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Rich, Mackenzie E. "Variation in available habitat impacts the spatiotemporal interactions of a Great Lakes carnivore community." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1590148657886807.
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Payan, Garrido C. E. "Hunting sustainability, species richness and carnivore conservation in Colombian Amazonia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18773/.
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Colombia embraces 7% of the Amazon basin, a worldwide conservation priority ecosystem, and most of it overlaps with indigenous territories. Some indigenous communities live inside protected areas and the impact of people in parks on biodiversity is uncertain. This work compares harvests measures hunting sustainability from indigenous people, prey species richness and carnivore density in a protected area and an unprotected area in Amazonia. Field data collection was collected for 14 months by recording hunting harvests from indigenous groups inside and outside Amacayacu National Park and camera trapping in their respective hunting catchment areas. Hunting harvests, catchment areas sizes and hunters effort where comparable between sites, Catch Per Unit (CPU) effort was slightly here in the unprotected site, nevertheless hunters harvested equal biomass to those in the park. Hunting of the largest mammal species at both sites showed evidence of unsustainable extraction rates and were taken more often than expected from availability. The majority of hunting occurred within 15 km from towns and hunting within the first 5 km was higher in the unprotected area. Relative abundance indexes of game species presented no strong difference between sites. Edge effect from hunting towns was evident at a large scale and the probability of detecting game species and carnivores farther from town was significantly higher. Jaguar (Panthera onca) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), densities did not vary significantly outside or inside the park. These densities are reported for the first time in Colombia. Prey base of indigenous communities showed decreased abundance outside the park, and the continuing hunting pressure could drive large game species to local extinction, unless limits to human increase and sustainable hunting is achieved, particularly in the unprotected area.
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Rich, Mackenzie E. "Understanding the terrestrial carnivore community composition and distribution in Southeastern Ohio." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1502457596697641.
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Suzuki, Ai. "Conservation of Large-spotted Civet Viverra megaspila in Northern Cambodia." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227655.
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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラムKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第20732号
地博第223号
新制||地||82(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 山越 言, 准教授 古澤 拓郎, 教授 神﨑 護
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Adhola, Enock Titus. "Ecologie et conservation des grands carnivores au Kenya : apport sur les conflits hommes/carnivores." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0246.
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Ma thèse porte sur l'écologie, la taphonomie et la conservation des grands carnivores au Kenya dans le but de rechercher des stratégies pratiques pour atténuer les conflits homme-carnivore. Les points saillants de notre étude sont les suivants: il a été possible de distinguer statistiquement les marques dentaires de perforation (‘punctures’) sur les os de proie entre l’hyène brune et les autres carnivores (hyène rayée, hyène tachetée, lion et léopard). Egalement, il a été possible de distinguer les marques entre hyène rayée de celles de hyène tachetée, lion et léopard. Les facteurs écologiques et socioculturels ont des effets différents sur les tendances à la prédation du bétail suivant chaque espèce de grand carnivore africain. À cette fin, il est important de bien identifier et exploiter de manière positive ces effets différentiels des facteurs écologiques et socioculturels qui influent sur la déprédation du bétail par les grands carnivores, constituent un pas de géant vers la mise en œuvre de stratégies efficaces axées sur l'atténuation des conflits entre humains et carnivores. Enfin, l'apport de cette étude au débat chasse-charognage dans les études de paléoanthropologie est que si ces deux stratégies favorisent une communauté pastorale Africaine moderne, c’est que ce le trait doit reposer sur des fondements évolutifs issus des sociétés humaines anciennesMy PhD study assessed the ecology, taphonomy and conservation of large carnivores in Kenya with a goal of seeking practical strategies to mitigate human-carnivore conflict. The key highlights from the PhD study include: it was possible to statistically differentiate brown hyaena tooth puncture marks from striped hyaena, spotted hyaena, lion and leopard tooth puncture marks on prey bones. It was also possible to statistically differentiate striped hyaena tooth puncture marks from spotted hyaena, lion and leopard tooth puncture marks on prey bones. Ecological and socio-cultural factors have differential effects on the livestock depredatory tendencies of each species of African large carnivore. To this end, identifying and positively harnessing these differential effects of ecological and sociocultural factors influencing livestock depredation by large carnivores, is a giant step towards implementing effective strategies geared towards successful mitigation of human-carnivore conflict. Finally, the contribution of this study to the hunting-scavenging debate in the domain of anthropology is that; if both hunting and scavenging favours a modern African pastoralist community, then the trait must have evolutionary underpinnings from past human societies
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Nicholson, Kerry Lynn. "Spatial Movements and Ecology of Mountain Lions in Southern Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194192.
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Managing wildlife in urban areas is increasingly necessary for wildlife conservation. Large carnivores like mountain lions (Puma concolor) present a particular challenge to managers because of public safety and the polarizing emotional reactions to human-lion encounters. Intensive development and conversion of large open spaces to small properties and subdivisions has caused increased habitat loss, fragmentation and encroachment. Preserving movement corridors for access to habitat patches is important in maintaining landscape connectivity to ensure viable populations adjacent to urban areas. Because mountain lion habitat is often adjacent to urbanization in Arizona and lions traverse large landscapes, mountain lions are ideal models to examine how human alteration of habitats influences their life history characteristics and ability to adapt to a variety of environments. The objective of this study was to examine the ecology and spatial movements of mountain lions surrounding urban areas. We studied habitat selection, urban use by mountain lions, spatial movements and overlap, genetic relatedness, feline disease, and ectoparasites of mountain lions in southern Arizona.
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Nakano-Oliveira, Eduardo 1972. "Ecologia e conservação de mamiferos carnivoros de Mata Atlantica na região do compelxo estuarino lagunar de Cananeia, Estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315863.
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Orientador: Emygdio Leite de Araujo Monteiro-FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:06:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nakano-Oliveira_Eduardo_D.pdf: 2929828 bytes, checksum: ec08e52b7a82274d549faf563c6bd37f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Na Floresta Atlântica, existe uma grande deficiência de informações sobre os mamíferos da ordem Carnívora, principalmente em ambientes estuarinos e insulares, assim esse estudo teve o objetivo geral de fornecer as primeiras informações sobre a comunidade de mamíferos carnívoros em três ilhas da região do Complexo Estuarino Lagunar Iguape/Cananéia, litoral sul de São Paulo e tentar identificar as principais ameaças ambientais locais utilizando essas espécies como indicadores ecológicos. Para isso, foi utilizada uma combinação de métodos acreditando que essa seria a forma mais eficiente de reunir dados variados. A riqueza foi estimada através de identificação de pegadas e fezes, além de avistamentos, capturas e armadilhas fotográficas. A dieta foi estudada através da análise de conteúdo fecal. A impressão dos moradores locais em relação aos carnívoros da região foi possível através da aplicação de questionários fechados. A influência do contato antrópico sobre carnívoros onívoros foi analisada através do monitoramento de sete cachorros-do-mato por rádio telemetria, sendo que três pertenciam a um grupo que freqüentava constantemente áreas habitadas e quatro indivíduos pertenciam a um grupo sem contato com humanos. Além desses métodos, durante todo o trabalho foram registrados todos os tipos de distúrbios ambientais encontrados. A Ilha do Cardoso foi a que apresentou maior riqueza de carnívoros silvestres (n=9), seguido pela Ilha Comprida (n=6) e Ilha de Cananéia (n=5). Em relação à dieta, as lontras c onsumiram peixes e caranguejos, os mão-peladas se alimentaram principalmente de crustáceos e frutos e os cachorros-do mato apresentaram uma dieta bastante variada, incluindo caranguejos, insetos, frutos e pequenos vertebrados. Os felídeos consumiram vertebrados sendo que os de maior porte foram predados apenas por onça-parda. De maneira geral, os moradores entrevistados tem afinidade com a natureza, mas ainda demonstram um certo receio em relação aos carnívoros silvestres, principalmente devido a problemas de predação sobre animais de criação como galinhas e patos, e sobre peixes em ¿viveiros¿ naturais. Os cachorros-do-mato monitorados indicaram alguns problemas devido ao contato antrópico. O grupo selvagem ocupava áreas bem maiores, forrageava por mais tempo e consumia apenas presas e frutos nativos. Os indivíduos do grupo antrópico visitavam constantemente áreas com lixo orgânico, ocupavam áreas bastante reduzidas e apresentavam menos atividade. De maneira geral os problemas ambientais detectados estavam direta ou indiretamente relacionado à espécie humana. Entre eles foram destacados a presença de animais domésticos e lixo em áreas naturais, o conflito entre animais silvestres e donos de criações, destruição de margens de rios, entre outros. A última parte da tese expõe os problemas, recomenda algumas soluções possíveis e cita os projetos desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento que estão tentando resolver esses problemas ou levantar informações mais específicas para esse fim
Abstract: Considering that in the Atlantic Forest, there is a lack of information on the mammals of the Carnivora order, mainly in the estuaries and islands, this study had the general objectives of providing primary information on the community of carnivore mammals of three islands in the area of Iguape/Cananéia region, south coast of São Paulo and trying to identify the main local environmental threats using these species as ecological indicators. For that, a combination of methods was used because it was believed that this would be the most efficient way of gathering varied data. The richness was estimated using the identification of footprints and feces and also direct observation, captures and photographic traps. The diet was studied through the analysis of the fecal content and a preliminary analysis of the local residents' impression regarding the carnivores of the area was possible due to the use of questionnaires. The influence of the antropic contact on carnivorous omnivores was analyzed by monitoring seven crab-eating- foxes by radio telemetry. Three of them belonged to a group that was constantly in inhabited areas and four individuals belonged to a group without any humans contact. Besides these methods, during the whole study all types of environmental disturbances found were registered. The Cardoso Island presented the greatest richness of wild carnivorous (n=9) followed by the Comprida Island (n=6) and the Cananéia Island (n=5). About the diet, the otters consumed fish and crabs, the crab-eating-raccoons fed mainly on crustaceans and fruits and the crabeating-foxes had a quite varied diet, including crabs, insects, fruits and small vertebrates. The felids consumed vertebrates and the largest ones were predated only by the puma. In general, the residents interviewed have some affinity with nature, but they still demonstrate a certain fear of the wild carnivores, mainly due to predation problems with animal breeds such as chickens, ducks, and fish. The crab-eating- foxes monitored indicated some problems due to the antropic contact. The wild group was in much larger areas, foraged for more time and consumed just prays and native fruits. The individuals of the antropic group were constantly in areas with organic garbage; they occupied quite reduced areas and were less active. In general, the environmental problems detected were direct or indirectly related to the human species. Among other problems, the presence of domestic animals and garbage in natural areas, the conflict between wild animals and breeders and the destruction of river banks were emphasized. The last part of the thesis presents the problems, recommends some possible solutions and mentions the projects developed or being developed that are trying
Doutorado
Doutor em Ecologia
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Schumann, Bonnie. "The needs of emerging commercial farmers in Namibia in relation to human-carnivore conflict." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/854.
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Thesis (MTech (Nature Conservation))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009Carnivore species globally are on the decline and population extinctions continue despite intensive conservation efforts. In Namibia, although 13.6 % of the country falls under the protection of national parks or game reserves, most of these protected areas are situated along the coastline and are desert habitat. The majority of Namibia's cheetah population (over 90 %), which is also the world's largest free-ranging population, occurs on privately owned farmland situated primarily in the north-central cattle-farming region of the country. Also occurring here are leopard, brown hyaena, caracal, and jackal and in some areas African wild dog, spotted hyaena and lion. Given the extensive nature of livestock and wildlife farming in Namibia, the low human density in rural areas and the persistence of wildlife outside protected areas, there is still considerable scope for carnivore conservation on the Namibian freehold farmlands, provided human-carnivore conflict can be managed. Great strides have been made in Namibia in developing strategies to address human carnivore conflict issues with formerly advantaged freehold farmers. However, since Namibia's independence in 1990, land reform has resulted in a new category of farmer entering the freehold farming sector, the emerging commercial farmer. No data has been gathered regarding emerging commercial farmers' attitudes and perceptions towards carnivores, the levels of camivore-conflict and livestock management practices in relation to livestock losses to carnivores.
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Consorte-McCrea, Adriana G. "Conservation of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) : carnivore and people relationships in the southeast of Brazil." Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/10662/.
