticeable mortality in their hosts. However, pathogens that appear to be of low virulence may also have an important effect if they operate in a synergistic fashion or affect life history parameters such as longevity or reproductive success. Furthermore, the effect of pathogens on population dynamics may be difficult to detect in wildlife, for example if they reduce the survival of young age classes that are rarely observed. Until now, research on the life history consequences of pathogen infection has mainly been confined to laboratory studies where animals are raised and kept under strictly defined conditions, or to small, short lived species such as rodents, birds or insects, as well as to human populations. The aim of this thesis was to address these problems by assessing the impact of single infections and co-infections by pathogens on key life history parameters and the influence of life history traits on infection status in a free-ranging social carnivore species, the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. The study was embedded in a long-term study on several clans of spotted hyenas from two subpopulations inhabiting the Serengeti National Park and the adjacent Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania, East Africa. Data on key life history parameters were available for several hundred individually known animals as was information on changing levels of prey availability. I established molecular biological methods (polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and reverse transcription PCRs) to screen an extensive set of faecal, blood and tissue samples from individually known spotted hyenas and sympatric carnivores for the presence of coronavirus, calicivirus, canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and the tick-borne blood parasite Hepatozoon sp. to determine the prevalence of the pathogens. 1
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Chapron, Guillaume. "La viabilité des populations de carnivores." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066525.
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Jennings, David. "The Conservation and Ecology of Carnivorous Plants." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3169.
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As discussed in Chapter 1, although our understanding of the ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants has greatly improved in recent years, many fundamental questions remain unanswered. Unfortunately, at the present time, many carnivorous plants are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Indeed, over half of the carnivorous plant species assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are listed as `threatened', but the threats to carnivorous plants have not previously been quantified. In Chapter 2, I quantified the conservation threats to carnivorous plant taxa worldwide by searching peer-reviewed literature, and found data on the threats to 48 species of carnivorous plants from nine genera. The most common threat was habitat loss from agriculture, followed by the collection of wild plants, pollution, and natural systems modifications. As I found in Chapter 2, while agrochemical pollution is thought to be an important conservation threat to carnivorous plants, the effects of insecticides in particular on these taxa have not previously been quantified. Therefore in Chapter 3 I tested the effects of commercial and technical grades of three widely used insecticides (carbaryl, lambda-cyhalothrin, and malathion) on survival and the expression of traits associated with carnivory of pink sundews (Drosera capillaris) and Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) using a combination of lab- and field-based experiments. Commercial grades were generally more harmful than technical grades under lab and field conditions, but all three insecticides were capable of causing negative effects on the plants within recommended application rates. Pink sundews appeared to be more susceptible to insecticides than Venus flytraps, perhaps because of larger numbers of digestive glands on the leaf surfaces. Given the effects observed, I suggest that the use of insecticides should be carefully managed in areas containing vulnerable carnivorous plant species. For Chapters 4 and 5, I explored the ecological role of carnivorous plants, specifically if they could compete with animals for shared prey resources. In Chapter 4 I characterized the ground-surface spider and arthropod assemblages of two mesic flatwood habitats in Florida, to resolve what the most likely animal competitor was for pink sundews. I identified 31 spider species from 27 genera in 12 families, with wolf spiders (Lycosidae) being the dominant spider family at both sites. Based on their abundance and the behavioral traits they exhibited, I determined that the funnel-web-building wolf spider Sosippus floridanus was the most likely potential competitor with pink sundews. Collembola and Formicidae were the most abundant arthropod taxa present, but ground-surface spiders were not strongly associated with any typical prey groups, suggesting that environmental factors might also be important in structuring this community. Subsequently, in Chapter 5 I examined the potential for competition between carnivorous plants and animals by studying dietary and microhabitat overlap between pink sundews and wolf spiders in the field, and by conducting a lab experiment examining the effects of wolf spiders on sundew fitness. In the field, I found that sundews and spiders had high dietary overlap with each other and with the available arthropod prey. Associations between sundews and spiders depended on spatial-scale: sundews and spiders were both found more frequently in quadrats with more abundant prey, but within quadrats spiders constructed larger webs and located them further away from sundews as the total sundew trapping area increased. Spiders also constructed larger webs when fewer prey were available. In the lab, my experiment revealed that spiders can significantly reduce sundew fitness. All of these results suggest that members of the plant and animal kingdoms can and do compete. These findings provided inspiration for Chapter 6, where I explored if phylogenetic distance was a good predictor of the strength of competition between taxa, using a meta-analytical approach. I collected data from studies published from 1998-2008 in eight ecology journals using the keyword `interspecific competition', gathering a total of 191 effect sizes. I found no significant relationship between phylogenetic distance and the strength of competition, contrary to the long-standing assumption that it should be greatest in strength between closely related species. However, these findings could presently be limited by publication bias, and I suggest several directions for future research.
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Schmalz-Peixoto, Karin E. von. "Factors affecting breeding in captive Carnivora." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:64687fe3-f6ca-4d9b-90d8-b6f1e565711a.
