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Journal articles on the topic 'Carnivorans'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Asahara, Masakazu, Kazuyuki Saito, Takushi Kishida, Katsu Takahashi, and Kazuhisa Bessho. "Unique pattern of dietary adaptation in the dentition of Carnivora: its advantage and developmental origin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1832 (June 15, 2016): 20160375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0375.

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Carnivora is a successful taxon in terms of dietary diversity. We investigated the dietary adaptations of carnivoran dentition and the developmental background of their dental diversity, which may have contributed to the success of the lineage. A developmental model was tested and extended to explain the unique variability and exceptional phenotypes observed in carnivoran dentition. Carnivorous mammalian orders exhibited two distinct patterns of dietary adaptation in molars and only Carnivora evolved novel variability, exhibiting a high correlation between relative molar size and the shape of the first molar. Studies of Bmp7 -hetero-deficient mice, which may exhibit lower Bmp7 expression, suggested that Bmp7 has pleiotropic effects on these two dental traits. Its effects are consistent with the pattern of dietary adaptation observed in Carnivora, but not that observed in other carnivorous mammals. A molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that Bmp7 sequence evolved by natural selection during ursid evolution, suggesting that it plays an evolutionary role in the variation of carnivoran dentition. Using mouse experiments and a molecular evolutionary analysis, we extrapolated the causal mechanism of the hitherto enigmatic ursid dentition (larger M 2 than M 1 and M 3 ). Our results demonstrate how carnivorans acquired novel dental variability that benefits their dietary divergence.

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2

Fox, Richard C., Craig S. Scott, and Brian D. Rankin. "New early carnivoran specimens from the Puercan (Earliest Paleocene) of Saskatchewan, Canada." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 6 (November 2010): 1035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-165.1.

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New specimens of an as yet unidentified carnivoran from the earliest Paleocene of Saskatchewan are described. The new specimens augment the evidence on which the contentious earliest (middle Puercan) occurrence of Carnivora is based, provide novel information of the lower dentition of the earliest carnivorans, and provides evidence for the earliest taxonomic diversity in Carnivora.

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3

Puig-Gironès, Roger, and Pere Pons. "Mice and Habitat Complexity Attract Carnivorans to Recently Burnt Forests." Forests 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080855.

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Faunal responses to wildfire depend on the fire effects on direct mortality, habitat structure, and resource availability for animals. Despite the importance of large predators in terrestrial trophic webs, little is still known about how fire affects carnivorans (the mammalian order Carnivora). To evaluate the responses of the carnivoran community to fire, we studied three recently burnt forest areas in the western Mediterranean basin. Line transects were used to quantify evidence of carnivorans (mainly feces) and to measure environmental variables and resources (small mammal abundance, fleshy fruit availability, and plant cover). Throughout the study, we found 212 carnivoran field signs, 93% of them produced by red fox and stone marten. Immediately after fire, carnivoran occurrence was more frequent close to the perimeter of the burnt area, where fire severity was low, and in places with greater small mammal abundance. Small mammal abundance and plant cover had the greatest effect on the frequency of occurrence of red fox in the burnt area surroundings, and this increased with time-since-fire in the burnt area. Furthermore, the presence of red fox did not affect stone marten occurrence. Stone martens were found around the burnt area perimeter, probably because of their preference for high plant cover, and they were not significantly affected by small mammal abundance. The scat frequency of occurrence of both species was not significantly related to fleshy fruit availability. Accordingly, rodents and carnivorans were more abundant where the habitat was more complex. Our results show that the responses of some carnivorans to fire are influenced, directly and indirectly, by habitat structure and resource availability.

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4

Engelman, Russell K., and Darin A. Croft. "Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids." Paleobiology 45, no. 4 (September 2019): 598–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2019.29.

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AbstractIt was once thought that the endemic carnivorous mammals of South America, the metatherian sparassodonts, were driven extinct by North American carnivorans through competitive exclusion. However, sparassodonts went extinct before most groups of carnivorans entered South America; only the endemic Cyonasua-group procyonids (Cyonasua and Chapalmalania), which immigrated to South America nearly 4 million years earlier than other carnivorans, significantly overlapped with sparassodonts in time. In this study, we examine the functional morphology of the dentition of Cyonasua and Chapalmalania through quantitative analysis to determine the dietary habits of these taxa and the degree to which they may have ecologically overlapped sparassodonts and large predatory Neogene didelphimorphians. We find Cyonasua and Chapalmalania to be more carnivorous than extant procyonids, other than Bassariscus, in agreement with previous studies, but more omnivorous than most other carnivorans and all meat-eating South American metatherians, including sparassodonts. The extreme ecological dissimilarity between Cyonasua-group procyonids and members of the endemic South American predator guild may explain why procyonids were able to successfully establish themselves in South America several million years earlier than most other northern mammals (including all other carnivorans): they moved into a previously unoccupied ecological niche (large omnivore) and avoided direct competition with incumbent native species, a situation similar to that documented in historical cases of biological invasion. The omnivorous diets and climbing/swimming abilities of procyonids may have increased their chances for a successful over-water dispersal relative to other carnivorans, further favoring their successful establishment in South America.

