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Journal articles on the topic 'Carpal bones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 February 2023

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1

B, Uday Kiran, and Divya Pothati. "Study of Appearances of Ossification Centers in the Carpal Bones in 3 – 14 Years Age Group in a Teaching Hospital in Telangana." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 48 (November 30, 2020): 2811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/576.

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BACKGROUND Study of ossification of carpal bones in children indicates the level of structural maturity and age estimation. For the assessment of skeletal maturity in children, radiologists often use hand and wrist radiograph because of low level of radiation. Carpals are the most commonly used bones for determining the age of a child. We wanted to study the appearance of ossification centers in the carpal bones in age group of 3 - 14 years. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of one-year duration conducted between January 2019 and December 2020 in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital, Patancheru, Telangana. Children 3 to 14 years of age from nearby schools were randomly selected, and X-rays of the carpal bones were taken. Appearance of carpal bones and ossification were studied to estimate the age. RESULTS The study included 70 school children. We found that capitate and hamate carpals ossified during the first year of life in children of both sexes. Triquetral and lunate appeared at 3 - 4 years, trapezium, trapezoid and scaphoid carpals appeared between 5 and 8 years. Pisiform appeared at 9 years of age in females and at 13 years in males. CONCLUSIONS Capitate and hamate ossify at an early age. Triquetral and lunate carpals appear after capitate and hamate. Their appearance is slightly earlier in females than in males. KEYWORDS Ossification, Carpal Bones, Capitate, Hamate

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2

Abdusamad, V., Vivek Singh, Rohit Jain, and Divya Singh. "Giant Cell Tumor of the Capitate and Hamate: Case Report and of Literature Review." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 05 (May 20, 2020): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710527.

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Abstract Background In the hand, giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the bones account for 2 to 5% of all hand tumors; they are often seen in the metacarpals and phalanges, seldom in the carpal bones. In the carpal bones, GCT usually occurs as a single lesion, with multifocal involvement being extremely rare. On analysis of recent English literature, we could find out only two reports having simultaneous involvement of multiple carpal bones. Case Description We report a case of a 29-year-old female with simultaneous involvement of two carpal bones: capitate and hamate. After confirming the diagnosis by histopathological examination, the affected carpals were resected, and the defect was filled with autologous bone graft. Follow-up at 18 months demonstrated no evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease, and the patient is now having a reasonable hand function. Literature Review We analyzed nine case reports on GCTs in carpal bones in the past 25 years. Seven out of nine cases that we could analyze showed single carpal bone involvement (three capitate, two scaphoid, one hamate, one triquetrum). In these, four patients had undergone resection, and five patients had undergone curettage, of whom one patient came back 5 months later with recurrence. Only two cases were there with simultaneous involvement of multiple carpal bones. Both the cases were managed with resection and reconstruction with autologous graft iliac graft. Clinical Relevance GCTs of the carpal bones are relatively rare, and simultaneous involvement of two bones is rarer. Every attempt should be made to preserve useful wrist range of motion by excision and limited carpal fusion.

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Schellhorn, Rico. "Stiffening in the carpus of Prosantorhinus germanicus (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from Sandelzhausen (Germany)." PalZ 95, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-021-00574-7.

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AbstractProsantorhinusgermanicus is a small, short-legged, teleoceratine rhino from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Bavaria, Germany). P.germanicus shows a high variation in some of its carpal bones. A unique modification of the articulation of Intermedium and Carpale 4 is described here. Special emphasis is given to additional articulation facets at the palmar processes of both bones. These additional contacts, working as stop facets, are unique among rhinos and restrict the flexion of the mid-carpal joint. Some individuals show these additional facets which prohibit the flexion within the wrist and therefore stiffen the carpus. Carpale 4 specimens without the additional facets show knob-like structures instead. These knobs are most likely precursory structures of those facets and the facets are fully developed in heavier males. A skeletal sexual dimorphism is not visible in the sample as all bones are in the same size range. The wrist stiffening in the mid-carpal joint supports a greater bodyweight and therefore could coincide with P.germanicus as a proposed dwarfed rhinoceros species. The stiffening can also be interpreted in favor of a semiaquatic mode of life. The stiffened carpus is more resistant against injuries while walking on muddy grounds in a wet environment.

