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O'Keeffe, Darin. "Denoising of Carpal Bones for Computerised Assessment of Bone Age." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4552.
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Bone age assessment is a method of assigning a level of biological maturity to a child. It is usually performed either by comparing an x-ray of a child's left hand and wrist with an atlas of known bones, or by analysing specific features of bones such as ratios of width to height, or the degree of overlap with other bones. Both methods of assessment are labour intensive and prone to both inter- and intra-observer variability. This is motivation for developing a computerised method of bone age assessment.
The majority of research and development on computerised bone age assessment has focussed on analysing the bones of the hand. The wrist bones, especially the carpal bones, have received far less attention and have only been analysed in young children in which there is clear separation of the bones. An argument is presented that the evidence for excluding the carpal bones from computerised bone age assessment is weak and that research is required to identify the role of carpal bones in the computerised assessment of bone age for children over eight years of age.
Computerised analysis of the carpal bones in older children is a difficult computer vision problem plagued by radiographic noise, poor image contrast, and especially poor definition of bone contours. Traditional image processing methods such as region growing fail and even the very successful Canny linear edge detector can only find the simplest of bone edges in these images. The field of partial differential equation-based image processing provides some possible solutions to this problem, such as the use of active contour models to impose constraints upon the contour continuity. However, many of these methods require regularisation to achieve unique and stable solutions. An important part of this regularisation is image denoising.
Image denoising was approached through development of a noise model for the Kodak computed radiography system, estimation of noise parameters using a robust estimator of noise per pixel intensity bin, and incorporation of the noise model into a denoising method based on oriented Laplacians. The results for this approach only showed a marginal improvement when using the signal-dependent noise model, although this likely reflects how the noise characteristics were incorporated into the anisotropic diffusion method, rather than the principle of this approach. Even without the signal-dependent noise term the oriented Laplacians denoising of the hand-wrist radiographs was very effective at removing noise and preserving edges.
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Whitton, Robert Christopher. "Carpal disease in racing horses." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26702.
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Thirteen Standardbred horses were trained on a treadmill for 31 weeks as part of a larger study into the effects of overtraining. Synovial fluid was collected from the midcarpal joint at the start, and at seven, 15, 21, 26 and 30 weeks of training. Low grade signs of midcarpal joint disease developed in all horses during the last 16 weeks of the program. Synovial fluid leukocyte counts remained unchanged throughout the study, whereas total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with training. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) levels increased initially, but then decreased. Correlations between the clinical signs of joint disease and sulfated GAG levels were weak.
Synovial fluid sulfated GAGs were compared with other diagnostic variables for predicting the degree of articular cartilage damage in horses with midcarpal joint disease. Interpretation of radiographs was found to be the most accurate for the prediction of articular damage. Synovial fluid analysis was found to be of little value. There was no correlation between sulfated GAG concentration and articular cartilage damage, and no significant difference between sulfated GAG concentrations from horses with clinical evidence of joint disease and horses with no signs of joint disease trained on a treadmill.
Anatomical dissections of the midcarpal joint were performed on ten cadavers. The medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) was found to consist of four fibre bundles. The predominant orientation of these was proximodorsal to distopalmar. The lateral palmar intercarpal (LPICL) and dorsomedial intercarpal (DMICL) ligaments had a similar orientation but were simpler in structure. The alignment of these ligaments suggested that they resisted transverse forces across the midcarpal joint. Using a dorsal transverse displacement of 1.5 mm of the proximal row of carpal bones relative to the distal row of carpal bones, it was demonstrated that the palmar intercarpal ligaments provided 22.7% of the restraining force while only contributing 9% of the ligamentous cross sectional area.
A study of 32 racing horses presented with midcarpal joint disease confirmed the high frequency of MPICL tearing (51%). Enlargement of the DMICL was also common (33%). There was no correlation between the severity of signs of midcarpal joint disease and the severity of MPICL tearing. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between subchondral bone damage within the midcarpal joint, and MPICL tearing (R=-0.55). There was no association between DMICL enlargement and osteochondral damage. A postmortem study of 142 joints of horses with no history of midcarpal joint disease demonstrated that the frequency of MPICL tearing in racing horses was 91%. Severity of tearing of the MPICL increased significantly with age. Histopathological evidence of degeneration (loss of organisation of collagen fibres) was consistently observed in MPICLs of adult horses. These changes were not observed in unborn term foals, but were present from one month of age. Enlarged DMICLs had regular collagen arrangement, but discrete areas of fibrovascular infiltration were consistently observed.
The race records of 42 horses undergoing midcarpal joint carpal arthroscopy were examined. Using multiple regression the extent of subchondral bone damage was the best predictor of postoperative performance. The addition of the grade of MPICL tearing significantly improved the prediction of postoperative performance, whereas the inclusion of the extent of articular cartilage damage had no effect.
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Nonno, Rogério Ortolan 1981. "Síndrome do túnel do carpo : acometimento, tratamentos e evolução clínica." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308440.