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5

Van Valkenburgh, Blaire, and Ralph E. Molnar. "Dinosaurian and mammalian predators compared." Paleobiology 28, no. 4 (2002): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:dampc>2.0.co;2.

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Theropod dinosaurs were, and mammalian carnivores are, the top predators within their respective communities. Beyond that, they seem distinct, differing markedly in body form and ancestry. Nevertheless, some of the same processes that shape mammalian predators and their communities likely were important to dinosaurian predators as well. To explore this, we compared the predatory adaptations of theropod dinosaurs and mammalian carnivores, focusing primarily on aspects of their feeding morphology (skulls, jaws, and teeth). We also examined suites of sympatric species (i.e., ecological guilds) of predatory theropods and mammals, emphasizing species richness and the distribution of body sizes within guilds. The morphological comparisons indicate reduced trophic diversity among theropods relative to carnivorans, as most or all theropods with teeth appear to have been hypercarnivorous. There are no clear analogs of felids, canids, and hyaenids among theropods. Interestingly, theropods parallel canids more so than felids in cranial proportions, and all theropods appear to have had weaker jaws than carnivorans. Given the apparent trophic similarity of theropods and their large body sizes, it was surprising to find that species richness of theropod guilds was as great as or exceeded that observed among mammalian carnivore guilds. Separation by body size appears to be slightly greater among sympatric theropods than carnivorans, but the magnitude of size difference between species is not constant in either group. We suggest that, as in modern carnivoran guilds, smaller theropod species might have adapted to the threats posed by much larger species (e.g., tyrannosaurs) by hunting in groups, feeding rapidly, and avoiding encounters whenever possible. This would have favored improved hunting skills and associated adaptations such as agility, speed, intelligence, and increased sensory awareness.

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6

Lewton, Kristi L., Ryan Brankovic, William A. Byrd, Daniela Cruz, Jocelyn Morales, and Serin Shin. "The effects of phylogeny, body size, and locomotor behavior on the three-dimensional shape of the pelvis in extant carnivorans." PeerJ 8 (February 20, 2020): e8574. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8574.

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The mammalian pelvis is thought to exhibit adaptations to the functional demands of locomotor behaviors. Previous work in primates has identified form-function relationships between pelvic shape and locomotor behavior; few studies have documented such relationships in carnivorans, instead focusing on long bones. Most work on the functional morphology of the carnivoran pelvis, in particular, has used univariate measures, with only a few previous studies incorporating a three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Here we test the hypothesis that carnivoran taxa that are characterized by different locomotor modes also differ in 3D shape of the os coxae. Using 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluate the phylogenetic, functional, and size-related effects on 3D pelvis shape in a sample of 33 species of carnivorans. Using surface models derived from laser scans, we collected a suite of landmarks (N = 24) and curve semilandmarks (N = 147). Principal component analysis on Procrustes coordinates demonstrates patterns of shape change in the ischiopubis and ilium likely related to allometry. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis on principal component scores demonstrates that phylogeny and body size have greater effects on pelvic shape than locomotor function. Our results corroborate recent research finding little evidence of locomotor specialization in the pelvis of carnivorans. More research on pelvic morphological integration and evolvability is necessary to understand the factors driving pelvic evolution in carnivorans.

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7

Fisher, Rebecca E. "Captivating Carnivorans." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18, no. 2 (November 3, 2010): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-010-9152-8.

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8

Liow, Lee Hsiang, and John A. Finarelli. "A dynamic global equilibrium in carnivoran diversification over 20 million years." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1778 (March 7, 2014): 20132312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2312.