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4

Li, Jianzhang, Björn Rath, Frank Hildebrand, and Jörg Eschweiler. "Wrist Bone Motion during Flexion-Extension and Radial-Ulnar Deviation: An MRI Study." Life 12, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101458.

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The wrist joint plays a vital role in activities of daily living. Clinical applications, e.g., therapeutic planning, prosthesis design, and wrist biomechanical analysis, require a detailed understanding of wrist maneuvers and motion. The lack of soft tissue information, motion analysis on limited carpal bones, etc., restrain the investigation of wrist kinematics. In this study, we established 3D models of carpal bones with their cartilages, and revealed the helical axes (HA) of all eight carpal bones for the first time. Both left and right hands at different positions of flexion-extension (FE) and radial-ulnar deviation (RUD) from five subjects were in-vivo imaged through a magnetic resonance imaging device. We segmented all of the bones, including cartilage information in the wrist joint, after which we explored the kinematics of all carpal bones with the HA method. The results showed that the HA of all carpal bones for FE bounded tightly and was mainly located slightly above the radius. During the RUD, carpal bones in the distal row rotated along with wrist movement while the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum primarily flexed and extended. Further results reported that the carpal bones translated greater in RUD than in FE. With the generation of more delicate wrist models and thorough investigations of carpal motion, a better understanding of wrist kinematics was obtained for further pathologic assessment and surgical treatment.

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5

Sousa-e-Silva, Paulo, Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva, Andre Seabra, Daniela C. Costa, Diogo V. Martinho, João P. Duarte, Tomás Oliveira, et al. "Skeletal age assessed by TW2 using 20-bone, carpal and RUS score systems: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal soccer players." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 23, 2022): e0271386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271386.

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The purpose of this study was to determine intra- and inter-observer agreement for the three skeletal ages derived from the TW2 method among male pubertal soccer players. The sample included 142 participants aged 11.0–15.3 years. Films of the left hand-wrist were evaluated twice by each of two observers. Twenty bones were rated and three scoring systems used to determine SA adopting the TW2 version: 20-bone, CARPAL and RUS. Overall agreement rates were 95.1% and 93.8% for, respectively, Observer A and Observer B. Although, agreement rates between observers differed for 13 bones (5 carpals, metacarpal-I, metacarpal-III, metacarpal-V, proximal phalanges-I, III and V, distal phalanx-III), intra-class correlationa were as follows: 0.990 (20-bone), 0.969 (CARPAL), and 0.988 (RUS). For the three SA protocols, BIAS was negligible: 0.02 years (20-bone), 0.04 years (CARPAL), and 0.03 years (RUS). Observer-associated error was not significant for 20-bone SA (TEM = 0.25 years, %CV = 1.86) neither RUS SA (TEM = 0.31 years, %CV = 2.22). Although the mean difference for CARPAL SAs between observers (observer A: 12.48±1.18 years; observer B: 12.29±1.24 years; t = 4.662, p<0.01), the inter-observer disagreement had little impact (TEM: 0.34 years: %CV: 2.78). The concordance between bone-specific developmental stages seemed was somewhat more problematic for the carpals than for the long bones. Finally, when error due to the observer is not greater than one stage and the replicated assignments had equal probability for being lower or higher compared to initial assignments, the effect on SAs was trivial or small.

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Doran, I. C., M. R. Owen, and E. J. Comerford. "Carpal derangement and associated carpal valgus in a dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 02 (2006): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632985.

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SummaryThis case report describes derangement of the numbered carpal bones resulting in a valgal growth deformity in the right carpus of a seven-month-old dog. Radiographic assessment of the right carpus revealed abnormalities in the size and shape of the numbered carpal bones and carpal valgus. Surgical correction of the growth deformity was planned by partial carpal arthrodesis; however medial collateral laxity associated with the carpal valgus necessitated a pancarpal arthrodesis to achieve correct limb alignment.

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KIMURA, H., Y. IKUTA, and O. ISHIDA. "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Radial Dysplasia." Journal of Hand Surgery 26, no. 6 (December 2001): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2001.0653.

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We treated three patients for carpal tunnel syndrome which developed more than 10 years after reconstructive surgery for radial dysplasia. All responded to decompressive surgery. The radial carpal bones were hypoplastic in all cases, and in two we measured the carpal tunnel with computed tomography (CT). This showed that the anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area of the carpal tunnel were small because of the hypoplasia of the carpal bones. We believe carpal tunnel syndrome occurs with radial dysplasia because of the narrow anteroposterior diameter and small cross-sectional area of the carpal tunnel.