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Captive carnivores pose a challenge for conservationists and institutions alike, presenting many problems that range from diseases to poor welfare and unsuccessful breeding. Available databases of captive populations are rich sources of information that can help determine which factors can affect breeding success and the real potential of these populations in conservation programmes. Some species, such as tigers Panthera tigris, seem to preserve in captivity the same reproductive parameters seen in wild animals, making captive individuals extremely useful in the research of reproductive biology, that can be applied in evolutionary and physiological studies of the order Carnivora. Specific reproductive characteristics, mainly connected with the altriciality of the young, can make some species more prone to lose young in captivity than others, and these factors must be taken into consideration when developing ex situ conservation programmes. Infant mortality in captivity seems to be primarily caused by inadequate maternal behaviour, which can be connected to biological factors as well as to individual characteristics such as origin and rearing methods. Maternal infanticide, either passive or active, is also affected by biological and ecological characteristics of the species, and there may be an effect of the origin of the females, i.e. if they were wildcaught or captive-born. Housing conditions and individual history affect infant mortality, with females that suffered transfer between institutions exhibiting lower breeding success. Also, institutions with thriving research programmes presented higher infant mortality overall, independently of their latitude or management system, which can indicate an effect of human interference. Further research, both in the wild and in captivity, is needed to fully understand the factors affecting breeding success of captive carnivores.
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Kupczik, Kornelius Florian. "Tooth root morphology in primates and carnivores." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408708.
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BAUMAIRE, SANDRINE Bégon Dominique. "RADIOGRAPHIE EN DENTISTERIE CHEZ LES CARNIVORES DOMESTIQUES." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://theses.vet-alfort.fr/telecharger.php?id=265.
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Hackett, Harvey Mundy. "Occupancy modeling of forest carnivores in Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5544.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 8, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Damourette, Jacqueline. "Les syndromes paranéoplasiques chez les carnivores domestiques." Toulouse 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOU34139.
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Vale, Rita Ribeiro de Sousa Lacerda do. "Carnivores and anthropogenic habitats : threats or opportunities?" Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22662.
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Mestrado em Ecologia AplicadaO crescimento da população humana tem levado a alterações globais pela transformação de habitats naturais em explorações agrícolas, florestais e áreas urbanizadas. V arias espécies, nomeadamente Carnívoros, encontraram uma forma de se adaptarem a zonas urbanas. Com este estudo pretendemos perceber se os habitats antropogénicos podem ser ameaças ou oportunidades para duas espécies de carnívoros, raposa vermelha (Vulpes vulpes) e gineta comum (Genetta genetta). Para tal, foram recolhidos dados de fatores ambientais dentro de duas áreas circulares de diâmetros fixos, correspondendo á área vital mínima e média de cada espécie e divididos em quatro hipóteses. A influência das variáveis ambientais sobre as duas espécies de carnívoros foi avaliada com base nos dados de abundância relativa e presenç - ausência de raposa e gineta. Os carnívoros foram amostrados com armadilhagem fotográfica. Os resultados mostram que o modelo de perturbação o que melhor explica os padrões de abundância das raposas, e que o modelo híbrido melhor explica a abundância relativa das ginetas. Foram também incluídas variáveis temporais para testar os padrões de atividade das espécies. A nossa hipótese de que a disponibilidade de recursos iria afetar positivamente as espécies foi refutada por não termos considerados os hábitos generalistas destas espécies. A nossa previsão de que zonas de eucalipto e folhosas iriam oferecer refúgio foi contrariada pela escolha de zonas urbanas pela raposa, possivelmente relacionada com a disponibilidade de refúgio e alimento, e a escolha de zonas próximas a eucalipto pela gineta, o que pode ser um falso positivo uma vez que pelo seu comportamento arborícola podem não ser tão facilmente registadas em locais com maior complexidade vegetal. Nós esperávamos que as variáveis antropogénicas tivessem um influência negativa na abundância relativa das espécies. No entanto, os nossos resultados mostram uma associação da raposa a zonas urbanas. A gineta está menos ativa durante o pôr do sol quando há maior atividade humana. A altitude teve um efeito significativo na abundância e presença de ginetas, talvez por estes animais estarem a usar vales, associados a cursos de água. No geral, a raposa parece ser menos afetada por habitats antropogénicos do que a gineta, provavelmente devido a sua capacidade de adaptação. Os habitats antropogénicos podem funcionar como ameaças mas podem ser melhorados para minimizar o seu efeito na vida selvagem e tornarem-se oportunidades. A amostragem de vida selvagem deve ser feita regularmente para a correta implementação de medidas de mitigação, que podem passar por passagens superiores e inferiores nas rodovias, reconfiguração da oresta e educação ambiental.
