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Journal articles on the topic 'Carrier liability regime'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Quynh, Nguyen Thi. "A comparison study of liability of the carrier in the International Conventions on the Carriage of Goods By Sea." Pécs journal of international and European law, no. I (June 25, 2024): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/pjiel.2024.1.3.

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The introduction of the four conventions, namely the Hague Rules, Hague Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules, and Rotterdam Rules is to establish a uniform and harmonized regime governing the international carriage of goods by sea. The rules on the carrier’s liability are the central issues of these conventions which directly connect to the allocation of risks between the carrier and cargo interests. However, the solutions adopted in these Conventions are not likely to satisfy all parties in the international marine community and have faced various criticisms. This research will look at the liability of

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2

Janković, Svetislav. "Unlimited carrier's liability." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, no. 2/2018 (July 14, 2018): 164–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfub_18207a.

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The author in this article analyses unlimited carrier’s liability regarding not only to malicious behaviour of carrier in fulfilling obligations from contract of carriage (e.g. causing damage with intent, wilful misconduct or recklessly), but also ordinary situation where, despite of non-fulfilment of contract, carrier’s liability is limited. The core of this article is concentrated on the explanation of the link between strict carrier’s liability and legal importance of degree of carrier’s fault in non-fulfilment of contract. The author is on the standpoint that carrier should be liable limit

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3

M. Abuelenin, Dr Ahmed Hany. "Exemptions from Maritime Carrier Liability: A Comparative Legal-Doctrinal Analysis Under the Rotterdam Rules and National Laws." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. V (2025): 4806–16. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.905000368.

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This paper undertakes a doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of maritime carrier liability exemptions under the Rotterdam Rules and national laws, with a particular focus on Jordan’s Maritime Trade Law No. 12 of 1972. It evaluates the modern liability framework codified in Article 17 of the Rotterdam Rules, which articulates specific conditions under which carriers may be exempt from liability, including absence of fault, inherent cargo defects, and force majeure. By contrasting these provisions with the more traditional and less detailed exemption regime in Jordanian law, the study expose

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Tsimplis, Michael. "Liability and Compensation in the International Transport of Hazardous Wastes by Sea: The 1999 Protocol to the Basel Convention." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 2 (2001): 295–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00090.

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AbstractThe export of hazardous wastes has been recognised by the international community as a dangerous trade which must be minimised and regulated. The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is a widely ratified international agreement for the environmentally safe transport of hazardous wastes. The 1999 Liability and Compensation Protocol significantly improves the 1989 Basel Convention regime by establishing strict liability with minimum financial limits and, unlimited, fault-based liability for damages arising out of the c

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Nazarenko, Y. L. "International legal mechanisms for ensuring the responsibility of the air carrier before the passenger." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (October 12, 2024): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.05.140.

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Liability to passengers and cargo owners for damage caused during international air transportation is primarily borne by the carrier. From the content of the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions, it follows that the carrier can be any natural or legal person who has concluded a contract of carriage with the passenger or the consignor of the cargo and carries out this carriage on a remuneration basis. Reasons are required for the carrier to be liable as a party performing the contract. The plaintiff, who demands compensation, must prove the fact of breach of obligation by his counterparty, the prese

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D’Alonzo, Claudio. "Legal issues of dangerous goods transportation under the International Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road." Corporate Law and Governance Review 6, no. 3 (2024): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv6i3p6.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate some of the legal issues related to the International Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). The interest in the research is driven by the recognition that road transport of dangerous goods is a dangerous activity that can lead to serious problems if a vehicle onto which hazardous goods are loaded is involved in an accident. The methodological approach adopted takes into consideration existing legislation and case law. The liability regime set out in the CMR is comprised of complex elements. The cases of liabili

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Majiyagbe, Folorunsho. "The Montreal Convention 1999 and Nigerian Law: Uncertainty, Uninterrupted." Air and Space Law 33, Issue 4/5 (2008): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2008026.

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International air carrier liability under Nigerian law has, for some time past, been shrouded in uncertainty because of the ambivalence with which Nigerian courts applied the Warsaw Convention 1929 as regards its exclusivity or otherwise, vis–à–vis actions and remedies. Consequently, it was hoped that the Montreal Convention 1999, which expressly forbids the application of national laws to international air carriage claims would ameliorate the situation. Unfortunately, the passage of the Civil Aviation Act 2006, which gives the Montreal Convention the force of law in Nigeria, also repealed the

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Badiola Coca, Silvia Pilar. "Algunas consideraciones sobre el régimen de la responsabilidad civil del porteador en la legislación marítima de Emiratos Árabes Unidos = Some considerations regarding the maritime carrier liability under the United Arab Emirates maritime law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3869.