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8

Olusa, T. A. O., C. M. Murray, and H. M. S. Davies. "Radiographic assessment of the equine carpal joint under incremental loads and during flexion." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180044.

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Non-physiologic loading of the carpal bones is believed to result in osteochondral fractures, ligament rupture and axial instability in the equine forelimb; however, the mechanism of carpal damage due to non-physiologic loading of the carpus is largely unknown. To investigate carpal stability (alignment and direction of carpal bones’ movement) under load and during flexion, some previously described carpal parameters were measured on radiographs obtained from 24 equine cadaver limbs (aged 10.71±4.15 years). The limbs were transected at the antebrachial midshaft, axially loaded in a commercial press and serially radiographed under a range of incremental loads (extension) and 2 flexion positions. The extensions were measured by a 10° decrease in the dorsal fetlock angle (DFA) from 160° to 110° (DFA160 to DFA110) using the jacking system of the press; and flexions at palmar carpal angle of 45° and 90° (PCA45 and PCA90). As loading increased from DFA160 to DFA110 there was a progressive significant increase in Third Carpal bone Palmar Facet Angle (C3PalFCA: 86.46±2.54° to 88.60±2.51°) but a decrease in Dorsal Carpal Angle (DCA: 173.03±3.47° to 159.65±4.09°); Medial Carpal Angle (MCA: 186.31±1.90° to 184.61±2.26°); and Groove width of the Cr-Ci intercarpal ligament (GW.Cr-Ci ICL: 9.35±1.20° to 8.83±1.13°) while no significant differences were observed for Distal Radial Slope Carpal Angle (DRSCA) and Intermediate carpal bone Proximal Tuberosity-Radial Angle (CiPxTRA). A generalised medio-distal directional displacement in the carpal bones’ movement were observed. In conclusion, increased load on the forelimb (carpus) produced carpal hyperextension with measurable radiographic changes in the position and alignment of the carpal bones. The non-stretching (strain) or shortening of the Cr-Ci ICL during loading, indicated by the decrease in GW.Cr-Ci ICL, suggests a relaxed intercarpal ligament within a confined space which appears to absorb compressional load transferred from carpal bones and redistribution of concussion forces within the carpal joint during loading thereby providing a useful mechanism to minimise carpal damage.

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9

Cohen, Mark S. "FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES." Hand Clinics 13, no. 4 (November 1997): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00119-0.

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10

Golimbu, Cornelia N., Hossein Firooznia, and Mahvash Rafii. "AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF CARPAL BONES." Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 3, no. 2 (May 1995): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1064-9689(21)00165-3.

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11

Jirjees, Omar Majeed. "Fractures of the Carpal Bones." International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/27069567.2019.v1.i2b.25.

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12

Wyndham, Harald. "Carpal Bones by Margaret Aho." Western American Literature 28, no. 4 (1994): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1994.0024.

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13

WAIZENEGGER, M. "Intraosseous Ganglia of Carpal Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery 18, no. 3 (June 1993): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(93)90061-j.

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25 patients with 26 intraosseous ganglia in carpal bones are described, 14 in the scaphoid and 12 in the lunate. In most cases, attention was drawn to the lesion when X-rays were performed after a recent injury to the wrist. Typically, they occurred eccentrically and were surrounded by a radio-dense rim of bone. In a few cases the cortex was breached but never expanded by the lesion. Curettage and bone grafting were performed only if symptoms persisted and no other source for the pain could be found. Most contained the typical jelly-like material also found in soft tissue ganglia and the histology showed an identical structure. A suggested format for the management of these lesions is presented.

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14

Christie, Brian M., and Brett F. Michelotti. "Fractures of the Carpal Bones." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 46, no. 3 (July 2019): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2019.03.007.

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15

KONISHIIKE, T., H. HASHIZUME, K. NISHIDA, H. INOUE, and T. NANBA. "Cystic Radio-Lucency of Carpal Bones in Haemodialysis Patients." Journal of Hand Surgery 19, no. 5 (October 1994): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(94)90132-5.