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Orientadores: Artur Udelsmann, José Inácio de OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever os pacientes com síndrome do túnel do carpo com relação aos dados demográficos, clínicos, de acometimento e de evolução. A partir disto, foi possível comparar as principais variáveis entre os tratamentos clínico e cirúrgico, e, também, avaliar se houve relação entre o tipo de tratamento com tempo de afastamento e de retorno ao trabalho. Para tornar possível a realização deste trabalho foram estudados os prontuários de 131 pacientes diagnosticados com STC no Ambulatório de Saúde do Trabalhador do HC da Unicamp. Para padronizar a coleta de dados foi utilizada uma ficha com itens que são comuns a todas as avaliações realizadas neste ambulatório. Por ter ocorrido bilateralmente em 76 indivíduos, o número total de punhos avaliados foi de 207. Para comparar as variáveis categóricas entre os grupos, foram utilizados o teste qui quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, e, para as variáveis numéricas entre 2 grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. De todos os 131 indivíduos pesquisados, 128 (97,71%) precisaram se afastar ao menos uma vez do trabalho e apenas 37 (28,91%) retornaram ao trabalho. O tempo médio de duração dos sintomas dos pacientes tratados cirurgicamente foi de 39 meses, enquanto o dos tratados clinicamente foi de 44,1 meses. Quanto aos resultados do tratamento, período de afastamento e de retorno ao trabalho, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos clínico e cirúrgico. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a STC ocorre com maior frequência em mulheres, entre 30 e 49 anos. O acometimento foi mais frequentemente bilateral; nos casos unilaterais a mão dominante foi a mais comprometida. Tanto a evolução do tratamento clínico quanto do cirúrgico foi pouco satisfatória: em ambos os grupos apenas em cerca de 10% dos casos houve melhora total. As profissões encontradas com maior frequência foram operadores de máquinas, empregadas domésticas, trabalhadores rurais, secretárias e costureiras. Elas representam mais de 70% dos casos de STC encontradas nesta casuística
Abstract: The present study aimed to identify and describe characteristics of the patients who suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome concerning data on demographics and clinical features, type of injury and disease progression. Thus it was possible to compare the main variables between surgical and clinical treatments, and also to assess whether there was a relationship between the type of treatment and period of absence and return to work. In order to perform this study, a review of medical charts of 131 patients diagnosed with CTS in the occupational health clinic of the University Hospital of Unicamp. To standardize the data collection it was used a form with items that are common to all assessments made in this clinic. Because the carpal tunnel syndrome occurred bilaterally in 76 patients, the total wrists assessed were 207. To compare categorical variables between groups it was used chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and to compare numerical variables between groups it was used the Mann-Whitney test. Out of 131 patients reviewed, 128 (97.71%) had to take a leave from work at least once, and only 37 (28.91%) returned to work. Mean duration of symptoms was 39 months in patients treated surgically and 44.1 months in patients treated clinically. Regarding treatment outcome, period of absence and return to work, there was no significant difference between treatments. Based on these outputs it was possible to conclude that CTS occurs more frequently in women, ranging in age 30 to 49 years. The presence of bilateral CTS was more common and in unilateral cases the dominant hand was the most affected. The progression of the surgical treatment, as well as the clinical, was not satisfactory: in both groups only around 10% of cases had complete recovery. The most frequently found professions were machine operators, domestic worker, farm workers, secretaries and sewing machine operators. They accounted for more than 70% of cases of CTS found in this sample
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica
Mestre em Ciências
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Hanie, Elizabeth Anne. "Comparison of healing of full-thickness cartilage vs. full- thickness cartilage and subchondral bone defects in the equine third carpal bone." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040427/.
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Serena, Alberto. "Synovial membrane microarthroscopy of the equine midcarpal joint technique application and evaluation of four vital stains /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/SERENA_ALBERTO_5.pdf.
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Reed, Suzanne Rene. "Epidemiology of joint injuries in thoroughbred racehorses in training." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559071.
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Kouřil, Jan. "Biomechanická studie zápěstí horní končetiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230511.
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This master´s thesis is focused on biomechanical study of wrist. There is a literature search on this theme in the beginning of this work. The thesis is described in detail anatomy of bones in the wrist. Subsequent the stress-strain analysis of physiological wrist is implemented in a neutral position. The model of geometry of wrist is created on base of CT data. To create calculation model and the solution is implemented in the computer system ANSYS Workbench.
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Bazzo, Vitor José. "Estudo comparativo das densidades dos ossos hamato, capitato e escafóide, por meio de radiografias digitalizadas como um método para estimativa da idade óssea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-03012008-105534/.