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The ecological and evolutionary processes leading to present-day biological diversity can be inferred by reconstructing the phylogeny of living organisms, and then modelling potential processes that could have produced this genealogy. A more direct approach is to estimate past processes from the fossil record. The Carnivora (Mammalia) has both substantial extant species richness and a rich fossil record. We compiled species-level data for over 10 000 fossil occurrences of nearly 1400 carnivoran species. Using this compilation, we estimated extinction, speciation and net diversification for carnivorans through the Neogene (22–2 Ma), while simultaneously modelling sampling probability. Our analyses show that caniforms (dogs, bears and relatives) have higher speciation and extinction rates than feliforms (cats, hyenas and relatives), but lower rates of net diversification. We also find that despite continual species turnover, net carnivoran diversification through the Neogene is surprisingly stable, suggesting a saturated adaptive zone, despite restructuring of the physical environment. This result is strikingly different from analyses of carnivoran diversification estimated from extant species alone. Two intervals show elevated diversification rates (13–12 Ma and 4–3 Ma), although the precise causal factors behind the two peaks in carnivoran diversification remain open questions.

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9

Varodi, E. I., A. M. Malega, Y. I. Kuzmin, and V. V. Kornyushin. "Helminths of Wild Predatory Mammals of Ukraine. Nematodes." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0026.

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Abstract The article summarizes information on the nematodes parasitic in wild Carnivora of Ukraine. Totally, 50 species of nematodes are known to parasitise carnivorans in the country, 30 species were registered in the present study. Nematodes were found in 14 species of examined hosts from the families Canidae, Mustelidae and Felidae. Maximum diversity of nematodes of carnivorans was observed in Polissia (forest zone in the north of the country) and in Kherson Region in the south. Hosts from the family Canidae harboured 19 nematode species; studied species of the Mustelidae were infected with 15 nematode species, 6 of them were also found in Canidae. The wildcat (Felis silvestris Schreber) and the lynx (Lynx lynx Linnaeus) harboured only two species of nematodes, both are specific parasites of these hosts. The most comprehensive information concerns the nematode communities of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus) and the wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus), with 19 and 9 nematode species found, correspondingly. From 1 to 6 nematode species were found in other species of carnivorans.

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10

Santana, Sharlene E., and Elena Cheung. "Go big or go fish: morphological specializations in carnivorous bats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1830 (May 11, 2016): 20160615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0615.

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Specialized carnivory is relatively uncommon across mammals, and bats constitute one of the few groups in which this diet has evolved multiple times. While size and morphological adaptations for carnivory have been identified in other taxa, it is unclear what phenotypic traits characterize the relatively recent evolution of carnivory in bats. To address this gap, we apply geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative analyses to elucidate which characters are associated with ecological divergence of carnivorous bats from insectivorous ancestors, and if there is morphological convergence among independent origins of carnivory within bats, and with other carnivorous mammals. We find that carnivorous bats are larger and converged to occupy a subset of the insectivorous morphospace, characterized by skull shapes that enhance bite force at relatively wide gapes. Piscivorous bats are morphologically distinct, with cranial shapes that enable high bite force at narrow gapes, which is necessary for processing fish prey. All animal-eating species exhibit positive allometry in rostrum elongation with respect to skull size, which could allow larger bats to take relatively larger prey. The skull shapes of carnivorous bats share similarities with generalized carnivorans, but tend to be more suited for increased bite force production at the expense of gape, when compared with specialized carnivorans.

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11

Rahmat, S. J., and I. A. Koretsky. "Diversity Of Mandibular Morphology In Some Carnivorans." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0028.

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Abstract Comparison of mandibular morphology of some aquatic (seals, walruses, and sea otters) and terrestrial (hyenas and pandas) carnivorans demonstrates a rather general pattern correlating size of condyloid angle, size of gape, and diet. Structural differences of carnivoran jaws reveal morphological and ecological adaptations that are directly correlated with availability of prey, diving depth, feeding competition and specialized feeding methods. Specifically, the inclination of the condyloid process relative to the axis of the alveolar row (= condyloid angle) can be used to determine dietary preferences, including size of prey. Generally, carnivorans with a large condyloid angle feed on larger prey, while a low condyloid angle suggests feeding on small prey or can be an advantageous feeding mechanism. Mirounga angustirostris (Northern elephant seal) displays sex-specific characters in cranial and postcranial elements. Likewise, significant sexually dimorphic differences in the size of condyloid angle imply that deeper-diving male Northern elephant seals have a feeding niche dissimilar to that of females. Morphological assessment of male M. angustirostris suggests they are bottom-feeding seals that utilize a suction-feeding mechanism to capture small prey and crush shells with their teeth, which become weaker as they age.

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12

Hassanin, Alexandre, Géraldine Veron, Anne Ropiquet, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Alexis Lécu, Steven M. Goodman, Jibran Haider, and Trung Thanh Nguyen. "Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e0240770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240770.