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Resumen: En los últimos años Emiratos Árabes Unidos se ha consolidado como centro marítimo global, siendo Dubai una de las ciudades portuarias más importantes del mundo. La posición estratégica de Emiratos entre Europa, Asia y África, junto con sus capacidades de logística y comerciales hacen que medida que el comercio se globaliza, las empresas transnacionales continúen creciendo, y las conexiones marítimas, terrestres y aéreas proliferen. Por ese motivo, debido al auge y crecimiento imparable del transporte marítimo de mercancías la presente investigación tiene como finalidad realizar un bre

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Sekulić, Aleksandra. "PRAVNI POLOŽAJ POSEBNIH GRUPA PUTNIKA U AVIO-SAOBRAĆAJU." Glasnik prava 14, no. 1 (2023): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1401.35s.

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Passengers using air transport services have a guaranteed set of rights that ensure their use of these services in a reasonable manner. All passengers are subject to the general regime of rights related to the liability of the air carrier regulated by the regulations of the Montreal Convention, as well as the special rights guaranteed on the basis of Regulation 261/04 on compensation and providing assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights. Apart from of that general regime, there is a special regime of rights, that is, there are speci

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10

Abid, Adeel, and Yusra Khalid. "Rule of Prescription Under Article III, Rule 6 of Hague/Hague-Visby Rules: When Does the Clock of Limitation Start Ticking?" Open Transportation Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010038.

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The pursuit of an internationally recognized regime which governs the allocation of risk of liability has been the predominant purpose of maritime law. At the same time, it is also necessary to set a time limit within which a legal action may be brought against the carrier. There are two regimes which govern the carriage of goods by sea and are adopted by many countries, the Hague Rules, and the Hague-Visby Rules and the time limit for claims set out in the rules against the carrier is one year from the day on which the goods are delivered or should have been delivered by the carrier. The rati

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Zhukova, Yulia D., and Anna S. Podmarkova. "Responsibility in Passenger Taxi Transportation Relations." Zakon 21, no. 12 (2024): 162–77. https://doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2024-21-12-162-177.

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The article analyses the new legal regulation of passenger and baggage transportation relations concerning the model of their organisation and the distribution of responsibility between their participants. This issue becomes particularly relevant because of the admission to this activity, along with individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, of citizens who do not have the status of individual entrepreneurs and do not apply a special tax regime “Tax on professional income” (NAP) (self-employed). The authors analyse the judicial practice approaches to solution of the problem of passenger taxi

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Comenale Pinto, Michelle M. "Giurisdizione e competenza nella Convenzione di Montreal del 1999. / Jurisdiction and competence in the Montreal Convention of 1999." Revista de Derecho Privado │Universidad Blas Pascal 8, no. 8 (2022): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37767/2362-5325(2021)002.

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El trabajo se centra en el problema de la jurisdicción dentro de las disposiciones específicas dictadas por el régimen de ley uniforme para el transporte aéreo, específicamente al régimen del Convenio de Montreal del 28 de mayo de 1999 y a las correspondiente soluciones del Convenio de Varsovia del 12 de octubre de 1929, que constituyeron el trasfondo. Estas normas se refieren específicamente a las acciones de responsabilidad contra la compañía aérea que se rigen por los textos de ley uniforme que las contienen, pero no las que puedan ejercitarse por otro motivo, o contra distintos sujetos, ni

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Janković, Svetislav. "Legal consequences of the disturbances in air traffic caused by the Covid-19 crisis." Pravo i privreda 59, no. 4 (2021): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2104523j.

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In the article, the author considers special legal regime of liability of an air carrier in the circumstances of the corona pandemic. Author is focused on the air traffic's disturbances which are, mainly, manifested in the cancellation of flight and, consequently, to the appropriate rights of passengers. Th e basic problem which is targeted by the author is the legal qualification of the corona crisis and, in short, deciding whether corona crisis has an attribute of force majeure. It has been derived a conclusion about corona crisis as some kind of social force majeure, especially having regar

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14

Košenina, Alexander Uroš. "Aviation Product Liability: Could Air Carriers Face their Life and Limb being Placed in Peril for the Exclusivity of the Montreal Convention?" Air and Space Law 38, Issue 3 (2013): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2013017.

