Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carte géographique'
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Faurot, Eric. "La carte géographique dans le document composite." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2011.
Full textThe digital revolution is radically changing the way we produce, access and use information. The amount of information available on an ever evolving World Wide Web is questioning the very nature of a document as a vector for information, especially in its digital form. As part of this mutation, integrated semantic tools must be developed to address three essential aspects of the question: indexing documents, browsing through large collections, and producing those documents. Such tools must be based on a deep understanding of the intricate relation between the physical form of a document and the informative content it carries, which is bound to the context in which they appear. Based on those assertions, we propose a study of the geographical map in the multi-modal document. The goal is to define a theoretically and technically consistent approach to exploiting thematic maps in the geographical documents. We propose an general overview of the context of our study, namely the geographic information and the composite document. We then develop a content model for the thematic map, based on a semiological approach. We finally present a software framework implementing the various concepts and models that have been discussed
Balley, Sandrine. "Aide à la restructuration de données géographiques sur le web : vers la diffusion à la carte d'information géographique." Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0350.
Full textBessadok, Firas. "Modèle pour l’évaluation et l’amélioration de la lisibilité d’une carte géographique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1005/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on the design and visualization of custom geographic maps by executing different stages of automatic evaluation and improvement of these maps.In the most recent mapping tools (such as Google Maps or GeoPortail) it is possible for the user to build himself a map that suits his needs using different layers of data which can come from several sources. However, the manipulation and edition of maps by non-experts can cause errors in the representation that affects the understanding of this map by its readers.That's why our research focus on improving the representation of maps created by non-expert users. Since the readability of a map depends on the visibility of objects that compose this map, in this work we propose a model which assesses the visibility of cartographic objects based on a system of five indicators of visibility (values between 0 and 1). This model then provides four methods for modifying the objects symbolization of this map, which will be used to improve their visibility. Between the evaluation and the improvement of the visibility of these objects, an analysis step is performed in order to decide whether an improvement in the symbolization is required, and if so, which of these four methods should be executed.This model takes as input a map in the form of (1) a set of layers each consisting of cartographic objects, (2) and the legend used to represent these cartographic objects. It will generate as an output (1) a set of XML files that contain the values calculated by the indicators of visibility, (2) a final map with a new representation that improve the value of these indicators of visibility. This process then provides readers with a more readable map.This work is then concluded by two tests that validate (1) our basic assumptions, (2) the actual correspondence between the indicator values and the real feel of the map readers, and finally trying (3) to determine visibility thresholds that can be used later in order to correct and refine the algorithms that are proposed in this thesis
Bou, Dagher-Kharrat Magida. "Caractérisation du génome et structuration géographique de la diversité génétique du genre Cedrus." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066275.
Full textRollin-Guieysse, Anne. "Réalisation d'une carte géomorphologique à 1/250 000 (feuille de Rouen) et d'un système d'information géographique associé." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070135.
Full textThis work has two objects: verify that 1/250 000 is an interesting scale for geomorphological mapping and use a geographic information system (mapinfo, mapping software) for geographic data analysis. The first chapter shows how the map has been realized, during three periods: - the making of a manual drawn map which contains all the informations found in many maps, scientific books or ground studies. - the elaboration of a g. I. S: creation of a database by digitizing graphic objects associated with its records, choice of graphic display according to cartographic and informatic constraints; - a project to adapt me g. I. S for a geomorphological use: it would be a geomorphological information system. The second chapter, which is more geomorphological, explains the interest of 1/250 000 scale, in study of "lands" of normandy. It describes every land seen on the map, with its own particularities: pays de caux and others chalky plateaus (roumois, pays d'auge. . . ); the valley of seine with two systems of fluvial terraces; pays de bray; vexin. .
Moracchini, Charles. "Les collèges dans les montagnes d'Auvergne : étude socio-géographique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF20033.
Full textColleges in rural areas have a bad repute, as if the decline in the number of pupils were the sign of the decline of the academic level. The breaking-up of the educational system there may make us think the quality of the education itself is collapsing. Is the rural college the victim of the specific structure of its environment ? do these external factors weigh so much that they rob the pupils of any chance of success ? these small rural colleges in the academie of clermont-ferrand show the lack of moral and political reflection on what should be a fair system of education in these fragile areas suffering from a drop of the birthrate and an often negative migratory balance. This academie claims one of the highest percentages of small colleges nationwide. As some experts think 90 % of the population will live in 10% of the french territory in 2000, the particuliar problems of these colleges, far from being an impediment, give us the opportunity to think over what should be done for schools in thinly populated areas. We must therefore agree on a new principle, a new equitable contract, in which competition between schools, which are closely supervised by a centralized hierarchical authority, will be replaced by interschool cooperation
Genevois, Sylvain. "Quand la géomatique rentre en classe. Usages cartographiques et nouvelle éducation géographique dans l'enseignement secondaire." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349413.