Human population growth is leading to global changes as natural habitat is transformed into farmlands, industrial forestry stands and urban areas with a negative impact on biodiversity. Several species, including carnivores, found a way to adapt to urban areas. This study aims to understand if anthropogenic habitat are threats or opportunities for two carnivore species: red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and common genet (Genetta genetta). Data on environmental factor was collected within the average and minimum core area bu er of each species and pertaining to four hypothesis. The in uence of these environmental drivers on the two carnivore species was evaluated using the relative abundance and presence-absence data of red foxes and genets. Carnivores were sampled using camera-trap. Our results show that within both bu ers, the best model in the disturbance category best explains the relative abundance patterns of red foxes, while the the hybrid model (which comprises all best models of all categories) best explained the relative abundance of genets. A category including temporal variables was added to test species activity patterns. This category explained more of the deviance to the null model than spatial variables. We hypothesised that resources availability would have a positive e ect on species but failed to consider red foxes' and genets' generalists feeding behaviour. We predicted that both eucalyptus and broadleaf tree areas would provide refuge for both species. However,red foxes seem to explore urban areas, which can o er food, as genets chose eucalyptus areas as refuge. The latter can be a misleading results as the arboreal behaviour of this species can in uence records. We expected that anthropogenic variables would negatively in uence species' relative abundance and presence. Genets are less active during higher human activity periods, showing higher activity around dawn than around dusk, during most of the year. Altitude had a signi cant e ect on genets' relative abundance and presence. Perhaps because these animals are using river valleys. In general, red foxes seem to be less a ect by anthropogenic habitats then genets, probably because of this species high adaptability. Anthropogenic habitats can work as both threats and opportunities but can be improved in order to minimize its e ect on wildlife. Wildlife surveys should happen frequently in order to implement mitigation measures, such as under or over road passages, forest recon guration and environmental education. With these and other policies, habitats can become opportunities for wildlife.
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Gerlach, Justin. "The ecology of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308609.
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Hornick, Catherine. "Contribution au contrôle réglementaire des élevages de Carnivores domestiques : élaboration d'un guide de visite d'élevage utilisable par les agents des setvices vétérinaires." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1V083.
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Clements, Hayley Susan. "Incorporating prey demographics and predator social structure into prey selection and carrying capacity estimates for cheetah." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018606.
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There is a need for a refined understanding of large carnivore prey preference and carrying capacity (K). To date, K estimates for large carnivores have been developed from predictions of carnivore diet at a prey and predator species-level. These predictions therefore assume that all social classes within a carnivore species display similar prey preferences and that all demographic classes within a prey species are equally preferred or avoided. The objective of this study was to investigate the importance of including prey demographics and carnivore social class in carnivore diet descriptions and thereby K estimates, using cheetah Acinonyx jubatus as a study species. It was predicted that prey sex, prey age and cheetah social class influence cheetah prey preferences, when they influence the risk and ease of prey capture, and that their inclusion in a K model would improve its predictive strength. Based on an analysis of 1290 kills from South Africa, male coalition cheetah were found to prefer a broader weight range of prey than solitary cheetah. Prey demographics further influenced cheetah prey preference, when it corresponded to differences in prey size and the presence of horns. The current species-level K regression model for cheetah is based on preferred prey and thus omits highly abundant antelope that often comprise the majority of the diet, an artefact of the way in which preferences are calculated. A refinement of the species-level K regression model, to account for prey demographic- and cheetah social class-level differences in diet and the biomass of accessible prey (defined in this study as all non-avoided prey) instead of just preferred prey, doubled the predictive strength of the K model. Because group-hunting enabled predation on a broader weight range of prey, cheetah K was influenced by the ratio of male coalition cheetah to solitary cheetah in the population. The refined K regression model is derived from ecosystems supporting an intact carnivore guild. A mechanistic approach to estimating K, based on Caughley‟s (1977) maximum sustainable yield model, therefore better predicted cheetah K in systems devoid of lion Panthera leo and African wild dog Lycaon pictus, which were found to suppress cheetah density. This study improves our understanding of the relationships between prey demographics, cheetah social classes and intra-guild competition in determining cheetah prey preferences and K. This study therefore paves the way for similar work on other large carnivores.
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McDonald, Patrick T. "Habitat affiliations of sympatric carnivores in southern Illinois /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203552421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Denzler, Tobias. "Pathologische Veränderungen bei Carnivoren im Zoologischen Garten Basel /." [S.l : s.n.], 1989. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Cortiano, Xavier Verwaerde Patrick. "Étude prospective sur les effets indésirables du Chlorhydrate de morphine chez les carnivores domestiques." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2258/1/picco_2258.pdf.
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Solatges, Chloé Cadiergues Marie-Christine. "Les dermatoses provoquées par les mycobactéries chez les carnivores domestiques." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2909/1/hartmann_2909.pdf.
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Andersson, Ki. "Aspects of locomotor evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Palaeontology group, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3543.
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In this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p<0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.
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Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P. "Towards comprehensive phylogenies : examples within the Carnivora (mammalia)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284337.
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Stewart, C. Neal. "The ecophysiological significance of insectivory as well as nitrogen and phosphorus availability to sundew nutrient cycling, growth, and success." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040824/.
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Oliveira, Rafael de Novaes. "Modos e tempo de evolução em linhagens do vírus da raiva (RABV) mantidos por reservatórios aéreos e terrestres com base em genomas completos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-15012015-083626/.