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Objetivos: Avaliar a densidade radiográfica de três ossos do carpo - capitato, escafóide e hamato, em pacientes do sexo masculino e do sexo feminino, com idades entre 7 e 18 anos, por meio de um programa gerenciador de imagens - Adobe Photoshop - 6.0®. Métodos: Leituras das intensidades de cinza de cada imagem selecionada em cada osso e obtenção de um histograma referente aos valores de número de pixels da imagem analisada, valor médio dos tons de cinza, mediana e o desvio padrão da área selecionada na digitalização e tratamento estatístico destes dados. Resultados: As comparações entre médias de densidades dos ossos analisados para o sexo masculino, não apresentou médias estatisticamente diferentes somente para a comparação capitato x hamato, enquanto no sexo feminino as comparações entre ossos se mostraram estatisticamente desiguais; a comparação entre média de densidade de cada osso e idade cronológica apresentou dependência significativa somente para o osso hamato no sexo masculino; a comparação entre as médias de densidade dos ossos para os sexos masculino e feminino, mostrou não existir diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambos considerando-se os três ossos analisados. Conclusões: Para o sexo masculino na amostra analisada, houve dependência somente entre a média de densidade dos ossos capitato e hamato, enquanto para o sexo feminino não houve correlação de dependência entre os três ossos analisados; a comparação entre as densidades ósseas e a idade cronológica, indicou que somente o osso hamato apresenta grau de dependência significativo com a faixa etária no sexo masculino, enquanto no sexo feminino nenhum dos ossos apresentou grau de dependência significativo em relação à idade cronológica na amostra analisada; a densidade dos três ossos: hamato, capitato e escafóide, não apresentam diferenças significativas quando comparadas entre sexo masculino e feminino na mesma faixa etária.Objectives: To evaluate the radiographic density of three carpal bones (hamate, capitate and scaphoid bones) in male and female patients aged 7 to 18 years by means of an image-editing software (Adobe Photoshop - 6.0®). Methods: Readings of gray intensities of each image selected in each bone and drawing of a histogram referring to the values of number of pixels of the analyzed image, mean value of the gray tons, median and standard deviation of the area demarcated in the digitized image and statistical analysis of data. Results: For the male patients, comparisons of the means of densities of the analyzed bones did not show statistically significant difference only for the hamate X capitate pair. For the female patients, comparisons among the bones appeared statistically different; comparison between the density means of each bone and the chronological age showed significant dependence only for the hamate bone in the male patients; comparison among the bone density means for the male and female patients showed no statistically significant difference between genders for the tree types of bone. Conclusions: In the evaluated population, for the male gender, there was dependence only between the density means of the capitate and hamate bones, while for the female gender there was no dependence correlation among the three bone types; comparison between the bone densities and the chronological age showed that only the hamate bone presented a significant degree of dependence with the age group in the male patients, while in the female patients none of the bone presented a significant degree of dependence in relation to the chronological age in the analyzed sample; the densities of the three bones (hamate, capitate and scaphoid bones) did no show statistically significant difference when compared between males and females belonging to the same age group.
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Bisneto, Edgard de Novaes França. "Estudo prospectivo randomizado entre a carpectomia proximal e a artrodese dos quatro cantos para tratamento da osteoatrose pós-traumática do carpo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-31082009-151040/.
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Introdução: Ao analisar a osteoartrose pós-traumática do punho a literatura demonstra que sua etiologia é, na maioria das vezes, secundária a lesões ligamentares ou a fraturas do carpo que, por sua vez, seguem um padrão definido e evolutivo de acometimento articular do punho. Várias abordagens cirúrgicas são descritas para o tratamento da osteoartrose pós-traumática do carpo. Considerando a carpectomia proximal e a artrodese dos quatro cantos, a literatura apresenta apenas estudos retrospectivos comparando os resultados funcionais entre as técnicas. O objetivo desta tese é comparar os resultados funcionais entre a carpectomia proximal e a artrodese dos quatro cantos no tratamento da osteoartrose pós-traumática do punho, sem acometimento da articulação mediocárpica. Método: Neste estudo prospectivo e randomizado 20 pacientes portadores de osteoartrose pós-traumática sem acometimento da articulação mediocárpica do punho, submetidos à carpectomia proximal ou a artrodese dos quatro cantos tiveram seus dados pós-operatórios analisados e comparados. Resultados: Todos os pacientes deste estudo referiram melhora da dor e da sua capacidade funcional. Em todos os casos houve diminuição dos valores pré e pós-operatórios de goniometria em ambos os procedimentos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os procedimentos. Conclusão: Com relação aos resultados funcionais, a carpectomia proximal e a artrodese dos quatro cantos são procedimentos efetivos e semelhantes no tratamento dos pacientes portadores de SLAC/SNAC WRIST sem acometimento da articulação mediocárpica.Introduction: Wrist arthritis results most of the times from ligaments tears or carpal bones fractures. Many surgical procedures are described in literature. Regarding proximal row carpectomy and four corner arthrodesis, there are only retrospective studies available in literature. The objective of this study is to compare the functional results between these two surgical procedures. Method: In this prospective and randomized study 20 patients underwent proximal row carpectomy or four corner arthrodesis for the treatment of wrist arthritis. In all patients the midcarpal joints were free of lesions. Functional results were compared. Results: Both proximal row carpectomy and four corner arthrodesis improved pain. All cases showed decreased range of motion after surgery. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Regarding functional results both procedures were similar and improved pain in patients with SLAC/SNAC WRIST without degenerative changes in midcarpal joint.
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Buessler, Emilie. "Construction et validation d'un atlas statistique 3D des os carpiens humains." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM060.