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Maned wolves are endangered carnivores endemic to Brazil. This research aimed to compare the attitudes of interest groups towards the conservation of the maned wolf in urban and rural areas; to investigate how such attitudes may influence the maned wolf's status and conservation; and to recommend ways to incorporate such knowledge into strategies to conserve both wolf and habitat. The methodology used questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires targeted people living in the neighbourhood of conservation areas, staff and students (year 8 and sixth-form) of local schools; staff and visitors to conservation areas and zoos in three main research locations: Greater São Paulo, the Low Mogiana region and São Carlos city. Other conservation areas and zoos within the São Paulo state contributed further data. The relationship between socio-demographic factors and attitudes towards the maned wolf conservation was also investigated to identify the most positive and negative profiles of respondents. Overall, results indicate a lack of antagonism between urban and rural populations. Results suggest that negative attitudes towards the maned wolf related to: misconceptions about feeding habits and to a lack of clear differentiation between the maned wolf and Canis lupus; perceptions of threat connected to the presence of the maned wolf on people's properties; and possibly values undermining local wildlife. Results, however, consistently indicated local people's tolerance towards the species and towards occasional predation events. Results also indicate discrepancies existing between bio/education professionals' expectations of local people's attitudes and the actual attitudes displayed by the latter. Recommendations addressed misconceptions and values regarding the maned wolf, inclusion of the local community and their issues, and relationships between interest groups for the benefit of maned wolf conservation. The positive attitudes of a majority towards the maned wolf suggest they may support actions favourable to the species and maintain their position in case of conflict. However, further investigation is advised into local people's awareness of the causes of the decline of the maned wolf and of how their behaviour may affect populations of wolves.
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Bencin, Heidi L. "Challenges of Conserving a Wide-ranging Carnivore in Areas with Dense Road Networks." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1543861790637513.
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Pirie, Tara J. "The role of small private game reserves in leopard Panthera pardus and other carnivore conservation in South Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68340/.
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Many large carnivores are declining globally; most threatened or risk extinction due to a loss of habitat, resources, and direct removal; often the later as a result of conflict with humans. Although leopards and many meso-carnivore species are still free roaming in South Africa, few data are available on these species outside large protected areas as they are often elusive, wide ranging and found at low densities. More data are needed on the population dynamics, ecology and biology of species such as leopard, if we are to implement evidence-based approaches to their conservation within small reserves and surrounding unprotected areas. Camera traps are being increasingly utilized in research, as they can record data on a species or a whole community at relatively low cost. Here we used a network of camera traps to monitor species presence at Thaba Tholo Wilderness Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa. We found that camera trap efficacy varied between species, with smaller carnivores significantly under-recorded more frequently than larger predators. However, leopards were successfully captured by camera trap when compared with more traditional monitoring methods (i.e. spoor). Small reserves may play an important role in the conservation of carnivores, but often these reserves are surrounded by farmland and the successful separation of livestock and game using a fence can affect vegetation composition, fragmenting the land further. However, these effects may be limited by the free movement of wild browsers and grazers through holes in the fence which may also decrease the negative effects of fencing while supporting endangered and highly mobile species such as the leopard Panthera pardus. Leopard densities were found to be 3.04 (S.E. +/-1.55) to 4.97 (S.E. +/-2.14) leopards per 100km2, which was lower than other estimates from South Africa, however the population was stable throughout the study suggesting the reserve was a source for leopard and offspring were dispersing. Although there was no evidence of habitat preference by the leopard, habitat was found to be more significant in influencing relative local abundances of meso-carnivores than potential associations with leopard and other larger carnivores. However abundance may have been affected by factors outside the reserve as conflict with humans was evident. Negative actions towards leopard and other carnivores in retaliation to the predation of animal stock occurred in the farmland surrounding the study site, with a significantly higher percentage of commercial game farmers responding that they would take action against one or more species of carnivore compared to livestock owners. The financial loss sustained with increasing game prices in South Africa could therefore increase the conflict between humans and carnivores across the country, which in turn could have detrimental effects on local leopard and other carnivore populations. The relatively high numbers of the extremely rare erythristic leopard occurring within the relatively low density leopard population is likely to be the result of genetic drift, which may have been a result of this conflict; highlighting that although small reserves may play an important role in the protection and propagation of threatened species it is human acceptance of carnivores which is likely to be vital in the successful conservation and long term survival of predators outside protected areas.
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Koskela, A. (Anni). "Wolverine habitat selection, diet and conservation genetics." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526202273.
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Abstract Rare and elusive species are difficult to study, because they are usually secretive, solitary, occur at low densities and have large home ranges. Wolverines (Gulo gulo) can both hunt and scavenge for food. In Fennoscandia, wolverines co-exist with either wild or semi-domesticated reindeer, which constitute their most important winter food. Approximately half of the 180–220 Finnish wolverines are found in northern Finland within the reindeer management area. However, the other half of the population is distributed in eastern and central Finland, and the ecology of wolverines especially in this area is poorly known. This research examined the habitat selection, diet and population genetics of wolverines in northern and eastern Finland. The results suggest that wolf presence is one of the most important variables influencing the habitat selection of wolverines. This finding supports the speculative idea that wolverines might benefit from being sympatric with wolves through increased scavenging opportunities. Furthermore, both the reproductive status of wolverines and the availability of different prey items were found to affect the wolverine diet. In northern Finland, semi-domesticated reindeer and mountain hare were the most frequently utilized prey species for breeding female wolverines. In eastern Finland, the most important food source for breeding females was moose carrion, whereas males and non-breeding females heavily utilized mountain hares. These results support the predictions of the optimal foraging theory, suggesting that wolverines opportunistically utilize the food source that is most energy-efficiently available. In areas with a low density of medium-sized ungulates, scavenging of wolf- and human-killed carrion plays an essential role in food acquisition by wolverines. According to the results of a population genetics investigation, two wolverine subpopulations exist in Finland: a northern and an eastern one. The overall genetic variability was found to be low, and signs of a recent population bottleneck were detected in both populations. It is likely that the wolverine populations in Finland would benefit from improved connectivity between them, but also with neighbouring populations in Scandinavia and north-eastern RussiaTiivistelmä Ahma (Gulo gulo) tunnetaan sekä haaskansyöjänä että keskikokoisia hirvieläimiä ja pienriistaa saalistavana petona. Fennoskandian alueella peuran kesy tai villi muoto on ahman merkittävin saalislaji. Noin puolet Suomen 180–220 ahmasta elää Pohjois-Suomessa poronhoitoalueella, ja loput Itä- ja Keski-Suomessa. Poronhoitoalueen ulkopuolella elävien ahmojen ekologiaa on tutkittu erityisen vähän. Väitöstyössäni tarkastelin ahman habitaatinvalintaa, ruokavaliota ja populaatiogenetiikkaa pääasiassa Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomen alueilla. Tutkimukseni tulokset osoittivat, että suden läheisyys oli yksi tärkeimmistä ahman habitaatinvalintaan vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tämä havainto tukee hypoteesia, jonka mukaan ahma saattaisi hyötyä susien läheisyydestä suuremman haaskatiheyden ansiosta. Todennäköisesti ahmat elävät mielellään samoilla seuduilla susien kanssa, mutta kaihtavat läheistä kanssakäymistä välttääkseen killansisäisen saalistuksen. Tutkimusteni perusteella sekä ahman lisääntymistila että alueen saaliseläinten saatavuus vaikuttivat ahman ruokavalioon. Poro ja metsäjänis olivat lisääntyvien ahmanaaraiden tärkein ravintokohde Pohjois-Suomessa. Itä-Suomessa merkittävin lisääntyvien naaraiden ravintokohde oli hirvi, jota ahmat hyödyntävät lähinnä haaskojen muodossa, mutta urokset ja ei-lisääntyvät naaraat sen sijaan saalistivat eniten metsäjänistä. Ahmat siis näyttävät hyödyntävän opportunistisesti sitä ravintokohdetta, joka kullakin alueella on energiatehokkainta saavuttaa. Susien ja ihmisten jälkeensä jättämät haaskat ovat merkittävä ravintolähde ahmoille alueilla, joilla keskikokoisten hirvieläinten tiheydet ovat alhaisia. Ahman populaatiogeneettinen tutkimus osoitti, että Suomen ahmat ovat geneettisesti jakautuneet kahteen alapopulaatioon, pohjoiseen ja itäiseen. Ahmakannan geneettinen monimuotoisuus oli pientä, ja molemmissa alapopulaatiossa oli nähtävissä merkkejä äskettäisestä pullonkaulailmiöstä. Populaatioiden välisen geenivirran määrän tulisi olla nykyistä korkeampi, jotta ahmakannan elinvoimaisuuden voisi katsoa olevan turvattu tulevaisuudessa
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Zimmermann, Alexandra. "Jaguars and people : a range-wide review of human-wildlife conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5287544-710d-461e-8f65-da2c7590188c.
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Conflict with livestock farmers is the most serious threat to the survival of the jaguar (Panthera onca) across its range of 19 countries of the Americas. In this thesis I examine the needs for mitigating human-jaguar conflict at a range-wide scale by: a) reviewing the state of knowledge on the topic, b) modelling the risk of conflict across the range, c) analysing a series of empirical field case studies, and d) proposing appropriate approaches for different levels of conflict. Findings from 43 published studies and 117 expert-described cases show that human-jaguar conflict occurs on large cattle ranches, mixed farms and smallholdings alike. Depletion of prey and poor livestock husbandry are reported as the key reasons for depredation, regardless of ecological, cultural or socio-economic context. Attitudes and tolerance towards jaguars are not necessarily linked to losses, so recent research has focussed on understanding the behaviours of farmers. With 65% of the remaining jaguar range outside of protected areas, effective strategies for coexistence with farmers are essential. By combining geospatial datasets with expert-based information, spatial patterns of human-jaguar conflicts were presented in a predictive model of conflict hotspots. Around 85% of the total jaguar range, 72% of the total Jaguar Conservation Units area and 90% of the Jaguar Corridor area overlap with livestock, and 15% of the jaguar range has risk of conflict. Regions in which jaguars are repeatedly persecuted may become ecological traps and decimate populations. An aggregate study of 17 case studies across seven countries exposed a very large variety of geographic, agronomic and socio-economic contexts. Both within and across case studies there are considerable differences in farmers’ experiences with livestock losses, concerns about depredation, levels of tolerance and attitudes, as well as social norms towards jaguars in each community. No situational factors could be used to predict how farmers perceive jaguars and deal with depredation. The only pattern consistent across case studies was that attitudes towards jaguars are most likely predicted by a factor of perceived loses combined with the social norms of the community. In most scenarios, correctly balanced strategies of improving husbandry combined with behaviour-influencing methods may be the best way forward. To this end, a conceptual model is proposed, which distinguishes three levels of conflict and explains the importance of addressing any underlying history of grievances or incompatibility of values as part of any human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategy.
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Bleyhl, Benjamin. "Fostering large carnivore recoveries: Persian leopards and their prey in the Caucasus." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21830.
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Weltweit sind viele Populationen großer Raubtiere bedroht. Die Suche nach Wegen zur Erhaltung und Wiederherstellung von Populationen großer Raubtiere ist daher ein zentrales Naturschutzziel. In einigen Regionen erholen sich die Populationen jedoch auch, was der Wissenschaft eine hervorragende Möglichkeit bietet potentielle Wege zum Schutz von Raubtieren zu identifizieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Voraussetzungen, die eine Erholung von Raubtierpopulationen begünstigen, besser zu verstehen. Am Beispiel der sich erholenden Population des Persischen Leoparden im Kaukasus beantwortet diese Arbeit die folgenden Forschungsfragen: (1) Bietet die Ökoregion des Kaukasus einen geeigneten, sicheren und zusammenhängenden Lebensraum für Persische Leoparden und ihre Beutetiere? (2) Was sind wirksame Schutzstrategien, die eine Erholung der Population des Persischen Leoparden im Kaukasus begünstigen? Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen den Schluss zu, dass für Leoparden und ihre Beutetiere im Kaukasus großflächig geeigneter Lebensraum vorhanden ist. Trotz dieser günstigen Ausgangsposition für den Artenschutz zeigt diese Arbeit jedoch auch klar auf, dass Schutzmaßnahmen erforderlich sind, um direkte Bedrohungen abzumildern. Als wichtigsten Faktor für eine Erholung der Leopardenpopulation identifiziert diese Arbeit das Verhindern von Tötungen. Diese Arbeit verdeutlicht somit die wichtige Rolle von Konfliktminderung zwischen Menschen und Raubtieren, um die daraus resultierende Tötung von Raubtieren zu verhindern. Darüber hinaus unterstreicht diese Dissertation die Notwendigkeit der Vernetzung sicherer Lebensräume und den Wert von internationaler Zusammenarbeit zur Förderung der Genesung von Populationen großer Raubtiere. Zusammengefasst liefert diese Arbeit Einblicke in Bedingungen, die die Genesung von Großraubtieren fördern, und umreißt mögliche zukünftige Wege eines vom Aussterben bedrohten Raubtiers in einem globalen Biodiversitäts-Hotspot.Large carnivore populations are threatened globally. This is worrisome because of their intrinsic value and their importance for ecosystems and humans. Finding ways to maintain and restore large carnivore populations is therefore a central goal for conservation. Interestingly, large carnivores are also returning to areas where they were extirpated before, which provides a great opportunity for conservation science to identify pathways to safeguard large carnivore populations. The overall goal of this thesis was to better understand the conditions that foster large carnivore recoveries. Gaining a better understanding of large carnivore recoveries is challenging though, because it requires working across broad areas, where data on environmental characteristics and prey species is often limited and inconsistent. Using the Persian leopard recovery in the Caucasus ecoregion as an example, the specific research questions of this thesis were: (1) Does the Caucasus ecoregion have suitable, safe, and connected habitat for Persian leopards and their prey? (2) What are effective management strategies to foster the recovery of Persian leopards in the Caucasus? Results revealed that suitable habitat for Persian leopards and their prey is widespread in the Caucasus. However, habitat patches are often not safe and conservation efforts are needed to mitigate threats and restore, protect, and connect populations of leopards and their prey. Reducing the persecution of leopards seems the most important strategy to foster leopard recovery in the Caucasus. For large carnivore recoveries in general, this thesis underpins the importance of human-carnivore conflict mitigation to prevent killings of carnivores, particularly in areas where populations are small. Further, this thesis underlines the need of improving connectivity among safe habitat patches and the value of international cooperation. Overall, this thesis provides insights into conditions that foster large carnivore recovery and outlines potential future pathways for a critically endangered apex predator in a global biodiversity hotspot.