Full textCette recherche vise d'une part à comprendre les usages et les enjeux de la cartographie et des Systèmes d'Information Géographique en classe de géographie, d'autre part à construire et à expérimenter un SIG éducatif qui favorise différents modes de raisonnement géographique. L'approche s'inscrit dans la perspective de la « genèse d'usages » géomatiques dans l'enseignement secondaire. A travers des démarches d'exploration visuelle et de résolution de problème, mêlant des approches inductives et des approches hypothético-déductives, l'enjeu est de dépasser les pratiques ritualisées et naturalisées de la carte scolaire, afin de promouvoir une nouvelle éducation géographique.
Eymery, Céline. "Du texte à la carte : contribution de la géographie à la traduction spatiale de la loi Littoral : application en Bretagne." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0104/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes a contribution of geography to the spatial translation of the Coastal Law (Loi Littoral). For many years, the coast has become a space under pressure. Law No 86-2 of 3 January 1986 relating to coastal development, protection and enhancement was developed to regulate land uses on the seaside, thus allowing the development of a rational urbanisation while protecting natural areas. In order to regulate the usage of coastal areas, diverse in nature, this "framework law" was deliberately designed and written with imprecise notions (urban clusters, near-shore areas, gaps in urbanisation, etc.). This imprecision was and still is leading to problems of interpretation by different players (politicians, State services, private landowners, etc.). The spirit of the Coastal Law is to encourage the consideration of local specificities when interpreting the notions of this law and translating it into spatial planning documents. In this context, the question of the relevance of geography in the interpretation of the Coastal Law, including the spatial distribution of these notions, is therefore of interest.The assumption that the interpretation of the Coastal Law can be deepened by "legal geography" is thus formulated. The thesis seeks to demonstrate by theoretical and methodological approaches that geography, by means of spatial analysis and mapping, allows us to appreciate these notions on the basis of local conditions as well as the choices made to develop and preserve every land. Thus, the use of geographical criteria can guide stakeholders towards an interpretation in line with the reality of the territories. In this context, tools and methods for spatial information are used with the help of a geographic information system (GIS) to map the different criteria and test different thresholds. The demonstration, implemented on Breton coastal communities, highlights that the choice of criteria and thresholds is undeniably dependent of the territory's project
Dumont, Marion. "Généralisation de représentations intermédiaires dans une carte topographique multi-échelle pour faciliter la navigation de l'utilisateur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1076/document.
Full textA multi-scale map is a set of maps at different scales, displayed on mapping applications, in which users may navigate by zooming in or out. Each of these maps is produced beforehand by cartographic generalization, which aims to adapt the cartographic representation for a target scale. Due to generalization, the representation changes between maps at different scales may disturb the user during its navigation. We assume that adding intermediate representations in an existing multi-scale map may enable a smooth evolution of cartographic content across scales. While theoretical knowledge exists for traditional cartography, we still do not know how to design efficient multi-scale maps. To formalize knowledge on that subject, we studied sixteen existing multi-scale maps. We focused on the used zooming system (zoom levels and display scales) and on the evolution of cartographic representations across scales, in particular for building and road entities. We also analyzed the variation of visual complexity of the map content across scales, using visual clutter measures. We thus identified general trends in terms of multi-scale representation (i.e. use of WMTS standard), some potential disturbing factors (i.e. use of a same map at different scales), but also good practices which may ease the user navigation (i.e. mixed representations). Based on these findings, we made assumptions on the influence of intermediate representations design on user navigation. We built test material from an extract of the Scan Express multi-scale map of the French IGN, between the existing maps at 1:25k and 1:100k scales. We thus produced four different versions of intermediate representations between these two maps, implementing our different hypotheses. This way, we highlighted the technical issues that we faced when producing intermediate representations. Finally, we conducted a controlled user study, asking 15 participants to perform a cartographic task on these different multi-scale maps, to evaluate our hypotheses
Meas-Yedid, Vannary. "Analyse de cartes scannées : interprétation de la planche de vert : contribution à l'analyse d'images en cartographie." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S003.
Full textSaba, Marianne. "Développement et élaboration de méthodes de traitement de données de terrain et de modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans une optique de développement durable en matière de gestion de l’eau au Nord du Liban." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10055/document.