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A raiva é uma zoonose que afeta o sistema nervoso central, de evolução aguda e fatal, mantida em mamíferos e conhecida há milênios. Presente na América, Europa, África e Ásia, tem como agente etiológico o vírus da raiva (RABV), um vírus RNA neurotrópico, pertencente à ordem Mononegavirales, família Rhabdoviridae, gênero Lyssavirus., o qual é composto por quatorze espécies. Entre os Lyssavirus, o RABV é o mais amplamente distribuído mundialmente e tem maior importância epidemiológica dada sua associação com um maior número de casos de encefalite por Lyssavirus em humanos em relação às outras espécies. São admitidos dois ciclos de transmissão para a raiva, o ciclo urbano e o ciclo silvestre. O ciclo urbano ou terrestre tem o cão como principal reservatório e transmissor do vírus para outros cães, outros animais domésticos e para o homem, enquanto o ciclo silvestre ou aéreo é mantido por diferentes mamíferos silvestres e quirópteros. A origem comum dos dois ciclos do RABV á partir de um RABV ou Lyssavirus ancestral e a divergência adaptativa ocorrida desde então, causada pela adaptação de tal vírus em paisagens adaptativas tão variadas e distintas representadas pelas ordens Carnivora e Chiroptera, levaram ao surgimento das diversas linhagens encontradas nos ciclos terrestre e aéreo. Sendo assim, com o objetivo de se estudar as diferenças geradas nos RABV dos ciclos aéreo e terrestres devido a sua evolução em paralelo nestas duas ordens foram analisadas 159 sequências genômicas do RABV (59 do ciclo terrestre e 100 do ciclo aéreo), sendo que 21 destas sequências foram obtidas neste estudo e representam oito linhagens de RABV existentes no Brasil e cinco destas linhagens de RABV tiveram seus genomas sequenciados pela primeira vez. Foram analisados aspectos como as diferentes taxas de substituição de nucleotídeos por sítios (heterotaquia) entre os mesmos genes do RABV mantidos no ciclo aéreo e terrestre, análise do melhor gene para a realização de estudo filogenéticos confiáveis para o RABV, tempo de divergência entre os ciclos, padrões de variabilidade genética e vieses quanto ao uso preferencial de códons em cada ciclo. Como resultado, concluí-se que a divergência adaptativa ocorrida entre os dois ciclos do RABV fez com que alguns aspectos evolutivos de seu genoma apresentem padrões diferentes de acordo com o ciclo do RABV analisado.Rabies is a zoonosis that affects the central nervous system, showing an acute and fatal evolution, occurring in mammals and known for millennia. Present in America, Europe, Africa and Asia, its etiological agent is Rabies virus (RABV), a neurotropic RNA virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, composed by fourteen species. Amongst the lyssaviruses, RABV is the most widely spread worldwide and has a higher epidemiological importance due to its association to a higher number of cases of encephalitis. Two cycles are accepted for rabies transmission, the urban and the wild ones. In the urban (or terrestrial) cycle, dogs are the main reservoirs and transmitters of the virus to other dogs, other domestic animals and to humans, while in the wild (or aerial) cycle bats are the reservoirs. The common origin of both cycles from an ancestor RABV or lyssavirus and the adaptive divergence that occurred since then, caused by the adaptation of this ancestor virus to a wide range of adaptive landscapes represented by the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera led to the emergence of diverse RABV lineages currently found in the aerial and terrestrial cycles. Thus, aiming to study differences found in RABV lineages from the aerial and terrestrial cycles due to their parallel evolution in these two orders, 159 genomic sequences of RABV (59 from the terrestrial and 100 from the aerial cycles) were analyzed, being 21 of these sequences referent to eight lineages of RABV found in Brazil sequenced in this study and five of these eight lineages of RABV had their genomes sequenced for the first time The study included the per site nucleotide substitution rate differences (heterotachy) between the same genes RABV maintained in the aerial and terrestrial, survey of the most suitable gene for phylogenetic analysis, time of divergence between the two cycles, patterns of genetic variability and codon usage bias. As a conclusion, the adaptive divergence occurred between the two cycles caused some evolutionary aspects of RABV genome to show an intricate cycle-specific evolutionary pattern.
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Roberton, Scott I. "The status and conservation of small carnivores in Vietnam." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437829.
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Russell, Julia. "Is object play in young carnivores practice for predation?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245242.
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BARBET, A. Fayolle Pascal. "TECHNIQUE D'EXAMEN ORTHOPEDIQUE DE LA HANCHE DES CARNIVORES DOMESTIQUES." Maisons-Alfort : École vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort, 2002. http://theses.vet-alfort.fr/telecharger.php?id=295.
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Ramos, Cassandra Athalie. "Endoparasitism of carnivores kept at the Johannesburg Zoological Gardens." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46210.