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Chiang, Po-Jen. "Ecology and conservation of Formosan clouded leopard, its prey, and other sympatric carnivores in southern Taiwan." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29674.
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During 2000-2004 I studied the population status of the Formosan clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus) and the ecology of its prey and other sympatric carnivores in the largest remaining lowland primary forest in southern Taiwan. My research team and I set up 232 hair snare stations and 377 camera trap sites at altitudes of 150-3,092m in the study area. No clouded leopards were photographed in total 13,354 camera trap days. Hair snares did not trap clouded leopard hairs, either. Assessment of the prey base and available habitat indicated that prey depletion and habitat loss, plus historical pelt trade, were likely the major causes of extinction of clouded leopards in Taiwan.
Using zero-inflated count models to analyze distribution and occurrence patterns of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) and 4 ungulates, we found habitat segregation among these 5 herbivore species. Formosan macaques, Reeve's muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus), and Formosan serows (Nemorhaedus swinhoei) likely were the most important prey species of Formosan clouded leopards given their body size and high occurrence rates in lower altitudes. In contrast, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoii) tended to occur more frequently as altitude increased. Formosan macaques exhibited seasonal differences in occurrence rates and were absent at altitudes > 2,500m in winter. Only Formosan serows showed preference for cliffs and rugged terrain, while the other 4 species, except wild boars (Sus scrofa taivanus), avoided these areas. Habitat segregation in forest understory and structure were more pronounced among the 4 ungulates. Forest structure rarely affected occurrence rates of Formosan macaques on the ground.
Niche relationships of the other sympatric carnivores were studied through habitat, diet, and temporal dimensions. Resource partitioning by carnivores was observed. Altitude was the strongest factor explaining the composition of the carnivore community in the local study-area scale and in the landscape scale across Taiwan. Carnivores could be divided into 2 groups: low-mid altitude consisting of Formosan ferret badgers (Melogale moschata subaurantiaca), gem-faced palm civets (Paguma larvata taivana), lesser oriental civets (Viverricula indica taivana), crab-eating mongooses (Herpestes urva formosanus), leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis), and feral cats (Felis catus), and the mid-high altitude group consisting of yellow-throated martens (Martes flavigula chrysospila), Siberian weasels (Mustela sibirica taivana), and Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus formosanus). Carnivore richness was higher at mid altitudes where these 2 groups overlapped (i.e. mid-domain effect). The low-mid altitude carnivores were more nocturnal and tolerant of human activity and forest alteration except crab-eating mongooses, which were diurnal and avoided human encroachment. Similar to crab-eating mongooses, the mid-high altitude carnivores also avoided human encroachment and were diurnal except for Siberian weasels, which were more nocturnal. Diet summary based on their major food items for all sympatric carnivores revealed 3 groups of foragers which foraged on: invertebrates, small mammals, and plant fruits. Felidae, yellow-throated martens, and Siberian weasels preyed on small mammals. Asiatic black bears and gem-faced palm civets ate mostly plant fruits. The other 3 carnivores were mainly invertebrate foragers. These 9 carnivores partitioned resource uses in the 3 niche dimensions except for some overlap in resource use by leopard cats and feral cats.
Prey base for Formosan clouded leopards and the carnivore richness in Taiwan were found to be lower in areas with higher levels of human activity. On the other hand, Formosan macaques and ungulates could become over-abundant without human hunting and top carnivore predation. Mesopredator release may occur because of vanishing top carnivores, causing reduction of the lower trophic level prey species. It is important to assess the cascading impacts of the loss of the Formosan clouded leopards and Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra chinensis) and the declining Asiatic black bears and to consider reintroduction of Formosan clouded leopards, as well as active management of the other larger mammals. These results provided baseline information for reintroduction of clouded leopards and management of their prey and generated new hypotheses regarding the ecology of these large mammals for future investigation.Ph. D.
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Leveridge, Max Carter. "Evaluating attitudes towards large carnivores within the Great Bear Rainforest." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556726212319148.
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Smith, Deborah A. "Improving methodologies used for carnivore conservation and management : collection and analysis of fecal DNA samples from endangered San Joaquin kit fox populations in California /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5492.
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Bissett, Charlene. "The feeding and spatial ecologies of the large carnivore guild on Kwandwe Private Game Reserve." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006195.
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The reintroduction of lions, cheetahs and African wild dogs to Kwandwe Private Game Reserve in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa created the opportunity to study the biology and behaviour of these large carnivores in an enclosed system. The research focused on space utilisation and feeding ecology of the predators, using standard observational methods. Changes in the structure of the carnivore guild, and changes in the prey base that occurred during the study were used as natural experiments to examine factors affecting space use and diet. In general, the diets of the predators were similar to previous studies and prey abundance was more important than prey species size in determining prey selection. Changes in the abundance of certain prey species was matched by a dietary switch in lions from kudu to warthog and an increase in the proportion of springbok kills by the cheetahs. There was no significant difference in the proportions of prey species detected by ad hoc or continuous observations. Core areas occupied by the predators were significantly smaller than home ranges except when females were denning. Home ranges overlapped both within and between species, but there was very little overlap of core areas. An increase in the number of lion prides in the area during the study resulted in an increase in overlap of home ranges of lions and cheetahs, but did not result in a change in home range size. Space use by female cheetahs with cubs increased as the cubs grew older. The use of thicket vegetation by cheetahs decreased with an increase in the number of lion prides. Minimum Daily Energy Expenditure, energy intake and net benefit were calculated for the predators using data from continuous observations. All predators exhibited a large net benefit and the net benefit for single female cheetahs was greater than for the members of the coalition. Net benefit for the alpha pair of African wild dogs was lower than that of the pack.
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Cotterill, Alayne. "Behavioural adjustments of lion (Panthera leo) in response to risk of human-caused mortality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:168dba11-be33-4d09-9c68-8c204c126098.
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Fear of predation can have a major impact on the behaviour of prey species. Despite recent codifying of the concept of the ecology of fear, there has been relatively little focus on how these ideas apply to large carnivore species which, although not prey sensu stricto, may experience fear as a result of threats from humans. This thesis argues that large mammalian carnivores are subject to a Landscape of Fear similar to that described for prey species, and will respond behaviourally to fear of human-caused mortality. The idea of a "Landscape of Coexistence" is introduced to denote the perceived risk from humans and associated behavioural responses that can be overlain on spatio-temporally heterogeneous landscapes. Literature on the ecology of fear for large mammalian carnivores and, as there is a dearth of such literature, the current theory on the ecology of fear for other guilds is reviewed, and how this might inform large carnivore behaviour in a Landscape of Coexistence is explored. Behavioural effects of human-caused mortality risk are revealed for lions living in a human dominated landscape (Laikipia County, Kenya), specifically how lions adjust their movement patterns, habitat use and foraging tactics when in proximity to humans. It is argued that these behavioural adjustments represent a trade-off between maximising fitness enhancing activities and minimising the risk of human-caused mortality, thus need to be taken into consideration along with the lethal effects of humans when explaining the density, distribution and behaviour of lions throughout much of their remaining range. Although fear is generic, 'human-caused mortality risk' represents a distinct and very important sub-set of the ecology of fear for the carnivore guild. The existence of a Landscape of Coexistence has implications for understanding their foraging ecology, and ultimately their population dynamics and role in the ecosystem, and is therefore, important for the conservation of large carnivores throughout large parts of their remaining ranges.
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O'Brien, John William. "The ecology and management of the large carnivore guild on Shamwari Game Reserve, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002604.
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Shamwari Game Reserve was the first enclosed conservation area in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to reintroduce free ranging lions, cheetahs, leopards and wild dogs back into their historic range. At that time (2000 – 2001), little information was available on the ecology and behaviour of these predators in the habitats of the Eastern Cape, and management decisions were based on assumptions and unfounded comparisons with extant populations but from quite different habitats. The aim of this study was therefore to obtain a better understanding of the feeding ecology and space use of the predator guild, and the carrying capacity of Shamwari Game Reserve to enable more informed management decisions. In addition, the reserve is a photographic based tourism venture and understanding both the ecological and financial sustainability of the predator guild was important. The diets of the predators were similar to those reported in other studies; larger predators killed a greater range of prey species than did smaller predators and a small number of prey species made up the majority of the kills. The larger predators had a higher mean kill mass than the smaller species and prey selection was influenced by prey size, prey abundance and prey habitat preference, and risk associated with hunting the species. Diet was flexible and responded to natural and management induced changes in prey abundance. There was a considerable overlap in space use by the lions, cheetahs and leopards with their core areas being centred on and around the Bushmans River. Space use was driven by resource distribution and landscape attributes, and by the presence of other predators of the same or different species. The long term viability of wild dog within the reserve was explored and the results confirmed that there was neither the required space nor the ecological processes and the wild dogs were removed from the reserve. A carrying capacity of the reserve for the predator guild was determined using the Maximum Sustainable Yield method to assess the potential prey species off take and a resultant density of 3.3 to 6.6 lion female equivalent units per 10 000 ha was established. The natural carrying capacity of the reserve with respect to predators will not sustain the tourism objectives and consequently prey supplementation was necessary to maintain predator density at levels high enough to sustain tourism. Under these conditions the large predator guild is still sustainable financially although careful, responsible management is needed to provide ecological sustainability.
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Barrefelt, Linnea. "Populationsutveckling och bärkraft för lodjur (Lynx lynx) i Östergötland." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157716.
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Jordens biologiska mångfald minskar i en allt snabbare takt, men mitt i denna ekologiska katastrof börjar arter på vissa håll att återkomma. De stora rovdjuren i Europa är ett sådant exempel. Från att ha varit försvunna från stora delar av sina utbredningsområden är de flesta populationer numera stabila eller ökande. I Skandinavien har lodjurspopulationen expanderat och efter närmare 100 års reproduktiv frånvaro förekommer åter föryngringar i Sydsverige. I Östergötland finns i dagsläget ca 50–55 individer och mycket tyder på att stammen kommer att fortsätta öka. Genom att sammanställa och analysera data från inventeringsrapporter, observationsloggar och avskjutningsstatistik har jag undersökt lodjurspopulationens utveckling i Östergötland och beräknat länets bärkraft för lo. Beräkningen av bärkraften har utgått från klövviltförekomsten samt mängden lämpligt habitat. Resultaten visar att Östergötland har gott om lämpligt habitat och en hög bytesdensitet, som är jämförbar med flera lodjurstäta områden i Europa. Givet dessa förutsättningar har Östergötland en bärkraft för lo som ligger långt över dagens populationsnivå. Uppskattningsvis kan Östergötland hålla mellan 80–140 självständiga individer. Detta skulle innebära en fördubbling av dagens antal och kunna leda till såväl positiva som negativa konsekvenser för samhället. Lodjur kan innebära ett hot mot tamboskap, men de senaste årens rapportering visar att angreppen orsakade av lodjur är begränsade. Även påverkan på klövviltstammarna är i dagsläget försumbar. På sikt skulle dock en större lodjurspopulation kunna reglera klövviltet och på så vis minska mängden trafikolyckor och skador på skog.Global biological diversity is declining at rates comparable to historic mass extinction events. Despite this, some species are returning to their former ranges, an example being the great carnivores in Europe. After being driven to the verge of extinction, most of today’s populations have recovered to a stable level. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) has re-expanded its range in Scandinavia and, after almost 100 years, is once again reproducing in southern Sweden. There are currently about 50-55 individuals in Östergötland county, and many factors implies that their number will continue to grow. By collecting and analysing data from different governmental reports and other sources I have tried to cover the development of Östergötland’s lynx population and to calculate the carrying capacity. The calculations are based on ungulate densities and amount of suitable habitat. The results of the study show that Östergötland contains a large amount of connected woodland habitat and high densities of prey, comparable to regions in Europe with high occurrence of lynx. Given these circumstances Östergötland has the capacity to support approximately 80-140 independent individuals. These numbers are twice as large as today’s population level and if reached could lead to positive as well as negative consequences for society. The lynx is a known threat to livestock but reports from recent years suggests that lynx attacks on sheep in Östergötland are limited. The effects of the current lynx population on ungulate demographics are also negligible. Although, these effects might increase with a larger lynx population, leading to lower rates of vehicle collisions and less damage in the forestry sector.
