Academic literature on the topic 'Carob fibre'

We have recently shown that a polyphenol-rich insoluble dietary fibre preparation from carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L; carob fibre) decreased postprandial acylated ghrelin, TAG and NEFA during an acute liquid meal challenge test. However, delayed effects of carob fibre consumption are unknown. Therefore, a randomized controlled crossover study in nineteen healthy volunteers consuming foods with or without 50 g carob fibre was conducted. On the subsequent day (day 2), glucose, TAG, total and acylated ghrelin as well as insulin, NEFA and leptin were assessed at baseline and at timed intervals for 300 min after ingestion of standardized bread. Consumption of carob fibre-enriched foods did not affect fasting concentrations of glucose, TAG, total ghrelin, NEFA, insulin and leptin. Fasting acylated ghrelin was increased on the day subsequent to carob fibre consumption compared with control (P = 0·046). After consumption of the standard bread on day 2, glucose response (P = 0·029) was increased, and TAG (P = 0·033) and NEFA (P < 0·001) responses were decreased compared with control. Postprandial responses of total and acylated ghrelin, insulin and leptin on day 2 were unaffected by carob fibre consumption the previous day. In conclusion, an increase in total and acylated plasma ghrelin accompanied by enhanced lipid metabolism after carob fibre consumption suggests higher lipid utilization and suppressed lipolysis on the day subsequent to carob fibre consumption. However, elevated glucose levels after carob fibre consumption need to be addressed in future studies.

AbstractThere are no reports of addition of carob fibre to gluten-free bread, as only carob germ flour was used. The research task was to determine what level of carob fibre can be used and how it influences the physical and sensorial properties of gluten-free bread. Especially, the knowledge of the antioxidant properties of such bread is very valuable. The gluten-free bread from rice, corn, and buckwheat flour (35:35:30%) was prepared after mixing (5 min), proofing (40 min, 30°C), and baking (45-50 min, 230°C) of dough. Carob fibre was added in the amounts of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% of the total flour content. The results showed that increased content of carob fibre induced significant and favourable changes in the volume, colour, and texture (hardness and springiness) of the bread crumb. Carob fibre enriched the breads with lipophilic compounds able to chelate metal ions. The activity of hydrophilic compounds was significantly higher in the case of control bread and bread with the lowest percentage of the additive. In conclusion, the highest increase in antioxidant activity was found for breads with 1 and 2% of carob fibre. The most acceptable gluten-free bread can be obtained by adding up to 2% of carob.

Dietary fibre consumption is associated with improved glucose homeostasis. In contrast, dietary polyphenols have been suggested to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on glucose and insulin metabolism. Recently, we reported that a polyphenol-rich insoluble dietary fibre preparation from carob pulp (carob fibre) resulted in lower postprandial acylated ghrelin levels after a liquid meal challenge test compared with a control meal without supplementation. The effects may, however, differ when a different food matrix is used. Thus, we investigated the effects of carob fibre on glucose, insulin and ghrelin responses in healthy humans in combination with a glucose load. In a randomized single-blind cross-over study involving twenty healthy subjects (aged 22–62 years), plasma glucose, total and acylated ghrelin, and serum insulin were repeatedly assessed before and after the ingestion of 200 ml water with 50 g glucose and 0, 5, 10 or 20 g carob fibre over a period of 180 min. The intake of 5 and 10 g carob fibre increased the plasma glucose by 47 % and 64 % (P < 0·001), and serum insulin by 19·9 and 24·8 % (P < 0·001), compared with the control. Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations did not change significantly after the consumption of carob-enriched glucose solution. Total ghrelin decreased only after 10 g carob fibre (P < 0·001) compared with control. In conclusion, we showed that polyphenol-rich carob fibre, administered within a water–glucose solution, increases postprandial glucose and insulin responses, suggesting a deterioration in glycaemic control.