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This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasites found in captive wild carnivores at the Johannesburg Zoological Gardens. Faecal samples were collected from the enclosures of 22 different carnivore species from the families Canidae (Canis adustus, Lycaon pictus, Vulpes zerda, Otocyon megalotis); Felidae (Acinonyx jubatus, Caracal caracal, Felis silvestris lybica, Leopardus wiedii, Leptailurus serval, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris altaica, Puma concolor, Uncia uncial); Hyaenidae (Hyaena hyaena); Mustelidae (Lutra maculicollis, Mellivora capensis); Procyonidae (Nasua nasua); Ursidae (Tremarctos ornatus, Ursus arctos, Ursus martimus) and Viverridae (Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta). The samples were collected during routine cage cleaning. Faecal samples collected from 7 carnivore species, namely, cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), caracal (Caracal caracal), African wild cat (Felis silvestris lybica), small spotted genet (Genetta genetta), margay (Leopardus wiedii), honey badger (Mellivora capensis) and fennec fox (Vulpes zerda), tested positive for cysts of Giardia sp. All infections were clinically inapparent. Two strobilar stages of a tapeworm recovered from a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) during necropsy at Johannesburg Zoological Gardens were identified as Hydatigera taeniaeformis.Mini-dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
MSc
Unrestricted
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Costa, Maria Carolina Regateiro Machado e. "Vector-borne pathogens found in carnivores in wild Namibia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18037.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaThis dissertation aimed to identify and molecularly characterize vector-borne pathogens from several parasite families, all possessing stages found in peripheral blood, from a wide variety of free-ranging carnivores living in Namibia, in the southern part of Africa. Blood samples collected from 9 bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis), 17 brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea), 19 spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and 85 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) were screened by Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) and tested for pathogens of the Onchocercidae family, the order Piroplasmida, bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae and the Rickettsiaceae families and, lastly, the Hepatozoidae family. The PCRs targeted both the ITS-2 and 12S, 18S, 16S, 18S and 18S rRNA genes respectively and were followed by nucleotide sequencing. In total, sampled animals showed a 43.1% rate of Onchocercidae infection, 67.7% of Piroplasmida, 60% of them were positive for Anaplasmataceae, 10% for Rickettsiaceae and Hepatozoidae were detected in 47.7% of them. Obtained filaroid sequences showed high homologies with both Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides and further phylogenetic analysis were performed in both brown and spotted hyenas, with the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Piroplasmida results were not studied any further. For Anaplasmataceae, subsequent sequencing results indicated high similarity with both Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys and varied PCR protocols were conducted in order to differentiate between these organisms, but no conclusions were reached. The Rickettsiaceae found displayed high homologies with Rickettsia raoultii. And finally, the Hepatozoidae infection showed to be a mixed one with both Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon felis. These results are important not only on a conservation level for the infected host species, but are also relevant for domestic animals coexisting in the surrounding areas, as well as humans, especially since a few of the parasites found may have zoonotic potential. Future studies should focus on understanding vectors, transmission routes, infection dynamics and host specificity in order to better evaluate the possible danger these infections may withhold.
RESUMO - Agentes patogénicos transmitidos por vetores presentes em carnívoros na Namíbia - Esta dissertação teve como principal objetivo identificar e caracterizar molecularmente agentes patogénicos transmitidos por vetores de várias famílias parasitárias, com o aspeto em comum de todas possuírem fases do desenvolvimento encontradas no sangue, de espécies variadas de carnívoros selvagens que habitam na Namíbia, no Sul de África. Foram testadas amostras sanguíneas de 9 raposas-orelhas-de-morcego (Otocyon megalotis), 17 hienas-castanhas (Parahyaena brunnea), 19 hienas-malhadas (Crocuta crocuta) e 85 chitas (Acinonyx jubatus) por PCR e analisadas para pesquisa de parasitas da família Onchocercidae, da ordem Piroplasmida, bactérias das famílias Anaplasmataceae e Rickettsiaceae e, finalmente, da família Hepatozoidae. Os PCRs foram direcionados aos genes do rRNA ITS-2 e 12S, 18S, 16S, 18S e 18S respetivamente e foram seguidos de sequenciação de nucleótidos. Na totalidade, os animais testados mostraram uma taxa de infeção de 43.1% por Onchocercidae, de 67.7% de Piroplasmida, 60% deles tiveram resultados positivos para Anaplasmataceae, 10% para Rickettsiaceae e Hepatozoidae foram detetados em 47.7% da população. As sequências obtidas de filarídeos, mostraram possuir elevadas homologias com Acanthocheilonema reconditum e Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides, e estudos filogenéticos mais intensivos foram realizados, nomeadamente uma árvore filogenética que inclui ambas as espécies de hienas. Os resultados relativos a Piroplasmida não foram aprofundados. Para as Anaplasmataceae, as sequenciações subsequentes indicaram elevada similaridade com Anaplasma phagocytophilum e Anaplasma platys e múltiplos protocolos de PCRs foram efetuados, com o intuito de diferenciar entre estas duas espécies, mas não foram retiradas quaisquer conclusões. As Rickettsiaceae presentes evidenciaram fortes semelhanças com Rickettsia raoultii. E finalmente, as infeções por Hepatozoidae mostraram ser uma infeção mista por ambos Hepatozoon canis e Hepatozoon felis. A importância destes resultados não se limita apenas à conservação das espécies animais em causa, mas são também relevantes em termos dos animais domésticos coabitantes na mesma região, assim como humanos, especialmente tendo em conta o possível potencial zoonótico de algumas espécies parasitárias. Estudos futuros devem ter como principais objetivos o estudo dos vetores respetivos, tipo de transmissão, dinâmica da infeção e especificidade parasitária, para melhor avaliar os possíveis perigos que podem advir da presença destes parasitas.
N/A
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Pangle, Wiline Mallory. "Threat-sensitive behavior and its ontogenetic development in top mammalian carnivores." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Zoology, Ecology, Evolutional Biology, and Behavior, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 8, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-129). Also issued in print.