Full textThe increasing population in Tripoli and its surrounding has placed an increase in the demand of groundwater and the random drilling of wells. This situation has resulted in a higher demand of groundwater and thus endangered the Miocene aquifer that will cause problems unless serious steps for the management of water resources are implemented. These steps should include defining stringent characterization of the properties of the aquifer in order to properly manage the quality & quantity of pumped water.Our aim in this study is to analyze the hydrochemical, hydro physical quality,& water level of groundwater in the Miocene aquifer in the North of Lebanon. The results have shown that the dominant type of groundwater in the area is highly chlorinated with sulfated calcium and magnesium with heavily charged Nitrate & Nitrite. The spatial distribution of the physiochemical parameters obey an increasing pattern westwards towards the Mediterranean Sea. During the last decades, illegal groundwater pumping mainly for domestic and agricultural use has caused groundwater quality degradation due to saline water intrusion from western areas .In order to study the origin and the hydrochemical aspect of groundwater, Phreeq C & Diagram software helped us determine the properties ;as for the water level Aquitest software was used.GIS ,Surfer & Visual Modflow softwares were used to generate maps locating the spatial distribution of all parameters & most importantly the modeling of the potentiometric map of the North. The end result was the determination of anthropogenic & naturogenic sources of water pollution in the North of Lebanon & the formation of the piezometric map of the region
Zhao, Épouse Boury Xiao Chun. "Méthodologie de conception d'un système expert pour la généralisation cartographique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529718.
Full textSurun, Isabelle. "Géographies de l'exploration : la carte, le terrain et le texte : Afrique occidentale, 1780-1880." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0096.
Full textMaking use of the methods from social history of sciences, from epistemology of geography, from anthropology and from sociology of interaction, this work reconsiders the History of Africa's exploration. The scientific fundaments of the exploration project are studied here, along with practical modalities of exploratory travel and with the forms of its reception in european societies. Tje thesis bases itself upon a corpus of travel reports and publicatins from different geographical societies. These institutions have set frames to run the journey, validation's procedures and data processing, in order to draw the map. The construction of geographical knowledge is considered as the result of a task sharing between armchair geographers and explorers. The interactions and experience at play in the field, where the traveler is physycally and emotionnally involved, along with his cultural and social identity, also shape the processes of the investigation
Jacob, Nicolas. "La carte : Lecture de l'espace et des sociétés." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN1282.
Full textChesneau, Élisabeth. "Modèle d'amélioration automatique des contrastes de couleur en cartographie : application aux cartes de risques." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MARN0294.
Full textLitot, Jean-Baptiste. "Paysages et médiatisation dans les Alpes françaises : approche géographique de la diffusion des cartes postales paysagères." Besançon, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925036.
Full textThe usual little holiday ritual, landscape postcards have for first purpose to maintain the social link between people going on holiday and people staying at home. But, by giving a view of a certain area from a different place, those postcards represent an original manner to apprehend touristic places and to answer a seemingly simple question: Why this landscape would be sold on that particular spot ? This theoretical question leads to other questions: Is there a hierarchy among those touristic sites? Would the lack of attractivity of several territories cause their eviction? Would the media coverage of sites have effects upon the destruction of territories ? To answer all those questions, we conducted a survey in two departments of the French Alps: Savoie and Haute-Savoie. Eight thousand postcards have yet been listed, described, analyzed then georeferenced, giving us an exceptional landscape corpus. Methods of spatial and statistical analysis allowed us to focus on a sequence of factors involved in the media coverage of landscapes and to bring a particular look on the ways territories are visualized
Litot, Jean-Baptiste. "Paysage et médiatisation dans les Alpes françaises - Approche géographique de la diffusion des cartes postales paysagères." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925036.
Full textTruong, Thérèse Quy Thy. "Le vandalisme de l’information géographique volontaire : analyse exploratoire et proposition d’une méthodologie de détection automatique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2009.
Full textThe quality of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is currently a topic that question spatial data users as well as authoritative data producers who are willing to exploit the benefits of crowdsourcing. Contrary to most authoritative databases, the advantage of VGI provides open access to spatial data. However, VGI is prone to errors, even to deliberate defacement perpetrated by ill-intended contributors. In the latter case, we may speak of cartographic vandalism of carto-vandalism. This phenomenon is one the main downsides of crowsdsourcing, and despite the small amount of incidents, it may be a barrier to the use of collaborative spatial data. This thesis follows an approach based on VGI quality -- in particular, the objective of this work is to detect vandalism in spatial collaborative data. First, we formalize a definition of the concept of carto-vandalism. Then, assuming that corrupted spatial data come from malicious contributors, we demonstate that qualifying contributors enables to assess the corresponding contributed data. Finally, the experiments explore the ability of learning methods to detect carto-vandalism
El, Badaoui El Najjar Maan. "Localisation dynamique d'un véhicule sur une carte routière numérique pour l'assistance à la conduite." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1480.