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The order Carnivora, which currently includes 296 species classified into 16 families, is distributed across all continents. The phylogeny and the timing of diversification of members of the order are still a matter of debate. Here, complete mitochondrial genomes were analysed to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships and to estimate divergence times among species of Carnivora. We assembled 51 new mitogenomes from 13 families, and aligned them with available mitogenomes by selecting only those showing more than 1% of nucleotide divergence and excluding those suspected to be of low-quality or from misidentified taxa. Our final alignment included 220 taxa representing 2,442 mitogenomes. Our analyses led to a robust resolution of suprafamilial and intrafamilial relationships. We identified 21 fossil calibration points to estimate a molecular timescale for carnivorans. According to our divergence time estimates, crown carnivorans appeared during or just after the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; all major groups of Caniformia (Cynoidea/Arctoidea; Ursidae; Musteloidea/Pinnipedia) diverged from each other during the Eocene, while all major groups of Feliformia (Nandiniidae; Feloidea; Viverroidea) diversified more recently during the Oligocene, with a basal divergence of Nandinia at the Eocene/Oligocene transition; intrafamilial divergences occurred during the Miocene, except for the Procyonidae, as Potos separated from other genera during the Oligocene.

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13

Peigné, Stéphane, Yaowalak Chaimanee, Jean-Jacques Jaeger, Varavudh Suteethorn, and Stéphane Ducrocq. "Eocene nimravid carnivorans from Thailand." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20, no. 1 (April 17, 2000): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0157:encft]2.0.co;2.

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14

Kitchener, A. C. "Small carnivorans, museums and zoos." International Zoo Yearbook 54, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/izy.12273.

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15

Junior, Paulo de Souza, Lucas M. R. P. dos Santos, Daniele M. P. Nogueira, Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo, and André L. Q. Santos. "Occurrence and morphometrics of the brachioradialis muscle in wild carnivorans (Carnivora: Caniformia, Feliformia)." Zoologia (Curitiba) 32, no. 1 (February 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702015000100004.

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16

Farias, Ariel A., and Gabriella L. Svensson. "Ecoregional Vulnerability Assessment for the Functional Richness of South American Carnivorans (Mammalia: Carnivora)." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21, no. 4 (May 15, 2014): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-014-9264-7.

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17

Feranec, Robert S., and Larisa R. G. DeSantis. "Understanding specifics in generalist diets of carnivorans by analyzing stable carbon isotope values in Pleistocene mammals of Florida." Paleobiology 40, no. 3 (2014): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13055.

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Within ancient ecosystems, it is generally difficult to determine the specific diets of species from higher trophic levels, which in turn hinders our understanding of trophic relationships and energy flow through these systems. To better understand the ecology of taxa at higher trophic levels, we used analysis of tooth enamel stable carbon isotope values to infer the dietary preferences of Canis edwardii and Smilodon gracilis from the Leisey Shell Pit 1A (LSP 1A) and Inglis 1A, two Pleistocene localities in Florida. The goals of the analyses were to (1) determine whether these carnivorans specialized in particular prey types or maintained a generalist diet; (2) ascertain whether carbon isotope values support what was previously suggested about the ecology of these species; and (3) establish what ecological details of ancient food webs can be discovered by carbon isotope analyses at higher trophic levels. Results show that the sampled carnivoran carbon isotope values are distributed among suspected prey isotope values, suggesting that varied prey were taken at the study localities. Prey compositions were modeled for each carnivoran species by using Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR). The modeled diets indicate that each studied carnivoran had a generalist diet; however, there are differences in how these taxa achieved dietary generalization. At the glacial Inglis 1A locality, sampled individuals of C. edwardii and S. gracilis show similar isotope values and modeled dietary prey proportions, although both carnivorans do show a preference for grazing prey species. The similar isotopic values, and calculated prey proportions, observed between these species may imply greater interspecific competition for food. At the interglacial LSP 1A locality, C. edwardii shows values similar to those observed at Inglis 1A. In contrast, the data for S. gracilis shows a preference for consuming browsing prey species. Further, its restricted range of carbon isotope values suggests that S. gracilis may have concentrated its feeding within a particular habitat. Examination of stable carbon isotope values among species at higher trophic levels reveals that some intricacies of ancient food webs can be discerned.

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18

Figueirido, Borja, Zhijie Jack Tseng, and Alberto Martín-Serra. "SKULL SHAPE EVOLUTION IN DUROPHAGOUS CARNIVORANS." Evolution 67, no. 7 (February 15, 2013): 1975–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12059.

