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Journal articles on the topic 'Cartilaginous fishes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Matz, Hanover, Danish Munir, James Logue, and Helen Dooley. "The immunoglobulins of cartilaginous fishes." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 115 (February 2021): 103873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103873.

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2

FATIMA, ASMA. "Status of Cartilaginous Fishes in Pakistan." SINDH UNIVERSITY RESEARCH JOURNAL -SCIENCE SERIES 50, no. 002 (June 19, 2018): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.26692/surj/2018.06.002.

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3

Hyodo, Susumu, Keigo Kakumura, Wataru Takagi, Kumi Hasegawa, and Yoko Yamaguchi. "Morphological and functional characteristics of the kidney of cartilaginous fishes: with special reference to urea reabsorption." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): R1381—R1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2014.

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For adaptation to high-salinity marine environments, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras) adopt a unique urea-based osmoregulation strategy. Their kidneys reabsorb nearly all filtered urea from the primary urine, and this is an essential component of urea retention in their body fluid. Anatomical investigations have revealed the extraordinarily elaborate nephron system in the kidney of cartilaginous fishes, e.g., the four-loop configuration of each nephron, the occurrence of distinct sinus and bundle zones, and the sac-like peritubular sheath in the bundle zone, in which the nephron segments are arranged in a countercurrent fashion. These anatomical and morphological characteristics have been considered to be important for urea reabsorption; however, a mechanism for urea reabsorption is still largely unknown. This review focuses on recent progress in the identification and mapping of various pumps, channels, and transporters on the nephron segments in the kidney of cartilaginous fishes. The molecules include urea transporters, Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporters, and aquaporins, which most probably all contribute to the urea reabsorption process. Although research is still in progress, a possible model for urea reabsorption in the kidney of cartilaginous fishes is discussed based on the anatomical features of nephron segments and vascular systems and on the results of molecular mapping. The molecular anatomical approach thus provides a powerful tool for understanding the physiological processes that take place in the highly elaborate kidney of cartilaginous fishes.

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Anderson, W. Gary, Maria C. Cerra, Alan Wells, Mary L. Tierney, Bruno Tota, Yoshio Takei, and Neil Hazon. "Angiotensin and angiotensin receptors in cartilaginous fishes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 128, no. 1 (January 2001): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00295-6.

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5

Hardie, David C., and Paul DN Hebert. "Genome-size evolution in fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-106.

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Fishes possess both the largest and smallest vertebrate genomes, but the evolutionary significance of this variation is unresolved. The present study provides new genome-size estimates for more than 500 species, with a focus on the cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. These results confirm that genomes are smaller in ray-finned than in cartilaginous fishes, with the exception of polyploids, which account for much genome-size variation in both groups. Genome-size diversity in ray-finned fishes is not related to metabolic rate, but is positively correlated with egg diameter, suggesting linkages to the evolution of parental care. Freshwater and other eurybiotic fishes have larger genomes than their marine and stenobiotic counterparts. Although genome-size diversity among the fishes appears less clearly linked to any single biological correlate than in the birds, mammals, or amphibians, this study highlights several particularly variable taxa that are suitable for further study.

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6

Barske, Lindsey, Peter Fabian, Christine Hirschberger, David Jandzik, Tyler Square, Pengfei Xu, Nellie Nelson, et al. "Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 40 (September 21, 2020): 24876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011531117.

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Whereas the gill chambers of jawless vertebrates open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that drive oxygenated water unidirectionally over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here, we find that these divergent patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a deeply conserved Pou3f3 arch enhancer present in humans through sharks but undetectable in jawless fish. Minor differences between the bony and cartilaginous fish enhancers account for their restricted versus pan-arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, mutation of Pou3f3 or the conserved enhancer disrupts gill cover formation, whereas ectopic pan-arch Pou3f3b expression generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multimeric covers of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 arch enhancer >430 Mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.

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7

Hardie, David C., and Paul D. N. Hebert. "The nucleotypic effects of cellular DNA content in cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes." Genome 46, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 683–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-040.