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Boynton, Primrose. "Ecological Patterns and Processes in Sarracenia Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Fungi." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10636.
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The kingdom Fungi is taxonomically and ecologically diverse, containing an estimated 1.5 million species. Fungi include decomposers, pathogens, and plant and animal mutualists. Many fungi are microorganisms, and the processes shaping microbial diversity may be fundamentally different from those that shape plants and animals. However, ecologists do not yet fully understand how fungal species are distributed over space and time. Using fungi that inhabit the water of Sarracenia carnivorous pitchers, I describe inter and intraspecific fungal diversity and investigate the processes that shape fungal diversity. I introduce these concepts in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I describe changes in fungal species diversity over space and time. I enumerated fungal species in five Sarracenia populations across the United States and Canada, and show that thousands, but not hundreds of kilometers separate distinct fungal communities. I also sampled a single Sarracenia population over a Sarracenia growing season, and found that young fungal communities are significantly different from older fungal communities. Observed patterns correlate with environmental factors including temperature and pitcher pH, and with the presence or population structure of pitcher inhabiting arthropods. In Chapter 3, I describe dispersal of and competition among three common pitcher fungi. I tracked Candida glaebosa, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Pseudozyma aphidis appearances in pitchers in a single Sarracenia population, and show that different appearances reflect different dispersal times. I also describe interactions between dispersal and competition in microcosms: high numbers of propagules introduced into a microcosm give a competitive advantage to investigated fungi. In Chapter 4, I describe changes in genotype composition of a population of Candida glaebosa, which is widespread and abundant in pitchers, and disperses early in the season. I observed three C. glaebosa populations in five locations; C. glaebosa population structure does not reflect broader community structure as described in Chapter 2. Population structure instead correlates with host taxonomy, and I contrast inter and intraspecific diversity patterns and the processes that potentially cause such patterns.
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Snively, Eric. "Rigid Body Mechanics of Prey Capture in Large Carnivorous Dinosaurs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1322668677.
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Olive, Florence. "Evolution des grands Carnivores pliocènes et pléistocènes : Contribution à l'Eurasie et à l'Afrique : Systématique, Biochronologie, Paléobiogéographie et Paléoécologie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0004.
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L'intérêt de l'approche biométrique en systématique et phylogénie est abordé par le biais d'une analyse morphométrique de l'appareil manducateur des Carnivores actuels. Elle a mis en évidence les contraintes fonctionnelles et phylétiques s'exerçant sur le crâne et la denture et permis de relier le niveau de contraintes s'exerçant sur une morphologie à la variabilité morphométrique. Les différents mécanismes des contraintes (liées au développement ou aux interactions fonctionnelles se mettant en place entre les éléments d'une morphologie) sont discutés, de même que leurs possibles implications en phylogénie. La systématique des grands Carnivores d'Eurasie et d'Afrique est revue dans une perspective paléobiogéographique. L'analyse révèle une très grande stabilité des subdivisions zoogéographiques : les événements de dispersion s'effectuent principalement au sein du domaine paléarctique, l'évolution endémique prédomine en Afrique. L'analyse paléoécologique montre l'absence de lien entre événements de dispersion et modifications de la structure des communautés mammaliennes. Par contre, les modifications de composition des guildes de grands Carnivores s'associent en Europe à des modifications de structure des communautés d'Ongulés et à des modifications climatiques. Ce phénomène semble moins marqué en AfriqueConstraints influencing morphological evolution are investigated through a biometrical analysis of the skull and teeth of modern carnivores. This study shows that phyletic constraints influences morphological adaptation to functionnal demands and that constraints can be evidenced by biometrical variability. Mechanisms of developmental and phyletic constraints and their possible implications in phylogenetic reconstructions are discussed. The biometrical approach can also be successfully used in a systematic point of view and is the basis of a comprehensive systematic revision of Plio Pleistocene larger carnivores of Europe with reference to Africa and Asia. Paleobiogeographical implications merges from this study and Plio Pleistocene dispersal events of larger carnivores are then discussed. Dispersal events mainly concerns Europe and Asia with sporadic immigration of african taxa into Europe. These dispersal from Asia are shown to be progressive and more continuous when biochronological resolution is achieved and this analysis emphasizes the stability and the homogeneity of the palearctic domain in Plio Pleistocene times. The evolution of communities is studied in the context of dispersal events. No clear links between evolution of communities and dispersal events of carnivores appears but community structure is influenced by climate changes. These changes are less marked in Africa
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Banasiak, Natalia Matgorzata. "Assessing the outcomes and consequences of large carnivore reintroductions to the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11963.