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19

Souza Junior, Paulo, Wilson Viotto‐Souza, Vanessa Pereira Mendes, Fernanda Coelho Simas Bernardes, Bruno Leite Anjos, Marcelo Abidu‐Figueiredo, and André Luiz Quagliatto Santos. "Clavicle in Carnivorans: A Forgotten Bone." Anatomical Record 303, no. 7 (November 13, 2019): 1831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24294.

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20

Tarquini, J., N. Toledo, C. C. Morgan, and L. H. Soibelzon. "The forelimb of †Cyonasua sp. (Procyonidae, Carnivora): ecomorphological interpretation in the context of carnivorans." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106, no. 4 (December 2015): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691016000207.

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ABSTRACTThe procyonid †Cyonasua is endemic to South America and recorded from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene. This paper studies the forelimb of †Cyonasua sp. (late Pliocene of Miramar, Argentina), using an ecomorphological approach to infer morphological adaptations linked to substrate preference and locomotory mode, as well as to grasping and digging ability. Twenty linear measurements of forelimb and pectoral girdle were taken from †Cyonasua sp. and a sample of 87 specimens of extant carnivoran families (Procyonidae, Mustelidae, Ursidae, Viverridae, Canidae and Felidae). Raw values were transformed to minimise the effect of size. Morphological variation was explored by principal component analysis (PCA); substrate preference and locomotory mode were further analysed by multivariate analysis of variance (MAV) and discriminant analysis (DA); grasping and digging ability were analysed by DA. In the PCA morphospace, †Cyonasua sp. occupied a unique position, close to extant procyonids. DA classified it as non-specialised digger with poor grasping ability. The results lead to the interpretation of †Cyonasua sp. as having a moderately stabilised elbow joint with poor pronation–supination, although some climbing skills cannot be ruled out. Thus, †Cyonasua sp. could have had generalised habits, in agreement with reconstructed palaeoenvironmental conditions.

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21

Izdebska, Joanna N., Karolina Cierocka, Leszek Rolbiecki, Paulina Kozina, and Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska. "Demodex melesinus (Acariformes: Demodecidae) – the forgotten European badger parasite, rediscovered after 100 years." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0078.

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Abstract Among 15 demodecid mite species (Acariformes: Demodecidae) recorded from carnivorans Carnivora, 3 species were described from mustelids Mustelidae. They are known only from single records, for which Demodex erminae has been described from the stoat Mustela erminea from Great Britain and New Zealand, D. melesinus from the European badger Meles meles known solely from Great Britain and D. lutrae discovered in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra from Poland. The current record confirms the existence of D. melesinus, in badger from Poland, after close to one hundred years from its original description, as well as the first detection of the male for this species.

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22

Domingo, M. Soledad, Laura Domingo, Catherine Badgley, Oscar Sanisidro, and Jorge Morales. "Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2138.

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The exceptional fossil sites of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain) contain abundant remains of Late Miocene mammals. From these fossil assemblages, we have inferred diet, resource partitioning and habitat of three sympatric carnivorous mammals based on stable isotopes. The carnivorans include three apex predators: two sabre-toothed cats (Felidae) and a bear dog (Amphicyonidae). Herbivore and carnivore carbon isotope ( δ 13 C) values from tooth enamel imply the presence of a woodland ecosystem dominated by C 3 plants. δ 13 C values and mixing-model analyses suggest that the two sabre-toothed cats, one the size of a leopard and the other the size of a tiger, consumed herbivores with similar δ 13 C values from a more wooded portion of the ecosystem. The two sabre-toothed cats probably hunted prey of different body sizes, and the smaller species could have used tree cover to avoid encounters with the larger felid. For the bear dog, δ 13 C values are higher and differ significantly from those of the sabre-toothed cats, suggesting a diet that includes prey from more open woodland. Coexistence of the sabre-toothed cats and the bear dog was likely facilitated by prey capture in different portions of the habitat. This study demonstrates the utility of stable isotope analysis for investigating the behaviour and ecology of members of past carnivoran guilds.

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23

Youlatos, Dionisios. "Osteological correlates of tail prehensility in carnivorans." Journal of Zoology 259, no. 4 (April 2003): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836903003431.

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24

Friscia, A. R., B. Van Valkenburgh, and A. R. Biknevicius. "An ecomorphological analysis of extant small carnivorans." Journal of Zoology 272, no. 1 (May 2007): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00246.x.

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25

Finarelli, John A., and John J. Flynn. "THE EVOLUTION OF ENCEPHALIZATION IN CANIFORM CARNIVORANS." Evolution 61, no. 7 (July 2007): 1758–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00131.x.