Full textPouderoux, Joachim. "Création semi-automatique de modèles numériques de terrains - Visualisation et interaction sur terminaux mobiles communicants." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354701.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la création de ces modèles à partir d'une source importante de données topographiques constituée par les cartes topographiques. Nous présentons une chaîne complète de traitements permettant de générer un MNT à partir d'une carte topographique numérisée. Nous détaillons particulièrement de nouvelles méthodes de reconstruction des courbes de niveaux et d'interpolation de ces courbes pour générer un MNT. Les différents travaux effectués dans cette thématique s'intègrent au sein de la plate-forme logicielle AutoDEM que nous avons développée durant cette thèse.
Puis, dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une nouvelle technique permettant de visualiser des MNT en 3D sur une large gamme de dispositifs allant de stations de travail reliées à de grands écrans jusqu'à des terminaux mobiles (TM) à faibles capacités tels que les PDA ou les téléphones portables. L'intérêt majeur de la technique présentée, qui repose sur un mode connecté client-serveur, réside dans l'adaptation dynamique du modèle 3D aux capacités d'affichage du terminal. Nous nous intéressons également à des techniques de rendu à distance et présentons deux techniques permettant d'offrir d'une part une visualisation interactive temps réel et d'autre part un panorama virtuel à l'utilisateur.
Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous décrivons des techniques nouvelles permettant à un utilisateur mobile disposant d'un TM de naviguer et d'interagir avec des données géographiques (cartes ou plans 2D et scènes 3D). La première est une technique d'interaction tangible et bi-manuelle reposant sur la détection par analyse du flux vidéo d'une cible décrivant un code couleur. La deuxième est une technique de sélection à deux niveaux adaptée aux TM ne disposant pas de dispositif de pointage continu.
Bord, Jean-Paul. "Le Monde arabe : des espaces géographiques aux représentations cartographiques." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063172.
Full textBesse, Jean-Marc. "Les grandeurs de la terre : essai sur les transformations du savoir géographique au seizième siècle." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010588.
Full textMariani, Robert. "Contribution à la lecture automatique de cartes." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES090.
Full textVilley-Migraine, Marjolaine. "Multimédia et carto-géographie : Ergonomie des interfaces de navigation hypermédia dans les systèmes documentaires." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020016.
Full textHbaieb, Mohamed Ali. "Bizerte et sa région : étude de géographie historique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20010/document.
Full textBizerte and its region: study of historical geography is a try of regional monograph of an entity of the extreme northeast of Tunisia in the long period (from the second half from the VIIth century to XVIIIth century).Besides the achievement of a corpus of the Islamic monuments of the urban centers and of some rural zones of the region, this research has as an objective the study of the city in its general context: the villages and the countryside which encircles it. Exploiting as well the written and cartographic sources as a result of a field studies, this study describes a dozen of urban centers and some rural sites.The archaeology applied in the second party of this monograph is pluralistic. Besides, for the systematic inventory of the monuments of the urban centers, we adopted the methods of what the specialists call “extensive archaeology”. Also, the approaches practiced for the reading of the urban evolutions and territorial strategies are varied. The multiplication of methods and approaches allowed us to surpass the disadvantages of the silence of the written sources, to renew hypotheses and to create a new foundation of information for the next researches
Lê, Thanh Vu. "Visualisation interactive 3D pour un ensemble de données géographiques de très grande taille." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3005.
Full textReal-time terrain rendering remains an active area of research for a lot of modern computer based applications such as geographic information systems (GIS), interactive 3D games, flights simulators or virtual reality. The technological breakthroughs in data aquisition, coupled with recent advances in display technology have simultaneously led to substantial increases in resolution of both the Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and the various displays used to present this information. In this phD, we have presented a new out-of-core terrain visualization algorithm that achieves per-pixel accurate shading of large textured elevation maps in real-time : our first contribution is the LOD scheme which is based on a small precomputed quadtree of geometric errors, whose nodes are selected for asynchronous loading and rendering depending on a projection in screenspace of those errors. The terrain data and its color texture are manipulated by the CPU in a unified manner as a collection of raster image patches, whose dimensions depends on their screen-space occupancy ; our second contribution is a novel method to remove artifacts that appear on the border between quadtree blocks, we generate a continuous surface without needing additional mesh ; our latest contribution is an effective method adapted to our data structure for the geomorphing, it can be implemented entirely on the GPU. The presented framework exhibits several interesting features over other existing techniques : there is no mesh manipulation or mesh data structures required ; terrain geometric complexity only depends on projected elevation error views from above result in very coarse meshes), lower geometric complexity degrades terrain silhouettes but not details brought in through normal map shading, real-time rendering with support for progressive data loading ; and geometric information and color textures are similarly and efficiently handled as raster data by the CPU. Due to simplified data structures, the system is compact, CPU and GPU efficient and is simple to implement
Chevalier, Jean-Pierre. "Les cartes et l'enseignement de la géographie aux élèves de 5 à 11 ans, depuis 1969." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010584.