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Patients receiving haemodialysis for more than 10 years were selected for this study in order to clarify an apparent sequential association of cystic lesions of carpal bones and carpal tunnel syndrome. X-rays and computed tomographs of 138 hands of 69 patients revealed cystic radio-lucency of carpal hones in 35% of the hands. Radiographs were classified into three groups: Group A—cyst growing, Group B—cyst not growing, and Group C—cyst absent. The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome was 100% (27/27) in Group A, 5.6% (1/18) in Group B, and 6.5% (6/93) in Group C. Growth of the cyst precedes the development of carpal tunnel syndrome by about 2 or 3 years. Growth of the bone cyst indicates that inflammation had already extended to the tenosynovium and median nerve. Cystic radio-lucency of the carpal bones appears to be a useful indicator of the onset of carpal tunnel syndrome.

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16

Hoover, Kara C., and J. Colette Berbesque. "Early Holocene morphological variation in hunter-gatherer hands and feet." PeerJ 6 (September 5, 2018): e5564. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5564.

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BackgroundThe Windover mortuary pond dates to the Early Archaic period (6,800–5,200 years ago) and constitutes one of the earliest archaeological sites with intact and well-preserved human remains in North America. Unlike many prehistoric egalitarian hunter-gatherers, the Windover people may not have practiced a sex-based division of labor; rather, they may have shared the load. We explore how mobility and subsistence, as reconstructed from archaeological data, influenced hand and foot bone morphology at Windover.MethodsWe took length and width measurements on four carpal bones, four tarsal bones, and load-bearing tarsal areas (calcaneus load arm, trochlea of the talus). We analyzed lateralization using side differences in raw length and width measurements. For other hypothesis testing, we used log transformed length-width ratios to mitigate the confounding effects of sexual dimorphism and trait size variation; we tested between-sex differences in weight-bearing (rear foot) and shock-absorbing (mid foot) tarsal bones and between-sex differences in carpal bones.ResultsWe identified no significant between-sex differences in rear and midfoot areas, suggesting similar biomechanical stresses. We identified no significant between-sex differences in carpal bones but the test was under-powered due to small sample sizes. Finally, despite widespread behavioral evidence on contemporary populations for human hand and foot lateralization, we found no evidence of either handedness or footedness.DiscussionThe lack evidence for footedness was expected due its minimal impact on walking gait but the lack of evidence for handedness was surprising given that ethnographic studies have shown strong handedness in hunter-gatherers during tool and goods manufacture. The reconstructed activity patterns suggested both sexes engaged in heavy load carrying and a shared division of labor. Our results support previous findings—both sexes had stronger weight-bearing bones. Male shock-absorbing bones exhibited a trend towards greater relative width (suggesting greater comparative biomechanical stress) than females which may reflect the typical pattern of male hunter-gatherers engaging in walking greater distances at higher speeds than females. While there were no significant between-sex differences in carpal bones (supporting a shared work load model), females exhibited greater variation in index values, which may reflect a greater variety of and specialization in tasks compared to males. Because carpals and tarsals are so well-preserved at archaeological sites, we had surmised they might be useful proxies for activity in the absence of well-preserved long bones. Tarsals provide a stronger signal of past activity and may be useful in the absence of, or in addition to, preferred bones. Carpals, however, may not be useful as the effect size of biomechanical stress (in this study at least) is low and would require larger samples than may be possible at archaeological sites.

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Cohen, Mark S. "Carpal Instability." Guides Newsletter 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2014.marapr03.

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Abstract The wrist is the articulation between the distal forearm bones (radius and ulna) and eight carpal bones. The most common carpal instability is between the scaphoid and lunate, termed scapholunate instability. Complete scapholunate dissociation results in a gap between the scaphoid and lunate on posterior–anterior (PA) radiographic projections (scapholunate gap). On lateral radiographs, the scaphoid assumes a flexed posture and the lunate extends, resulting in increased scapholunate and radiolunate angles. The second most common carpal instability patters is between the triquetrum and lunate, termed lunotriquetral instability. Ulnar translocation of the carpus, also known as carpal translation, refers to medial displacement of the entire carpus on the forearm (radius and ulna) and is the most common radiocarpal instability. In the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, carpal instabilities are rated using Table 15-3, Wrist Regional Grid; the impairment class is determined using Table 15-9, Clinical Studies Adjustment: Upper Extremities. Measurements from plain radiographs are used in Table 15-9 to characterize the instability as mild, moderate, or severe; these characterizations, in turn, determine the class. The assessment of carpal instability using radiographic measurements has limitations, particularly that the radiographic parameters used to grade impairment are imprecise; angular measurements between individual bones are particularly variable, and carpal bone axes can be difficult to determine due to bony overlap on plain radiographs.