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Le poignet humain est une articulation essentielle, car il est à l'origine de la grande amplitude de mouvement de la main. C'est également une articulation complexe, composée de huit petits os carpiens, qui sont connectés aux cinq métacarpes et aux deux os de l'avant-bras. La complexité de l'articulation est non seulement due à ce grand nombre d'os, mais également à la petite taille des os carpiens et à leurs formes élaborées, qui rendent le mouvement des os les uns autour des autres également complexe. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation 3D de la forme des os. Peu de travaux ont été menés jusqu'à présent sur la modélisation des os du poignet, et peu de données exploitables pour des modèles informatiques ont été collectées. Or de tels modèles informatiques peuvent avoir de nombreuses applications : ils peuvent servir de base pour la création d'outils informatiques automatisés ou encore être intégrés dans des logiciels servant de support au diagnostique. La qualité des résultats de telles applications dépend de la qualité du modèle utilisé. C'est pourquoi nous attachons une attention particulière à la validation de notre travail, alors même qu'il n'existe pas de mesure directes pour l'évaluation, et qu'il faut utiliser des métriques indirectes.Nous nous sommes intéressés à des outils pour la modélisation 3D, particulièrement aux techniques de correspondance entre maillages. Nous présentons une méthode pour transformer des maillages bruts directement créés à partir de tomodensitogrammes en nouveaux maillages représentant les mêmes os tout en définissant des relations de correspondance. %Une telle procédure de remaillage n'est pas triviale à définir ni à valider, c'est pourquoi nous y portons une attention particulière.Une fois définies, ces relations rendent possible de nombreuses applications, qui permettent une validation supplémentaire des correspondances. Nous présentons plusieurs applications. La variabilité de la forme des os est analysée à l'aide d'outils statistiques tels que l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) ainsi qu'un outil basé sur les Processus Gaussiens.Les capacités d'adaptation du modèle ACP à de nouvelles formes sont utilisées pour définir des relations de correspondance avec une seconde base de données. Nous proposons également une méthode pour transférer simplement des systèmes de coordonnées ou tout autre point remarquable définis pour quelques exemples vers le reste de la base de données. Une telle application est utile pour des études biomécaniques de mouvement du poignet. Finalement, dans une dernière étape, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation des mouvements des os du poignet à l'aide d'un modèle paramétrique basé sur des prédicteurs significatifs et facilement mesurablesThe wrist is an essential joint, source of the large range of motion of the hand. It is also a complex joint, composed of eight small bones, connected to five metacarpal bones and two forearm bones. The complexity of the joint is not only due to the high number of interconnected bones, but also to the small size of the carpal bones and their elaborate shapes interlocked with each other, that move in an intricate way around each other.In this thesis we are interested in modeling the 3D wrist bone shapes. Not many works on wrist bones modeling have been conducted yet and little data have been collected into databases exploitable for computer models. The latter can be used to take measurements, serve as basis for the creation of automated IT tools, or else be integrated into software for diagnosis support for example. The quality of the results of such applications depends on the quality of the model. We therefore attach a special importance to the validation of our work, while such assessment cannot directly be measured and must be proven by indirect metrics.Interest was taken in tools for the modeling of 3D shapes, especially in techniques of correspondence between 3D meshes. We propose a method to transform raw meshes extracted from CT scans into bones representations with correspondence relations.%It is not trivial to define a resampling procedure, and neither is its quality assessment, to which we pay particular attention.The dense correspondence relations computed make possible many applications, that serve as further validation of the correspondence results. We propose several utilizations. Variability among bones is analyzed with statistical procedures such as the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and another one based on Gaussian Processes.The registration capacities of the first model are employed for defining correspondence with a second database. We propose a method to easily transfer systems of coordinates or other landmarks from a few example towards the rest of the database, a convenient function for biomechanical wrist motion study. In a last phase, we are concerned with modeling wrist bones motions with a parametric model based on meaningful and easily measurable predictors
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Sirkett, Daniel M. "Investigating the influence of contact area on carpal bone motion." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399932.
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Uhlhorn, Henrik. "Third carpal bone sclerosis : radiographic evaluation and clinical implications in standardbred trotters /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5948-6.pdf.
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Shah, Rakshit Dixitkumar. "Three-dimensional Morphological Analysis of Normative and Manipulated Carpal Tunnel." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1579183487797445.
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Delorme, André Luís. "Metodologia automática de estimação de idade óssea utilizando análise de forma em radiografias carpais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18152/tde-07042010-151122/.
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O trabalho propõe uma metodologia para estimação da idade óssea baseada em um sistema totalmente automático utilizando a análise de formas de estruturas ósseas. O sistema tem como finalidade auxiliar o diagnóstico do profissional da área médica servindo de apoio a sua decisão. A metodologia é dividida em dois blocos principais. No primeiro o dedo médio é segmentado a partir da radiografia de toda a mão. No segundo, são extraídas dimensões utilizando técnicas de processamento de imagem. Finalmente a estimação da idade é realizada por meio da correlação com padrões formais de seis centos de ossificação. Os resultados mostram que a análise de forma é mais precisa em pacientes do sexo feminino, mas pode ser utilizada como estimador para ambos os sexos.The objective of this project is to propose a methodology for estimating the bone age based on a fully automatic system using shape analysis of bone structures. The system aims to assist the diagnosis, supporting the decision of the physicians involved in the process. The methodology is divided into two main blocks. In the first, the middle finger is segmented from the radiograph of the whole hand. In the second, measurements are extracted using image processing techniques. Finally, the results are classified using correlation between the shape pattern of six different bone structures. The results show that the shape analysis is a better method for female diagnosis but it can be used as a good estimator for both genders.
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Raymundo, Evandra Maria. "Metodologia de estimação de idade óssea baseada em características métricas utilizando mineradores de dados e classificador neural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18152/tde-17112009-085347/.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia de estimação de idade óssea baseada em características métricas, utilizando o banco de imagens carpais da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC). As imagens foram devidamente segmentadas para obtenção da área, perímetro e comprimento de cada osso, gerando, assim, um banco de dados métricos o CarpEven. As informações da base métrica CarpEven foram submetidas a dois mineradores de dados: ao StARMiner, (Statistical Association Rules) uma metodologia de mineração de dados criada por um grupo de pesquisadores do ICMC-USP, e ao Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), desenvolvido pela Universidade Waikato da Nova Zelândia. As informações foram submetidas a classificadores neurais, contribuindo, assim, para a criação de uma nova metodologia de estimação de idade óssea. Finalmente, é feita uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos e os resultados já alcançados por outras pesquisas.This work presents a methodology for bone age estimation based on metric characteristics using the carpal images database from Engineering School of São Carlos (EESC-USP). The images were properly segmented to obtain the area, perimeter and length of each bone, thus generating a metric database named CarpEven. The database information were submitted to two data miners: the StarMiner (Statistical Association Rules Miner) a methodology for data mining created by a group of researchers from ICMC-USP, and the Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), developed by the University of Waikato in New Zealand. The information was submitted to the neural classifiers contributing to the creation of a new methodology for bone age estimation. The results are compared with those obtained by others research.