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Angelieri, Cíntia Camila Silva. "A conservação de grandes mamíferos e o planejamento de uso e ocupação da terra no Estado de São Paulo/Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-16122015-115709/.
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Os grandes carnívoros necessitam de vastos territórios para sobreviver em longo prazo, sendo que sua coexistência com humanos é fundamental, porém gera conflitos. O objetivo geral dessa tese é integrar a conservação de grandes carnívoros ao processo de planejamento de uso e ocupação da terra do estado de São Paulo. Para isso os objetivos específicos são: (1) sistematizar, espacializar e analisar a ocorrência de grandes carnívoros, estabelecendo correlações com os padrões de uso e ocupação da terra, variáveis climáticas e topográficas; (2) estabelecer áreas prioritárias para conservação de grandes carnívoros no estado de São Paulo; e (3) caracterizar os padrões de uso e conservação da terra nos municípios indicando necessidades e oportunidades para conservação (ênfase em Brotas-SP). O delineamento desse estudo foi feito buscando a aplicação de Modelos de Distribuição de Espécies - MDEs (espécies estudadas: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Leopardus Pardalis e Puma concolor) em uma abordagem de Planejamento Sistemático da Conservação - PSC. Para isso, foi aplicado o algoritmo MAXENT para as análises de distribuição das espécies e o algoritmo ZONATION para análises de priorização espacial e identificação de áreas prioritárias para conservação. Os modelos gerados mostraram alto desempenho (AUCs ≥ 0.8) e foram significantes (p ≤ 0.05) para o limite de corte mais inclusivo considerado \"minimum training presence\". Apesar da plasticidade das espécies estudadas, a variável porcentagem de vegetação nativa foi uma das três mais importantes para os modelos gerados. A distribuição das espécies abrange tanto paisagens naturais quanto paisagens antropizadas, porém as áreas com alta adequabilidade ambiental (acima de 0.5) se concentram em regiões com vegetação nativa remanescente e em sua maior parte não estão protegidas em Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Os resultados das análises de priorização espacial mostraram prioridades altas para os carnívoros concentradas na região central do estado de São Paulo, onde existem conflitos entre a demanda por áreas para conservação e a demanda por áreas para desenvolvimento humano. Recomenda-se a ampliação das UCPIs nessa região e ações de manejo e conservação em propriedades privadas (ex. Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente). Tanto as prioridades para conservação como as prioridades para desenvolvimento são muito diferentes entre os municípios do estado de São Paulo. Sendo assim, as estratégias precisam ser elaboradas caso a caso em escala municipal. Brotas possui localização estratégica na conservação de grandes carnívoros com alta porcentagem de áreas núcleo e alto potencial ecoturístico, sendo recomendada a expansão de UCPIs e a restauração da vegetação nativa para ampliar a proteção de grandes carnívoros. Os resultados desse estudo devem informar o processo de tomada de decisão (Ex. Planos de Ação para Conservação de Espécies Ameaçadas; Zoneamentos; Avaliações de Impactos Ambientais) e a abordagem metodológica serve como um modelo para orientar processos semelhantes que visam à conservação de espécies em outras regiões.Large carnivores need large territories to survive in long term, requiring the use of existing protected areas and private properties with many land uses types and human occupation levels for dispersion and as additional habitat. Thus, the coexistence between large carnivores and humans is essential. However, it leads to conflicts of interest. The overall objective of this thesis is to integrate the conservation of large mammals to land use planning process in São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, the specific objectives are: (1) to systematize, to spatialize and to analyze the occurrence of large mammals, establishing correlations between large mammals distribution and land use patterns, climatic and topographic variables; (2) to establish priority areas for conservation of large mammals in São Paulo State; and (3) to characterize the land use and conservation patterns in São Paulo\'s municipalities (emphasis in Brotas-SP). The design of this study aimed to apply Species Distribution Models tools (species studied: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Leopardus Pardalis and Puma concolor) in an approach of Systematic Conservation Planning. For this, MAXENT algorithm was applied for species distribution modelling and Zonation algorithm was applied for spatial prioritization analysis and conservation priority areas identification. All models were significant (p ≤ 0.05) considering the minimum training presence threshold showing high performance (AUC ≥ 0.8). Despite the plasticity of the species, the variable percentage of native vegetation was one of the top three most important for all models. The distribution of the species covers both natural and disturbed landscapes, but high environmental suitability areas (up to 0.5) concentrate in regions with native vegetation fragments. However the most part of these areas are not protected by law. Spatial prioritization results showed high priorities for carnivores concentrate in the central region of São Paulo, where there are conflicts there are both high demand for carnivore conservation and high demand for human development. Conservation strategies need to be developed case by case because both priorities for conservation and priorities for development were showed very different between the municipalities. For example, Brotas is strategic for carnivore\'s conservation, having high percentage of core areas in its territory and high ecotourism potential. However the percent of native vegetation cover is low. Therefore, it is recommended protected areas expansion and native vegetation restoration to increase the protection of large carnivores in Brotas. This study highlights the importance of a landscape planning approach to improve the conservation outlook for large mammals, including not only the establishment and management of protected areas, but also native habitat conservation and management on private lands. Importantly, the results may inform environmental policies and land use planning in São Paulo State, Brazil (e.g. Action Plan for Conservation of Endangered Species; Zoning; Reviews of Environmental Impacts), and it serves as a useful model to guide similar process for other large-carnivore species world-wide.
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Sunarto, Sunarto. "Ecology and restoration of Sumatran tigers in forest and plantation landscapes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37392.
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Tigers (Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758) are in danger of extinction. Their populations have declined from ~100,000 to only ~3,000 individuals in a century and their habitat has shrunk to less than 7% of the historic range. Of the five extant tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929) is the most seriously threatened. Currently determined as Critically Endangered under IUCN criteria, the Sumatran tiger is likely to become extinct unless effective conservation measures are enacted. Threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, killing due to conflict with humans and livestock, and poaching for illegal wildlife trade.
Long-term survival of Sumatran tigers depends largely on the effectiveness of current conservation efforts in every tiger landscape. Successful conservation and management require accurate information on ecology of the species upon which decisions can be based. This study investigated basic ecological aspects of tigers and developed strategies for management and restoration to improve tiger viability in the Central Sumatra landscape. This landscape is comprised of natural forests and plantations managed for timber and agricultural commodities.
The first chapter assesses the variation in tiger abundance across forest types in Southern Riau, and over time in Tesso Nilo National Park, all in Central Sumatra. Using camera traps, my team and I systematically sampled five blocks representing three major forest types in the region: peat land, flat lowland, and hilly lowland. I found that tiger abundance varied by forest type and through time. Excluding two sampling blocks where no tigers were photographed, the lowest tiger density was in peat land forest of Kerumutan, and the highest density was in the flat lowland forest of Tesso Nilo. Repeated sampling in the newly established Tesso Nilo National Park documented a trend of increasing tiger density (SE) from 0.90 (0.38) individuals/100 km2 in 2005 to 1.70 (0.66) individuals/100 km2 in 2008. Overall, tiger densities from this study were lower than most previous estimates from other parts of Sumatra. The trend of increasing tiger density in Tesso Nilo, however, suggests that the tiger population could be augmented by protection of habitats that were previously logged and severely disturbed.
The second chapter examines the occupancy and habitat-use of the tiger across the major landcover types (natural forest, acacia plantation, oilpalm plantation, rubber plantation, and mixed agriculture). I found that tigers used some plantation areas, although they significantly preferred forests over plantations. In all landcover types, sites with tiger detections had thicker understory cover than sites without tiger detection. Modeling tiger occupancy while recognizing that probability of detection is not always perfect, I found that tiger occupancy covaried positively and significantly with altitude and negatively, but not significantly, with distance-to-forest-cores. Probability of habitat use by tigers covaried positively and significantly with understory cover and altitude, and negatively and significantly with human settlement and landcover rank. The results suggested that with adjustments in plantation management, tigers could use or roam through plantations within the habitat mosaic provided that the plantations had adequate understory cover and low level of human activity. They also could use riparian forests (as corridors) and smaller forest patches (as stepping stones) to travel between the main habitat patches across the forest and plantation landscape.
The third chapter investigates the ecological characteristics and possible inter-specific interactions among wild felids, including tigers and smaller cats, based on data collected using systematic camera trapping in combination with information on their natural history. I found that despite overlap in resource needs of the five felid species, each appears adapted to specific environmental conditions allowing coexistence with other felids. The five felid species used statistically different elevations, with the golden cat found to inhabit the highest elevation. Two-species occupancy models showed that only leopard cats were found to co-occur with other felid species more frequently than expected by chance under independence. Species of similar size or eating similar-sized prey generally tended to have low coefficients of temporal activity overlap, suggesting avoidance. Temporal avoidance is likely occurring in three pairs of felids, namely clouded leopards and golden cats, clouded leopards and marbled cats, and marbled cats and leopard cats. Based on the differences in morphological and ecological characteristics, and on patterns of spatial and temporal occurrence, I identified six possible mechanisms by which felids in Central Sumatra maintain coexistence. I discussed the implications of this study for management, focusing on how to balance diversity and abundance of felids.
The fourth chapter presents the tiger distribution models as a case study to illustrate the importance of accounting for uncertainty in species distribution mapping. I applied four modeling approaches, differing in how the response variable (tiger presence) is constructed and used in the models. I compared the performance and output of different models based on the relative importance of variables, descriptive statistics of the predictions, cross comparison between models using an error matrix, and validation using tiger presence data collected from independent surveys. All models consistently identified forest area within the grid as one of the most important variables explaining tiger probability of occurrence. Three models identified altitude as another important factor. While the four models were consistent in predicting relatively high probability of tiger occurrence for high elevation forest areas such as Rimbang Baling and Bukit Tigapuluh, they generally had a lower level of agreement in predictions for low elevation areas, particularly the peat land in the northeastern part of the study area. Based on the results of cross evaluation of the predictions among models and validation with the independent data, I considered the occupancy model to be superior to the others. If data collection format permits, I advocate the use of occupancy instead of the other modeling techniques to develop predictive species distribution maps.
The last chapter constructs a strategy to restore the tiger population across the ecosystem of Central Sumatra through integration of knowledge on tiger ecology from previous chapters with consideration of the ecological conditions of the landscape in the region. The strategy combines existing knowledge of tiger conservation and regional ecosystem restoration. It recognizes the limitations and challenges of traditional nature protection and considers existing and new opportunities. Emerging opportunities and new mechanisms, such as direct and indirect economic incentives for nature conservation and restoration, are taken into account. These, coupled with increased awareness of the stakeholders, better policies and implementation of good governance, and the willingness and know-how to maintain coexistence with wildlife among the local people, are expected to support and accelerate the recovery of tigers and their ecosystem.Ph. D.
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Cloutier, Tammy. "Anthropogenic Impacts and Influence On African Painted Dogs (Lycaon Pictus)." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1597420032227308.
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Broekhuis, Femke. "Niche segregation by cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) as a mechanism for co-existence with lion (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b49a3d35-1b89-4c38-91c5-10330589b2be.