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MIDDLETON, A., D. MACGREGOR, and J. P. COMPSON. "An Anatomical Database of Carpal Bone Measurements for Intercarpal Arthrodesis." Journal of Hand Surgery 28, no. 4 (August 2003): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(03)00018-4.

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During limited intercarpal fusion it is sometimes difficult to determine correct screw length and staple size. This is because of overlap, and the shape and orientation of the carpal bones on radiography. One hundred complete sets of dry cadaver carpal bones were measured to provide an anatomical database of carpal bone measurements. This should help prevent inadvertent overpenetration of fixation devices during surgery.

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Mikusev, I. E., R. I. Mullin, and G. I. Mikusev. "Closed dislocations of the metacarpal bones of the hand and their treatment." Kazan medical journal 82, no. 2 (April 3, 2001): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj70148.

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Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the metacarpal-carpal joints - a small range of motion in them, a strong ligamentous connection between the bases of the metacarpal bones and the distal row of the wrist bones - pure dislocations of the metacarpal bones are rare. More often they are accompanied by intra-articular fractures of the bases of the metacarpal bones or even the bones of the distal row of the wrist with a violation of the correct ratio of the bones that form the metacarpal-carpal joints.

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EMECHETA, I. E., J. BERNHARDS, and A. BERGER. "Carpal Enchondroma." Journal of Hand Surgery 22, no. 6 (December 1997): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80457-3.

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Chondromas in the carpal bones are uncommon. A review of carpal bone cysts treated in this institution between 1983 and 1993 revealed three cases. We present these cases and a review of the literature.

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WIESNER, L., C. RUMELHART, E. PHAM, and J. J. COMTET. "Experimentally Induced Ulno-Carpal Instability." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 1 (February 1996): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80007-6.

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This experimental work studies the role of ligamentous structures in suspending the carpal bones from the radius and ulna. Thirteen human cadaver wrists underwent a distal radio-ulnar arthrodesis in a neutral position and an arthrodesis between the three bones of the first carpal row. Progressive postero-anterior forces in a palmar direction were applied to the fused carpal bones. Displacement was measured by two dial gauges before and after sequential section of the different fibrous structures. The largest absolute average displacement (both, dorso-palmar and induced rotational displacement) was observed after section of the ulnar styloid process. No significant differences were observed after section of the extensor retinaculum, extensor carpi ulnaris sheath, posterior ulno-carpal and posterior radio-carpal ligaments. This work suggests that the carpus is suspended not only from the radius, but also from the distal ulna and particularly at the ulnar styloid and the structures which insert onto it.

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Lane, Charles S., Stuart H. Kuschner, and Joseph M. Mirra. "GIANT CELL TUMORS IN CARPAL BONES." Orthopedics 17, no. 2 (February 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19940201-15.

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23

Rizzo, Marco. "Avascular necrosis of the carpal bones." Current Orthopaedic Practice 19, no. 5 (September 2008): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bco.0b013e3283021474.

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De Smet, L. "Avascular necrosis of multiple carpal bones." Annales de Chirurgie de la Main et du Membre Supérieur 18, no. 3 (January 1999): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1153-2424(99)80006-5.

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Oestreich, A. E. "The carpal bones in Poland syndrome." Yearbook of Diagnostic Radiology 2010 (January 2010): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1672(09)79061-7.

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Arazi, M., Recep Memik, Mustafa Yel, and Tunç C. Öğün. "Osteoid osteoma of the carpal bones." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 121, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2001): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004020000152.

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Friedman, Talia, Martin Reed, and Alison M. Elliott. "The carpal bones in Poland syndrome." Skeletal Radiology 38, no. 6 (January 30, 2009): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-008-0638-x.

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Lohan, Derek, Carmel Cronin, Conor Meehan, Sinead Walsh, Declan Sheppard, and David O’Keeffe. "Injuries to the Carpal Bones Revisited." Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 36, no. 4 (July 2007): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2007.03.002.