Full textSince 1969, many didactical changes has upset map teaching at pupils from five to eleven. Official curriculum, handbooks, all the maps used in school give evidence of these different didactical systems. This study attempts to throw light on the learning process of mapping ability and map understanding. It tries to explain the psychological and sociological roots of the contrast between constructivists theories who present little-scale mapping has a no sense for young pupils and the practices devloping the uses of maps, even with the youngest children. Mapping abilities, points, lines, areas on maps, aren't only characteristics of map styles, they give evidence to the learning processes of geography and cartography. They aren't only technical skills, they show and they need the development of conceptualization. Cartography and geography help young schoolboys to understand the world, they strongly contribute towards intelectual development of child
Débarre, Ségolène. "Du Méandre à l'Euphrate : l'Anatolie au prisme des savoirs géographiques allemands (1835-1895)." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010630.
Full textRémy, Bernard. "Cartographie de la criminalité à la Réunion : approche géographique de la criminalité et de la délinquance." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUEL308.
Full textFreyssenge, Julie. "Approche géographique de l’Accident Vasculaire Cérébral, accessibilité et analyse spatiale : application à la région Rhône-Alpes." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1247/document.
Full textStroke is a sudden and brutal pathology that can lead to serious sequelae. The damage to major neurological functions caused by stroke explains these severe sequelae. In the long term, a disability of very varied nature and severity most often persists, often accompanied by significant depressive syndromes and emotional and sometimes behavioural disorders. In France, stroke is the third leading cause of death among men (13,003 deaths) and the first among women (18,343 deaths) in 2013. The management of stroke patients consists of several sequences: the pre-hospital phase, with an urgent need for transfer to a stroke unit (UNV), then acute hospitalization, with emergency therapeutic management and, finally, direct return home. During the pre-hospital phase, the notion of urgency is essential: the sooner the patient is treated, the more likely he is to reduce the risk of serious sequelae. Indeed, a victim loses 2 million neurons every minute during the acute phase of stroke. Two treatments, which may be complementary, exist: thrombolysis and thrombectomy. They are carried out in the treatment reference structures, the stroke unit (UNV). Areas are not equal in terms of stroke management, either in terms of accessibility or in terms of the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences. The geography of health is thus an essential discipline to address these issues. Geographic tools allow to target populations at risk of delay, but also at higher risk of occurrence. This research work thus pursues different complementary objectives. First, this work aims to describe the patient's accessibility to treatment, regardless of where he is treated, from the moment he calls the SAMU centre 15, depending on the type of vectors of care (SAMU, fire brigade), traffic conditions and therapeutic strategy. In this way, populations at risk of delayed care, and possibly lack of access to treatment, can be identified. In addition, the second objective is to describe the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences and characterize models of spatial distribution of stroke. This distribution is then analyzed using different territorial variables (socio-economic, facilities, environmental) to understand the causes of the over-representation of stroke in some areas. In order to conduct a global characterization of the explanatory causes of stroke occurrence, time series analyses were also conducted to determine, among other things, whether a type of time at risk of stroke exists. The analyses conducted throughout this work were based on data from the thrombolytic stroke registry of a French emergency network called Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône (RESUVal), as well as data from the STROKE 69 cohort in the Rhone. In addition, the evaluation of accessibility in the department was able to benefit from the use of the SDMIS database.This work is intended to be very operational, making it possible to propose ways to improve stroke management in the region: in terms of the organization and distribution of structures that can treat patients, but also in terms of public policies to raise awareness among populations at risk of having a stroke
Courtat, Thomas. "Promenade dans les cartes de villes, phénoménologie mathématique et physique des villes : une approche géométrique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077160.
Full textWe are interested in the phenomenology of cities by restricting them to the geometry of their street network. This study aims at being synthetic, functional and interdisciplinary. It follows the large work that has been performed from the early XXth century by town-planners, social scientists, geographers, statisticians, physicists. We try to demonstrate that the street - as a coherent alignment of street segments - can be considered as an essential elementary structure of the city. How much information is encoded in the street network ? To what extent does it constraint the city use ? How are the current urban layout and its evolution determined jointly by traffic axis and structuring elements ? We present a mathematical and computational framework allowing to consider the map of a city as a geometric continuum associated to the topology of a planar graph. To this graph we juxtapose a hypergraph structure using the street geometry to obtain easily the notion of axis and a multi-scale representation of the city. In spite of an apparent shape diversity, we show that the street network of a city is subjected to general laws that leave hallmarks on a city map. We propose several morphogenesis models of the city, implementing the idea that the city's growth follows a strucured extension / division of space logic and able to reproduce hallmarks observed on actual maps. The understanding of regulation mechanism of the city allows us to propose functional algorithms whose computational efficiencies are very interesting. We present an algorithm recovering steets from a collection of street segments ; the notion of simplest centrality whose calculus on a map allows a hierarchical analysis of it, revealing for instance main trafic axis and ill-deserved area ; a fast approximative algorithm to find the shortest path between two random points ; and a Spectral Clustering based algorithm to produce morphological segmentations of maps. We also work on the identification of random tessellation models to be subtituted to an actual road network and to solve large optimization problems using statistical equivalence
Bonnefon, Régis. "Extraction d'objets cartographiques à partir d'images de télédétection : possibilité d'application à la mise à jour de systèmes d'information géographique." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30023.