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Cytological and organismal characteristics associated with cellular DNA content underpin most adaptionist interpretations of genome size variation. Since fishes are the only group of vertebrate for which relationships between genome size and key cellular parameters are uncertain, the cytological correlates of genome size were examined in this group. The cell and nuclear areas of erythrocytes showed a highly significant positive correlation with each other and with genome size across 22 cartilaginous and 201 ray-finned fishes. Regressions remained significant at all taxonomic levels, as well as among different fish lineages. However, the results revealed that cartilaginous fishes possess higher cytogenomic ratios than ray-finned fishes, as do cold-water fishes relative to their warm-water counterparts. Increases in genome size owing to ploidy shifts were found to influence cell and nucleus size in an immediate and causative manner, an effect that persists in ancient polyploid lineages. These correlations with cytological parameters known to have important influences on organismal phenotypes support an adaptive interpretation for genome size variation in fishes.Key words: evolution, genome size, DNA content, cell size, erythrocyte size, fishes, nucleotypic effect.

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8

Rocco, Lucia, Maria A. Morescalchi, Domenico Costagliola, and Vincenzo Stingo. "Karyotype and genome characterization in four cartilaginous fishes." Gene 295, no. 2 (August 2002): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00730-8.

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9

Dean, M. N., J. J. Socha, B. K. Hall, and A. P. Summers. "Canaliculi in the tessellated skeleton of cartilaginous fishes." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26, no. 2 (April 2010): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01417.x.

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10

Lawson, R., S. J. Burch, S. M. Ooughterson, S. Heath, and D. H. Davies. "Evolutionary relationships of cartilaginous fishes: an immunological study." Journal of Zoology 237, no. 1 (September 1995): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02749.x.

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11

Smith, W. Leo, Jennifer H. Stern, Matthew G. Girard, and Matthew P. Davis. "Evolution of Venomous Cartilaginous and Ray-Finned Fishes." Integrative and Comparative Biology 56, no. 5 (July 3, 2016): 950–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw070.

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12

Kelly, Michael L., Shaun P. Collin, Jan M. Hemmi, and John A. Lesku. "Evidence for Sleep in Sharks and Rays: Behavioural, Physiological, and Evolutionary Considerations." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 94, Suppl. 1-4 (2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000504123.

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Sleep is widespread across the animal kingdom. However, most comparative sleep data exist for terrestrial vertebrates, with much less known about sleep in amphibians, bony fishes, and invertebrates. There is an absence of knowledge on sleep in cartilaginous fishes. Sharks and rays are amongst the earliest vertebrates, and may hold clues to the evolutionary history of sleep and sleep states found in more derived animals, such as mammals and birds. Here, we review the literature concerning activity patterns, sleep behaviour, and electrophysiological evidence for sleep in cartilaginous (and bony) fishes following an exhaustive literature search that found more than 80 relevant studies in laboratory and field environments. Evidence for sleep in sharks and rays that respire without swimming is preliminary; evidence for sleep in continuously swimming fishes is currently absent. We discuss ways in which the latter group might sleep concurrent with sustained movement, and conclude with suggestions for future studies in order to provide more comprehensive data on when, how, and why sharks and rays sleep.

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13

Pickard, W. F. "A model for the acute electrosensitivity of cartilaginous fishes." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 4 (April 1988): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.1372.

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14

Montgomery, John C., David Bodznick, and Kara E. Yopak. "The Cerebellum and Cerebellum-Like Structures of Cartilaginous Fishes." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 80, no. 2 (2012): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339868.

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15

Collin, Shaun P. "The Neuroecology of Cartilaginous Fishes: Sensory Strategies for Survival." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 80, no. 2 (2012): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339870.

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16

Yopak, Kara E., and Thomas J. Lisney. "Allometric Scaling of the Optic Tectum in Cartilaginous Fishes." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 80, no. 2 (2012): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339875.

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17

Tomonaga, Susumu, and Kunihiko Kobayashi. "A second class of immunoglobulin in the cartilaginous fishes." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 9, no. 4 (1985): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(85)90045-x.