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Intraguild competition and predation have been recognised as important ecological factors influencing the population dynamics of carnivores. The effects of these interactions are often asymmetrical due to a size-related dominancy hierarchy. However, it has been suggested that competitively subordinate carnivores can minimise the costs of predation and competition through spatial and temporal avoidance. Here I investigate the ecological and behavioural mechanisms by which cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) coexist with competitively stronger lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). Fieldwork was carried out in the Okavango Delta, northern Botswana, between October 2008 and August 2011. A total of 20 Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars were fitted on all known cheetahs (n=6), lion prides (n=5) and spotted hyaena clans (n=6) in the study area (approx. 3 000 km2). Pre-programmed radio-collars recorded locations and activity continuously for each individual and these data were complemented with direct behavioural observations. Cheetah data were analysed with respect to the temporal and spatial likelihood of encountering lions and spotted hyaenas. Results suggest that the response to the risks posed by other predators is species-specific, habitat-specific and dependent on the immediacy of the risk. Resource partitioning was not the main mechanism for coexistence as cheetahs overlapped extensively with lions and spotted hyaenas in time, space and habitat use. Instead, cheetahs adjusted their spatial distribution in response to immediate risks or adapted their habitat use depending on their vulnerability (e.g. behaviours such as feeding or with differing levels of moonlight at night). In general, cheetah temporal and spatial distribution is a hierarchal process, firstly driven by resource acquisition and thereafter fine-tuned by predator avoidance. In addition, habitat heterogeneity seemed to be key in facilitating coexistence. Understanding the behavioural mechanisms that interacting apex predators adopt to regulate these negative interactions could be crucial to carnivore conservation, especially as human-related habitat loss is forcing species into ever smaller areas.
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Roberton, Scott I. "The status and conservation of small carnivores in Vietnam." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437829.
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Chapron, Guillaume. "La viabilité des populations de carnivores." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066525.
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Salvatori, Valeria. "Mapping conservation areas for large carnivores in the Carpathian Mountains." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409607.
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Baker, Angela Darnell. "Impacts of Human Disturbance on Carnivores in Protected Areas of the American Southwest." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10243668.
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Mammalian carnivores are a vital component of many ecosystems and can be particularly sensitive to human disturbance, even within protected areas (PAs). Our objective was to understand how human disturbance affects carnivore communities in southern Arizona, U.S.A., by studying habitat occupancy based on data collected using non-invasive methods in three PAs with different levels of human disturbance. We examined the impacts of human disturbance variables and disturbance level on carnivore occupancy, co-occurrence, temporal activity, and habitat associations. Carnivore occupancy varied based on human disturbance variables (i.e., roads, trails, etc.). Edges of PAs appeared to negatively impact occupancy of nearly all carnivore species. We also found that the presence of roads and trails, and not necessarily how much they are used, had a significant negative impact on the occupancy of most carnivore species. Furthermore, the overall level of disturbance within a PA influenced how sensitive carnivores were to human disturbance variables. Carnivores were more sensitive in PAs with higher levels of disturbance and were relatively unaffected by disturbance variables in a PA with low base levels of disturbance. In areas with low levels of disturbance, we found that many carnivore species have lower than expected levels of co-occurrence, which suggests spatial partitioning. As disturbance within an area increased, spatial partitioning became less prominent, and carnivores exhibited higher levels of temporal partitioning within these areas. We found that habitat associations varied among carnivore species, and associations were often different across different scales. We also found evidence of different habitat preferences in protected areas with higher levels of disturbance (e.g., avoidance of water sources). Information on the impacts of human disturbance is important when developing conservation plans, which is especially true for protected areas, given their important role in carnivore conservation, particularly as they are experiencing ever increasing rates of visitation.
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Flanigan, Kelly. "Occupancy Analysis of Small Carnivores in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1584961716443591.
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Jule, Kristen. "Effects of captivity and implications for ex-situ conservation : with special reference to red panda (Ailurus fulgens)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/65554.
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This PhD thesis aims to improve the ex situ conservation of threatened and endangered species by investigating the effects of captivity and improving the methodology of current conservation techniques. The use of reintroduction as a tool for the purpose of conserving species is becoming increasingly popular. Since many wild populations are declining, captive-bred stock are frequently used to restore or supplement wild populations. Evidence suggests that captive-bred animals are less successful than their wild counterparts, but this has not been recently reviewed and there is limited research into investigating what aspects of captivity may be affecting success. Here, I conduct a review of carnivore reintroductions for projects carried out post 1990, which shows that captive-born animals are less likely to survive a release into the wild than their translocated wild-caught counterparts. A case study species, the endangered red panda (Ailurus fulgens), is used to investigate how a species involved in captive breeding for conservation responds to life in captivity. Results from analyses of lifetime reproductive success (and related variables) showed that both adaptation to captivity and inbreeding depression are occurring in the global captive red panda population. An investigation into behavioural adaptation to captivity was less revealing, although only generations three to seven from the wild were observed. The effects of captive environment and husbandry regime were also investigated and revealed that the size of the useable area and amount of human contact were among the factors influencing the behaviours of red pandas. How these findings contribute to a greater understanding of effects of captivity is discussed. The use of selection criteria based on temperament was also investigated in order to improve the likelihood of survivorship upon release into the wild. This method needs to be tested in practice, but based on the selection criteria used, there was evidence that unsuitability for release was positively predicted by generation time in captivity. Implications for the future use of captive red pandas in efforts to conserve the species in the wild are discussed, as well as how these findings can be utilised for other species involved in conservation efforts.
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Louvrier, Julie. "Modélisation statistique de la distribution des grands carnivores en Europe." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG036/document.
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Les grands carnivores recolonisent l’Europe grâce à une augmentation des forêts et des populations d'ongulés sauvages ainsi que des mesures de conservation. Or, les carnivores entrent en interactions avec les activités humaines telles que l’élevage. Quantifier leur distribution peut aider à situer les impacts sur ces activités. Ces espèces sont très mobiles, difficiles à observer et vivent à de faibles densités. La modélisation de leur distribution présente plusieurs défis en raison 1) de leur détectabilité imparfaite, 2) de leur distribution dynamique dans le temps et 3) du suivi à grande échelle basé sur la collecte de données opportunistes sans mesure formelle de l'effort d'échantillonnage. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur deux espèces de grands carnivores, le loup et le lynx boréal, pour développer les méthodologies liées à la modélisation de la distribution d’espèces. Nous avons exploré l’application des modèles d’occupancy dans le contexte du suivi des grands carnivores en Europe. Ces modèles établissent le lien entre la présence d’une espèce et l’environnement dans le but d’établir la proportion d'une zone d'étude que l’espèce occupe, tout en prenant en compte une détectabilité imparfaite.Plus précisément, nous avons d'abord évalué la dynamique de la distribution des loups en France de 1994 à 2016, tout en prenant en compte leur détection imparfaite. Nous avons montré l'importance de prendre en compte l’effort d'échantillonnage variant dans le temps et dans l'espace à l’aide de de modèles d’occupancy dynamique.Deuxièmement, comme des faux positifs peuvent être présents lors de la surveillance d'espèces rares, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique d’occupancy qui tenait compte simultanément des faux négatifs et des faux positifs pour analyser conjointement des données qui contenaient à la fois des détections certaines et des détections incertaines. L'analyse des données sur le lynx boréal dans les pays alpins a suggéré que l'incorporation de détections incertaines produisait des estimations des paramètres écologiques plus précises.Troisièmement, nous avons développé un modèle qui prenait en compte l'hétérogénéité de la détection tout en traitant les faux positifs. En appliquant notre nouvelle approche au loup en France, nous avons démontré que l'hétérogénéité de la détection du loup était principalement due à un effort d'échantillonnage hétérogène dans l'espace.Quatrièmement, pour traiter des sources de données multiples, nous avons développé un modèle de processus ponctuel de Poisson qui permettait l'inclusion de différentes sources de données lors de la construction des SDMs. Nous avons montré comment la combinaison des données sur la distribution permettait d’optimiser un suivi en répondant à la question de savoir quelle(s) source(s) d'information apporterait l’essentiel de l’information lors du suivi du lynx en Norvège.Cinquièmement, pour comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents de la colonisation des loups en France, nous avons développé un cadre statistique pour estimer l'occupation spatio-temporelle et la dynamique des effectifs en utilisant le cadre de diffusion écologique. Nous avons montré le potentiel de notre approche pour prédire la distribution future potentielle du loup à court terme, un élément qui pourrait contribuer à cibler des zones de gestion ou se concentrer sur des zones de conflit potentiel.Dans l'ensemble, nos travaux montrent que les données opportunistes peuvent être analysées à l'aide de modèles de distribution d’espèces qui prennent en compte les contraintes liées au type de suivi utilisé pour produire les données. Nos approches peuvent être utilisées par les gestionnaires pour optimiser la surveillance des grands carnivores, cibler des zones de présence potentielles et contribuer à proposer des mesures destinées à atténuer les conflitsLarge carnivores are recovering in Europe, due to an increasing forest cover, ungulate population and conservation measures. Tthis return poses challenges as carnivores can interact with livestock farming. Assessing their distributions can help to predict and mitigate conflicts with human activities. Because large carnivores are highly mobile, elusive and live at very low density, modeling their distributions presents several challenges due to 1) their imperfect detectability, 2) their dynamic ranges over time and 3) their monitoring at large scales consisting of opportunistic data without a formal measure of the sampling effort. In this thesis, we focused on two carnivore species, wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), to develop the methodological aspects related to the modelling of species distributions. We considered the application of occupancy models in the context of monitoring large carnivores in Europe. These models allow the establishment of a link between the species’ presence and environmental covariates while accounting for imperfect detectability, in order to establish the proportion of a study area occupied by the species.We first assessed wolf range dynamics in France from 1994 to 2016, while accounting for species imperfect detection and showed the importance of accounting for time- and space-varying sampling effort using dynamic site-occupancy models.Second, acknowledging that false positives may occur when monitoring rare species, we showcased a dynamic occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for false negatives and positives to jointly analyze data that include both unambiguous detections and ambiguous detections. The analysis of data on the Eurasian lynx in Alpine countries suggested that incorporating ambiguous detections produced more precise estimates of the ecological parameters.Third, we developed a model accounting for heterogeneity in detection while dealing with false positives. Applying our new approach to a case study with grey wolves in France, we demonstrated that heterogeneity in wolf detection was due to a heterogeneous sampling effort across space.Fourth, to deal with multiple data sources, we developed a Poisson point process approach which allows the inclusion of different data sources when building SDMs. By doing so, we also answered the question about which source(s) of information would provide most of the information when monitoring the lynx in Norway.Fifth and finally, to understand the underlying mechanisms of the colonization of wolves in France, we developed a statistical framework for estimating spatiotemporal occupancy and abundance dynamics using the ecological diffusion framework. We demonstrated the potential of our approach to predict the potential future distribution of wolves in the short term, an element that could contribute to target management areas or focus on areas of potential conflict.Overall our work shows that opportunistic data can be analyzed with species distribution models that control for issues linked to the type of monitoring used to produce the data. Our approaches have the potential for being used by decision-makers to optimize the monitoring of large carnivores and to target sites where carnivores are likely to occur and mitigate conflicts
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Sankoorikkal, John Mathai [Verfasser]. "Distribution and conservation of small carnivores focussing on the Bornean endemic Hose's civet / John Mathai Sankoorikkal." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186062924/34.
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Williams, Samual Thomas. "The impact of land reform in Zimbabwe on the conservation of cheetahs and other large carnivores." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3410/.
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Prior to 2000 Zimbabwe was hailed as a conservation success story, with large areas of commercial (private) land outside of national parks being used to support wildlife. In 2000, however, a Fast-Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) was initiated, resulting in the resettlement of most commercial land. This had well known socio-economic impacts, but to date little research has been conducted on the effects on wildlife and human-wildlife conflict. This study aimed to determine the impact of the FTLRP on the conservation of large carnivores and on human-carnivore conflict, focussing on the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A case study compared three land use types (LUTs): commercial (Savé Valley Conservancy private wildlife reserve); resettlement (area of the conservancy that had been resettled); and neighbouring communal land. Spoor density of large carnivores was on average 98% lower in the resettlement LUT than the commercial LUT, while sighting reports and historical written records showed that the abundance of large carnivores had declined since the onset of the FTLRP. Aerial census data demonstrated a reduction in carnivore carrying capacity in both the commercial and resettlement areas. Habitat loss and fragmentation, alongside poaching, appeared to be the main mechanisms affecting changes in carnivore abundance. Interviews revealed that in the resettlement LUT, rates of livestock losses to large carnivores were perceived to be greater than in the communal LUT, and attitudes towards carnivores were more negative than the commercial LUT. It appears that the FTLRP had a significant negative impact on wildlife conservation and human-carnivore conflict, and is estimated to have driven a 70% decline in Zimbabwe’s cheetah population. It is recommended that future resettlement is carefully planned to mitigate these problems, and that schemes are established to allow communities to benefit from wildlife while minimising the impact of resettlement on human-wildlife conflict.