The carob tree belongs to the nutrient plants and it is known since antiquity as a native plant of Greece. Its scientific name Ceratonia siliqua, originates from the Greek word "keraton" which means "horn", and which indicates the shape of its fruit. The carob tree is an evergreen, long-lived, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious. It is easily cultivated and thrives in all types of soil, except the humid and non-affluent. The wood, the bark and the leaves of carob have different uses. The fruit of the carob tree, the carob, is a lobe and it is 10-30 cm long and 2-3 cm wide with a brown and leathery exocarp and a fleshy and juicy mesocarp, in which 8 to 16 oval, flattened, hard and shiny reddish seeds are enclosed. The collection of the fruits must be finished before the winter rains. The fruits fall from the tree by themselves or by caning. A 6 years old carob tree can produce 2.25 kg carobs, while a 12 years old tree can produce 45 kg or more. The annual Greek carob production for the year 2005 was 14,816 tons, while the average yield was 9.8 kg/tree. The world carob production is about 315,000 tons/year. The carobs have low total fat and crude protein content, but high sugar content. The carobs' characteristic odor is due to their isobutyric acid content (1.3%). Furthermore, they include an unusually large amount of tannins, 16-20% of which are polyphenols and 27-50% of which are bound with cellulose. The tannins are a complex group of secondary metabolites of plants and are separated from other polyphenol compounds due to their ability to create sediment with proteins. The presence of tannin in feed reduces the nutrients' digestibility and has a negative effect on body weight gain. However, tannins can also have positive effects depending on their biological potency, because they have the ability to prevent bacterial, fungal and yeast growth. Carobs and their by-products have a considerable fibre content (average 8%) and therefore they can be included in supplementary ruminant rations up to 20% - 30%. Experiments carried out by adding carobs in broiler feeds resulted in decreased body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio, probably because of the high cellulose and tannin content of the carob. Nevertheless, if the broiler's ration is enriched with fats or oils and synthetic amino acids, these birds show normal weight gain, but with a high feed conversion ratio. The carobs can be included up to 10% - 20% in the ration of pigs. Also, since the carobs have high sugar content, they can increase the feed consumption of the piglets and they can replace other sugar feeds with high sugar content (dextrose, starch, milk powder) without adversely affecting the feed intake. Greece produces a considerable quantity of carobs every year, therefore a part of this production could be utilized as animal feed

AbstractTree, leaf, pod and seed morphology, as well as pod biochemistry of 36 wild-grown carob genotypes sampled from rural areas in Marmaris district located at western Turkey, were investigated. Leaf and pod dimensions, pod and seed weight, seed ratio, pod and seed colour and shape and surface traits were investigated. Soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity, vitamin C and protein and dietary fibre contents were also detected. Results showed significant differences for all quantitative traits, although differences are more pronounced for some pod (weight, width, length and thickness) and seed characteristics (weight, dimensions and ratio). Pod and seed colour, shape and surface qualitative threats were found to be quite variable among genotypes. The majority of genotypes had an open tree growth habit. Leaf length and width were found to be between 8.04 cm (M19) and 11.60 cm (M12) and 8.40 cm (M2) and 12.04 cm (M12) among genotypes. Pod weight ranged from 8.3 g (M35) to 29.5 g (M3) in the wild genotypes. The average pod dimensions (width, length and thickness) were between 14.27 and 23.38 mm, 12.54 and 21.67 cm and 4.80 and 8.37 mm, respectively. The SSC ranged from 49.36 to 69.36% in the pods of wild carob genotypes. The results of this study indicate a good genetic resource potential of Turkish wild carob populations for future breeding programmes.