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18

Eve, Oliver, Hanover Matz, and Helen Dooley. "Proof of long-term immunological memory in cartilaginous fishes." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 108 (July 2020): 103674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103674.

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19

SIMPFENDORFER, COLIN A., and PETER M. KYNE. "Limited potential to recover from overfishing raises concerns for deep-sea sharks, rays and chimaeras." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 2 (June 2009): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990191.

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SUMMARYAs global fishing effort increasingly expands into deeper water, concerns exist over the ability of deep-sea fishes to sustain fisheries. There is however little quantitative evidence to support these concerns for the deep-sea cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: sharks, rays and chimaeras). This paper compiled available life history data for this group to analyse their ability to rebound from population declines relative to continental shelf and pelagic species. Deep-sea cartilaginous fishes have rates of population increase that are on average less than half those of shelf and pelagic species, and include the lowest levels observed to date. Population doubling times indicate that once a stock has been depleted, it will take decades, and potentially centuries, before it will recover. Furthermore, population recovery rates decrease with increasing depth, suggesting species that occur deepest are those most vulnerable to fishing. These results provide the first assessment of the productivity of deep-sea chondrichthyans, highlighting that precautionary management of developing deep-sea fisheries is essential if stocks and biodiversity are to be maintained.

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20

Yopak, K. E. "Neuroecology of cartilaginous fishes: the functional implications of brain scaling." Journal of Fish Biology 80, no. 5 (March 27, 2012): 1968–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03254.x.

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21

Sherwood, Nancy M., and David A. Lovejoy. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cartilaginous fishes: structure, location, and transport." Environmental Biology of Fishes 38, no. 1-3 (October 1993): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00842916.

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22

Dean, Mason N., Kerin M. Claeson, and Adam P. Summers. "Micromorphology and mechanics of the tessellated skeleton of cartilaginous fishes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S68—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.019.

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23

Hasegawa, Kumi, Akira Kato, Taro Watanabe, Wataru Takagi, Michael F. Romero, Justin D. Bell, Tes Toop, John A. Donald, and Susumu Hyodo. "Sulfate transporters involved in sulfate secretion in the kidney are localized in the renal proximal tubule II of the elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): R66—R78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00477.2015.

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Most vertebrates, including cartilaginous fishes, maintain their plasma SO42− concentration ([SO42−]) within a narrow range of 0.2–1 mM. As seawater has a [SO42−] about 40 times higher than that of the plasma, SO42− excretion is the major role of kidneys in marine teleost fishes. It has been suggested that cartilaginous fishes also excrete excess SO42− via the kidney. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms for SO42− transport in cartilaginous fish, largely due to the extraordinarily elaborate four-loop configuration of the nephron, which consists of at least 10 morphologically distinguishable segments. In the present study, we determined cDNA sequences from the kidney of holocephalan elephant fish ( Callorhinchus milii) that encoded solute carrier family 26 member 1 (Slc26a1) and member 6 (Slc26a6), which are SO42− transporters that are expressed in mammalian and teleost kidneys. Elephant fish Slc26a1 (cmSlc26a1) and cmSlc26a6 mRNAs were coexpressed in the proximal II (PII) segment of the nephron, which comprises the second loop in the sinus zone. Functional analyses using Xenopus oocytes and the results of immunohistochemistry revealed that cmSlc26a1 is a basolaterally located electroneutral SO42− transporter, while cmSlc26a6 is an apically located, electrogenic Cl−/SO42− exchanger. In addition, we found that both cmSlc26a1 and cmSlc26a6 were abundantly expressed in the kidney of embryos; SO42− was concentrated in a bladder-like structure of elephant fish embryos. Our results demonstrated that the PII segment of the nephron contributes to the secretion of excess SO42− by the kidney of elephant fish. Possible mechanisms for SO42− secretion in the PII segment are discussed.

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24

Mendoza, Manuel, Diego Garrido, and Jose M. Bellido. "Factors affecting the fishing impact on cartilaginous fishes in southeastern Spain (western Mediterranean Sea)." Scientia Marina 78, S1 (March 30, 2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04025.21a.