Full textHuet, Thierry. "Généralisation de cartes vectorielles d'occupation des sols : une approche par triangulation coopérative pour la fusion des polygones." Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10065.
Full textMap generalization consists in transforming representations of geographic space in such a way as to enable spatial data to be mapped at various levels of abstraction. The work presented in this thesis is specifically concerned with the generalization of land use vector maps. The investigations into the state of-the-art performed in chapter one show that while generalization tools and methods exist, they are only applicable to raster data or topographic maps. The specificity of our investigation resides in the fact that information on a land use map is present throughout the map while a topographic map has blank areas. Existing generalization tools are therefore not applicable to land use vector maps. After presenting various models required for generalization, the author analyzes existing methods and tools from the standpoint of land use. In chapter two, a methodology is proposed implementing several generalization operators adapted to the task. Our method is based on the use of a land use-specific database, Corine Land Cover, and is put to a practical test at the end of the chapter using a model built with arc/info software. While the results obtained are satisfactory, our method - like all existing methods - do not provide a sufficient management power for the changeable nature of geographical data: it uses sequential processes and remains difficult to implement since generalized data must be re-computed whenever the initial data is upgraded. In response to this problem, chapter three presents a new merging method based on triangulation whose main feature is to provide a consistent way of processing polygons. This method allows us to propose a model based on spatio-temporal objects as polygon activity is described by an extension of the Pétri net formalism. Complete models of these active spatio-temporal polygons are presented at the end of the chapter and are implemented in the looping environment
Monnier, Fabrice. "Amélioration de la localisation 3D de données laser terrestre à l'aide de cartes 2D ou modèles 3D." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1114/document.
Full textTechnological advances in computer science (software and hardware) and particularly, GPS localization made digital models accessible to all people. In recent years, mobile mapping systems has enabled large scale mobile 3D scanning. One advantage of this technology for the urban environment is the potential ability to improve existing 2D or 3D database, especially their level of detail and variety of represented objects. Geographic database consist of a set of geometric primitives (generally 2D lines and plans or triangles in 3D) with a coarse level of detail but with the advantage of being available over wide geographical areas. They come from the fusion of various information (old campaigns performed manually, automated or hybrid design) wich may lead to manufacturing errors. The mobile mapping systems can acquire laser point clouds. These point clouds guarantee a fine level of detail up to more than one points per square centimeter. But there are some disavantages :- a large amount of data on small geographic areas that may cause problems for storage and treatment of up to several Terabyte during major acquisition,- the inherent acquisition difficulties to image the environment from the ground. In urban areas, the GPS signal required for proper georeferencing data can be disturbed by multipath or even stopped when GPS masking phenomena related to the reduction of the portion of the visible sky to capture enough satellites to find a good localization. Improve existing databases through these dataset acquired by a mobile mapping system requires alignment of these two sets. The main objective of this manuscript is to establish a pipeline of automatic processes to register these datasets together in the most reliable manner. Co-registration this data can be done in different ways. In this manuscript we have focused our work on the registration of mobile laser point cloud on geographical database by using a drift model suitable for the non rigid drift of these kind of mobile data. We have also developped a method to register geographical database containing semantics on mobile point cloud. The different optimization step performed on our methods allows to register the data fast enough for post-processing pipeline, which allows the management of large volumes of data (billions of laser points and thousands geometric primitives). We have also discussed on the problem of joint deformation. Our methods have been tested on simulated data and real data from different mission performed by IGN
Ben, salah Imeen. "Extraction d'un graphe de navigabilité à partir d'un nuage de points 3D enrichis." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR070/document.