Das Metabolische Syndrom stellt eine Kombination verschiedener metabolischer Anomalien in einem Individuum dar. Starkes Übergewicht gilt als maßgebende Größe in der Genese des Syndroms, welches mit einem enormen Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen einhergeht. Um die stark steigende Prävalenz des Metabolischen Syndroms einzudämmen, sind dringend Konzepte für die Behandlung, vor allem jedoch für die Prävention von Übergewicht erforderlich. Einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten diesbezüglich Ballaststoffe in der Ernährung. Sie tragen auf unterschiedlichen Wegen zur Gewichtskontrolle bei und beeinflussen zudem verschiedene mit dem Metabolischen Syndrom assoziierte Blutparameter. Ebenso werden protektive Effekte von Polyphenolen, welche zur Gruppe der sekundären Pflanzenstoffe zählen, beschrieben. Diese wirken u. a. auf den Glukose- sowie den Insulinhaushalt und greifen darüber hinaus in die Regulation der Fettverbrennung sowie des Energieverbrauches ein. Die Kombination beider Substanzgruppen verspricht bedeutendes gesundheitsförderndes Potential; dieses wurde gegenwärtig jedoch kaum untersucht. Carobballaststoff ist ein polyphenolreicher und vorwiegend unlöslicher Extrakt der Frucht des Johannisbrotbaumes (Ceratonia siliqua L). Bislang publizierte Studien zur physiologischen Wirksamkeit dieses Ballaststoffpräparates weisen sowohl beim Tier als auch beim Menschen bemerkenswerte hypocholesterinämische Eigenschaften nach. Inwiefern sich der Verzehr des Carobballaststoffes ebenso auf die Entwicklung von Übergewicht sowie anderen Messgrößen des Metabolischen Syndroms auswirkt, ist allerdings nicht bekannt. Die Zielstellung der Promotionsarbeit bestand darin, die postprandialen Wirkungen des Carobballaststoffverzehrs mit Hilfe einer Humanstudie aufzuzeigen. In die randomisierten, einfach verblindeten Untersuchungen im cross-over-Design wurden 20 gesunde Erwachsene im Alter zwischen 22 und 62 Jahren eingeschlossen. Unter Verwendung variierender Begleitmahlzeiten wurden die postprandialen Effekte verschiedener Mengen des Carobballaststoffes untersucht. Hierbei standen die Veränderungen der Plasmakonzentrationen von Glukose, Triglyceriden (TG), totalem und acyliertem Ghrelin sowie der Serumkonzentrationen von Insulin und nicht-veresterten Fettsäuren (NEFA) im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen. Der Verzehr des Carobballaststoffes in Kombination mit 200 ml Wasser und 50 g Glukose erhöhte die postprandialen Glukose- und Insulinkonzentrationen gegenüber der Glukoselösung ohne Ballaststoffzusatz. In Kombination mit 400 ml einer Flüssigmahlzeit verzehrt, senkte Carobballaststoff die postprandialen TG-, NEFA- und Ghrelin- (acyliert) Antworten. Die Untersuchung des respiratorischen Quotienten nach Zusatz von Carobballaststoff zur Flüssigmahlzeit mittels indirekter Respirationskalorimetrie bekräftigte die bereits bekannten Effekte auf den Lipidmetabolismus und wies zudem eine Steigerung der Fettverwertung unter Verminderung der Glukoseoxidation nach. Wurde Carobballaststoff schließlich in Lebensmittel eingebracht, sanken nach dem Verzehr dieser Lebensmittel erneut die postprandialen Konzentrationen an TG und NEFA. Gleichzeitig erhöhten sich die Glukose-, Insulin- sowie Ghrelin- (acyliert) Antworten. Carobballaststoff löst in Abhängigkeit von der jeweils verzehrten Begleitmatrix unterschiedliche Effekte aus. Das Präparat weist beachtliche Wirkungen auf die Blutlipide sowie den Energieverbrauch auf, hat indes ungünstige Wirkungen auf die Blutglukose, sofern er in Kombination mit einer veränderten Nährstoffmatrix aufgenommen wird. Carobballaststoff besitzt starkes gesundheitsförderndes Potential; jedoch sind weitere Studien notwendig, um seine Wirkungen sowie deren Voraussetzungen besser zu verstehen. Ferner sollten Untersuchungen über einen längeren Zeitraum vorgenommen werden, um die langfristige Relevanz der gewonnenen Ergebnisse darzulegen. Danach stellt die Anreicherung spezieller Lebensmittel mit Carobballaststoff einen geeigneten Weg dar, um von den viel versprechenden protektiven Wirkungen des Präparates zu profitieren.