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25

Hodder, Dorothy. "North Carolina Books." North Carolina Libraries 61, no. 2 (January 20, 2009): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v61i2.192.

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Frank J. Schwartz, professor and curator of fishes at the University of North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences at Morehead City, has distilled more than forty-five years’ worth of study into a handy guide to the ninety-one species of Sharks, Skates, and Rays of the Carolinas. The introduction discusses past, present, and future Elasmobranchs (primitive fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and five to seven pairs of gill slits not covered by an opercle) briefly but in impressive detail.

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26

Kajiura, S., and T. Tricas. "Seasonal dynamics of dental sexual dimorphism in the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.10.2297.

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Cartilaginous fishes continuously replace their teeth throughout their life (polyphyodonty) and often show a sexually dimorphic dentition that was previously thought to be an invariant sex character. Radial vector analysis of tooth shape in the polyphyodontic stingray Dasyatis sabina across a consecutive 24 month period shows a stable molariform morphology for females but a periodic shift in male dentition from a female-like molariform to a recurved cuspidate form during the reproductive season. The grip tenacity of the male dentition is greater for the cuspidate form that occurs during the mating season than for the molariform dentition that occurs during the non-mating season. Dental sexual dimorphism and its sex-dependent temporal plasticity probably evolved via polyphyodontic preadaptation under selective pressures on both sexes for increased feeding efficiency and sexual selection in males to maximize mating success. These phenomena are important considerations for the identification and classification of cartilaginous fishes and possibly other polyphyodontic vertebrates in the fossil record.

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27

Rasmussen, Ann-Sofie, and Ulfur Arnason. "Phylogenetic Studies of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Molecules Place Cartilaginous Fishes Within the Tree of Bony Fishes." Journal of Molecular Evolution 48, no. 1 (January 1999): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00006439.

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28

Reinick, Christina L., Liang Liang, Joseph K. Angleson, and Robert M. Dores. "Identification of an MRAP-Independent Melanocortin-2 Receptor: Functional Expression of the Cartilaginous Fish, Callorhinchus milii, Melanocortin-2 Receptor in CHO Cells." Endocrinology 153, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 4757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1482.

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Abstract Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genome of the cartilaginous fish, Callorhynchus milii (elephant shark), encodes a melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) ortholog. Expression of the elephant shark mc2r cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells revealed that trafficking to the plasma membrane and functional activation of the receptor do not require coexpression with an exogenous melanocortin receptor-2 accessory protein (mrap) cDNA. Ligand selectivity studies indicated that elephant shark MC2R-transfected CHO cells produced cAMP in a dose-dependent manner when stimulated with either human ACTH (1–24) or [Nle4, d-Phe7]-MSH. Furthermore, the order of ligand selectivity when elephant shark MC2R-transfected CHO cells were stimulated with cartilaginous fish melanocortins was as follows: ACTH (1–25) = γ-MSH = δ-MSH > αMSH = β-MSH. Elephant shark MC2R is the first vertebrate MC2R ortholog to be analyzed that does not require melanocortin receptor-2 accessory protein 1 for functional activation. In addition, elephant MC2R is currently the only MC2R ortholog that can be activated by either ACTH- or MSH-sized ligands. Hence, it would appear that MC2R dependence on melanocortin receptor-2 accessory protein 1 for functional activation and the exclusive selectivity of this melanocortin receptor for ACTH are features that emerged after the divergence of the ancestral cartilaginous fishes and the ancestral bony fishes more than 400 million years ago.

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29

Smith, JD, and PH Towler. "Polonium-210 in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) from south-eastern Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 5 (1993): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930727.