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Hedmark, Eva. "Conservation Genetics of Scandinavian Wolverines." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6636.
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Kent, Vivien Tempest. "The status and conservation potential of carnivores in semi-arid rangelands, Botswana : the Ghanzi farmlands : a case study." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/728/.
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The persistence of many species of carnivore may depend on their survival outside protected areas where they come into conflict with humans and their livestock. Knowledge of these wildlife populations and of the perceptions and attitudes of the stakeholders in the areas in which they live is of critical importance in the quest for coexistence. The Ghanzi farmlands in western Botswana are a prime example of semi-arid rangeland where humans, domestic livestock and wildlife live side by side with varying degrees of success. But little research has been conducted in the area into either the wildlife or the white Afrikaner minority who own the majority of the land. This study aimed to fill some of these gaps in knowledge by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, and employing methodologies from both the biological and social sciences, to determine the potential for conservation of carnivores in the area. The farm block was found to contain good carnivore species diversity and a reduced, but healthy, naturally occurring prey base. Densities of cheetah and leopard were low, but comparable to, or better than, those reported for other similar environments. A good population of brown hyaena was found to exist in the area which could be of importance to the conservation of the species as a whole. The farming community were supportive of conservation in principle, but generally intolerant of predators that killed their livestock. A wide variety of land management and livestock husbandry practices were apparent, with some farmers prepared to do more than others to actively protect their livestock. Farmers with small stock suffered from greater levels of depredation than those who farmed only cattle, while some species of predator elicited greater feelings of antipathy than others. Some farmers professed a distrust of government interference in their affairs which served to hamper efforts to obtain reliable data on livestock depredation and monitor the lethal control of predators.
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Nunes, Solange Alexandra Batista. "Preliminary assessment on the distribution and density of the carnivores and ungulates of the Iona National Park." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29730.
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In Angola, the terrestrial mammals were harshly affected during the civil war and post-war periods suffering from pressures such as poaching, habitat loss and human-wildlife conflicts. Protected areas play nowadays an important role for their recovery and conservation but there is a lack of contemporary studies. We conducted a preliminary assessment on the distribution and relative abundance of the large and medium-sized mammals in Iona National Park, one of the largest protected areas in Angola, using camera traps, opportunistic observations, and local knowledge. A total of 19 mammal species were recorded being springbok, gemsbok, aardvark and aardwolf the more common. Our research concluded that despite the arid conditions and war effects there is still a reasonable diversity of species within the park and we raise attention to the potential threats facing these due to the increasing human and livestock pressure; Resumo: Em Angola, a comunidade de mamíferos terrestres foi fortemente afetada nos períodos de guerra civil e pós-guerra, sofrendo pressões de caça furtiva, perda de habitat e conflitos homem-animal. As áreas protegidas desempenham atualmente um papel fundamental para a sua recuperação e conservação, mas existe uma lacuna de estudos contemporâneos. Realizamos um estudo preliminar da distribuição e abundância relativa de mamíferos de grande e médio porte no Parque Nacional do Iona, uma das maiores áreas protegidas de Angola, utilizando armadilhagem fotográfica, observações oportunistas e o conhecimento local. Um total de 19 espécies foram registadas sendo que as mais comuns foram: cabra-de-leque, guelengue-do-deserto, porco-formigueiro e protelo. Com este estudo concluímos que apesar das condições áridas e dos efeitos da guerra, ainda existe uma diversidade razoável de espécies dentro do parque e alertamos para as potenciais ameaças que estas enfrentam devido à crescente pressão humana e de gado.
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Trajce, Aleksander. "The gentleman, the vagabonds and the stranger : cultural representations of large carnivores in Albania and their implications for conservation." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2017. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-gentleman-the-vagabonds-and-the-stranger-cultural-representations-of-large-carnivores-in-albania-and-their-implications-for-conservation(316ea0d0-5ba9-4e4a-a282-59247c776c78).html.
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This thesis explores how people in mountainous regions of Albania interrelate with large carnivores. For the research, I used a combination of questionnaire survey and ethnographic fieldwork to generate insights into how rural dwellers perceive and interact with bears, wolves and lynx. Research and conservation efforts relating to large carnivores in areas where they live near humans often have a strong focus on human-wildlife conflicts; with the presumption that conflicts are a central part of people’s relationships with predators. I argue that, although conflicts between people and predators do occur, human-predator relationships in highland Albania are complex and diverse, beyond a simple engagement with conflict-causing animals. Large carnivores have rich local cultural profiles; each species being differently perceived, and responded to, by local groups in terms of their beliefs about the behaviours and characteristics of the animals. I argue that large carnivores are constructed, and responded to, as social actors and, as such, they are integrated into the moral community of humans. Customary codes that regulate the social life of people in highland Albania seem to extend into relationships with carnivores. Damages from predators are largely interpreted and evaluated on principles of belonging and moral integrity with little considerations of their financial aspects. Lack of conservation efforts from Albanian institutions for prolonged periods of time, and the remoteness of mountain communities, has brought about a situation in which locals have been largely left uninfluenced in shaping their relationships with large carnivores. I contend that such a situation, albeit seemingly problematic from an outside perspective, is particularly beneficial in maintaining low conflicts with, or over, predators. Recent increases in conservation efforts in Albania may influence relationships between people and predators in the future. Conservation actors will be faced with the challenge of avoiding possible conflict escalation to the detriment of large carnivores and to rural livelihoods.
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Wallace, Bethany F. "Coyote Spatial and Temporal Use of Recreational Parklands as a Function of Human Activity within the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374515496.
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Dorresteijn, Ine [Verfasser], and Joern [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074758404/34.
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Dorresteijn, Ine Verfasser], and Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fischer. "Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:luen4-opus-143486.
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Blanc, Laetitia. "Dynamique des populations d’espèces rares et élusives : le lynx boréal en Europe." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS045.
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Rares, discrets, fascinants et sanguinaires sont autant d'adjectifs utilisés en Europe pour qualifier les grands carnivores qui arpentent nos forêts. La dégradation de leur habitat et la raréfaction de leurs proies, associées au folklore qui les entoure, ont engendré de nombreux conflits avec l'Homme et les ont menés à disparaître de la plupart de leurs aires historiques de répartition. Depuis, ces espèces ont le statut d'espèces protégées dans la plupart des pays européens. Ce statut est notamment garanti pour la plupart par la Directive Habitat et la convention de Berne. Ces textes législatifs ont permis d'instaurer un contexte favorable pour un retour progressif de ces espèces au sein de nos écosystèmes. Afin de remplir les exigences instaurées par ces différents textes législatifs, il était nécessaire d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques sur l'écologie de ces espèces et la dynamique de leurs populations. Les pays européens ont ainsi déployé des efforts considérables afin de contribuer à une connaissance globale et à une gestion durable des grands carnivores. Ces efforts ne sont clairement pas homogènes entre l'ours, le loup et le lynx. Le premier enjeu de cette thèse était donc d'évaluer les facteurs pouvant expliquer l'hétérogénéité d'investissement dans la conservation de ces espèces en Europe. Ce chapitre repose à la fois sur des critères écologiques des populations locales et sur des critères économiques des pays considérés. Le premier résultat fort de cette étude montre que l'ours et le lynx auraient un même profil et bénéficieraient du même intérêt pour les scientifiques européens, le loup différant de ces deux espèces. Le second résultat probant révèle que les travaux de recherche seraient davantage orientés vers les populations à forts effectifs plutôt que vers les petites populations. L'investissement scientifique dans ce premier chapitre est en partie quantifié par l'effort investi dans le suivi des populations, qui reste un véritable défi pour les grands carnivores. En effet, le comportement discret de ces espèces, leur faible densité et leur besoin de grands espaces sont autant de contraintes pour leur suivi qui requiert alors d'importants moyens humains et financiers. Le suivi des effectifs du lynx boréal (Lynx lynx), en France, est un exemple révélateur de ces contraintes. Il reposait jusqu'à récemment sur la collecte d'indices de présence indirects. Motivés par la mise en place d'un protocole de suivi non-invasif mais coûteux par piégeage photographique dans le massif jurassien français, nous avons évalué dans un deuxième chapitre une nouvelle méthode d'estimation des effectifs de cette population qui permet d'inclure l'information spatiale dans l'analyse. Cette méthode a permis de fournir la première estimation fiable des effectifs de lynx en France. Cette estimation est fournie néanmoins avec une précision toute relative au vu du peu de données collectées lors de ce suivi. L'écart entre le budget nécessaire pour obtenir un recensement de la population et le budget disponible pour le suivi de l'espèce étant considérable, il a fallu dans un troisième chapitre développer un nouvel outil pour optimiser l'utilisation des données disponibles. La combinaison des données de présence-absence et des données de piégeage photographique a permis d'améliorer considérablement les estimations d'effectifs qui sont, dans le Jura français, plutôt en hausse ces dernières années. La situation n'est pas aussi favorable pour l'espèce dans la région des Vosges. Cette population, issue d'une réintroduction, semble décliner de manière drastique depuis les 5 dernières années. Dans un quatrième chapitre, nous avons donc étudié l'efficacité de deux stratégies de conservation visant d'une part à favoriser la connectivité entre les populations vosgienne et jurassienne et d'autre part à réintroduire des individus dans la forêt Palatine allemande, située en continuité du massif vosgienRare, discrete, fascinating and bloodthirsty are all adjectives used in Europe to describe the large carnivores that roam our forests. Degradation of their habitat and depletion of their prey, combined with these wild and "bloodthirsty" aspects, have led to numerous conflicts with humans and led them to disappear from most of their historical range. Since then, most of them have a protected status in most European countries. This status is guaranteed for most of these countries by the Habitats Directive and the Berne Convention. These laws created a favorable context for a gradual return of these species in our ecosystems. To fulfill the requirements established by these laws, it was necessary to improve scientific knowledge of the ecology of these species and to develop methodological tools to understand the dynamics of their populations. European countries then made considerable efforts to contribute to global knowledge and sustainable management of large carnivores. These efforts, in the case of the bear, wolf and lynx, are clearly not homogenous within Europe. The first challenge of this thesis was to evaluate the factors that might explain the heterogeneity of investment in the conservation of large carnivores in Europe. This chapter is based both on ecological criteria of local species and economic criteria of the countries of interest. The first strong result of this study revealed that the bear and lynx have the same profile and receive the same interest from European scientists, wolf differing from the two other species. The second convincing result revealed that the research would be more oriented towards abundant populations rather than small populations as previously assumed by the scientific community. The scientific investment in this first chapter is partly quantified by the amount of effort invested in monitoring populations. It turns out to be a real challenge for large carnivores. The secretive behavior of these species, their low density and their need for large spaces are all constraints to monitoring requiring substantial human and financial resources. Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) monitoring in France is a typical example of these constraints. Until now, monitoring was based on the collection of indirect presence signs. Recently, a non-invasive but expensive camera-trapping protocol has been settled in the French Jura Mountains. We then evaluated in a second chapter a new method for estimating the size of this population. This method has provided the first reliable estimate of the abundance of lynx in France. This estimate, however, came with a relative precision given the limited quantity of data collected during this session. The gap between the needs for a census of the population and the budget available for the monitoring of the species is huge so we had to develop a new modeling tool to achieve our goal. In the third chapter, the objective was to improve these estimates, optimizing the use of the available data. The combination of presence-absence data and camera trapping data has greatly improved the French Jura population estimates that go rising in recent years. The situation is not as favorable for the species on the Vosges part. This population, after reintroduction, appears to be declining drastically over the last 5 years. In a fourth chapter, we therefore investigated the effectiveness of two conservation strategies: the first one was to instate some connectivity between the Vosges and Jura populations and the second one to reintroduce individuals in the German Palatinate Forest, situated in continuity with the Vosges
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Kardos, Monique. "A study in behaviour conservation : applying ecological learning theory to the maintenance of species-typical behaviour in small carnivores in a zoo environment /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk179.pdf.
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Whiteman, Christina Wippich. "Conservação de carnívoros e a interface homem-fauna doméstica-fauna silvestre numa área fragmentada da Amazônia oriental brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-04122007-104411/.