The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors that occur in one individual. Since many individuals suffering of the metabolic syndrome are overweight, dietary treatment should primarily focus on weight reduction and control to handle and, much more importantly, to prevent the genesis of the syndrome. Dietary fiber could play a role in the management of the metabolic syndrome through its ability to control body weight as well as several parameters associated to the syndrome. Beside this, dietary polyphenols have been shown to influence glucose and insulin metabolism. Furthermore, studies in mice and men showed that polyphenols might increase fat oxidation and energy expenditure. The combination of both, dietary fiber and polyphenols, may exert beneficial health effects, which are not known up to now. A polyphenol-rich insoluble dietary fiber preparation from carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L; carob fiber) showed significant hypocholesterolemic activity in different animal trails and two human studies indicating that carob fiber may have potent health effects. However, short term effects on parameters associated with the control of the metabolic syndrome are not known. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the postprandial effects of carob fiber in healthy humans using different background food matrices. The study was designed as a randomized single-blind cross-over study in 20 subjects, aged 22 to 62 years. During several examinations plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), total and acylated ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) as well as serum insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were repeatedly assessed before and after ingestion of carob fiber in combination with different test meals. The study results showed that carob fiber, consumed within a glucose load, increased plasma glucose and serum insulin compared to control. Plasma PYY increased after consumption of carob-enriched glucose solution. In a second part of the study, postprandial changes were assessed before and after ingestion of an isocaloric standardized liquid meal with or without carob fiber. Carob fiber intake lowered acylated ghrelin, triglycerides, and NEFA compared to control meal. Postprandial energy expenditure was increased and RQ was reduced after liquid meal with carob fiber compared to control meal. Finally, effects of the consumption of carob fiber-enriched foods were investigated at the subsequent day. Enrichment of foods increased plasma glucose and acylated ghrelin responses. Plasma triglycerides and serum NEFA responses were lower after bread ingestion compared to control. These results indicate that the effects of polyphenol-rich carob fiber on different blood parameters depend on the meal composition. Carob fiber showed beneficial effects on blood lipids as well as energy homeostasis, but also a deteriorated glycemic control when administered within a different food matrix. Further studies are needed to clarify observed effects and the mechanisms behind. Additionally, present study shows only short-term effects of carob fiber consumption, which might be less pronounced after long-term consumption due to adaptation mechanisms. Thus, future studies should elucidate the relevance of observed effects in long-term.

Ce travail, mené en collaboration avec l'aérospatiale Les Mureaux et le centre d'études de Gramat, concerne la modélisation de matériaux composites tridirectionnels carbone/carbone sous sollicitations fortement dynamiques. Pour ce type de sollicitations, la notion de matériau homogène équivalent est inadaptée. L'objet de ce travail est de tester l'aptitude d'une modélisation a l'échelle des constituants mésoscopique (torons de fibres et blocs de matrice), a reproduire la réponse du matériau sous choc. Le matériau est tout d'abord identifie a l'échelle de ses méso-constituants. A cette fin, divers essais quasi-statiques sont réalisés et une modélisation sans effet de vitesse du comportement des constituants est alors proposée. Elle prend en compte des mécanismes d'endommagement, de compaction et d'anélasticité. Une technique de changement d'échelle, basée sur les développements asymptotiques adaptée aux matériaux périodiques, est utilisée. Associée à une analyse de sensibilité et à une hiérarchisation des mécanismes non-linéaires, elle permet de déterminer les paramètres locaux du modèle a partir des réponses globales du matériau. Afin de tester le méso-modèle ainsi identifie, une partie des informations est exploitée dans un logiciel de dynamique simplifie. Ce dernier permet de simuler les essais d'impact plaque/plaque suivant une direction de torons. Des essais de compression dynamique et des essais d'écaillage (réalisés par le ceg) sont ainsi bien reproduits. Les simulations montrent des modes distincts de propagation d'ondes dans les torons et dans la matrice ainsi que des phénomènes de transferts de charges. Des essais i pulsionnels, mal reproduits par simulation, ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives, notamment sur la nécessite de compléter la modélisation du comportement des méso-constituants par une sensibilité a la vitesse de déformation.