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A study was made of the concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclide polonium-210 in the livers of cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyans) caught in the waters of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia in 1991. Five elasmobranch species had 210Po concentrations in the range 1-31 Bq kg-1 (wet weight) and one holocephalian species, the elephant fish (Callorhynchus milii), was exceptional with a 210Po range of 60-270 Bq kg-1 (n=3, mean 180 Bq kg-1). Lead-210 was present at 0.1- 1.1 Bq kg-1 and activity concentration ratios of 210Po:210Pb were all greater than 1, indicating that the 210Po could not all have grown in from in situ decay of 210Pb within the chondrichthyan liver. The concentration of 210Po in the livers appeared to be species related. Concentrations of the trace metals Cu, Fe and Zn showed no correlation with the 210Po and were not species-related. The mean concentration of 210Po measured in Port Phillip Bay water was 0.32 mBq kg-1. This yields concentration factors of 3.2 × 103 to 8.4 × 105 for unsupported 210Po in the livers of the chondrichthyans. The total 210Po (using Q=20) exposes the livers to a weighted absorbed dose of up to 140 mGy year-1 (16�Gy h-1), which is >99% of the total internal dose and three orders of magnitude greater than the external dose based on estimated levels of 40K.

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30

Fujita, Kiyoshi. "Nomenclature of cartilaginous elements in the caudal skeleton of teleostean fishes." Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 36, no. 1 (June 1989): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02905669.

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31

Compagno, Leonard J. V. "Alternative life-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time and space." Environmental Biology of Fishes 28, no. 1-4 (August 1990): 33–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00751027.

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32

Gábriel, R. "The central nervous system of cartilaginous fishes: Structure and functional correlations." Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (July 1988): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(88)90152-2.

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33

Vaškaninová, Valéria, Donglei Chen, Paul Tafforeau, Zerina Johanson, Boris Ekrt, Henning Blom, and Per Erik Ahlberg. "Marginal dentition and multiple dermal jawbones as the ancestral condition of jawed vertebrates." Science 369, no. 6500 (July 9, 2020): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9431.

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The dentitions of extant fishes and land vertebrates vary in both pattern and type of tooth replacement. It has been argued that the common ancestral condition likely resembles the nonmarginal, radially arranged tooth files of arthrodires, an early group of armoured fishes. We used synchrotron microtomography to describe the fossil dentitions of so-called acanthothoracids, the most phylogenetically basal jawed vertebrates with teeth, belonging to the genera Radotina, Kosoraspis, and Tlamaspis (from the Early Devonian of the Czech Republic). Their dentitions differ fundamentally from those of arthrodires; they are marginal, carried by a cheekbone or a series of short dermal bones along the jaw edges, and teeth are added lingually as is the case in many chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods). We propose these characteristics as ancestral for all jawed vertebrates.

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34

Molnár, Kálmán, Gábor Cech, and Csaba Székely. "Remarks on the seasonal occurrence and identification of young plasmodial stages of Myxobolus spp. Infecting cyprinid fishes in Hungary." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.006.

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During a survey on the Myxobolus infection of two cyprinid fishes, the ide (Leuciscus idus) and the roach (Rutilus rutilus), myxosporean developmental stages were found around the arteries of the gill filaments and in the gill lamellae. An analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences of these stages revealed that plasmodia developing in the ide belonged to Myxobolus elegans, those developing in the gill lamellae of the roach corresponded to M. intimus, while plasmodia developing in close contact with the cartilaginous gill rays proved to be developmental stages of M. feisti. A strict seasonal cycle with a very long intrapiscine development was recorded for M. elegans and M. intimus. Developing plasmodia of the latter Myxobolus spp. occurred from early summer to next spring, and spore formation took place only in April. No seasonality associated with M. feisti infections was found. Developing plasmodia and mature spores of this species occurred simultaneously in different seasons of the year. Myxobolus feisti spore formation always occurred in close contact with the cartilaginous tissue of the gill filaments but spores were rarely encapsulated in the cartilaginous gill rays.

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35

Grigorov, I. V., and A. M. Orlov. "Species diversity and conservation status of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) of Russian waters." Journal of Ichthyology 53, no. 11 (December 2013): 923–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0032945213110040.

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36

Stuesse, Sherry L., David C. Stuesse, and William L. R. Cruce. "Raphe nuclei in three cartilaginous fishes,Hydrolagus colliei,Heterodontus francisci, andSqualus acanthias." Journal of Comparative Neurology 358, no. 3 (July 31, 1995): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580308.

