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Journal articles on the topic 'Cartels – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Danilovskaia, Anna. "Criminal law protection of competition in the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France." Юридические исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.6.33294.

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The object of this research is competition policy and criminal law policy with regards to protection of competition in Europe that are similar to the Russian approach of countering infringement on fair competition. Legislation on competition is dynamically developing in all countries, which causes corresponding changes in their criminal law policy. For improving the effectiveness of cartel detection, many countries endorsed leniency policy for cartels, as well as make amendments to their laws due to proliferation of unfair competition, particularly on the Internet, as well irregularities in te

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Balan, Oleksandr, Maksym Voitenko, and Dmytro Pulcha. "Ukraine's Post-War Recovery: Key Steps and Experience of Leading Countries." Economic journal Odessa polytechnic university 1, no. 27 (2024): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11081265.

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The Russian attack has brought heavy losses to the Ukrainian economy. At the beginning of January 2023, the government estimated them at more than USD 700 billion. The authors have examined the experience of restoring the German and Japanese economies after 1945. In the West and in Ukraine a new Marshall Plan is being talked about. The Ukrainian plan is USD 750 billion over 10 years, which is a multiple of the funds allocated to the FRG after 1945. It is planned to give money mainly for energy, access to finance, infrastructure and housing construction. Compared to investing in the ruined Germ

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Buxbaum, Hannah L. "National Courts, Global Cartels: F. Hoffman-LaRoche Ltd. v. Empagran, S.A. (U.S. Supreme Court 2004)." German Law Journal 5, no. 9 (2004): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013109.

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In its most recent term, the United States Supreme Court heard a case arising out of the activities of a price-fixing cartel in the vitamins market. The defendants were a number of major international pharmaceuticals companies, including F. Hoffman-LaRoche, Rhone-Poulenc, Daiichi Pharmaceutical, and BASF, that had fixed prices for bulk vitamins and vitamin pre-mixes in markets around the world. The cartel, which has been described as “probably the most economically damaging cartel ever prosecuted under U.S. antitrust law,” is estimated to have affected over $5 billion of commerce worldwide. Pr

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Mikelėnas, Valentinas, and Rasa Zaščiurinskaitė. "Quantification of Harm and the Damages Directive: Implementation in CEE Countries." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 10, no. 5 (2017): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.15.6.

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Quantification of harm is regarded as one of the most significant obstacles for the full compensation of harm and development of private enforcement within the European Union, including CEE Member States. Consequently, the Damages Directive establishes general rules and requirements for the quantification of harm, such as a rebuttable presumption of harm in case of cartels, the power of national courts to estimate harm as well as others, which closely interact with the principle of full compensation emphasized by the case-law of the European Union and directly established in the Damages Direct

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Sramelova, Silvia. "Gas Insulated Switchgear Cartel in the Slovak Republic." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.10.

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The case of the Gas insulated switchgear (hereafter, GIS) cartel is well known to competition experts all over Europe. The cartel lasted for more than twenty years and affected competition on relevant markets in several countries. Following leniency applications submitted by one of its participants, the case was brought before several competition authorities in the European Union, including the European Commission and the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic

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Alifudin Al Azlansyah, Talitha Maritza Fauziyyah, and Muhammad Shidqi Abiyu Khuzaeni. "Perkembangan Upaya Pemberantasan Kartel Internasional Menggunakan Leniency Program." JURNAL ILMIAH EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN 2, no. 12 (2024): 347–55. https://doi.org/10.61722/jiem.v2i12.3225.

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The Leniency Program is a partial or total reduction in fines or penalties granted by competition authorities to companies involved in cartel practices. This program is implemented in various countries, including the European Union, the United States and Australia, to uncover cartel practices by providing incentives in the form of reduced or eliminated sanctions for businesses that report their involvement and provide evidence. The negative impact that cartel practices have on competition and consumers, as well as the legal framework in various countries, including Indonesia. This research use

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Musthafa, Annas Rasid, Satriya Aldi Putrazta, and A’an Efendi. "Legitimacy of The CJEU In the Settlement of Trade Mark Disputes of Non-European Union Foreign Companies: A Case Study." Lampung Journal of International Law 5, no. 2 (2023): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v5i2.3206.

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Protection of Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) in the industrial world is an urgency for companies to maintain popularity in the general public, Especially on the use of trademarks that greatly affect consumer perceptions. One of the problems in trademark protection is the existence of dispute resolution through court under a supranational organization, namely The Court of Justice of The EU(CJEU), which adjudicates foreign companies originating from non-EU countries. The case is a trademark dispute between China Construction Bank Corp from China and Groupement des cartes bancaires from France

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8

Stepanyk, Y. O. "The concept and place of competition law in the legal system of the EU." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.65.