Full textCameras have become increasingly common in vehicles, smart phones, and advanced driver assistance systems. The areas of application of these cameras in the world of intelligent transportation systems are becoming more and more varied : pedestrian detection, line crossing detection, navigation ... Vision-based navigation has reached a certain maturity in recent years through the use of advanced technologies. Vision-based navigation systems have the considerable advantage of being able to directly use the visual information already existing in the environment without having to adapt any element of the infrastructure. In addition, unlike systems using GPS, they can be used outdoors and indoors without any loss of precision. This guarantees the superiority of these systems based on computer vision. A major area of {research currently focuses on mapping, which represents an essential step for navigation. This step generates a problem of memory management quite substantial required by these systems because of the huge amount of information collected by each sensor. Indeed, the memory space required to accommodate the map of a small city is measured in tens of GB or even thousands when one wants to cover large spaces. This makes impossible to integrate this map into a mobile system such as smartphones , cameras embedded in vehicles or robots. The challenge would be to develop new algorithms to minimize the size of the memory needed to operate this navigation system using only computer vision. It's in this context that our project consists in developing a new system able to summarize a3D map resulting from the visual information collected by several sensors. The summary will be a set of spherical views allow to keep the same level of visibility in all directions. It would also guarantee, at a lower cost, a good level of precision and speed during navigation. The summary map of the environment will contain geometric, photometric and semantic information
Soliman, Aly. "La carte entre discours et représentations cartographiques dans les manuels de géographie de l'enseignement de base en Égypte : étude, analyse et prospective." Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30004.
Full textBenzarti, Emna. "Home Health Care Operations Management : Applying the districting approach to Home Health Care." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718914.
Full textBordes, Ghislaine. "Interprétation d'images aériennes guidée par une base de données cartographiques : application à l'extraction automatique des routes." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MARN0012.
Full textDavid, Anne. "De la carte ethnographique à la frontière des diplomates (1919) : l''illusion scientiste d'une ethno-diplomatie, ses vicissitudes et ses échecs en Europe centrale." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30005.
Full textKannapel, Philippe. "Santé et système de soins en milieu rural : de Mandritsara à Békily, étude géographique comparative de deux districts ruraux malgaches." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100121/document.
Full textIn Madagascar, geography and demography determine specific medical needs. History has permitted the creation of a modern health care system, which has greatly been weakened by economy and politics. Ethnology has maintained traditional medical practices. Health geography links up all these various disciplines. This work is an immersion in Malagasy rural environment. In fact, Madagascar is still mainly a rural country : 75 % of the population live in the country and agriculture remains the household only source of income. Madagascar is divided into one hundred and eleven administrative districts, which are sanitary divisions as well. Two rural districts, Mandritsara in the north and Békily in the south, have been chosen to make a comparative study of the medical needs and the health care system. On the whole, infectious diseases prevail and malaria ranks first. It is still the cause of high infant mortality. Bilharzia, which is endemic in Madagascar, comes next. After we find tuberculosis, the disease of poverty, and then all the infections of the digestive system, like diarrhea and dysentery, ordinary parasitosis or incapacitating ones. Water is a permanent cause for concern to the rural population. This vital element can quickly become lethal. The excess of water is a facilitating factor leading to the development of some germs or other infectious disease vectors. The lack of water causes major problems of public hygiene. People in the south of Madagascar suffer from malnutrition and get dependent on international aid. The health care system shows considerable deficiencies in terms of human resources and accessibility. In Mandritsara, a private health care service partly makes up for the inadequacies of the public system, and a new resource is emerging with the training of paramedics. The south seems to live in a different age : traditional health practices are still widely spread
Compatangelo-Soussignan, Rita. "La Sallentin romain : modes de fonctionnement d'un cadastre antique." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA1001.
Full textBailloeul, Timothée. "Contours actifs et information à priori pour l'analyse de changements : application à la mise à jour de cartes numériques du bâti urbain à partir d'images optiques de télédétection haute résolution." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000282/.
Full textThis thesis proposes a methodology aiming at analyzing changes between an urban digital map of buildings and sub-meter optical remote sensing data. Our approach is based on the use of specific prior information derived from the buildings symbolized in the map to ease their recognition in a more recent satellite image. This prior knowledge is embedded in a variational model to constrain the shape of active contours intended to achieve map-to-image fine matching. We propose new solutions to improve the robustness, speed and flexibility of the active contours. The fine matching process solves the issue of exogenous variabilities between the map and the image which are independant from real changes and increases the reliability of change detection. We ilustrate the efficiency of our approach with experiments carried out with a 1:10 000 scale map and Quickbird satellite images of Pekin city
Abdallah, Chadi. "Application de la télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques à l'etude des mouvements de terrain au Liban." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800759.
Full textArami, Sara. "Cartographies : rewriting the body and the nation in Contemporary Middle Eastern American women’s diasporic fiction." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAC004.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the works of fiction written by contemporary Middle Eastern American women from the point of view of literary cartography. The works studied are Mohja Kahf’s The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, Laila Halaby’s Once in a Promised Land and West of Jordan, Susan Muaddi Darraj’s The Inheritance of Exile, Alia Yunis’ The Night Counter and Diana Abu Jaber’s Crescent. The selected works of fiction all contribute to the questioning of the dominant discourses surrounding the Arab-American diaspora. The skepticism of the readers is aroused through presenting counter-histories or alternative versions to the stories and identities that they think they already know. Through a close reading of these works of fiction, the various chapters of the thesis trace an evolution of attempts to reappropriate the American myth to include Arab identity, to a mixture of the two (Western and Arab myths), and the rewriting of Arab stories in line with the American context
Caquard, Sébastien. "Des cartes multimédias dans le débat public : pour une nouvelle conception de la cartographie appliquée à la gestion de l'eau." Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STET2072.