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Murray, Peter M., Richard A. Berger, and Carrie Y. Inwards. "Primary neoplasms of the carpal bones." Journal of Hand Surgery 24, no. 5 (September 1999): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.1999.1008.

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Waldrum, Michael A., and James M. Kleinert. "Avascular necrosis of the carpal bones." Current Orthopaedics 5, no. 1 (January 1991): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-0890(91)90004-j.

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Joseph, Mickaël A., and Jansirani Natarajan. "The Carpal and Tarsal Bones of the Human Body: Arabic mnemonics." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.02.014.

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Memorising human anatomy structures remains a challenge for nursing students. Educators endeavour to make human anatomy interesting and easy to memorise. Various instructional approaches can be used to help students enhance their memory. Mnemonics, for example, are well-established educational strategies that have proven useful in the encoding, retention and retrieval of anatomical terms. The carpal and tarsal bones are some of the anatomical structures that prove challenging to nursing students’ study of anatomy. Although available online to students, most of the accessible mnemonics are in English and non-native English-speaking students (students who are native Arabic-speakers) might find them difficult to understand. Therefore, we have created two simple Arabic mnemonics that can simplify the memorisation of the carpal and tarsal bones. We believe that Arabic mnemonics effectively enhance memorisation by linking the new learning material to familiar information.Keywords: Learning; Memory; Anatomy; Nursing; Carpal bones; Tarsal Bones; Oman.

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Wang, Jia-Chi, Wei-Ting Wu, Ke-Vin Chang, Lan-Rong Chen, Yuko Nakashima, and Levent Özçakar. "Sonoanatomy and Stepwise/Systematic Ultrasound Examination of the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Wrist Ligaments." Diagnostics 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101834.

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Ultrasound has emerged as the most useful imaging tool for investigating wrist and hand disorders, with several published ultrasound protocols having demonstrated their practicality in scanning the wrist tendons and nerves. However, ligaments of the wrist are networked in a complex manner, deterring sonographers from examining them with an organized strategy. Furthermore, because of the non-parallel alignment between the radiocarpal, mid-carpal, and carpal–metacarpal joints, precise recognition of the carpal bones is challenging, although ultrasound is paramount for visualizing the wrist ligaments. In this regard, the current article for point of view aims to elaborate sonoanatomy of the carpal bones and to present a stepwise systematic approach for navigating the extrinsic and intrinsic wrist ligaments.

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DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ), N., and A. DESIRIS (Α. ΔΕΣΙΡΗΣ). "Report of an equine forelimb varus case." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14980.

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Angular limb deformities could be congenital oracquired and could result from: a) asymmetrical growth from the distal radial epiphysis, b) incomplete growth of the carpal bones, the second and fourth metacarpal bones and c) laxity of the carpal joints. The causes of these conditions are numerous. As far as congenital angular deformities are concerned, the cause may be due to intrauterine malposition, overnutrition of the mare in the latter half of pregnancy, joint laxity, twin pregnancy, short gestation period, defective endochondral ossification of the carpal bones or maldevelopment of the second and fourth metacarpal bones. Specifically for the defective endochondral ossification of the carpal bones, the condition is put down to placentitis or reduced uterine blood supply, which prohibits the development of the placenta. Moreover, others claim that toxic and hormonal factors pray a role in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease. As far as the acquired angular limb deformity is concerned, it can be due to growth plate injury, deterioration of an existing subtle congenital deformity, excessive contralateral limb weight bearing, over nutrition, improper trimming, excessive exercise or bad training and poor limb conformation. This report describes the case of a 15-month-old foal, which was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.U.Th. with bilateral forelimb varus, which was due to overfeeding of the animal. Based on the radiological findings and the age of the animal, the transection of the periosteum (periosteal stripping) from the concave side was the recommended treatment of choice. On re-examination, 4months post-operatively, carpal varus had resolved completely in both forelimbs.

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Fu, Zhuo, Jianfeng Liu, Dongxu Huang, Xiaoyan Jia, Zhigang Liu, and Bin Liu. "Fibroma of tendon sheath embedded in carpal bones mimicking carpal enchondroma." Medicine 98, no. 16 (April 2019): e15262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000015262.

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Chitac, Alexandra, and Codrina Ancuta. "Osteonecrosis of carpal bones in systemic sclerosis." Romanian Journal of Rheumatology 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjr.2021.3.1.