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Fogg, Quentin A. "Scaphoid variation and an anatomical basis for variable carpal mechanics." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37935.
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The morphology and function of the wrist is poorly understood. Improved understanding of carpal anatomy may facilitate improved understanding of carpal mechanics and may enhance the clinical management of wrist dysfunction. Many detailed investigations of wrist structure have been reported, many of which have focussed on the scaphoid and its ligamentous supports. The results of these studies are not readily collated to provide an accurate description of the scaphoid and its supports. This study attempted to provide a detailed description of the anatomy of the scaphoid and its supporting structures. A detailed nomenclature was proposed to facilitate accurate description of the scaphoid and related structures. Gross observation enabled separation of the sample population of scaphoids into two groups. Morphometric analyses were used to determine any significant differences between the groups (type one and type two). The histological sections were then used to facilitate accurate gross identification of ligaments and computed tomographs were used to investigate the in situ variation of scaphoid orientation. The investigations suggest that two distinct populations of scaphoid existed within the sample population. The scaphoids varied in bone morphology, arrangement and degree of ligamentous support and position relative to the capitate. Articular facet shape and size differed between scaphoid types. The orientation and number of ligaments supporting the scaphoid were suggestive of variable scaphoid motion. The variation in ligamentous patterns was supported by histological investigation. Computed tomographs through the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid suggested a variable position of the scaphoid relative to the capitate. The variation of these structures was discussed in relation to the kinematic findings of others. A theoretical model of variable scaphoid function was proposed based on the anatomical findings. The data presented and the reviewed kinematic data may be extrapolated to suggest two models of scaphoid motion. The scaphoids may be divided into rotating/translating scaphoids and flexing/extending scaphoids. This must be confirmed by a combined anatomical and mechanical study. The clinical implications of different scaphoid structure and function may be profound. The ability to identify such differences in situ may facilitate varied clinical management for the various types of wrist suggested.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Anatomical Sciences, 2004.
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Cope, Janet M. "Musculoskeletal attachment site markers and skeletal pathology of the forearm and carpal bones from Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates, c. 2300 BC." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3275763.
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Skeletal morphology and pathology are frequently used to support theories of activity patterns in prehistoric populations. In this study, the adult forearm (n = 307 radii and ulnae) and wrist bones (n = 500 scaphoid and lunate) from the Tell Abraq tomb, United Arab Emirates (ca. 2300 BC), were assessed for morphological variations and pathologies. Specifically, musculoskeletal attachment sites (MAS) were evaluated for indications of stress and articular surfaces were assessed for the presence of osteoarthritis (OA). OA was prevalent on the distal forearm bones (radius 40% and ulna 35%). Additionally, OA at the proximal ulna (73%) strongly correlated with (MAS) stress marker scores of elbow joint flexion (brachialis: rs = .323, p<.01) and extension (triceps: rs = .473, p<.01; anconeus: rs = .330, p<.01) as well as forearm rotation (supinator: r s = .373, p<.01; pronator teres: rs = 344, p<.01). The medial head of the triceps, anconeus and supinator muscles provide medial stability at the humeroulnar joint. Musculoskeletal attachment site stress indicators for the thumb were indicative of repeated or strained movements in extension and abduction and correlated strongly with proximal OA at the ulna (extensor pollicis longus: rs = .452, p<.01). Side did not correlate with OA, probable sex or any of the MAS stress markers. An unusual finding of an elevated transverse ridge was observed at the trochlear notch of the ulna. Presence of the transverse midtrochlear ridge (TTR) (58%) was positively correlated with proximal elbow joint OA (r s = .330, p<.01) and assigned sex (rs = .263, p<.01). Eighty-five percent of assessed radii had a depressed facet for the attachment site of the volar carpal ligament and 34% of the scaphoid bones had an exaggerated dorsal ridge for attachment of the dorsal carpal ligament of the wrist. The high levels of OA at the distal radius and proximal ulna in conjunction with the MAS data lend support to the theory that the individuals from the Tell Abraq tomb were engaged in regular heavy and repetitive bimanual activities with their upper extremities.
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Semechko, Anton. "Development of a Multi-body Statistical Shape Model of the Wrist." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3208.
Full textAbstract:
With continually growing availability of high performance computing resources, the finite element methods (FEM) are becoming increasingly more efficient and practical research tools. In the domain of computational biomechanics, FEMs have been successfully applied in investigation of biomedical problems that include impact and fracture mechanics of bone, load transmission through the joints, feasibility of joint replacements, and many others. The present research study was concerned with the development of a detailed, anatomically accurate, finite element model of the human hand and wrist. As a first step in this direction, we used a publically available database of wrist bone anatomy and carpal kinematics to construct a multi-body statistical shape model (SSM) of the wrist. The resulting model provides an efficient parameterization of anatomical variations of the entire training set and can thus overcome the major shortcoming of conventional biomechanical models associated with limited generalization ability. The main contributions of this work are:
1) A robust method for constructing multi-body SSM of the wrist from surface meshes.