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In the framework of modern reform of competition laws in the European countries, that has arisen due to increasing attention to markets in the field of IT services, in particular software and IT-solutions for business, the nature of competition law and its place in the legal system of each separate state became as one of the most topical issues. Such features are revealed through several characteristics, including the peculiarities of historical development, the level of market concentration, the development of individual industries etc. Even though the fact that basic principles of the

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9

Fatima, Sayyeda. "Leniency Programme of the Competition Commission of Pakistan: Improvement is Indeed Essential." World Competition 35, Issue 4 (2012): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2012050.

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Leniency programmes have been used as an effective investigative tool world-wide, however Pakistan's leniency regime has not been able to reach that triumph in cracking cartels. The article aims to highlight noteworthy characteristics of the contemporary leniency programme of Pakistan underscoring legal mechanisms established by the competition regime of Pakistan to curtail cartels. The analysis will mainly focus on the system in Pakistan but will draw comparison with the leniency programme of the European Union, where appropriate. An appraisal of the effectiveness of the leniency programme of

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10

Chirita, Anca D. "The Judicial Review of the European Union Industrial Cartels." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 18, no. 4 (2015): 407–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2015-4-407.

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11

Coban, Igor, and Grigore Chitanu. "Detection mechanisms of anticompetitive agreements (cartels)." Journal of the National Institute of Justice, no. 3(70) (October 2024): 37–43. https://doi.org/10.52277/1857-2405.2024.3(70).06.

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Anticompetitive agreements, particularly cartels, have harmful effects on competition. To combat this, most states have implemented strict sanctions for companies involved in cartels, with fines typically ranging from 5-10% of their turnover. Competition authorities use several mechanisms to detect cartels, but the most important are: inspections, clemency policies and analysis of information from the public procurement register. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms mentioned above and an analysis of the national legal framework, highlighting some gaps in the legislation, but al

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12

Garz, Marcel, and Sabrina Maaß. "Cartels in the European Union, antitrust action, and public attention." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 186 (June 2021): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.04.008.

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13

Carames, Javier Guillen. "The (Ab)use of Soft Law in Shaping EU Competition Law: Undermining the Effectiveness of Leniency Programmes." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 14, no. 24 (2021): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2021.14.24.4.

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One of the defining features of EU competition provisions is that they are enforceable and applicable by the authorities and courts of the European Union and those of its Member States. The European Commission and national competition authorities participate in the application of EU competition law to differing degrees. Different legal mechanisms are adopted to apply Article 101 TFEU, including leniency programmes aimed at pursuing cartels, considered to be the greatest risk to free competition in the European Union. These programmes are implemented using non-binding mechanisms of soft law, wh

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14

Jablonskis, Martynas. "Strategic leniency: insights from game theory and empirical evidence." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.law.2020.7.

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Strategic leniency signifies potential exploits of leniency that could generate detrimental effects. Leniency could be exploited in three distinct ways: (1) used to punish cartel deviator; (2) used as a cartel exit strategy; (3) used as a way to report false cartels hoping that rivals will be fined. Strategic leniency has roots in game theory and has been used in theoretical works on leniency. However, it is difficult to verify, whether firms actually conceive leniency strategically. The article addresses the problem by analysis of 42 cartel cases, investigated by the European Commission, thro

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Fatima, Sayyeda. "Cartels under Competition Act 2010 of Pakistan: An Appraisal." Journal of Law & Social Studies 5, no. 3 (2023): 491–506. https://doi.org/10.52279/jlss.05.03.491506.

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Cartels are considered the most serious anti-competitive infringements. The scope of the Competition Act 2010 includes provisions related to cartels and the procedures for enforcing measures against them. Penalties under the Competition Act 2010 are administrative. The Competition Commission of Pakistan has improved its image and integrity by performing well and enforcing the law in a meaningful manner within its limited resources. It has not only busted some of the most harmful cartels in various sectors but also fined a few major undertakings that are proven to breach the relevant provision

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16

Dunne, Niamh. "Characterizing Hard Core Cartels Under Article 101 TFEU." Antitrust Bulletin 65, no. 3 (2020): 376–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x20929121.

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The prohibition of cartels embodies arguably the sole universal norm of global competition law. Yet a precise understanding of what constitutes a cartel remains elusive, a problem that is exacerbated in the context of Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union by the Commission’s administrative enforcement procedures and the expansive approach to the “by object” category of restraints. This article aims to provide a more precise characterization of the hard core cartel concept as reflected in EU competition case law and practice and to explore why such conduct continues to con

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17

Bilohur, Vlada, and Roman Oleksenko. "THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION." HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, no. 13 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.