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Over the past five decades, product liability law in the US and EU has evolved into a sustainable system of recoveries for injured claimants, mainly for its incorporated strict liability concept, providing for the consumer benefits. This article discusses product liability regimes in the US and EU, where the two main aircraft manufacturers are based. In light of the development of product liability law in aviation, the author analyses the relation between the two sets of law i.e. the product liability regimes of the jurisdictions mentioned and the Montreal Convention, as the exclusivity princi

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Lypynska, Olena, and Oleksii Kotlubai. "The Economic and Legal Mechanism for Organizing Maritime Foreign Trade and Transit Transportation in Ukraine." Economics: time realities 1, no. 77 (2025): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15368142.

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The article explores the economic and legal mechanism for organizing maritime foreign trade and transit transportation in Ukraine. It analyzes the regulatory and legal framework governing the functioning of maritime transport in the context of international trade and transit. The role of maritime transport in ensuring Ukraine's logistics capability as a transit state, considering its geostrategic location, is examined. Special attention is given to the issues of legal regulation, institutional support, and the impact of economic factors on the efficiency of maritime transport operations. Based

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Zhao, Lijun. "Carriers Beware! – Circumstances in Which Navigation Addresses Conflicting Liability Regimes." Journal of Navigation 68, no. 4 (2015): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000247.

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The Rotterdam Rules, as the latest marine cargo convention, seek to promote legal uniformity of multimodal transport. The network-liability approach of this convention attempts to harmonise conflicts of liability regimes among different types of navigation in multi-modal transport. However, its Articles 26 and 82 only harmonise limited scenarios among all the potential conflicts of interest. Additionally, the network-liability approach itself relies on localising any occurrence of damage to or loss of goods, which corresponds to different degrees of liability among marine, land and air navigat

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بو رطال, أمينة. "انعكاس تعددية صفة الناقل البحري للبضائع على نظام المسؤولية على ضوء قواعد هامبورغ وروتردام والتشريع البحري الداخلي = The Reflection of the Multiple Quality of Maritime Carrier of Goods on the Liability Regime in Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules and Internal Maritime Legislation". مجلة الاجتهاد للدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية 7, № 1 (2018): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0044154.

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Vereina, L. V. "International Liability Regime for Pollution of Marine Environment from Ships." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (January 12, 2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-4-68-76.

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INTRODUCTION. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea imposes obligations on states to protect and preserve the marine environment. They are responsible under international law. In order to ensure prompt and adequate compensation for all damage caused by marine pollution, states shall cooperate in implementing existing international law concerning liability and in developing procedures for adequate compensation, such as liability insurance or compensation funds MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the article the author analyzes international treaties that form the basis of the regime of

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19

Stepanov, S. K. "Product liability in modern conditions: European reform experience." Digital Law Journal 4, no. 4 (2024): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-4-2.

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At the end of September 2022, the European Commission presented two notable documents designed to fundamentally change the current system of product liability in Europe. In part, these projects were a response to the challenges posed by digitalization and modern technology. The first document is designed to regulate liability for harm caused by artificial intelligence systems, while the second is aimed at adapting the EU Council Directive of July 25, 1985 No. 85/374/EEC to contemporary conditions. The present article sets out to review the key developments in the field of product liability in

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Epstein, Richard A. "Liability rules for autonomous vehicles." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 10, no. 2 (2021): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2019-0008.

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PurposeThe coming use of autonomous vehicles has kindled an extensive debate over the choice of a desirable liability regime. This article contributes to that debate by explaining how rules for liability and damages ought to be constructed to deal first with stranger (including highway) cases and then with consensual cases (like medical malpractice). It concludes that an output regime based on events as they unfold is applicable in the former but not in the latter. It then argues that this legal regime carries over without a hitch to autonomous vehicles. It then further notes that in private d

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Jacobsson, Måns. "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION REGIME." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-763.