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Background. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic disease, with unknown aetiology and complex pathogenesis. The hand is often implied in the main clinical findings, being affected primarily by the vascular component (Raynaud phenomenon, digital ulcers). One of the possible complications of the hand vasculopathy is osteonecrosis (ON) of the carpal bones. In these cases, the lunate is the most frequently affected, followed by the scaphoid. In the ON process, not only the vascular supply is important, but the nearby mechanical factors and anatomic variants of the wrist. Our objective was to reveal the most important aspects regarding the ON of the carpal bones in patients with SSc. Methods. A systematic literature review was performed through July 31, 2021 on Pubmed and Cochrane databases. The eligible articles were read in full text and were included in this paper, in the absence of exclusion criteria and after consensus between two reviewers. Results. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria, their main results being described in this review. In all studies, ON of the lunate and the scaphoid is associated with advanced SSc and severe Raynaud phenomenon. Conclusions. In conclusion, carpal ON is a rare complication of SSc, especially of the diffuse type. There is limited data on this condition, its prevalence being difficult to estimate due to the lack of symptoms.

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LEUNG, Y. F., S. P. S. IP, A. WONG, and W. Y. IP. "Trans-Triquetral Dorsal Perilunate Fracture Dislocation." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 32, no. 6 (December 2007): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhse.2007.05.012.

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A rare case of trans-triquetral dorsal perilunate dislocation is described. It differs from the Mayfield and Johnson theory of progressive perilunar instability in greater arc injuries which states that the injury passes from the radial to the ulnar carpal bones and soft tissues in stages. This injury supports the concept of a reverse greater arc injury from ulnar to radial being possible with the radial carpal bones being spared in some cases.

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Kadic, Michel A. C., and Piet M. Rozing. "Diagnostic external fixation of two carpal bones." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 62, no. 4 (January 1991): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453679108994478.

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B V, Ramana, Srinivas Y, Reddy M V, Harshad Jawalkar, and Guruvardhan Kumar. "RARE PRESENTATION OF MELORHEOSTEOSIS INVOLVING CARPAL BONES." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 3, no. 8 (February 19, 2014): 1872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/2072.

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Zemel, Norman P., and Herbert H. Stark. "Fractures and Dislocations of the Carpal Bones." Clinics in Sports Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 1986): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)31085-1.

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Ersozlu, Salim. "Concomitant Osteoid Osteomas of the Carpal Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 32, no. 4 (August 2007): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhse.2007.03.003.

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Al-Qattan, M. M. "Concomitant Osteoid Osteomas of the Carpal Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 32, no. 4 (August 2007): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhse.2007.04.016.

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Nafie, S. A. A. "Fractures of the carpal bones in children." Injury 18, no. 2 (March 1987): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(87)90186-0.

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RADFORD, P. J., and M. H. MA’ITHEWSON. "Hypoplastic Scaphoid — an Unusual Cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 12, no. 2 (April 1987): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681_87_90022-2.

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A case of median nerve compression within the carpal tunnel, secondary to hypoplasia of the carpal scaphoid and dysplasia of the distal radius, is descibed in a 15-year-old boy with Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda. Hypoplastic carpal bones and a dysplastic distal radius may be a feature of Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasias, but carpal tunnel syndrome has not been previously reported either in this condition or in association with hypoplasia of the scaphoid.

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Buitrago-Téllez, Carlos H., Raymund Horch, Karl-Heinz Allmann, G. Björn Stark, and Mathias Langer. "Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Reconstruction of the Carpal Tunnel and Carpal Bones." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 101, no. 4 (April 1998): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199804040-00027.

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Marzok, Mohamed, Eman Eshra, and Adel Badawy. "Computed tomographic arthrography of the normal dromedary camel carpus." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29, no. 03 (May 2016): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-15-06-0112.