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Reintroduction is a potentially powerful tool available to conservationists to cope with species population declines. Nonetheless, it is poorly understood and past reviews tend to indicate poor results. Reintroduction, under the sensu stricto IUCN definition, must have a primary objective of conservation; however species can be released to sites in their indigenous range (reintroduction sensu lato) to meet other objectives. The outcomes of these reintroductions s.l need to be assessed to determine how effectively they achieve their varied objectives. A Web of Science review revealed that only 32.1% of 131 publications on reintroduction provided clearly defined success criteria. Using economic, ecological, conservation and problem animal management objectives as reintroduction s.l. drivers, I developed context-dependent success definitions for each objective to use in reintroduction outcome assessments. These success criteria were then used to assess the reintroductions s.l. of large carnivores, namely lion, leopard, cheetah, African wild dog, spotted hyaena, and brown hyaena, to 16 private- and state-owned reserves in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Ecotourism and ecological restoration were the most common objectives for the reintroduction of top predators to these reserves. Overall the reintroductions of large carnivores have been successful in meeting their objectives. Only African wild dogs have failed to establish in the province. Causes of objective-specific failures for the other species in some reserves included introductions of same-sex populations, lack of breeding events and changes in reserve management objectives. Assessments for leopard and brown hyaena were inconclusive due to lack of monitoring data. The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape Province has also resulted in the emergence of human-carnivore conflict on neighbouring properties. Carnivores have reportedly escaped from 8 reserves (61.5% of reserves) in the Eastern Cape. A total of 75 conflict events on 68 neighbouring properties (36.7% of neighbouring properties) have been reported. There is a major gap in research around conflict resulting from carnivore reintroductions and future research is required to fully understand the situation in the province in order to develop effective mitigation methods. An adaptive management approach to reintroductions is encouraged to improve monitoring and ensure reintroductions continue to meet their objectives. Furthermore, emerging consequences, such as human-wildlife conflict, and related mitigation strategies should be incorporated into management of reintroduced populations. Communities surrounding reintroduction sites should be educated on lifting baselines where conflict-causing species are recovering to ensure continued success of reintroduction undertakings. National management plans should be developed for all large carnivore species to improve the conservation value of small, fenced reserves that are typical of South African conservation, through a managed metapopulation approach. Management plans should include social, political, and economic factors that can influence the success of reintroductions and ultimate conservation outcomes.
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Nascimento, Fabio Oliveira do. "Revisão taxonômica do gênero Leopardus Gray, 1842 (Carnivora, Felidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-09122010-104050/.
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Leopardus Gray, 1842 apresenta uma ampla distribuição geográfica na Região Neotropical e na porção meridional da Região Neártica, ocorrendo desde o extremo sul dos Estados Unidos até a região Patagônica na América do Sul. Atualmente são reconhecidas oito espécies para o gênero e, como a grande maioria dos mamíferos de médio e grande porte, os gatos-do-mato neotropicais do gênero Leopardus são freqüentemente associados a uma taxonomia estável, porém é evidente a grande variação ao longo da distribuição dos táxons. Apesar dos esforços dos diferentes autores ao longo dos anos em elucidar a taxonomia de Leopardus, existem discordâncias no reconhecimento do número de táxons do nível do gênero e do nível da espécie, o que gerou uma variedade extensa de esquemas taxonômicos. Com o objetivo de caracterizar os táxons em termos morfológicos e morfométricos, descrever sua variação intra e interespecífica; estabelecer a distribuição geográfica de cada espécie reconhecida; fornecer uma sinonímia e atribuir nomes válidos que se apliquem para as espécies analisei 591 exemplares de Leopardus depositados em diversas coleções científicas nacionais e internacionais. Aferi 29 medidas cranianas e analisei 14 .caracteres morfológicos, os quais foram submetidos a testes estatísticos de dimorfismo sexual, análise discriminante e análise geográfica por meio de transectos. A partir deste conjunto de dados reconheci 16 espécies válidas para o gênero de Leopardus. Elevei as quatro subespécies de Leopardus tigrinus para espécie (Leopardus tigrinus, L. guttulus, L. oncilla, L. pardinoides), em L. pajeros defini com espécies válidas L. pajeros, L. budini, L. garleppi, e em L. braccatus elevei a subpécie L. braccatus munoai para espécie L. munoai. Leopardus pardalis, agora restrito para a região ao norte da Nicaraguá possui uma pelagem predominantemente acinzentada enquanto que sua contraparte meridional, chamada de Leopardus mittis, apresenta coloração pardo alaranjada. Neste arranjo taxonômico estão presentes no Brasil seis espécies do gênero no Brasil (L. mittis, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii, L. guttulus, L. geoffroyi, L. braccatus).Leopardus Gray, 1842 has a wide geographic range in the Neotropical region and in the southern portion of the Neartic Region, occurring from the southernmost part of the United States throughout South America to Patagonia. To the present time eight species are recognized for this genus and, as for the majority of species of medium to large size mammals, the Neotropical cats of the genus Leopardus is often associated to a stable taxonomy; nevertheless a high morphological variation throughout its distributional range is evident. Despite the efforts to elucidate the taxonomy of the genus Leopardus by different authors along many decades, there are disagreements in recognizing the number of taxa at generic and specific levels, what has originated an extensive diversity of taxonomical schemes. Aiming to characterize the taxa in its morphological and morphometric aspects; to describe intra and interspecific variation; to establish the distributional range of each recognized species; to provide a synonym and to attribute valid names that can be assigned to the species I analyzed 591 specimens of Leopardus deposited in several scientific collections in Brazil and abroad. I checked 29 cranial measurements and analyzed 14 morphological traits. In order to investigate inter and intraspecific variations; the existence of sexual dimorphism and geographical divergence, I submitted cranial and morphological data to uni and multivariate statistic tests. From the gathered data I recognized 16 valid species for the genus Leopardus. I elevated all four subspecies of Leopardus tigrinus to species level (Leopardus tigrinus, L. guttulus, L. oncilla, L. pardinoides); for L. pajeros I defined as valid the species L. pajeros, L. budini, L. garleppi, and for L. braccatus I considered the subspecies L. bracattus munoai as a full species - L. munoai. Leopardus pardalis is restricted to Nicaragua and north from it and has a mainly grayish pelage, whereas the southern species herein named Leopardus mittis presents a yellowish brown shade. In this taxonomical arrangement six species can be found in the Brazilian territory (L. mittis, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii, L. guttulus, L. geoffroyi, L. braccatus).