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ABSTRACT The international compensation regime is based on two international treaties elaborated under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), namely the 1992 Civil Liability Convention and the 1992 Fund Convention. The 1992 Civil Liability Convention governs the liability of the shipowner, whereas the 1992 Fund Convention provides supplementary compensation through the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 (1992 Fund), financed by a levy on oil receipts in Member States. This paper describes recent developments in the international compensation regime. The

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22

Jeon, Hae-Dong. "A Study on the Allocation of Liability and Burden of Proof between Carrier and Cargo Interests under Maritime Liability Regimes." MARITIME LAW REVIEW 31, no. 3 (2019): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14443/kimlaw.2019.31.3.3.

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Feris, L. "Risk Management And Liability For EnvironmentalL Harm Caused By GMOS – The South African Regulatory Framework." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 9, no. 1 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2006/v9i1a2810.

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Biotechnology is still relatively new and as with any new technology, it carries some level of risk. This necessitates appropriate risk assessments and appropriate risk management. One element of risk management however, is taking into account that during the production, development, transport or release of a GMO it may cause injury to person, property or the environment, regardless of risk management procedures. This calls for the existence of a liability regime that will place some legal responsibility on the party responsible for the harm. This paper assesses the South African regulatory fr

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Gordopolov, A. N., G. Yu Zinin, G. S. Pratsko, and E. A. Sokolova. "Penitentiary liability for environmental crimes." BIO Web of Conferences 130 (2024): 08030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413008030.

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Speaking about the social importance of preventing crimes in the field of the environment, it is worth noting the danger of consequences caused by these acts. The planned course of the policy of humanization of criminal law has an ambiguous effect on the reduction of environmental crimes. As a result, in places of deprivation of liberty there are persons convicted (including for environmental crimes) in respect of which cases of acquiring the status of a persistent violator of the sentence serving regime are not excluded. The article discusses the problems of changing the legal status of those

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Adascalitei, Oana. "A birds eye view on international convention on liability and compensation for damage in connection with the carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea (HNS) 1996." Annals Constanta Maritime University 27, no. 2018 (2018): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.38130/cmu.2067.100/42/17.

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The International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS) 1996 provides for the first time a legal international framework dedicated to pollution from hazardous and noxious substances carried by ships. The HNS 1996 is largely modeled after the CLC-IOPC Fund regime, with a system of liability/compensation on two tiers sharing the costs between the shipowner and the cargo receiver. A Protocol to the Convention – 2010 HNS Protocol was adopted to introduce modifications that facilitate a faster entry into

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Nazarenko, Y. L. "International legal regulation of the liability of an air carrier for a passenger’s checked baggage." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (April 28, 2025): 1240–45. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.02.187.

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The development of budget airlines has greatly changed the image of travelers, who no longer need to carry multiple suitcases. The decline in airfare prices has been accompanied by a shift to more minimalist travel. But baggage does not disappear from the contract of carriage. The International Air Telecommunications Company (hereinafter referred to as SITA) has highlighted in a statistical study that airlines lost 36.1 million pieces of baggage in 2023, of which 25 million were lost at European airports. The losses are estimated at 2.5 billion euros. The issues of transportation, storage and

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Masson-Zwaan, Tanja. "Private Law Aspects of Suborbital Flights: Second- and Third-party Liability and Insurance." Journal of Air Law and Commerce 87, no. 3 (2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.87.3.3.

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Two companies carried private citizens to the edge of space in July 2021. Although suborbital flights have so far taken place within one jurisdiction—they start and end in the same state, do not pass through foreign airspace, or meet both criteria—they will become international when transportation between two points in different states via outer space becomes a reality. Inter- national law is ambiguous about the regulation of suborbital flights; neither international air law nor international space law explicitly apply. It is also unclear which organization or institution should be mandated wi

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Chumachenko, I. Ye. "IS FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF WATER FACILITIES USED FOR THE NEEDS OF HYDRO POWER." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 3, no. 3 (2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392156.

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The article examines the features of the legal regime of water bodies used for hydropower. The water potential of the state is the natural basis of its economic development, social and environmental well-being. One of the main consumers of water resources is hydropower, which is one of the most promising areas of alternative energy. It was found that the category of legal regime occupies a special place in the system of legal regulation of public relations. It lays the foundations for the use and protection of water resources in general and water bodies used for hydropower in particular, takin

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Knetsch, Jonas. "Tort Law and Mass Transportation Accidents: A French-German View on Legal Challenges in Times of Market Deregulation." Journal of European Tort Law 9, no. 2 (2018): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2018-0108.