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Capes
O uso de fibras vegetais minimiza a poluição ambiental e os custos de produção dos materiais compósitos, além de melhorarem as suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Neste trabalho, fibras de caroá e de coco foram utilizadas como reforço do polímero comercial biopoli, oriundo de fonte natural. Compósitos contendo 13, 23, 30 e 40% m/m de fibras de caroá ou de coco foram confeccionados e seus desempenhos mecânicos em tração, flexão e impacto foram determinados. Um estudo sobre o envelhecimento térmico dos compósitos a uma temperatura constante de 110oC também foi realizado. As fibras e os compósitos foram caracterizados por: análise termogravimétrica (TG), difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Verificou-se que as melhores propriedades mecânicas foram alcançadas para os compósitos contendo entre 23 e 30 % de fibras (caroá ou coco). Por exemplo, a resistência a tração foi maior para compósito contendo 30 % m/m de fibra de caroá (36,94 MPa) e para o compósito confeccionado com 23 % m/m (13,3 MPa) de fibra de coco. O ensaio de envelhecimento térmico evidenciou que houve perdas significativas na resistência à tração dos compósitos em função do tempo de exposição térmica. Resistência à flexão, módulo de elasticidade em tração e em flexão foram pouco afetados pela exposição térmica, enquanto os valores de resistência ao impacto apresentaram queda gradativa de até 65 e 85,33 % para os compósitos confeccionados com fibra de caroá e coco, respectivamente, após 40 dias de ensaio. Matriz e compósitos confeccionados com 23 % m/m de fibras (caroá ou coco) com e sem revestimento de esmalte sintético foram submetidos ao envelhecimento acelerado com ciclos de exposição ultravioleta (UV)/umidade/temperatura, sorção higrotérmicao e sorção de água à temperatura ambiente. Os resultados demonstram redução na resistência à tração e na resistência ao impacto com o tempo de exposição. O recobrimento superficial minimizou os danos causados pelo envelhecimento em todas as amostras (matriz e compósitos). Estudos de sorção de água foram conduzidos em água fervente e na temperatura ambiente em amostras recobertas e não recobertas com resina e/ou esmalte sintético. Os resultados sugerem que o recobrimento com resina reduz a sorção de água e que o recobrimento com esmalte sintético não foi eficaz, na realidade aumentando a cinética e quantidade de água absorvida, o que foi atribuído à composição química do esmalte sintético. Por fim, foi realizado o ensaio de emissão acústica na matriz e nos compósitos confeccionados com 13 e 40% de fibra de caroá e com 40% de fibra de coco, os resultados demonstraram maior número de hits nos compósitos em relação à matriz polimérica, atribuídos ao descolamento da interface, delaminação e também devido o maior número e percurso de trincas ocorridas nos compósitos. Tendo em vista o conjunto de propriedades obtidas é possível concluir que os compósitos contendo 23% de fibra de caroá e coco são opções para serem aplicados em mobiliários, painéis e divisórias de ambientes, principalmente pelo fato destes compósitos apresentarem menor impacto ambiental, já que são confeccionados com fontes renováveis e vegetais.
In addition to improving the physical and mechanical properties of composites, the use of vegettable fibers minimizes environmental pollution and production costs of these materials. In this work, caroá and coconut fibers were used as reinforcement of a commercial, natural source polymer, known as biopoli. Composites containing 13, 23, 30 and 40% w/w caroa or coconut fibers were manufactures and their mechanical, flexural and impact performances were determined. A study on the thermal aging of the composites at a constant temperature (110 °C) was also performed. Fibers and composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the best mechanical properties were achieved for composites containing between 30 and 23%(w/w) fiber (caroa or coconut). For example, the tensile strength was higher for the composite containing 30% caroá fiber (36.94 MPa) and for the one with 23% (13.3 MPa) coconut fiber. Thermal aging test showed that there was significant loss on the tensile strength of the composites as a function of thermal exposure. Flexural strength, tensile and flexural moduli were hardly affected by thermal exposure, whereas the impact strength values showed a gradual decrease of up to 65 and 85.33% for composites made with coconut and caroa fibera, respectively, after 40 days of thermal exposure. Matrix and composites made with 23% w/w of fibers (caroa or coconut) with and without synthetic enamel coating subjected to accelerated aging cycles by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light/humidity/temperature. The results show a reduction in tensile strength and in impact resistance with exposure time. The surface coating minimized the damage caused by aging in all samples (matrix and composites). Water sorption studies were conducted on boiling water and at room temperature on samples coated and uncoated with resin and or enamel. Our data suggests that resin coating reduced water pick up but enamel coating was ineffective and actually increased water pick up kinetics and content, which was attributed to the enamel chemical composition. Finally, we performed the acoustic emission test in the matrix and composites made with 13 and 40% caroá fiber and 40% coconut fiber, the results showed a higher number of hits in the composites compared to the polymer matrix, assigned the detachment of the interface, delamination and also because the largest number and route of cracks occurred in the composites. Given the set of properties obtained it can be concluded that the composites containing 23% fiber caroá and coconut are options to be used in furniture, panels and partitions environments, mainly because these composites having less environmental impact, since they are made from renewable plant sources and.