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Shehzad, Wasim. "Etude du régime alimentaire des carnivores par des techniques moléculaires." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680037.
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La caractérisation des réseaux trophiques est nécessaire pour comprendre le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et les mécanismes impliqués dans leur stabilité. Il est parfois difficile de déterminer les régimes alimentaires notamment pour des espèces discrètes et difficiles à observer comme les grands carnivores. Cependant, ces espèces jouent un rôle clé dans les écosystèmes dont elles influencent le fonctionnement et la biodiversité. Ainsi, connaitre le régime alimentaire des grands prédateurs avec précision est essentiel pour établir des stratégies de conservation. Diverses méthodes basées sur le monitoring, l'analyse d'échantillons invasifs ou non ont été utilisées pour étudier les régimes alimentaires. Elles sont généralement biaisées ou peu résolutives. Les méthodes basées sur l'identification des fragments d'ADN dans les fèces ont le potentiel de fournir une meilleure information, notamment dans le cadre d'une approche métabarcoding. Il s'agit de caractériser simultanément l'ensemble des espèces dont l'ADN est présent dans un échantillon environnemental, en utilisant les Nouvelles Techniques de Séquençage. Dans ce cas, les amorces universelles nécessaires pour amplifier toutes les proies potentielles amplifient également l'ADN du prédateur s'il y a proximité taxonomique (par exemple mammifères). Ainsi les produits PCR obtenus à partir des fèces sont essentiellement composés d'ADN du prédateur et ne reflètent pas l'ensemble du régime alimentaire. L'utilisation d'un oligonucléotide de blocage limitant spécifiquement l'amplification de l'ADN du prédateur peut résoudre ce problème. Nous avons développé une méthode de ce type basée sur l'utilisation d'amorces universelles pour les vertébrés (amplifiant la région 12SV5) et d'oligonucléotides de blocage. Bien que non quantitative, cette méthode s'est montrée robuste, adaptée à l'étude de prédateurs à très large spectre de proies, et très résolutive pour identifier les proies au niveau du genre et de l'espèce. Nous l'avons appliquée à l'étude du régime alimentaire du chat léopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) qui s'est avéré très diversifié (mammifères, oiseaux, amphibiens et poissons) dans les deux populations du Pakistan étudiées. Avec la même approche, nous avons démontré la réalité du conflit entre l'homme et le léopard commun (Panthera pardus) dont le régime est presque exclusivement composé d'animaux domestiques. Enfin, nous avons pu proposer des actions de conservations pertinentes après avoir montré que le régime de la très menacée panthère des neiges (Panthera uncia) est principalement composé d'ongulés sauvages.
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Lewis, Kerrie Patricia. "A comparative analysis of play behaviour in primates and carnivores." Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3744/.
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This thesis considers the evolution of play behaviour, focusing on comparative analyses of extant primates and carnivores from various perspectives, including intra-specific analyses, life-history, socio-ecology, and brain anatomy, taking data from the existing literature, and using phylogenetic comparative techniques. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that each play category represents its own evolutionary trajectory, and support previous findings that social play, being the most ancient form of play in primates, may represent a distinct category of behaviour. Analyses of intra-specific play patterns proved difficult due to a lack of available data in the literature, but point to the importance of controlling for variables that differ between populations of the same species, such as group composition, and research effort. Comparative analyses of life-history variables and play demonstrate that precocial species play more than altricial species. Precocial species have a relatively shorter developmental period of postnatal brain development, and may therefore require the neurological and physiological benefits afforded by play behaviour in order to hone brain development prior to adulthood. Comparative analyses of socio-ecology and play suggest that larger groups require increased play time budgets, possibly because of a need to fulfil the social skills required to maintain group cohesion. Social networks of the population (clique size and network size) predict social play frequency in primates. Contrary to previous findings, I found no evidence that diet is a good indicator of time spent in play, although basal metabolic rate does correlate with play, suggesting that other socio-ecological factors contribute to the performance of play. Comparative analyses of brain components and play indicate that brain correlates are selective and do not apply to all regions. There are strong correlations between socio-cognitive, motor, emotional, and also visual areas of the brain and social play in primates, namely the neocortex, cerebellum, visual cortex and LGN, vestibular complex, striatum, medulla, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Although play is a difficult ethological topic, it appears to be vital to development and life in social groups.
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Salvatori, Valeria. "Mapping conservation areas for large carnivores in the Carpathian Mountains." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409607.
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