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37

Gillis, J. A., M. S. Modrell, R. G. Northcutt, K. C. Catania, C. A. Luer, and C. V. H. Baker. "Electrosensory ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes in cartilaginous fishes." Development 139, no. 17 (July 25, 2012): 3142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.084046.

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38

Villafaña, Jaime A., Sven N. Nielsen, Stefanie Klug, and Jürgen Kriwet. "Early Miocene cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from Chile: Diversity and paleobiogeographic implications." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 96 (December 2019): 102317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102317.

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39

Leatherland and Down. "Tumours and related lesions of the endocrine system of bony and cartilaginous fishes." Fish and Fisheries 2, no. 1 (March 2001): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2001.00035.x.

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40

Smeets, Wilhelmus J. A. J., and R. Glenn Northcutt. "At least one thalamotelencephalic pathway in cartilaginous fishes projects to the medial pallium." Neuroscience Letters 78, no. 3 (August 1987): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(87)90373-9.

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41

Fitzpatrick, John L. "Sperm competition and fertilization mode in fishes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0074.

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Sperm competition is a powerful selective force that has shaped sexual traits throughout animal evolution. Yet, how fertilization mode (i.e. external versus internal fertilization) influences the scope and potential for sperm competition to act on ejaculates remains unclear. Here, I examine how fertilization mode shapes ejaculatory responses to sperm competition in fishes, a diverse group that constitute the majority of vertebrate biological diversity. Fishes are an ideal group for this examination because they exhibit a wide range of reproductive behaviours and an unparalleled number of transitions in fertilization mode compared to any other vertebrate group. Drawing on data from cartilaginous and bony fishes, I first show that rates of multiple paternity are higher in internally than externally fertilizing fishes, contrary to the prevailing expectation. I then summarize how sperm competition acts on sperm number and quality in internally and externally fertilizing fishes, highlighting where theoretical predictions differ between these groups. Differences in how ejaculates respond to sperm competition between fertilization modes are most apparent when considering sperm size and swimming performance. Clarifying how fertilization mode influences evolutionary responses in ejaculates will inform our understanding of ejaculate evolution across the animal tree of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

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Supriyati, Hikmah, Rakhmiyati Rakhmiyati, and Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi. "Anatomical and Histological Study of Shark (Carcharhinus sorrah) Kidney." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2019.82.37-40.

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Sharks are sea water fishes belong to the class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii. Sharks are cartilaginous fish that have a different osmoregulation process than any other sea water fish. Cartilaginous fish is the only vertebrate that can maintain urea. This study aims to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the kidney in the anterior, medial and posterior parts of kidney. The study was conducted by observing anatomy of the kidney. Histological preparations were made using the paraffin method. Qualitative descriptive data analysis was done. Research results show that shark kidneys consist of three parts, namely the head kidney, the body kidney, and the tail kidney. Kidney sharks are brownish red with a size of 18 cm long. Histological observations of shark kidney in the head kidney reveals many glomerulus, body kidney reveals many distal and tubule proximal contractile tubules whereas tail kidney reveals stroma that is rarely found in vertebrate kidney.

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Juma, Salma Nassor, Xiaoxia Gong, Sujie Hu, Zhengbing Lv, Jianzhong Shao, Lili Liu, and Guiqian Chen. "Shark New Antigen Receptor (IgNAR): Structure, Characteristics and Potential Biomedical Applications." Cells 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051140.

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Shark is a cartilaginous fish that produces new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. This antibody is identified with a similar human heavy chain but dissimilar sequences. The variable domain (VNAR) of IgNAR is stable and small in size, these features are desirable for drug discovery. Previous study results revealed the effectiveness of VNAR as a single molecule or a combination molecule to treat diseases both in vivo and in vitro with promising clinical applications. We showed the first evidence of IgNAR alternative splicing from spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), broadening our understanding of the IgNARs characteristics. In this review, we summarize the discoveries on IgNAR with a focus on its advantages for therapeutic development based on its peculiar biochemistry and molecular structure. Proper applications of IgNAR will provide a novel avenue to understand its special presence in cartilaginous fishes as well as designing a number of drugs for undefeated diseases.