2) A novel technique for resampling closed genus-0 meshes to produce high quality triangulations suitable for finite element simulations.
Additionally, all techniques developed in the course of this study could be directly applied to create an equivalent model of the tarsus.
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Teixeira, Ana Cristina Sardo. "Diagnose sexual a partir da análise métrica dos ossos do carpo e metacarpo de uma amostra de esqueletos da população portuguesa do século XXI." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97956.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia Forense apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaA estimativa do sexo é uma importante fonte de informação sobre restos esqueléticos não identificados. Quando os ossos com maior dimorfismo sexual estão ausentes torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que permitam uma diagnose sexual baseada em regiões esqueléticas tomadas como menos dimórficas. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo a avaliação do dimorfismo sexual e o desenvolvimento de um novo método de diagnose sexual a partir da análise métrica dos ossos do carpo e do metacarpo, para a população portuguesa. Foi utilizada uma amostra da Coleção de Esqueletos Identificados do Século XXI alojada na Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, com sexo e idade à morte conhecidas. Foi possível realizar as medições em 168 esqueletos (94 do sexo feminino e 74 do sexo masculino). Das 36 medidas usadas nos ossos do carpo e do metacarpo, apenas duas ultrapassaram os 80% de exatidão. Uma medida para o escafóide atingiu os 80,8% de exatidão e uma medida para o trapézio, 82,7%. Doze medidas nos escafóide, semilunar, piramidal, trapézio, trapezóide, capitato e unciforme atingiram percentagens de exatidão entre os 75,9% e os 79,5%. A medida que se mostrou menos sexualmente dimórfica pertence ao osso trapezóide, com uma percentagem de exatidão de apenas 53,7%.As equações formuladas não têm como objetivo substituir as técnicas de diagnose sexual existentes, mas sim oferecer um método alternativo que pode ser aplicado quando os elementos mais dimórficos não estão presentes, por exemplo, no caso de restos incompletos e/ou fragmentados.
Sex estimation is an important source of information about unidentified skeletal remains. When bones with greater sexual dimorphism are absent, it becomes necessary to develop new techniques that allow a sexual diagnosis based on skeletal regions taken as less dimorphic. This study has as the main objective the evaluation of sexual dimorphism and the development of a new method of sexual diagnosis from the metric analysis of the carpal bones and metacarpal bones, for the Portuguese population. A sample from the 21st Century Identified Skeleton Collection housed at the University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, with known sex and age at death, was used. It was possible to perform measurements on 168 skeletons (94 female and 74 male).Of the 36 measurements used on the carpal and metacarpal bones, only two exceeded 80% accuracy. One measurement for the scaphoid reached 80.8% accuracy and one measurement for the trapezius reached 82.7%. Twelve measurements of the scaphoid, lunate, pyramidal, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate bones reached accuracy percentages between 75.9% and 79.5%. The measure that was less sexually dimorphic belongs to the trapezoid bone, with an accuracy percentage of only 53.7%.The equations formulated are not intended to replace existing sexual diagnosis techniques, but rather to offer an alternative method that can be applied when the most dimorphic elements are not present, for example, in the case of incomplete and/or fragmented remains.
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Fan, Bo-Chun, and 范博鈞. "Computerized Bone Age Estimation Using the Carpal-Bone Images." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86588519825563627774.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
87
Bone age (BA) estimation is one of the important applications in the area of pediatrics, especially in the diagnosis of endocrinological problems and growth disorders. Because manual BA estimation (BAE) is tedious and time consuming and heavily dependent upon doctor's experiences, we attempt to construct a computerized BAE system to help reduce the doctor's burden. It is known that sex, race, and nutrition will affect the results of BAE. So far to now, most of BAE standards are American standards. There is no BAE standard for Taiwanese people. With the aid of the proposed computerized BAE system, a standard for Taiwanese people can be easily built which will greatly help doctors to estimate BA in Taiwan. Our BAE system is based on the carpal-bone information. In 1993, Ewa Pietka, Lotfi Kaabi, M.L. Kuo and H.K. Huang had developed a feature extraction method for carpal-bone[3]. They use two-step local thresholding method to extract the area of a carpal bone. However, the method did not work well in our database. Carpal bones can not be extracted simply by the local thresholding method. Therefore, we develop a new method for carpal-bone feature extraction, which we call the two-stage edge detection algorithm, and a new method for carpal-bone ROI division. After the image is manually equalized, our BAE system can extract the features of the carpal-bone and estimate the bone age automatically. Three different classifiers: the minimum distance classifier, Bayes classifier, and a neural network classifier are tested in our experiments. The results of our feature extraction are quite satisfactory. More than 90% of the classification are acceptable in our experiments.
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Cheng, Yu-Hsin, and 鄭育昕. "Overlapped carpal bone segmentation based on watershed method for bone-age feature extraction." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92758727285413671117.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
生物醫學工程研究所
97
Bone age assessment (BAA) using hand radiographs is an important technique of pediatric radiology for doctors assessing the growing situation of children. Two most commonly used methods are the Greulich-Pyle (G&P) method and the Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) method. However these methods have the disadvantage of time consuming and the results of BAA highly depending upon the assessor expertise and experience. In order to obtain more objective results, an automatic carpal bone feature extraction method is pursued and proposed. The proposed system consists of two main stages: image preprocessing and carpal-bone segmentation. In image preprocessing, we starts with acquiring wrist direction and extracting carpal bone region of interest (CROI) in the binary hand images. Then, the CROI contrast is enhanced by using a min/max filter. In carpal-bone segmentation, the techniques of watershed method proposed by Osma-Ruiz et al., gradient technique, distance transformation, and anatomy knowledge were used to assist the extraction of carpal bone contours. The carpal bones include: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisform. Our system can extract carpal bone contours effectively in 1-14 year old children.