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Abstract The liberalisation of the coach, air and rail transport market sheds new light on a relatively unexplored field of comparative tort law: the rules governing the liability of transportation companies for accidents involving third parties. Through an assessment of recent developments under French and German Law, this article reflects on the emerging trends of those tort rules, induced or highlighted by the market opening process. The existing strict liability regimes for railway and coach carriers, already subject to a significant tightening process, raise new questions as to the exact

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Vasiljevic, Zoran, Dragana Vasiljevic, and Anatolijs Krivins. "Individual Responsibility for the Actions of Legal Entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Latvia." Juridical Tribune - Review of Comparative and International Law 14, no. 4 (2024): 636–51. https://doi.org/10.62768/tbj/2024/14/4/07.

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Legal entities, according to contemporary legal theory, have general legal and business capacity, just like natural persons. Consequently, legal entities are subject to both criminal and civil liability, whether contractual or tortious in nature. However, it cannot be overlooked that certain actions or omissions of required actions on behalf of and for the account of legal entities are always carried out by natural persons, and they too must be held accountable. The aim of the authors in this paper is to define the circle of responsible persons who perform legal actions on behalf of and for th

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Lebedev, V. A., and E. I. Lebedeva. "Leave of medical workers must be provided by the employer: note to the accountant." Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), no. 2 (February 18, 2023): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2302-06.

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The novelties of labor legislation concerning additional vacations of certain categories of medical workers, which replaced the previously existing regulations, conditions and procedure for their application in 2023, are considered. The analysis of practical issues related to the regime of unused vacations, including ensuring the rights of employees who did not use paid vacations at the set time, is carried out; law enforcement practice concerning the division of annual leave into parts is considered; types of liability of the employer that prevents the employee from exercising his rights to a

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Kozlova, Nataliya. "Evolvement and Development of the Concept of Limited Liability Company in Russian Law." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016067-2.

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The article discusses the evolution of the limited liability company as one of the forms of commercial legal entities envisaged by current Russian law. The article identifies forms of incorporation of entities for the conduct of business existing in European law similar to the Russian limited liability company. Based on the research of the genesis of this legal structure, the authors explain certain features of the modern limited liability company, including the legal regime of the LLC’s property, relations among its members and other aspects. The research was focused on the legislation on lim

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Haidai, Kateryna. "Tendencies in legal regulation of Internet intermediaries in the European Union." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 2 (June 4, 2024): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.33731/22024.305499.

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The article provides a general description of the process of formation and subsequentreform of the European Union legislation regulating legal relations with the participationof intermediate service providers (internet intermediaries).The study of the main EU regulations governing the activities of Internet intermediariesis carried out using the historical method. The author's classification of the periodsof development of EU legislation in the relevant area into three stages (periods) includesthe period of formation of legislation governing legal relations involving Internet intermediaries, t

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Ioniţă, George-Bogdan. "Legal regime of auditors and financial auditors in the matter of companies." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, no. 1 (2021): 936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0087.

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Abstract This research aims to analyze one of the most important components of the activity of a company, namely the activity of management control. The paper is structured in three parts, thus aiming to achieve an objective synthesis that faithfully reflects the current structure and regulation of the company’s management control. The first part will address the introductory and general aspects of management control according to each type of company, respectively, the rules applicable to partnerships, capital companies but also limited liability companies. The second part of the paper aims to

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Agarkov, B. V., and A. N. Surkov. "Civil liability of a medical organization for personal data leakage." Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 14, no. 3 (2024): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2024-14-3-79-94.

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Relevance. When considering claims for leakage of information constituting the patient's personal data and his medical confidentiality, the courts give a different assessment of the grounds for civil liability of medical organizations. The article reveals the established approaches to assessing the guilt of a medical organization that violated the confidentiality of personal information of citizens who applied for medical help.The purpose of the study is to supplement theoretical provisions aimed at deepening scientific knowledge about the civil liability of medical organizations for the unlaw

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Trimarchi, Andrea. "Intermodal Air-Rail Agreements: Legal Aspects and Considerations." Air and Space Law 44, Issue 1 (2019): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2019002.