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CNPq
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras de Caroá Neoglaziovia variegata para avaliação de seu desempenho mecânico, bem como suas características de sorção de água. Foi utilizado como matriz polimérica uma resina de poliéster insaturado e fibras de Caroá originárias do cariri paraibano. Os compósitos foram confeccionados com diferentes teores de fibras, cortadas em tamanhos de aproximadamente 3 cm, e moldados por compressão em molde metálico para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas. A composição de amostras de melhor desempenho mecânico foi escolhida para os ensaios de sorção de água, com amostras de 20x20mm² com 3cm e 6cm de espessura na temperatura de 25°C, 50°C e 70°C. Uma modelagem matemática tridimensional transiente foi usada para predizer a transferência de massa durante a sorção de água destes compósitos. Os resultados indicam que as propriedades mecânicas em tração dos compósitos estudados aumentam com o teor de fibras acima de 24% em massa até um volume crítico, em torno de 30%.Resistência ao impacto aumentou para todas as composições em virtude da eficiência de transferência de tensão para as fibras. Os resultados obtidos para o módulo de elasticidade dos compósitos evidenciam que estes são superiores ao da matriz, para todos os teores abaixo de 45% de fibras, o que é associado às características das fibras. A cinética de sorção de água nos compósitos mostrou ser influenciada pela relação área/volume. Pôde-se observar que em tempos curtos, aproximadamente 100 horas, os corpos com menor relação apresentam uma maior velocidade de sorção. Em tempos longos os compósitos com maior relação área/volume apresentam maiores teores de água sorvida. O teor de umidade de equilíbrio dos compósitos com 30% de fibras de caroá apresentaram valores de 14,48% à 25ºC e 16,52% à 70ºC, para as espessuras de 3 e 6 mm, respectivamente. A modelagem matemática utilizada para a obtenção da solução numérica de sorção de água nos compósitos reforçados por fibras de caroá foi adequada e satisfatória e a técnica de volumes finitos mostrou-se eficiente para discretizar a equação de difusão no sistema de coordenadas cartesianas para um sólido paralelepípedo, possibilitando a análise de fenômenos difusivos transientes nestes sólidos.
This research has the objective of developing polymeric composites enhanced with Caroá fibers Neoglaziovia variegata, in order to evaluate its mechanical performance and water sorption. It was used as polymeric matrix an unsaturated polyester resin and Caroá fibers originated from Paraiba state. The composites were made with different fiber contents, cut approximately with 3cm length and molded by compression in a metallic mould in order to evaluate its mechanical properties. The better mechanical composition of the sample was chosen to water sorption test in sample with dimension 20x20mm² and 3cm and 6cm thickness in the temperature of 25°C, 50°C and 70°C. A tri-dimensional transient mathematical modeling was used to predict mass transfer during the water sorption by these composites. Results indicates enhancement of mechanical properties of composites with 24% of mass made of the fibers until a critical volume of 30%. For the impact resistance this increases occurred for all compositions because of the transference of tension for the fibers. The results for elasticity modulus of composite shows that are higher than to the matrix for all fiber contents lower than 45%, which is related with the fiber properties. The water sorption kinetic was related with the area/volume relationship. We can observe that in short period of time, 100 hours, that composites with lower area/volume relationship absorbs water faster. On the order hand, the ones with higher area/volume relationship show more sorption in longer periods of time. The equilibrium moisture content for 30% fiber composite show results of 14.48% in 25°C and 16.52% in 70°C, for 3mm and 6mm thickness respectively. Mathematical models used to obtain numerical solution of water sortion in composites enhanced with Caroá fibers were satisfactory and the finite volume techniques was adequated to discretize the diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinate system for a parallelepiped solids, permitting the analyze of transient diffusive phenomena in this solids.