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26

Zapata, Sonia Cristina, Miguel Delibes, Alejandro Travaini, and Diego Procopio. "Co-occurrence Patterns in Carnivorans: Correspondence Between Morphological and Ecological Characteristics of an Assemblage of Carnivorans in Patagonia." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-013-9237-2.

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27

Schiaffini, Mauro I., and Francisco J. Prevosti. "Trophic Segregation of Small Carnivorans (Carnivora: Mustelidae and Mephitidae) from the Southern Cone of South America." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21, no. 4 (September 29, 2013): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-013-9240-7.

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28

Finarelli, John A., and Lee Hsiang Liow. "Diversification histories for North American and Eurasian carnivorans." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12777.

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29

Curtis, Abigail A., George Lai, Fuwen Wei, and Blaire Van Valkenburgh. "Repeated loss of frontal sinuses in arctoid carnivorans." Journal of Morphology 276, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20313.

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30

Schubert, B. W., P. S. Ungar, and L. R. G. DeSantis. "Carnassial microwear and dietary behaviour in large carnivorans." Journal of Zoology 280, no. 3 (January 19, 2010): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00656.x.

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31

Fabre, Anne-Claire, Anjali Goswami, Stéphane Peigné, and Raphaël Cornette. "Morphological integration in the forelimb of musteloid carnivorans." Journal of Anatomy 225, no. 1 (May 17, 2014): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12194.

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Veron, Géraldine, and Steven M. Goodman. "One or two species of the rare Malagasy carnivoran Eupleres (Eupleridae)? New insights from molecular data." Mammalia 82, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2016-0182.

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AbstractMembers of the genusEupleresare poorly known insectivorous carnivorans belonging to the family Eupleridae (order Carnivora), which are endemic to Madagascar. Recently, using morphological characters, the two previously recognized subspecies ofEupleres goudotiiwere raised to the species level, withE. goudotiioccurring in the humid forests of the island, largely in the east, andEupleres majorin northwestern dry deciduous forests. Using some of the few museum specimens and fresh tissue samples available for this genus, we assessed differences between these two forms based on the cytochromebgene. The results show that individuals identified asE.major, based on a combination of morphological characters and collection locality, do not form a monophyletic group, and the level of polymorphism within the genus is not in agreement with the recognition of two species. Additional molecular data, in particular from nuclear markers, are needed to verify these results.

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Sato, Jun J., Mieczyslaw Wolsan, Francisco J. Prevosti, Guillermo D’Elía, Colleen Begg, Keith Begg, Tetsuji Hosoda, Kevin L. Campbell, and Hitoshi Suzuki. "Evolutionary and biogeographic history of weasel-like carnivorans (Musteloidea)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63, no. 3 (June 2012): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.025.

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Evans, Alistair R., Gregory P. Wilson, Mikael Fortelius, and Jukka Jernvall. "High-level similarity of dentitions in carnivorans and rodents." Nature 445, no. 7123 (December 13, 2006): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05433.

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Heinrich, Ronald E., and Audrone R. Biknevicius. "Skeletal allometry and interlimb scaling patterns in mustelid carnivorans." Journal of Morphology 235, no. 2 (February 1998): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199802)235:2<121::aid-jmor3>3.0.co;2-c.

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Casares‐Hidalgo, Carlos, Alejandro Pérez‐Ramos, Manuel Forner‐Gumbau, Francisco J. Pastor, and Borja Figueirido. "Taking a look into the orbit of mammalian carnivorans." Journal of Anatomy 234, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 622–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12953.

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Flynn, John J. "Rates of evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia): the importance of phylogeny and fossils." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006602.