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A invasão humana a áreas protegidas tem sido uma fonte crônica de conflito e ameaça à conservação da vida silvestre na Amazônia Brasileira. Em paisagens fragmentadas, os riscos podem se tornar ainda maiores. Neste estudo, estes conflitos são abordados nas Zonas de Proteção de Vida Silvestre da APA do Lago de Tucuruí, na Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. Para acessar tais riscos, entrevistas foram conduzidas com as comunidades ribeirinhas locais. Carnívoros terrestres e marsupiais foram amostrados para investigação de agentes infecciosos. As entrevistas revelaram uma alta taxa de natalidade canina, a prática de caçada dos cães e contato próximo entre carnívoros silvestres e a população humana e seus cães domésticos, identificados como ameaças para a transmissão de doenças. O levantamento de agentes infecciosos nos cães (n=100) revelou resultados sorológicos positivos para Cinomose (27%)Toxoplasmose (82%), Leishmaniose (9.4%) e Leptospirose (10%), negativo para Raiva. Três jaguatiricas foram amostradas e revelaram soropositividade para Toxoplasmose. Marsupiais (n=34) foram soropositivos para a Toxoplasmose (17.6%). A Cinomose representa um risco para a conservação dos carnívoros silvestres da área, e os agentes transmissores de zoonoses identificados possuem potencial impacto sobre a fauna doméstica e silvestre local, e sobre a população humana.Human encroachment in protected areas has been a longstanding source of social conflict and a threat to wildlife conservation in the Brazilian Amazon. In fragmented landscapes, risks may become even greater. In our study, such issues are addressed at the Zones of Wildlife Protection (ZWPs) of the Tucuruí Lake Protected Area, Eastern Brazilian Amazon. In order to assess these risks, interviews were conducted with the local riparian communities. Domestic and wild carnivore, as well as marsupial species, were sampled for infectious disease investigation. The interviews revealed high dog birth rates, the practice of hunting with dogs and close contact between wild carnivores, the local people and their domestic dogs, as conservation and disease transmission threats. The domestic dog disease survey (n=100) showed positive serological results for Canine Distemper (27%), Toxoplasmosis (80%), Leishmaniasis (9.4%), Leptospirosis (10%), and negative for Rabies. Two ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) were tested and resulted positive for Toxoplasmosis. Marsupial samples (n=34) were positive for Toxoplasmosis (17.6%). Distemper represents a threat to wild carnivores in the area, and the zoonotic agents identified have potential impact on the local wildlife, domestic animal and human populations.
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Lyon, Lauren M. "Niche Modeling for the Giant Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, and the Original Panda, Ailurus fulgens: Habitat Preferences and Evolutionary Consequences." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3234.
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The well-known symbol for conservation, the giant panda bear, and the original red panda have been forced into remote habitats due to anthropogenic disturbance, making ecological study difficult. Therefore the first known species distribution model was created to predict the most likely areas of occurrence within the known range of these elusive animals. These models were then projected onto North America and evaluated against existing breeding programs. Additionally, the close proximity of the Gray Fossil Site and the discovery of the most complete fossil red panda specimens in the world allowed ecomorphological comparisons between the modern red panda, Ailurus fulgens and the fossil red panda, Pristinailurus bristoli. Spatial data and morphometric results from this study will aid conservation work and breeding programs globally.
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Krepschi, Victor Gasperotto. "Caracterização da dieta da lontra neotropical (Lontra longicaudis, Carnivora: Mustelidae) em três rios de Mata Atlântica do Sul do Brasil: uma análise espacial e temporal." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/727.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-10Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The diet of Otter longicaudis was characterized by fecal analysis and spatial and temporal aspects in their main prey consumption were analyzed. The study was conducted systematically in three rivers of the Iguaçu National Park, an Atlantic forest reserve located in southern Brazil. For a year, samples were taken monthly along three sections totaling 46 km, in order to find fecal samples. The analysis of 367 fecal samples collected showed a piscivorous diet, which includes four main fish families: Characidae Cichlidae, Pimelodidae and Loricariidae, with consumption of crustacean belonging to the family Trichodactilidae. Mollusks, birds, mammals, reptiles and insects were found in the diet. Seeds, vegetable fibers and materials of anthropogenic origin were also found. Differences in diet composition were found between the Iguaçu River and the other, which is probably related to the physical characteristics of these rivers reflecting distinct prey items available. The crabs were used as complementary resources for neotropical otters, when the consumption of their main prey (fish) decreased. An increased frequency of occurrence of prey categories was recorded in spring and summer, except for crabs and molluscs in two of the three rivers, which contrasts with the high consumption of fish during all seasons. Correlation was found between precipitation and consumption of fish families, which in turn seems to be due changings and the river otter and the habits of those arrested. In this region, otters depend on the features of the aquatic environment, forecasting the Mayor attention to the maintenance of rivers, shores and natural features (such as flow regimes and water), especially the river Gonçalves Dias, borders the east side of the National Park Iguaçu, with areas of heavy anthropogenic land use
A dieta de Lontra longicaudis foi caracterizada por análise fecal e aspectos espaciais e temporais no consumo de suas presas principais foram analisados. O estudo foi realizado sistematicamente em três rios do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, uma reserva de Mata Atlântica localizado no sul do Brasil. Durante um ano, foram amostragens realizadas mensalmente ao longo de três trechos, totalizando 46 km, a fim de encontrar amostras fecais. A análise de 367 amostras fecais coletadas apresentaram uma dieta piscívoro, que inclui quatro principais famílias de peixes: Characidae, Cichlidae, Pimelodidae e Loricariidae, com consumo de crustáceo pertencente à família Trichodactilidae. Moluscos, aves, mamíferos, répteis e insetos foram detectados na dieta. Sementes, fibras vegetais e materiais de origem antrópica também foram encontradas. Diferenças na composição da dieta foram encontradas entre rio Iguaçu e os outros, que provavelmente está relacionado com as características físicas desses rios refletindo distinta presa disponibilidade itens. Os caranguejos foram utilizados como recursos complementares para as lontras neotropicais, quando o consumo de sua principal presa (peixes) diminuiu. Uma freqüência aumentado da ocorrência de categorias de presas foi registrada na primavera e no verão, com exceção de caranguejos e moluscos, em dois dos três rios, o que contrasta com o elevado consumo de peixes ao longo todas as estações. Correlação foi encontrada entre a precipitação eo consumo de famílias de peixes, o que por sua vez parece ser changings devido o rio e os hábitos da lontra e essas presas. Nesta região, as lontras dependem dos recursos do ambiente aquático, prevendo a atenção prefeito para a manutenção dos rios, margens e características naturais (como fluxo e regimes de água), em especial do rio Gonçalves Dias, fronteiras do leste lado do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, com áreas de uso da terra pesada antrópica
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BRAGA, Rosana Talita. "Priorização espacial para conservação de Carnívoros (Mammalia) no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2566.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Changes of natural landscape caused by antropic activities are currently the main threats for biodiversity. Thus, the identification of priority areas has become a challenge for conservation biology. The scarcity of financial resources for conservation involves studies for emergency actions, considering important biological aspects, and different components of diversity in order to better allocate the available resources. Furthermore, the costs incorporation of potentially priority areas can display a favorable balance for minimize possible conflicts of interest. Hence, our objectives in this study were to identify priority areas for Carnivore species conservation in Brazil, considering social-economic variables as cost measure for conservation. We also investigate how the taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversities of the Carnivore are distributed in the Brazilian territory, in order to identify the set of regions that best represent this three diversity measures. In both cases, we investigate the efficiency of currently established conservation units (CUs), examining whether the current distribution in space of these is better than if they were randomly distributed in Brazil. Our results showed that regions of interest for conservation of species are also important in the social-economical development. Thus, other regions that were not at first priority will be considered important in order to minimize conflicts of conservation. We also found that taxonomic diversity was not the better predictor of functional and phylogenetic diversity. It is necessary the combination of a set of areas to represent these three diversity measures. The UC s are not efficient for all species to represent phylogenetic diversity. In the latter case even the UC s were distributed randomly in Brazilian territory, representing the largest indices of phylogenetic diversity. Thus, it is necessary the addition of new protected areas that complement the previous one. We concluded that it is important to include socio-economic analysis in prioritization, and that studies considering different measures of diversity are important since the species richness may not well represent the other measures of diversity. In conservation plans that incorporate such analysis, the results are more satisfactory for the long-term species protection.
As mudanças da paisagem natural provocadas por atividades antrópicas são atualmente importantes ameaças à biodiversidade. Diante disto, a identificação de áreas prioritárias tem se tornado um desafio para a biologia da conservação. A escassez de recursos financeiros para ações conservacionistas implica em estudos direcionados às ações emergenciais de conservação, que considerem aspectos biológicos importantes e diferentes componentes de diversidade, a fim de estabelecer a melhor possibilidade de alocação dos recursos existentes. Além disto, a incorporação de custos das áreas potencialmente prioritárias pode exibir um balanço favorável para minimizar possíveis conflitos de interesse. Assim, nossos objetivos nesta dissertação foi, indicar áreas prioritárias para conservação de espécies de Carnívoros no Brasil, considerando uma série de variáveis sócio-econômicas (e.g. índice de desenvolvimento humano, demografia urbana, cabeças de gado, dentre outras) como medida de custo para conservação. Também averiguamos como estão distribuídas no território brasileiro, a diversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética das espécies deste grupo, a fim de identificar o conjunto de regiões que melhor representam estas três medidas de diversidade. Em ambos os casos, averiguamos a eficiência das Unidades de conservação atualmente instituídas (UC s), analisando se a distribuição atual destas no espaço é melhor do que se tivessem distribuídas ao acaso no Brasil. Nossos resultados mostram que algumas regiões de interesse para conservação de espécies também são importantes no contexto sócioeconômico. Assim, outras regiões que a princípio não eram prioritárias passaram a ser consideradas importantes no intuito de minimizar conflitos de conservação. Encontramos também que a diversidade taxonômica não é um bom preditor de diversidade funcional e filogenética. Assim, é necessária uma combinação de conjunto de áreas para representar estas todas as espécies e as demais medidas de diversidade. As UC s não são eficientes para todas as espécies nem para representar diversidade filogenética. Neste último caso, nem mesmo se as UC s estivessem distribuídas ao acaso no território brasileiro, representariam maiores índices de diversidade filogenética. Sendo assim, é necessário o acréscimo de novas áreas protegidas que complementam as existentes. Concluímos que é importante inserir fatores sócio-economicos nas análises de priorização, e que estudos considerando diferentes medidas de diversidade são importantes pois, a riqueza de espécies pode não representar bem as outras medidas de diversidade. A medida em que os planejamentos de conservação incorporarem análises como estas, os resultados serão mais satisfatórios no que diz respeito a proteção das espécies em longo prazo.
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Sana, Denis Alessio. "Efeitos de barragem de hidrelétrica sobre áreas de uso e adequabilidade de habitat de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) (Carnivora: Felidae) nas várzeas do Alto Rio Paraná, Mata Atlântica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143701.