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Intermodal air-rail forms of cooperation have proliferated over the last decades as a response to the need for more efficient and strategic alliance in the transportation industry. Airlines and rail operators have indeed concluded formal agreements allowing them to synchronize services and offer an ever more seamless travel experience. While such agreements certainly generate significant benefits for both consumers and carriers, integration between airlines and rail operators may also raise serious concerns as to the applicable legal framework. In light of this, the present article will emphas

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Whalen, T. J. "The Warsaw Convention: Historical Background and International Efforts to Modernize the Liability Regime for Air Carriers/La Convention de Varsovie: historique, initiatives internationales, et modernisation du regime de responsabilite du transporteur aerien." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 2, no. 2 (1997): 320–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/2.2.320.

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O’Shea, T. E., and J. Lewin. "Urban flooding in Britain: an approach to comparing ancient and contemporary flood exposure." Natural Hazards 104, no. 1 (2020): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04181-8.

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Abstract Using modified UK Environment Agency Flood Estimation Handbook techniques, inundation extent and likely flood hydrographs for 0.1% probability annual return periods are compared for twelve Roman town sites in the UK, both at the present day and for simulated Roman catchment conditions. Eight of the study sites appear to have suffered minimal urban flood liability as occupied in the Roman period. The exceptions were Canterbury, York, Leicester, and Chichester. It is reasonable to expect flood characteristics to have changed subsequently in response to transformations in catchment land

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Priaardanto, Columbanus, and Amad Sudiro. "Tanggungjawab Boeing Company Terhadap Kecelakaan Pesawat Udara Sriwijaya Air SJ182 Terkait Dugaan Cacat Produk." JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 7, no. 1 (2024): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i1.8463.

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<p><em>This research aims to be useful to the general public about the concept of strict liability which is a general principle in the legal regime of consumer protection. Practically this study aims to provide an understanding of the concept of strict liability, where the manufacturer of an item for defects in the product can be carried out a prosecution legal remedy which in this article raises product defects against aircraft from The Boeing Company used in flights by Sriwijaya Air SJ182. In particular, the benefits of this research for academics in order to increase wealth and

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Nekrasova, E. V. "TO THE QUESTION ABOUT CORRELATION OF ABUSE OF A RIGHT AND OBLIGATIONS FROM INJURY." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 1 (2021): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-1-304-309.

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Abuse of law is an interesting and controversial category in the doctrine of civil law. The article notes that the history of this category originates in the law of ancient Rome, where the issues of abuse of law were considered by Roman lawyers in relation to specific cases. The grounds for classifying the abuse of a rights on various grounds are indicated. The article deals with the correlation between the categories of «abuse of a right» and obligations from injury, analyze the grounds of tort responsibility and responsibility for abuse of a right in various forms was carried out (actions by

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Nevinchanyi, V. "Force majeure for tax obligations of business entities." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 78 (2023): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.1.43.

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The article focuses on the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine regarding the exemption from liability of taxpayers, in particular, the application of the legislation on force majeure (circumstance of insuperable force) to relations arising in the field of tax and fee administration, the rights of taxpayers, and on alternative mechanisms of exemption from responsibility for violations of tax legislation, which appeared in connection with the establishment of quarantine and the introduction of restrictive anti-epidemic measures, and the introduction of the legal regime of martial law. The rel

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Belozerova, Elena Olegovna. "Know-how as an institution for the protection of commercial information." Право и политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2022.4.37833.

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The development of technologies has been growing rapidly lately, and with it the need for their protection is growing. Modern legal regulation provides for several options for protecting information about their developments. The most effective and modern is the know-how institute. The subject of the study is know-how and a similar regime - a trade secret. The comparison of these institutions at the level of different legal systems and legal systems is carried out. The main criteria for distinguishing these terms are revealed. In addition, the analysis of the terms of agreements on the alienati

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Pazos, Ricardo. "The Carrier’s Defence to Liability for Delay under the Montreal Convention and EU Regulation 261/2004." Air and Space Law 49, Issue 4/5 (2024): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2024034.

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This paper analyses the specific defence to liability for delay available to carriers, comparing its features under the Montreal Convention (MC99) and EU Regulation 261/2004 (Regulation 261). The relationship between these legal instruments has never been an easy one, whereas recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the socalled ‘extraordinary circumstances defence’ invites to explore similarities and differences between the international and the European approaches. The scope of application of the defence is clearer in Regulation 261 than in MC99. The former will only

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Zaytsev, Oleksiy Volodymyrovych. "The experience of Georgia and Moldova regarding the establishment of criminal liability for collaborative activities in the temporarily occupied territories." Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 1, no. 21 (2024): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2024.21.306224.