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Calculations of “rates of evolution” have been applied to a variety of indicators of change within populations, species, or higher taxa. This has led to confusion about taxonomic and temporal scaling, particularly when rates are calculated for supposedly “equivalent” taxonomic ranks, or “higher-level” taxa that are not monophyletic groups. All calculations of rates of evolutionary change require accurate temporal calibration. Even in studies of molecular evolution that assume a “molecular clock”, the rate at which any clock ticks must be calibrated empirically by fossil data on the age of divergence of some taxa.Molecular clock rates for all Mammalia generally have been calculated from the primate fossil record and phylogeny. However, rates of molecular evolution have been shown to vary both within and among different clades. Given a preference for a more rigorous system in which molecular divergence is not assumed to occur at a constant rate, the time of divergence should be determined directly for all clades in studies of molecular “rates of evolution”.The mammalian order Carnivora is a monophyletic group widely cited in studies of evolutionary tempo, and mode. However, few of those rate studies have considered explicitly the roles of fossil taxa and rigorously tested phylogenies. For example, phylogenetic placement of early Cenozoic Carnivora (generally placed in the paraphyletic “stem-group” “Miacoidea”), relative to the two major clades of living Carnivora (Caniformia and Feliformia), profoundly influences estimates of the age of cladogenetic divergence for clades of living carnivorans. If all the taxa placed within the “Miacoidea” lie outside a restricted clade of Carnivora (defined as the most recent common ancestor of extant Carnivora, and all of its descendants), then the oldest Carnivora (“neocarnivorans”) are late Eocene (about 35–40 Ma). However, if miacid “miacoids” are caniforms and viverravid “miacoids” are feliforms, then the Caniformia/Feliformia (=Carnivora) clade is at least as old as the oldest “miacoid” (middle Paleocene, or >60 Ma). The implications for calculations of rates of evolution within Carnivora are obvious. Similarly, many fossil Carnivora taxa have been assigned to living families, although the phylogenetic relationships of both fossil and living taxa within most of these families has been poorly understood. This presentation will consider: 1) minimum estimates of clade divergence time, based on current hypotheses of carnivoran phylogeny (emphasizing placement of fossil taxa) and oldest occurrence of fossils within a clade or its sister group- traditional taxonomies both underestimate (e.g. Caniformia/Feliformia) and overestimate (e.g. some living families, such as Viverridae) clade divergence times; and 2) calculation of rates of evolution within Carnivora, focusing on taxonomic diversification and molecular divergence, comparison of rates calculated using traditional taxonomies and artificial “higher-taxa” categories versus those using phylogenetic clades (“unranked”), and the effects of fossil taxa.

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Joeckel, R. M. "A functional interpretation of the masticatory system and paleoecology of entelodonts." Paleobiology 16, no. 4 (1990): 459–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010198.

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Entelodonts are medium to large (perhaps 150–750 kg) Oligocene–Miocene bunodont artiodactyls with unique crania but typical artiodactyl postcrania. Functional and ecological interpretations are difficult because there is no clear modern analog to an entelodont in size, dentition, and cranial morphology. Entelodont crania combine primitive and derived features, including laterally expanded zygomatic arch/large temporal fossa (suggesting a large temporalis muscle), unreduced dental formula, long premolar row, fused mandibular symphysis, isognathy, and subcylindrical dentary condyles. Furthermore, the cranium has unique architectural and ontogenetic aspects unparalleled in extant mammals. Canines show heavy, carnivoran-like, apical wear in old individuals, suggesting regular contact with food. Conical premolars and associated diastemata dominate the tooth row. Premolars are often apically worn, in a fashion somewhat like those of carnivorans (e.g., Crocuta, Borophagus). Molars are low-cusped crushing teeth. Wide gape, indicated by the form of the coronoid process and temporal fossa, facilitated canine and premolar use, probably both in feeding and in social behavior. Jaw mechanics, tooth morphology, and tooth wear are compatible with omnivory and probable scavenging, an intriguing proposition for the huge Dinohyus hollandi.

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Tarquini, Juliana, Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, and Christian De Muizon. "Cyonasua (Carnivora, Procyonidae) from Late Miocene of Peru Shed Light on the Early Dispersal of Carnivorans in South America." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40, no. 5 (November 13, 2020): e1834406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1834406.

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Bartley, P. M., S. E. Wright, I. A. Zimmer, S. Roy, A. C. Kitchener, A. Meredith, E. A. Innes, and F. Katzer. "Detection of Neospora caninum in wild carnivorans in Great Britain." Veterinary Parasitology 192, no. 1-3 (February 2013): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.001.

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VAN VALKENBURGH, BLAIRE. "Costs of carnivory: tooth fracture in Pleistocene and Recent carnivorans." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96, no. 1 (December 17, 2008): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01108.x.

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Green, Patrick A., Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Benison Pang, Deborah Bird, Timothy Rowe, and Abigail Curtis. "Respiratory and olfactory turbinal size in canid and arctoid carnivorans." Journal of Anatomy 221, no. 6 (October 5, 2012): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01570.x.

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Fenton, M. B., J. M. Waterman, J. D. Roth, E. Lopez, and S. E. Fienberg. "Tooth breakage and diet: a comparison of bats and carnivorans." Journal of Zoology 246, no. 1 (September 1998): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00135.x.