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SummaryThe aim of this prospective cadaveric study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) reference of the carpal joint in healthy dromedary camels. Twelve forelimbs of six apparently healthy camels were used. Computed tomographic imaging of 12 normal cadaveric camel carpal joints was performed before and after intra-articular administration of iodinated contrast medium. Transverse CT images were reconstructed in dorsal and parasagittal planes. The six carpal bones, the radial trochlea, and the proximal articular surface of the metacarpal bones were clearly visible on CT images with the bone setting window. Radiocarpal, carpometacarpal, transverse intercarpal, medial and lateral palmer intercarpal, middle intercarpal, accessory carpoulnar and medial and lateral collateral ligaments, carpal canal, joint capsule, and the extensor and flexor tendons were identified on CT images with the soft-tissue setting window. Postcontrast CT images provided better delineation of intercarpal ligaments, the capsular compartments and recesses. Results indicated that the osseous and the clinically important soft tissue structures of the dromedary camel carpal joint could be identified using CT and CT arthrography. The CT data of this study will serve as a basis for diagnosis of carpal problems in camels.

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KLIGMAN, M., and M. ROFFMAN. "Bilateral Intraosseous Ganglia of the Scaphoid and Lunate Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery 22, no. 6 (December 1997): 820–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80458-5.

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A rare case of simultaneous bilateral intraosseous ganglia of the scaphoid and lunate bones is presented. The cysts were removed and the carpal bones were grafted with cancellous bone, resulting in a satisfactory outcome.

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Beek, Maarten, Carolyn F. Small, Randy E. Ellis, Richard W. Sellens, and David R. Pichora. "Bone Alignment Using the Iterative Closest Point Algorithm." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 4 (November 2010): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.4.526.

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Computer assisted surgical interventions and research in joint kinematics rely heavily on the accurate registration of three-dimensional bone surface models reconstructed from various imaging technologies. Anomalous results were seen in a kinematic study of carpal bones using a principal axes alignment approach for the registration. The study was repeated using an iterative closest point algorithm, which is more accurate, but also more demanding to apply. The principal axes method showed errors between 0.35 mm and 0.49 mm for the scaphoid, and between 0.40 mm and 1.22 mm for the pisiform. The iterative closest point method produced errors of less than 0.4 mm. These results show that while the principal axes method approached the accuracy of the iterative closest point algorithm in asymmetrical bones, there were more pronounced errors in bones with some symmetry. Principal axes registration for carpal bones should be avoided.

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Brismar, J. "Skeletal Scintigraphy of the Wrist in Suggested Scaphoid Fracture." Acta Radiologica 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518802900121.

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Skeletal scintigraphy was performed in 187 patients with clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture but with normal radiographic findings. In 85 patients focally moderately (12 patients) or markedly to intensely (73 patients) increased radionuclide uptake was seen, over either the distal radius or carpal bones. A fracture corresponding to markedly increased uptake was eventually verified in 15 out of 26 patients in the distal radius, in 21 out of 28 in the scaphoid but in only 6 out of 18 in other carpal bones. One fracture of the body and one of the hook of the hamate were found, one fracture of the capitate and three of the triquetrum. Not a single fracture was verified in 10 patients with markedly, often intensely, increased activity over the trapezium/trapezoid. It is concluded that scintigraphy is of value in carpal trauma not only to exclude scaphoid fracture but also to direct the attention to the possibility of other carpal fractures, otherwise usually missed.

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Magdiev, D. A., and V. F. Korshunov. "Treatment of dislocations and dislocationfractures of carpal bones." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 4, no. 2 (June 15, 1997): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto106700.

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One hundred eighty seven patients with dislocation and dislocation-fracture of carpal bones were treated. There were 81 patients with acute injuries and 106 patients with old ones. In 33.6% of cases injuries of carpal bones were combined with fractures of other bones forming wrist joint. In 20.3% of cases neurologic deficit was detected. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and peculiarities of treatment were presented. Authors considered the conduction anesthesia to be the best analgetic method. In acute trauma close manual reduction was indicated. Indications for operative treatment were non-reduced dislocations and dislocation-fractures as well as impossibility of reduction of scapoid bone. In case of wrist joint instability temporary Stabilization of wrist joint by К-wires should be performed. In old injuries two-step treatment was recommended: 1st step - distraction of the wrist joint; 2nd step - open reduction of dislocation and dislocation-fracture and osteosynthesis of the scapoid bone. Good and satisfactory results were achieved in 91% of cases.

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Gabra, Joseph, and Zong-Ming Li. "Carpal Tunnel Cross-Sectional Area Affected by Soft Tissues Abutting the Carpal Bones." Journal of Wrist Surgery 02, no. 01 (February 8, 2013): 073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1329593.

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