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18

Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate an

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19

Stec, Małgorzata. "Innovation in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 236, no. 11-12 (2009): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.

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20

Davidow, Joel. "International Implications of US Antitrust in the George W. Bush Era." World Competition 25, Issue 4 (2002): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5108306.

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US antitrust policy under George W. Bush had a measure of continuity with that of earlier administrations. Prosecution of international cartels remained vigorous. The pattern of obtaining cooperation from other jurisdictions and emulation of US leniency strategies was expanded. As cartel prosecution continued, significant new issues arose concerning the scope of US extraterritoriality. A US circuit court diverged from other US courts by holding that even foreign purchasers may prosecute damage claims in US courts. A split in the circuits also developed concerning whether the Alcoa requirement

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21

Alimonti, Roberto, Sophie Kümmel, and Thomas Nau. "The interplay between leniency programmes and private enforcement: the economist perspective on recent policy proposals." Competition Law Journal 21, no. 4 (2023): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2022.04.04.

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Leniency policies grant substantial fine reductions to firms that disclose their former participation in a cartel. Such policies may, thereby, destabilize existing cartels and disincentivize the formation of new ones. Alternatively, some argue that they might have the opposite effect of incentivizing collusion by reducing the punishment for former cartel participants, thereby raising the collusive payoff. The overall decline in leniency applications in the European Union since 2014 calls for an analysis of the interplay between the 2006 Leniency Policy and other competition policies, most nota

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22

Barcik, Agnieszka, and Piotr Dziwiński. "Leniency Program as an Innovative Legal Tool for Fighting Cartels within The European Union." Managerial Economics, no. 12 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/manage.2012.12.61.

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23

Barros de Albuquerque, Rodrigo, and Christian Brandão. "European Union Foreign Policy." Carta Internacional 18, no. 2 (2023): e1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.21530/ci.v18n2.2023.1347.

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This article examines the voting patterns of Nordic countries and the Netherlands in the UNGA, highlighting their longstanding alignment. Notably, Norway and Iceland are not part of theEuropean Union, which has been enhancing its foreign policy coherence since 1993. The central focus is to investigate if this integration has led to a divergence between EU member states and non-members. By calculating the voting cohesion rate among these countries in the UNGA from 1993 to 2021, the article found no significant variation in the cohesion rate, suggesting that European integration has not ended th

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24

Joumard, Isabelle. "Tax systems in European Union countries." OECD Economic Studies 2002, no. 1 (2003): 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.

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25

Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu, and Ya-sue Xu. "Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries." Energies 12, no. 2 (2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.

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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dyna

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26

Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska, and Konrad Prandecki. "EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.

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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European U

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Krivins, Anatolijs, Andrejs Vilks, and Aldona KIPANE. "Corruption perception trends: European Union countries." Access Journal - Access to Science, Business, Innovation in the digital economy 5, no. 1 (2023): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46656/access.2024.5.1(4).

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28

Anlamassova, M. K., R. T. Japparova, and A. Zh Mukazhanova. "Soft power of European Union countries." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, no. 4 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-8-18.

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There are two main diplomatic strategies used by states in International Relations: hard power and soft power. Hard power uses the tools of military force or other coercive strategies to achieve the desired result. Soft power, on the other hand, tries to achieve the desired result with persuasive tactics. In short, hard power uses force, while soft power uses charm and attractiveness or makes the other party do what you want.These days, political scientists and other experts have begun to emphasize the increasing effectiveness of using a combination of hard and soft power, or smart power. In I

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Matis, Jozef, and Lenka Nagyová. "Possible Integration of the Security System of the Member Countries of the European Union." Politické vedy 25, no. 3 (2022): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126.

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The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating na

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Zlat, Milovanovic. "Balkans in the European Union." AICEI Proceedings 13, no. 1 (2018): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4553896.

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In 2003, in Salonica, Balkan countries were told that “their future lies in the EU”. The Berlin process in 2014 provided a framework for a period of four years. In 2017, President Juncker, speaking of all non-EU Balkan countries except Turkey, estimated the first accessions would potentially take place in 2025! The Berlin process seeks to restore stability in the Balkans by leading to reconciliation. It includes new fact-finding commissions to establish the real facts in order to restore friendly relations, efforts to build economic links in transport and communication and new road

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Bertrand, Olivier, Fabrice Lumineau, and Evgenia Fedorova. "The Supportive Factors of Firms’ Collusive Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Cartels in the European Union." Organization Studies 35, no. 6 (2014): 881–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840613515471.

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32

KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.

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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration proced

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33

Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.

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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation take

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Popa, Maria-Alexandra, and Alexandra Botoş. "VAT Efficiency in Developing Countries of the European Union." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Oeconomica 15, no. 1 (2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amso-2021-0004.