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Schubert, Blaine W., James C. Chatters, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Joshua X. Samuels, Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, Francisco J. Prevosti, Christopher Widga, Alberto Nava, Dominique Rissolo, and Pilar Luna Erreguerena. "Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange." Biology Letters 15, no. 5 (May 2019): 20190148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148.

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The Great American Biotic Interchange is considered to be a punctuated process, primarily occurring during four major pulses that began approximately 2.5 Ma. Central America and southeastern Mexico have a poor fossil record of this dynamic faunal history due to tropical climates. Exploration of submerged caves in the Yucatán, particularly the natural trap Hoyo Negro, is exposing a rich and remarkably well-preserved late Pleistocene fauna. Radiometric dates on megafauna range from approximately 38 400–12 850 cal BP, and extinct species include the ursid Arctotherium wingei and canid Protocyon troglodytes . Both genera were previously thought to be indigenous to and confined to South America and appear to represent an instance of large placental mammals, descended from North American progenitors, migrating back north across the Panama Isthmus. This discovery expands the distribution of these carnivorans greater than 2000 km outside South America. Their presence along with a diverse sloth assemblage suggests a more complex history of these organisms in Middle America. We suggest that landscape and ecological changes caused by latest Pleistocene glaciation supported an interchange pulse that included A. wingei , P. troglodytes and Homo sapiens .

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Baskin, Jon A. "Additional carnivorans from the early Hemingfordian Miller Local Fauna, Florida." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): e1293069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1293069.

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McNab, B. K. "Energy Expenditure and Conservation in Frugivorous and Mixed-Diet Carnivorans." Journal of Mammalogy 76, no. 1 (February 23, 1995): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382329.

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Sarmento, Pedro Bernardo, Joana Cruz, Catarina Eira, and Carlos Fonseca. "Modeling the occupancy of sympatric carnivorans in a Mediterranean ecosystem." European Journal of Wildlife Research 57, no. 1 (June 8, 2010): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0405-x.

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Veron, Géraldine, Délia Dupré, Andrew P. Jennings, Charlie J. Gardner, Alexandre Hassanin, and Steven M. Goodman. "New insights into the systematics of Malagasy mongoose-like carnivorans (Carnivora, Eupleridae, Galidiinae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 55, no. 3 (May 21, 2017): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12168.

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Korol, E. N., E. I. Varodi, V. V. Kornyushin, and A. M. Malega. "Helminths of Wild Predatory Mammals (Mammalia, Carnivora) of Ukraine. Trematodes." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0037.

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Abstract The paper summarises information on 11 species of trematodes parasitic in 9 species of wild carnivorans of Ukraine. The largest number of trematode species (9) was found in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Alaria alata (Diplostomidae) appeared to be the most common trematode parasite in the studied group; it was found in 4 host species from 9 administrative regions and Crimea.

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Tseng, Zhijie Jack, Mauricio Antón, and Manuel J. Salesa. "The evolution of the bone-cracking model in carnivorans: cranial functional morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene cursorial hyaenid Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Mammalia: Carnivora)." Paleobiology 37, no. 1 (2011): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09045.1.

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Fossil species of the family Hyaenidae represent a wide range of ecomorphological diversity not observed in living representatives of this carnivoran group. Among them, the cursorial meat-and-bone specialists are of particular interest not only because they were the most cursorial of the hyaenids, but also because they were the only members of this family to spread into the New World. Here we conduct a functional morphological analysis of the cranium of the cursorial meat-and-bone specialist Chasmaporthetes lunensis by using finite element modeling to compare it with the living Crocuta crocuta, a well-known bone-cracking carnivoran. As found with previous finite element studies on hyaenid crania, the cranium of C. lunensis is not differentially adapted for stress dissipation between the bone-cracking and meat-shearing teeth. A smaller occlusal surface on the more slender P3 cusp of C. lunensis allowed this species to use less bite force to crack a comparably-sized bone relative to C. crocuta, but higher muscle masses in the latter probably allow it to process larger food items. We use two indices, the stress slope and the bone-cracking index, to show that C. lunensis has a well-adapted cranium for stress dissipation given its size, but the main stresses placed on its cranium might have been more from subduing prey and less from cracking bones. Throughout the Cenozoic, other carnivores besides hyaenids convergently evolved similar morphologies, including domed frontal regions, suggesting an adaptive value for a repetitive mosaic of features. Our analyses add support to the hypothesis that bone-cracking adaptations are a complex model that has evolved convergently several times across different carnivoran families, and these predictable morphologies may evolve along a common gradient of functionality that is likely to be under strong adaptive control.

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