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Peng, Ting-Jyun, and 彭莛鈞. "An Estimation on the Carpal Bone Extraction Using Intensity Normalization." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49397831076295340924.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系
102
Assessing bone age by viewing hand radiographs plays a critical role in clinical pediatric endocrinology. According to the past researches, to assess bone ages by phalanx features among 0 to 7 years old may get the worse bone age assessment accuracy as the smaller ages goes. The clinical researches had indicated that among the ages from newborn to about 7 years old, the maturation of carpal bones appear in a specific order and separate from each other. And the features among the period that the carpal bones begin fusing in about 8 years old has been proven effective in a research of recent years. For these reasons, to assess bone age had demonstrated to be reliable under this range of ages. However, the process of extracting the carpal region of interest (CROI) from radiographs is usually coupled with such image quality problems like low contrast, non-uniformly or over-low exposure. Hence it is quite challengeable task to separate the pixels represent the bone tissue from the soft tissue in radiographs. This dissertation proposed an image intensity normalization method which applied the transform function, z transform in Statistics. By transforming each intensity value found in an image to z value respectively, all the radiographs from heterogeneous sources can be normalized into one consistent standard. The pixels represent the carpal bones in radiographs are segmented by intensity thresholding. With respect to balanced accuracy, the chosen criteria of segmentation accuracy in this dissertation, the experiment results reveal proposed method raises the performance of control group obviously and outperforms the image intensity normalization methods including linear normalization, histogram equalization and contrast limited histogram equalization, which are often used in medical image processing. In addition, the average balance accuracy of the samples normalized by proposed method and grouped by rounded bone age all reach about 80 percent.
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Min-Jung, Huang. "The Construction of A Carpal Ossified Model and Its Applications to Carpal Bone Age Assessment and Bone Growth Estimation Based on Fuzzy Criterion and Statistical Analysis." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0016-1303200709321060.
Full text
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Huang, Min-Jung, and 黃敏榮. "The Construction of A Carpal Ossified Model and Its Applications to Carpal Bone Age Assessment and Bone Growth Estimation Based on Fuzzy Criterion and Statistical Analysis." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47594764854889777294.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
94
The thesis describes the construction of a carpal ossified model, and its applications to carpal bone age assessment and bone growth estimation procedures based on fuzzy criterion and statistical analysis. The growth model is focused on the childhood, i.e., the main growth stage of carpals. It’s composed of the statistics of morphological features of carpals, and the growth descriptors—weighting matrices. The morphological features we extracted are five kinds—T-Ratio, Ratio-I and II, and Compactness-I and II, and they are calculated from the preprocessed digital carpal images by hand and image processing methods. They can quantify the carpal ossified status in different ages. The weighting matrices include the longitudinal and transverse descriptions of the increase rate of a bone in each one-year-old growth stages. The weighting matrices we evaluated can indicate the overall dynamic processes and trends of the ossification of each part of carpals. Combining the geometric features, we can obtain the carpal growth model that can cover many aspects and benefit for the analysis of the ossification. In thesis, we also developed procedures for the bone ossification estimation and the bone age assessment based on the constructed model. The bone estimation procedures are investigated by the weighting matrices. The users can use a carpal image file that in well-known age and bone type, to estimate the status of its bone in all the other ages. Besides, we develop the carpal bone age assessment procedures based on fuzzy concept for the linearity of the morphological features. We combine the principle component analysis and the evaluation of correlation coefficients between feature value and age, to develop three categories of the bone age assessment procedures. The purpose is to make an attempt to acquire high-performed procedures that can provide reasonable results for helping the doctors or users judge the bone age. In clinic, error within 1.5 years old is acceptable. After simulations, the best correct rates within 1.5 years old error are 92.4% in female and 89.5% in male, respectively. The assessment by the proposed procedures is satisfactory for practice.
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Chu, Bo-Chun, and 朱博群. "An Investigation of Computerized Automatic Bone Age Assessment System Based on Carpal and Phalangeal." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87859476046506781293.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
93
In this article，it brings up an automatic procedure that combines the ways to assess the age of the carpal and the phalangeal. The procedure is made to assess the bone age of the growing children by analyzing their X-ray images of the palms. By comparing the bone age with the real age, doctors can find the problems of development early. In the preceding process, we segment the X-ray image of the left hand firstly, and according to the characteristic of morphology statistics in database, make an orientation in the carpal. Then, we find out the central point of the carpal, and segment carpal bone region of interest(CROI) from the intersection of the central point and the orientation. Lastly we use Gabor Filter smoothing image and two tools--- canny edge detector and local variance edge detector---which find the image’s edge to cut out the region of the carpal and the phalangeal from the needless parts such as the background. Feature extracts from the bone image we obtain after finishing the preceding process. We use the horizontal projection of phalangeal’s first joint to make one dimension discrete cosine transform(DCT) and one dimension discrete wavelet transform(DWT). And the carpal area ratio are considered the carpal feature vector. In order to assess the bone age more exactly, we use two different kind of ways---fuzzy and neural network---on the carpal and the phalangeal age assessment systems individually, then analyze the amount of error in each age of these two assessment systems and an integral system that combines both. The result of the experiment shows that the carpal age assessment system would be able to get a better accuracy than the phalangeal age assessment system. Furthermore, the system combines both would be more correct than only one of the age assessment systems. In the odds allowed range within two years of age, the age assessment system combines the ways to assess the age of the carpal and the phalangeal can reach about 85% of the correctness.