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Abstract Value added tax (VAT) is an important source of income for European Union countries. The developing countries of the European Union are encouraged to step up their efforts to comply with European legislation for the purpose of sustainable economic development. Knowing that these states are susceptible to corruption, this paper investigates the relationship between the efficiency of VAT collection, the VAT gap and the level of the corruption index in the developing countries of the European Union.

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Hu, Wei, Dongling Xie, Yilin Le, et al. "Evolution of Food Trade Networks from a Comparative Perspective: An Examination of China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African Countries." Foods 13, no. 18 (2024): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13182897.

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In the intricate landscape of the global food system, a nuanced understanding of dynamic evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of food trade network is essential for advancing insights into the African food trade and maintaining the food security of Africa. This paper constructs a framework for analyzing the food trade network from a comparative perspective by comparing and analyzing the evolution of food trade networks in China, the United States, Russia, the European Union, and African countries. The development trend of food trade between China, Russia, the United States, the European U

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Kraciuk, Jakub. "FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.

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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding acce

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Sulaiman, Saqer. "Arab Youth Migration to the European Union." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 8, no. 4 (2020): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2020.4.8.

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Migration from Arab countries to European countries started many decades ago. It has been driven by a variety of push–pull factors. The two main factors are economic deterioration and political instability. Many young people migrated to escape unemployment, poverty and poorworking conditions. Others fled the effects of war and conflicts. This paper reviews Arab youth migration to European countries, its drivers, and the way it impacts the origin countries, host countries and the immigrants. Despite some negative implications of migration on the origin countries such as education cost and depri

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Palić, Petra, Nikolina Pejović, and Ana Pavković. "The State of Social Entrepreneurship in Selected European Union Countries." Acta economica et turistica 8, no. 1 (2022): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/aet.8.1.1.

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Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and devel

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.

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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently inc

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Topolewski, Łukasz, and Kamila Topolewska. "Standard of living in European Union countries." Ekonomia i Prawo 22, no. 2 (2023): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.021.

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Motivation: Researchers have been concerned with the issues related to the differences among economies for many years. The level of differentiation is an important matter as excessive economic and social differences among the states may lead to limited scope of integration processes, which in turn determine the development rate of regions. Due to how significant this issue is, it was decided that the level differentiation of the standard of living of the population in selected European Union countries ought to be investigated.Aim: The purpose of the article is to compare the standard of living

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41

Grabowska, Barbara. "Education of teachers in European Union countries." Osvitolohiya, no. 3 (2014): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2014.3.4045.

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42

Gajewski, Paweł. "Public Finance Sustainability in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 251, no. 10 (2011): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101072.

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Kavelaars, Peter. "The foreign countries of the European Union." EC Tax Review 16, Issue 6 (2007): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2007044.

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44

Szymańska, Agata. "Tax revenues in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 5 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0921.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse tax revenues and examine similarities of selected tax revenues (mainly VAT, CIT, PIT and excise duty) in the European Union countries. The analysis of the EU members concerns the period between 2003 (i.e. the year preceding the biggest enlargement of the EU) and 2012 (due to data completeness). Tax rates and the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries were compared and then the cluster analysis was applied to assess the similarity of tax revenues. The analysis suggests that the process of tax harmonization, which took place in the period considered, di

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Brozo, William G., E. Sutton Flynt, Gerry Shiel, Ulla-Britt Persson, Christine Garbe, and Lydia Dachkova. "Content Reading in Four European Union Countries." Reading Teacher 63, no. 2 (2009): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/rt.63.2.10.

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MUFTAKHOVA, A. N. "TERRITORIAL MOBILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-1-145-160.

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Saman Shojae Chaeikar, Mazdak Zamani, Christian Sunday Chukwuekezie, and Mojtaba Alizadeh. "Electronic Voting Systems for European Union Countries." Journal of Next Generation Information Technology 4, no. 5 (2013): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jnit.vol4.issue5.3.

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Legros, F., and M. Danis. "Surveillance of malaria in European Union countries." Eurosurveillance 3, no. 5 (1998): 45–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.05.00103-en.

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The European Union countries are outside the endemic area for malaria, but many cases of malaria contracted elsewhere are imported into Europe each year. Several countries have reported high and increasing numbers of imported cases in recent years (France

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Afonso, Oscar, Ana Lurdes Albuquerque, and Alexandre Almeida. "Wage inequality determinants in European Union countries." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 12 (2013): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.797551.

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Lewis, Alfred, and Owusu Kwarteng. "The European Union: implications for developing countries." European Business Review 95, no. 5 (1995): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09555349510096090.

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