This study investigates the through-thickness behaviour of carbon/epoxy laminates. A through-thickness compression test regime was conducted utilising three specimen designs, which are waisted, hollow cylindrical and cubic specimens. An assessment and comparison of each specimen is given regarding their advantages and disadvantages in characterising the through-thickness response of [+45/-45/90/0]s quasi-isotropic AS4/8552 carbon/epoxy laminates. A finite element (FE) study of the three specimens is presented which results in specimen geometries that provided a macroscopically uniform stress response throughout the gauge length whilst also minimising other features such as stress concentrations. Further to the final geometries being presented, the method of manufacture for the laminate and machining processes for each of the specimens is given. A mesoscopic FE study is presented relating to the free-edge effects induced by through-thickness loading in quasi-isotropic laminates. The results presented show that free-edge effects will be present in the test specimens and will have a larger overall impact on the hollow cylindrical specimen. The free-edge effects also increase the stress concentrations present in the corners of the waisted and cubic specimens. Characteristic stress strain curves are presented for each specimen with strain data taken from post yield strain gauges attached to the specimens. The extracted initial Young's modulus Ez and Poisson's ratios vzx and vzy show a small variation between specimens. The strength values for the three specimens vary greatly with the waisted specimen being the strongest and cylindrical specimen the weakest, indicating that the chosen specimen geometry dominates failure. The experimental data will be used for test case 12 in the Second World Wide Failure Exercise (WWFE-II). A study is presented to predict the effective elastic properties of Z-pinned laminates. The materials under consideration are UD and [0/90]s cross-ply AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy laminates. Estimates on the effective properties are provided by two FE approaches and two analytical bounding approaches; namely Voigt and Reuss bounds and Walpole's bounding theory. The two FE approaches are based on extreme assumptions about the in-plane fibre volume fraction in the presence of Z-pins and provide a tight range of values in which the real result should lie. Furthermore, whilst the bounding methods are simple and in the case of Young's moduli produce very wide bounds the selection of the suitable bound result can lead to a good estimate in comparison with the FE data. Typically the best bounding method result for each elastic property is within 10% of the FE predictions.

Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão
Coorientador: Mario de Oliveira Neto
Banca: Fábio de Lima Leite
Banca: Walter Ruggeri Waldman
Banca: Germano Andrade Siqueira
Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansigolo
Resumo: As fibras de caroá contêm elevado teor de celulose (≈ 65%), podendo ser utilizada como fonte renovável de energia para a produção de nanocelulose e etanol de segunda geração (2G). Desse modo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa obter nanocelulose e etanol a partir da fibra de caroá, por meio de uma metodologia capaz de gerar menor impacto negativo ao ambiente. Ensaios de pré-tratamento hidrotérmico (160, 170 e 180 oC) foram realizados visando à remoção da hemicelulose da fibra de caroá. Com base nos resultados, o material pré-tratado em banho hidrotérmico a 160 oC foi deslignificado com NaOH 1%, para obtenção da polpa de celulose. O método organossolve com o uso da relação de água/etanol (50/50) a 180 oC também foi testado. A eficiência desses processos foi avaliada por meio da caracterização química (teor de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina) e da difração de raios-X (DRX). Por ter fornecido o melhor rendimento de polpa de celulose, o pré-tratamento com banho a 160 oC e deslignificado com NaOH 1% foi o método selecionado. Esse material foi submetido a análises de termogravimetria (TG) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Por meio dessas técnicas, notou-se que houve a remoção da hemicelulose e da lignina da fibra de caroá. Em uma segunda etapa, a endoglucanase comercial E-CELTM foi utilizada para hidrolisar a polpa celulósica e gerar nanoestruturas de celuloses. A nanocelulose obtida foi caracterizada por microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Os dados de AFM evidenciaram a pr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The fiber of caroa plants has a high quantity of cellulose (≈ 65%) that can be used as a renewable energy source to produce nanocellulose and second-generation ethanol (2G). The aim of this research was to obtain nanocellulose and ethanol from caroa fiber using methods with minimal detrimental effects on the environment. Hydrothermal pretreatment trials (160, 170 and 180 oC) were carried out to remove the hemicellulose from caroa fiber. Based on the results, the pre-treated material at 160 °C in liquid hot water was delignified with 1% NaOH to obtain cellulose pulp. The organosolv method using water/ethanol ratio (50/50) at 180 oC was also studied. The efficiency of these processes was assessed by chemical characterization (content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The best yield of cellulose pulp was obtained from the pre-treated material using liquid hot water at 160 °C and delignified with 1% NaOH and was selected for further analysis. This material was submitted to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After the material was pretreated a second process, commercial endoglucanase E-CELTM, was used to hydrolyze the cellulosic pulp and to produce cellulose nanostructures. The nanocellulose obtained was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM data shows the presence of nanocellulose crystal with aspect ratio of 16 ± 5. The residual of these materials was used for a new hydrolysis with the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Syftet med denna studie har varit att belysa representation av lesbisk åtrå i film. Filmerna jag har tittat på är Carol och Portrait of a Lady on Fire, där jag undersökt huruvida begreppen the male gaze och the female gaze visar sig i filmerna. Detta är gjort genom en filmanalys där jag har utvecklat en tes, delat upp filmen i segment samt antecknat filmtekniker. I min analys har jag utgått från teorier om blick; gaze theory, the male gaze och the female gaze. I båda filmerna representeras åtrå främst genom blicken, men även genom olika symboler, språk och behov. Den skildras inte nödvändigtvis genom nakenhet eller sex – utan kan vara ett grepp på axeln eller en intensiv blick. Genom välarbetat manus, kameravinklar utifrån bådas synpunkter och kostymer som inte förminskar kvinnan tar båda filmerna avstånd från the male gaze. Istället har båda parterna i förhållandet en aktiv roll där kommunikation och samtycke styr, vilket är i linje med the female gaze.