Full textAudren, Gwenaëlle. "Géographie de la fragmentation urbaine et territoires scolaires à Marseille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3017/document.
Full textThis dissertation aims at describing the forms of urban fragmentation in Marseille as well as its socio-spatial consequences through the modalities of school supply at the middle-school level (collège) and the practices of choosing schools for 6th graders (élèves de sixième), at various levels, in 2006 and 2009. School mapping (carte scolaire) imposes to families a neighborhood middle school, but in the face of important socio-spatial reconfigurations affecting the entire city of Marseille, discrepancies between schools, parent’s pedagogical expectations and local schooling conditions widen. The study focuses on the one hand on the quantification and localization of the phenomenon of school dodging (évitement scolaire) in Marseille, and on the other on the detailed analysis of territorial contexts, where several types of schooling strategies develop. Strong differentiations and quick urban socio-territorial recompositions in Marseille imply heterogeneous school practices illustrating the widening of socio-residential inequalities in the city and representing excellent markers to probe into increasing urban fragmentation. An analysis of the strategies of different institutional and individual actors allows one to grasp the mecanisms of production of a systemic, top-down school space. The territorial approach is largely valued here and the analysis of local contexts underlines the existence of multiple, differentiated school territories
Boulanger, Philippe. "Géographie historique de la conscription et des conscrits en France de 1914 à 1922 d'après les comptes rendus sur le recrutement de l'armée." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040241.
Full textThe geography of conscription and conscripts in France from 1914 to 1922 defines a field of thought both in space and time, starting from a military source the first field of research and the reports about recruitment made by the army then after those reports can be confronted to the analysis of others sources : civil and military, private and public they essentially offers to measure the singularity of conscription in the French space during the application time on the 7th august 1913 law's on military recruitment. Thank to this, it permits to define an original problematic : how this military institution, as regard to the deep political, social and cultural impacts, takes place in the metropolitan and national territory, as well as in the French national identity? Besides a first unity of sources and its critics, presentation of the method approach of this subject finds his articulation on two parts: the first about the territorial dimension of conscription, the second about the social geography of conscripts. In the first part will be seen the elements inherent in the historical geography of this military institution, which became universal and obligatory in 1905. The territorial structures, the regional contrasts of recruitment, the relationships between conscription, the territory and the national assimilation, define his spatial dimension, as well as on the military / political / cultural plane the second part turns on the sociocultural characteristics of conscripts. The levels of instruction the professions and the health of the young men, compiled and examined by the military administration are analyzed according to a spatiotemporal approach. They offer to measure, among others conclusions the progressive disparition of the Saint-Malo -Geneva line, that determinates a secularly and cultural between two France of inegal development
Boulva, Eveline. "Le paysage inventé : trajets, tracements, cartes et dessins." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27241/27241.pdf.
Full textStorti, Maristella. "Il paesaggio storico delle cinque terre : individuazione di regole per azioni di progetto condivise." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20113.
Full textAccording to the approach of this research the reading of the landscape start from a survey of the main cartographic representations available, from the oldest to the most recent ones, concerning the area under exam. The thesis pursues a precise goal: reading and interpreting the origin, the development and subsequent modifications of a reality consolidated in the longterm, and explored through cartography and the most wide-ranging images, in order to recognise indicators that bear witness to the present signs and meanings of a layered schedule, and which allow us to identify rules for shared design actions. This research aims to find a method to deal with other parameters of historic cartography: descriptions, explorations, old land registers become instruments to recognise historic indicators, not quantitative, but, we would say, cultural, in order to outline the identity dimension of territory and landscape
Favre, Éric. "Évolution de la végétation de l'Europe et du pourtour méditerranéen au Néogène dans les contextes climatique global et géographique régional : approches statistiques et élaboration de cartes de végétation à partir des données polliniques." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10042.
Full textFrom Burdigalian (Early Miocene) to Piacenzian (Middle Pliocene), interpolated vegetation maps using a lot of pollen analyses from Europe and peri-Mediterranean area during the Neogene offer a continuous information that allows to follow the evolution of the vegetation covert through global climatic and regional geographic contexts. Since the Miocene Climatic Optimum, the progressive cooling ensures to observe the setting of the modern European and peri-Mediterranean phytogeography. This resulted in many applications : a robust prediction model for environments, the significance of the AP/ NAP (Arboreal Pollen / Non Arboreal Pollen) ratio deciphered and validation of climate and vegetation models at the regional scale