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The article is devoted to the study of the legislative experience of Moldova and Georgia regarding the establishment of criminal liability for collaborative activities in the temporarily occupied territories. The Republic of Moldova lost control over the Transnistrian region in 1992, and Georgia lost control over the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region in 2008. The occupation by the russian federation has the character of "active" control over the pseudo-states "Transnistrian Moldavian Republic", "Republic of Abkhazia" and "Republic of South Ossetia" formed on these terri

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Hartono, Honggo, and Hermanto Silalahi. "Efisiensi Pajak dalam Pemilihan Bentuk Badan Usaha UMKM." Akubis : Jurnal Akuntansi dan Bisnis 10, no. 1 (2025): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.37832/akubis.v10i1.75.

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The choice of business entity by micro, small, and medium enterprises (UMKM) carries significant fiscal implications, as it determines the applicable tax regime. Generally, the Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV) is considered more tax-efficient than a Limited Liability Company (Perseroan Terbatas/PT), as profits withdrawn as prives are not subject to double taxation. However, under Indonesia's progressive Individual Income Tax (PPh OP) system, the tax burden on prive can exceed the final 10% tax rate on dividends distributed by PTs, particularly at higher income brackets. This study employs a qua

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Krylovetskyi, Andriy. "Types and forms of illegal (smuggling) movement and / or transport to the territory (from the territory) of Ukraine." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (2020): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-1-263-269.

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The article emphasizes that combating illegal (smuggling) movement and / or transportation is one of the priority activities of the state. The statistical reporting of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on counteracting illegal (smuggling) movement and / or transportation is analyzed. It is noted that despite the considerable legal and regulatory framework in the field of combating smuggling and other types of illegal movement and / or transportation across the customs border of Ukraine, the number of cases of offenses in this area is increasing.

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Tan, David. "Scrutinizing Perseroan Perorangan: The Brainchild of Societas Unius Personae in the Realm of Indonesian Company Laws." Lex Scientia Law Review 6, no. 2 (2022): 391–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i2.56059.

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The Indonesian government has long been committed to developing the business conditions, particularly for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The debut of a single-person limited company (perseroan perorangan) is one of the numerous ambitions of this crucial aspiration. Debates circling this novel kind of company in Indonesia remain a heated debate between practitioners, jurists, scholars, and the government. This article endeavors to elucidate these debates by concentrating on the legal theories encompassing company laws, the practice of single-member limited liability compani

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Anisimov, A. P., Yu I. Isakova, and G. S. Pratsko. "Theory and Practice of Legal Liability for Environmental Offences: A Regional Aspect." Legal Order and Legal Values 2, no. 1 (2024): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2949-1843-2024-2-1-26-38.

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Introduction. The XXI century is becoming not only an era of great discoveries and achievements, but also a time of extreme anthropogenic pressure the humans have on the various ecosystems. Alongside, the condition of all the natural components of the environment (water, forests, lands, air, etc.) deteriorates, which affects the human life and health, food quality, working and resting conditions. As soon as the state and society became aware about the danger of this trend, the various legal acts regulating the negative impact of the humans on the nature and containing a mechanism of ensuring t

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Zhusipova, B., A. Sopyhanova, and N. Ybyray. "Legal liability for violation of the legislation on the Responsible Treatment of animals." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. LAW Series 148, no. 3 (2024): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2024-148-3-173-187.

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The article deals with topical issues related to bringing to justice for animal cruelty in modern Kazakh law. In this regard, there is a need to study offenses against animals, in particular violations of legislation on responsible treatment of animals. The purpose of the study is to study the legal regime of communication with animals in the modern legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to determine the types of liability for violation of legislation on responsible treatment of animals, legal control over the protection of animals from erroneous manifestations, to prepare proposals to im

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Zhusipova, B., A. Sopyhanova, and N. Ybyray. "Legal liability for violation of the legislation on the Responsible Treatment of animals." BULLETIN OF L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW SERIES 148, no. 3 (2024): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2024-148-3-175-190.

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The article deals with topical issues related to bringing to justice for animal cruelty in modern Kazakh law. In this regard, there is a need to study offenses against animals, in particular violations of legislation on responsible treatment of animals. The purpose of the study is to study the legal regime of communication with animals in the modern legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to determine the types of liability for violation of legislation on responsible treatment of animals, legal control over the protection of animals from erroneous manifestations, to prepare proposals to im

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