The purpose of this study has been to highlight the representation of lesbian desire in film. The films I have watched are Carol and Portrait of a Lady on Fire, where I investigated whether the concepts of the male gaze and the female gaze appear in the films, and if so, how. I have conducted a filmanalysis where I developed a thesis, segmented the films and took notes of film techniques. I have based my analysis on different theories concerning the gaze; gaze theory, the male gaze and the female gaze. Both films represent desire throughout the gaze, but also through different symbols, languages and needs. It is not necessarily portrayed by nudity or sex – instead by grasping the shoulder or holding an intense gaze. Through well-crafted script, camera angles based on both viewpoints and costumes that do not diminish the woman, both films distance themselves from the male gaze. Instead, both parties in the relationship have an active role where communication and consent govern, which is in line with the female gaze.

The submitted M.Sc. thesis describes development in populations of the bird and mammalian species, having been involved in human - wildlife conflicts, particularly of the specially protected species, in the Czech Republic as well as in compensation payments for damages caused on private properties by the selected specially protected wild animal species. At the same time, it compares various tools, applied to solve human - willdife conflicts in the different parts of the world. The study presents information provided by governmental authorities or gained from grey literature, expert databases and scientific papers. Trends both in the development in conflict species populations and in compensation payments were assessed and the relationship between both variables was found. In total, payments for damages caused by conflict wild animal species has been increasing in the Czech Republic since 2000, but trends in the conflict species populations differ from each other, influenced particularly by their bionomics. The analysis performed shows, that the act on the topic is effective only for some of the above wild animal species. For large carnivores, namely the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) and Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), the above tool does not provide suitable solutions for their...

Each mortal thing does one thing and the same: Deals out that being indoors each one dwells; Selves—goes itself, myself it speaks and spells; Crying What I dó is me: for that I came. These remarkable lines from ‘As kingfishers catch fire’ hark back seven centuries to Scotus’ emphasis on willing, and forward getting on for another hundred years to (let us say) the instress put by that Scotus scholar Martin Heidegger on the verbal-nominative grammar of Sein, the German word for being, preparing the ground for Carol Ann Duffy’s planting of the conceit of the verb at the heart of the noun thanks to which the self is said as selving and as a priori ‘yessing’, we discovered in chapter 3, that Hopkins borrows from Parmenides along with the latter’s hyphenation of being and thinking or perceiving (noieô).

Carol Shloss takes a literal approach to the subject of legacy by exploring and questioning the legal nature of Flannery O’Connor’s literary estate, a hot topic among many O’Connor scholars. Using “A Circle in the Fire” as a structural metaphor, Shloss argues that the disputes over ownership and property that are present in O’Connor’s fiction echo the reality of Flannery O’Connor’s personal literary estate. Shloss draws on extensive archival research in order to trace the history of O’Connor’s literary estate since the author’s death, while exploring the meaning of property in O’Connor’s work and positing how O’Connor’s writing itself becomes a type of property. Following the succession of O’Connor’s literary executors, Shloss identifies a tendency to move away from creativity about O’Connor and toward an enshirement of her image by a small number of people. Shloss argues that in the end, relaxing the copyright restrictions on O’Connor’s archive would best carry out the wishes of the author.