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Praticamente todos os ecossistemas naturais têm sido afetados pelas atividades humanas. A construção de usinas hidrelétricas produz grandes impactos ambientais causando problemas notáveis como a fragmentação e perdas de habitats. No Brasil aproximadamente 70% da matriz energética é formada por hidrelétricas e há previsão de expansão nos próximos anos. A degradação ambiental é apontada como a principal ameaça à conservação da biodiversidade e a maior causa do declínio das populações de espécies ameaçadas, especialmente de grandes mamíferos e, particularmente, de grandes carnívoros. Apesar da ampla distribuição no continente, as populações de onça-pintada (Panthera onca) têm sido reduzidas ou extintas pela pressão antrópica, tendo sua área de distribuição reduzida aproximadamente à metade. No Brasil é considerada uma espécie Vulnerável e está Criticamente Ameaçada de extinção na Mata Atlântica. Na Ecorregião Florestas do Alto Paraná está distribuída na forma de metapopulação, possivelmente em processo de isolamento de suas subpopulações. No Alto Rio Paraná a Usina Hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera (UHEPP) alagou em 1998 uma área de cerca de 2.250 km². A dissertação aborda este impacto ambiental e tem por objetivo avaliar como o enchimento do reservatório da UHEPP afetou a população de onças-pintadas na região, em relação à distribuição espacial e adequabilidade de habitat. Foram monitorados 11 indivíduos por radiotelemetria em dois períodos (1992 a 1995 e 1998 a 2002), investigando-se o tamanho de área de uso e movimentação. Com estes dados mais a cobertura de solo foram avaliadas adequabilidade ambiental e seleção de habitat. A distribuição espacial e a adequabilidade do habitat foram avaliadas em dois cenários, anterior e posterior ao enchimento, relacionando as mudanças ocorridas com o impacto na área sob o efeito direto do enchimento. Um terceiro cenário foi também avaliado, englobando toda a área de várzea remanescente no Alto Rio Paraná e incluindo as Unidades de Conservação (UCs), quanto à adequabilidade e seleção de habitat. Para este cenário foram utilizadas localizações de outros 10 indivíduos monitorados no Parque Estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul e no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, São Paulo, entre 1998 e 2005. Após o enchimento houve um aumento significativo nas dimensões das áreas de uso das onças-pintadas (fêmeas: anterior, 78 km² [n=8]; posterior, 197 km² [n=5]; macho [n=1]: anterior, 111 km²; posterior, 149 km²) bem como em seus deslocamentos máximos, pois passaram a ocupar áreas mais degradadas de fazendas, com poucos refúgios e presas naturais. Porém não foram observadas diferenças nos deslocamentos médios e sobreposição de áreas, assim como as áreas de uso não diferiram sazonalmente. A modelagem de habitat demonstrou que o enchimento atingiu principalmente as áreas mais favoráveis para a espécie suprimindo cerca de metade dessas. As onças selecionaram várzeas e florestas enquanto que a paisagem altamente modificada pelo homem foi evitada. Com as áreas mais degradadas ocupadas e o conflito com o homem, grande parte dos animais foram mortos em retaliação à predação de animais domésticos, levando praticamente a extinção local da espécie na área sob o efeito direto do enchimento. A área remanescente do Alto Rio Paraná comporta ainda cerca de 50 onças-pintadas adultas, sendo um terço em UCs. Portanto áreas adjacentes às UCs, na sua maioria com várzeas, devem ser preservadas e áreas florestais devem ser restauradas para a conservação da espécie em longo prazo na região. As informações geradas nesta dissertação podem auxiliar nas ações de conservação e manejo da onça-pintada no Alto Rio Paraná e mostra que a modelagem de habitat pode ser uma importante ferramenta para avaliação de impactos ambientais.Virtually all natural ecosystems have been affected by human activities. The construction of hydroelectric power plants is the cause of major environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction and fragmentation. Brazil's energy matrix is mostly based on hydroelectricity, which comprises approximately 70% of all produced energy in the country, and the national government plans to expand it in the coming years. Habitat destruction is considered the main threat to biodiversity conservation and the major cause of the decline of endangered species, especially large mammals and large carnivores. Despite their wide distribution in the Americas, jaguar (Panthera onca) populations have been reduced or extinguished by human pressure, and the species current distribution represents half of its past distribution. In Brazil, the jaguar is considered a vulnerable species and it is critically endangered in the Atlantic Rain Forest. In the Upper Paraná Forest Ecoregion the species is distributed as a metapopulation, possibly in an isolation process of its subpopulations. In the Upper Paraná River (UPR), the reservoir filling of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric plant (PPHE) began in 1998, and flooded an area of approximately 2250 km ². I evaluated the effects of the PPHE reservoir filling on the local jaguar population, its effects on the species spatial distribution and habitat suitability. I monitored a total of 11 jaguars using radio telemetry in two periods (1992-1995 and 1998-2002). I investigated jaguar home range size and movements, and evaluated habitat selection and suitability combing spatial and land cover data (Geographic Information System). These two metrics were measured before and after reservoir filling, linking the impact with changes in the species spatial patterns between these two phases. I evaluated three scenarios: the area affected directly by the PPHE filling, before and after, and all the remaining wetlands in the UPR, including protected areas. Jaguars’ home ranges increased significantly after reservoir filling (females: 78 km ² before [n = 8], 197 km ² after [n = 5]; male [n = 1]: 111 km ² before, 149 km ² after). Maximum movement of the four jaguars (3 females and 1 male) also increased from one phase to the other (10.75 km before; 25.05 km after). The increase in movement patterns results from jaguars using new and more degraded areas in farms, where there are few refuges and natural preys. Home ranges did not differ seasonally on the first period; neither did the mean movements and overlapping areas. The PPHE filling mainly affected jaguars by suppressing approximately half of their suitable area. Jaguars selected wetlands and forests and avoided landscapes heavily modified by Man. Most jaguars were killed in retaliation to cattle predation as they commenced to occupy the most degraded areas, nearly driving the population to extinction. The remaining area of the UPR still holds approximately 50 adult jaguars and one third of them are in protected areas. Therefore, the long-term species conservation depends on the preservation of the adjacent wetlands and on the restoration of forest patches. My results can subsidize jaguar conservation and management plans in the UPR and show that habitat suitability modeling can be a useful tool for assessing environmental impacts.
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Martins, Maria Inês Correia. "Caracterização hematológica e bioquímica sérica em carnívoros silvestres capturados no sudeste de Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6720.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaA avaliação de indicadores fisiológicos é cada vez mais importante na área da medicina e biologia da conservação, na medida em que pode refletir o estado de saúde e a condição fisiológica de indivíduos e populações, bem como traduzir a qualidade do habitat. Para que isto seja possível, é necessário estabelecer valores basais nas espécies de fauna silvestre que se pretende estudar. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi determinar valores fisiológicos basais de vários parâmetros hematológicos e de bioquímicas sanguíneas em carnívoros silvestres capturados em caixas-armadilha e em Collarum®, no sudeste de Portugal, entre janeiro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. Os objetivos secundários residiram na pesquisa de hemoparasitas em esfregaços de sangue periférico e no estudo do efeito de fatores fisiológicos (sexo e idade) e da infeção por hemoparasitas nos resultados dos parâmetros analisados. Foram avaliados parâmetros hematológicos (hematócrito, hemoglobina, eritrócitos, índices eritrocitários, leucócitos e contagens celulares diferenciais) e bioquímicos (ureia, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, creatina quinase, glucose, colesterol, triglicéridos, bilirrubina total, sódio, potássio, cloro, cálcio, fósforo, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas). Os intervalos da amostra para cada parâmetro foram obtidos através do método robusto, utilizando o software Reference Value Advisor. Foram incluídos 79 carnívoros de 6 espécies (Felis silvestris, Genetta genetta, Herpestes ichneumon, Martes foina, Mustela putorius e Vulpes vulpes) no estudo. Os resultados de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos que diferiram mais de valores documentados na literatura para as mesmas espécies, encontrando-se mais elevados no presente estudo, foram as contagens de neutrófilos, a ureia, a aspartato aminotransferase e a creatina quinase. Estas discrepâncias podem ser atribuídas aos efeitos do stress de captura e ao uso de diferentes metodologias e técnicas na análise das amostras. Na pesquisa de hemoparasitas, verificou-se a infeção por Mycoplasma nas espécies G. genetta, H. ichneumon e V. vulpes e a infeção por Hepatozoon na espécie V. vulpes. Relativamente à influência de fatores fisiológicos e da infeção por hemoparasitas, as diferenças estatisticamente significativas encontradas entre grupos de diferentes sexos e idades, bem como a influência da infeção por hemoparasitas, devem-se provavelmente à dimensão reduzida da amostra.
ABSTRACT - Characterization of hematological and serum biochemical parameters from wild carnivores captured in Southeastern Portugal - The evaluation of physiological indicators is becoming increasingly important in conservation medicine and biology, as it can reflect the health status and the physiological condition of individuals and populations, as well as the habitat quality. For this to be possible, it is necessary to establish basal values in wild species. The main goal of this study was to assess the normal values for several hematological and serum biochemical parameters values in free-ranging wild carnivores captured by cage-traps and Collarum® traps in southeastern Portugal, between January 2012 and February 2013. The secondary goals were to search for blood parasites in peripheral blood smears and to study the effect of physiologic factors (sex and age) and the infection by blood parasites in the results of the parameters. The evaluated issues included hematological (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythrocyte indices, white blood cells, differential blood counts) and biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, and globulins). Sample intervals for each parameter were obtained by the robust method, using Reference Value Advisor software. Seventy nine wild carnivores from 6 species (Felis silvestris, Genetta genetta, Herpestes ichneumon, Martes foina, Mustela putorius and Vulpes vulpes) were included in the study. The hematologic and biochemical parameters that differed more from values reported in literature for the same species, showing an elevation in the present study, were the neutrophil counts, the urea, the aspartate aminotransferase and the creatine kinase. These differences may be attributed to the effects of capture stress and to the use of different methodologies and techniques in the sample analysis. In the search for blood parasites, we found the presence of Mycoplasma infection in G. genetta, H. ichneumon and V. vulpes, and the presence of Hepatozoon in V. vulpes. Concerning the influence of physiologic factors and the infection by blood parasites, the statistically significant differences found between groups of different sexes and ages, as well as the effect of the infection by blood parasites, are probably due to the small size of the sample.
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Saranholi, Bruno Henrique. "Demografia e diversidade genética de onça-parda (Puma concolor) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) da Estação Ecológica de Caetetus SP e sua importância para a conservação desses felinos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5512.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-28Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The loss and fragmentation of habitat due to intensive human intervention are the main threats to natural populations. Species with low density and large home range, like felids, are the most threatened species by these changes. In an attempt to minimize this impact, detection of population density and genetic characterization are necessary to propose conservation measures. Thus, the main objective of this study was to characterize the populations of two species of felines, cougars (Puma concolor) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) of Caetetus Ecological Station (EEC - SP, one of the last remnants of Atlantic Forest within the state of São Paulo), about their demographic and genetic characteristics from non-invasive samples (feces and hairs).We collected the samples on EEC tracks and identified the species, individualized each sample, sexed each individual and calculated the genetic diversity of the population using molecular markers. Abundance was estimated from the capture-recapture historic, with opened and closed population models. We identified 17 samples of feces cougar and 12 of ocelot. Of these samples, six individuals were individualized as cougar and five as ocelot, these numbers represent the minimum population sizes for the entire sample period (18 months). The values of abundance and density estimated using the model of closed population was more similar to that found in genetic individualization, five individuals for each species and densities of 4.92/100 km2 (P. concolor) and 19.51/100 km2 (L. pardalis). The genetic diversity of the two species was lower than that from other studies, probably due the landscape´s fragmentation, which reduces the gene flow with others populations. Also, the genetic diversity for L. pardalis was lower than P. concolor, which is possibly related to the ocelot behavior of avoid opened and disturbed areas, which can reduce the potential for gene flow. Furthermore, we also observed structure of P. concolor from EEC with populations from other locations, but we also identified gene flow, including relatedness. Thus, the results of genetic diversity and demographics demonstrate the importance of the Ecological Station Caetetus for these species and also underscores the importance of establishing measures to enable the viability of its populations over long term, as facilitating gene flow with individuals from others locations.
A perda e fragmentação do habitat, decorrentes da intensa intervenção antrópica, estão entre as principais ameaças às populações naturais. Espécies com baixa densidade e grandes áreas de vida, como os felinos, são ainda mais prejudicadas por essas mudanças. Na tentativa de minimizar esse impacto, a detecção da densidade populacional e a caracterização genética são necessárias para que medidas de conservação sejam propostas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi caracterizar populações de duas espécies de felinos, onça-parda (Puma concolor) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) da Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus (EEC SP, um dos últimos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no interior do estado de São Paulo), quanto às suas características demográficas e genéticas, a partir de amostras não invasivas (fezes e pelos). Coletamos as amostras nas trilhas da EEC, das quais pudemos identificar as espécies, individualizar, sexar cada indivíduo e calcular a diversidade genética da população utilizando marcadores moleculares. A abundância foi estimada a partir do histórico de captura-recaptura com modelos de população aberta e fechada. Identificamos geneticamente 17 amostras de fezes de onça-parda e 12 de jaguatirica. Dessas amostras, individualizamos seis indivíduos de onça-parda e cinco de jaguatirica, sendo esses os tamanhos populacionais mínimos para todo o período de amostragem (18 meses, entre dezembro de 2010 a maio de 2013). Os valores de estimativa de abundância e densidade utilizando o modelo de população fechada foram mais próximos ao encontrado na individualização genética, sendo cinco indivíduos para cada espécie e densidades de 4,92/100 km2 (P. concolor) e 19,51/100 km2 (L. pardalis). A diversidade genética encontrada para as duas espécies foi menor quando comparada com outros trabalhos, provavelmente ao menor fluxo gênico com outras populações devido à fragmentação da paisagem. Além disso, a diversidade genética encontrada para L. pardalis foi menor quando comparada a P. concolor, possivelmente relacionado ao hábito da espécie em evitar áreas mais abertas e antropizadas, o que pode reduzir o potencial de fluxo gênico. Já para P. concolor foi encontrada estruturação com populações de outras localidades, mas também identificamos fluxo gênico, inclusive com relações de parentesco. Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos de demografia e diversidade genética demostram a importância da Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus para essas espécies e também ressalta a importância da criação de medidas que permitam a viabilidade de suas populações a longo prazo, como as que facilitem fluxo gênico com indivíduos de outras localidades.