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Li, Chen-Ming, and 李振銘. "The Study of Fully Automatic Bone Age Development Using the Area Ratio of Carpals." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37798789457993800734.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
99
In this thesis, a fully automatic bone age development using the area ratio of carpals has been proposed, including preprocess, feature extraction, bone age assessment. Preprocess consists of cropping left hand image, removing background, and extraction of carpals' region of interest (ROI). Using radiograms bottom center as the center of a circle to do counter clock scan. Calculate the magnitude of nonzero gray level on scan lines with all angles. Find the right boundary of left hand image by smallest magnitude of scan lines to cropping left hand image. Transform the left image to binary through using mean value of left hand image pixel’s gray level as the threshold. Eliminate the unneeded label, right hand, and background by reserving the maximum group. Through information of ulna and radius, we can extract reliable carpal’s ROI. In feature extraction section, restrain unneeded soft tissue and texture by using gray level cumulative distribution function of pixel location as the weight. By dilating, filling airtight region, and eroding to extract carpals. Use the area ratio of carpals as the characteristic to accomplish the bone age assessment. Separate the carpal’s area ratio to three stages according to characteristics of the bone ages. Use different methods to accomplish classified bone age assessment at different stages. In addition to assist physician's clinical diagnosis with the assessed bone age, the carpals ROI image can provide physician and radiologist with Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) method. The dataset images which we adopted are beyond 3500. The successful rate of preprocess reaches almost ninety percent. The successful rate which the error of bone age is under 1.5 years old reaches nearly eighty percent. At stage of the youngest bone age, the successful rate which the error of bone age is under 1.5 years old reaches nearly ninety percent. The experiment result conforms to clinical research. The age is usually younger by accomplishing bone age assessment with carpals. After the age is beyond 9-12, accomplishing bone age assessment with phalanx is more reliable.
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Chi-Wen, Hsieh, and 謝奇文. "The Study of Computerized Bone Age Assessment and Carpals Growth Model Based on Hand Images." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41356464758462172213.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
95
This dissertation is focused on the study of the computer-assisted bone age assessment and the corresponding bone age statistics. The topics include the description of a fully automatic computerized bone age assessment procedure based on phalangeal ossification features, the growth synchronization of phalanxes based on the statistics of computerized features, and the quantitative assessment of carpal growth by growth factors. The study not only makes a correlation evaluation of phalanxes but supports direct evidence that a feature of middle finger could be used as a good index to describe the bone age. The dissertation also provides a survey to describe the relationship between chronological age and carpals’ shapes and relative positions in pediatrics. In addition, it also makes a computerized analysis of the relative position and geometric features of carpals versus chronological and bone age. The results of this study not only can support the fundamental bioinformatics of carpals of Taiwanese but also some significant features to make the computerized bone age assessment system more practical in pediatrics. Besides, the dissertation describes the construction of a carpal ossified model, and its applications to carpal bone age assessment and bone growth estimation procedures based on a fuzzy criterion and statistical analysis. The proposed growth matrices include the longitudinal and transverse descriptions of the increase rate of a bone in each one-year-old growth stage. The growth matrices can indicate the overall dynamic processes and trends of the ossification of each part of carpals. Combining the geometric features, we can obtain the carpal growth model that can cover many aspects and benefits for the analysis of the ossification. Some medical evidence of Taiwanese is discovered in the dissertation, too. The differences between North American and Taiwanese children are roughly identified. The growth sequence and geometric features of carpal bones have some obvious differences. The work could support the health care department to promote the quality of life for Taiwanese.
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Cohen, Brigette Fiona. "Actualistic investigation of bone modification on leporids by caracal (Caracal caracal) and honey bagder (Mellivora capensis); an insight to the taphonomy of Cooper's Cave, South Africa." Thesis, 2014.
Find full textAbstract:
Small carnivores and middle-sized mammals (mesomammals) are ubiquitous in fossil sites in South Africa, but their taphonomy is poorly understood. This study presents an actualistic investigation of bone modification by two captive small carnivores; the caracal (Caracal caracal) and honey badger (Mellivora capensis), housed at the Johannesburg Zoo. The carnivores were fed domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) carcasses as proxies for mesomammals and the bone modification of the resulting refuse and scatological assemblages were assessed in terms of their skeletal part representation, breakage patterns, digestive modifications and tooth marks. The investigation revealed that skeletal part representation and breakage patterns in the caracal and honey badger assemblages resembled those reported from other small carnivores. The caracal and honey badger assemblages were distinct from other carnivores in having overall light digestive modifications and a high frequency of tooth marks. Digestion was greater and tooth marks less frequent in the caracal than in the honey badger. Results were applied to the fossil assemblage of Cooper’s D which has a large assemblage of mesomammals and small carnivores. While a taphonomic analysis of Cooper’s D has not been published, initial results suggest that small carnivores had a great potential as contributors in the formation of the assemblage. The findings of this study emphasise the need for employing a variety of bone modifications in the identification of a small carnivore as an accumulator since there is rarely a single characteristic that is diagnostic for a particular carnivore.