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BISCOITO, MANUEL, CLÁUDIA RIBEIRO, and MAFALDA FREITAS. "Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I—Chondrichthyes." Zootaxa 4429, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2.

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As part of an annotated checklist of fishes of the archipelago of Madeira, a list with all cartilaginous fishes recorded from the archipelago is presented. The list contains 67 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras, whose presence in the area the authors consider confirmed. Another 14 species previously referred for the area are now considered dubious records and five species are withdrawn from the list. Centrophorus uyato is here recorded for the first time from Madeira. Three species (Mitsukurina owstoni, Odontaspis noronhai and Chimaera opalescens) are so far only present in Madeira within Macaronesia. The 67 confirmed species are based on occurrences, substantiated by specimens in natural history museum collections or other published evidence. For all species, the first reference is given, as well as other relevant references for the archipelago and remaining Macaronesia.

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Dores, Robert M., Qais Majeed, and Leanne Komorowski. "Observations on the radiation of lobe-finned fishes, ray-finned fishes, and cartilaginous fishes: Phylogeny of the opioid/orphanin gene family and the 2R hypothesis." General and Comparative Endocrinology 170, no. 2 (January 2011): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.09.023.

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Gillis, J. Andrew, Els C. Alsema, and Katharine E. Criswell. "Trunk neural crest origin of dermal denticles in a cartilaginous fish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (November 20, 2017): 13200–13205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713827114.

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Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks and skates) possess a postcranial dermal skeleton consisting of tooth-like “denticles” embedded within their skin. As with teeth, the principal skeletal tissue of dermal denticles is dentine. In the head, cranial neural crest cells give rise to the dentine-producing cells (odontoblasts) of teeth. However, trunk neural crest cells are generally regarded as nonskeletogenic, and so the embryonic origin of trunk denticle odontoblasts remains unresolved. Here, we use expression of FoxD3 to pinpoint the specification and emigration of trunk neural crest cells in embryos of a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Using cell lineage tracing, we further demonstrate that trunk neural crest cells do, in fact, give rise to odontoblasts of trunk dermal denticles. These findings expand the repertoire of vertebrate trunk neural crest cell fates during normal development, highlight the likely primitive skeletogenic potential of this cell population, and point to a neural crest origin of dentine throughout the ancestral vertebrate dermal skeleton.

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Acher, Roger, Jacqueline Chauvet, Marie-Th�r�se Chauvet, and Yves Rouille. "Unique evolution of neurohypophysial hormones in cartilaginous fishes: Possible implications for urea-based osmoregulation." Journal of Experimental Zoology 284, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19991001)284:5<475::aid-jez2>3.0.co;2-9.

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Rasmussen, A. S., and U. Arnason. "Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 5 (March 2, 1999): 2177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.5.2177.

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Yopak, Kara E., Thomas J. Lisney, and Shaun P. Collin. "Not all sharks are “swimming noses”: variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes." Brain Structure and Function 220, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 1127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0.

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Caraguel, Jean-Marie, Thomas Barreau, Sarah Brown-Vuillemin, and Samuel P. Iglésias. "In vivo staining with alizarin for ageing studies on chondrichthyan fishes." Aquatic Living Resources 33 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020002.

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Age determination for stock assessments and conservation of cartilaginous fishes is mainly obtained by counting the annual growth bands in vertebrae. Recent studies show numerous inconsistencies and the need for systematic validation. We assessed the effectiveness of the fluorochrome alizarin red S, a common skeleton vital marker used as a time stamp for teleost fishes, on chondrichthyan. Twenty-five captive small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) were marked by alizarin red S intraperitoneal injections. The fluorochrome produced a wide fluorescent mark on sectioned vertebral centra of all injected fish. Alizarin red S did not have a deleterious effect on growth during three months monitoring. The marks obtained remained stable in vivo for more than four years after injections and were resistant to fading during the observation under the microscope excitation light. Our results suggest that alizarin red S is an effective tool for long time vital marking of chondrichthyans.

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