Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cartographie géologique'
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Savaton, Pierre. "La carte géologique dans l'enseignement secondaire : bilan historique et didactique, réflexion et propositions d'apprentissages." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA070044.
Full textFrench geological maps have been presented in secondary education ever since the middle of the xix th century in special sections assigned for technical carreers in industry and agriculture. These first maps were achieved with the aims of teaching in view. Until 1959, teaching in secondary education was restricted to a comment on the different formations on the french geological map. After this date, some exercices have appeared such as selective reading of geological maps, comparisons between the geology and the vegetation or the geomorphology, reconstruction of the geological history, construction of simplified maps, construction of geological profiles. With the teaching of plate tectonics theory, at the beginning of the 80's, these works on maps disappeared. At the same time, the competitive entry of teachers require strong cartographic knowledge. The geological map represents a codified message of the geologicals knowledge of the time. It is a compound subject because of the different rocks and formations codings in space and time. This complexity makes it difficult for the student to leam. Geological learning requires the ability to decode maps. The experiment requires a space perception of the structural arrangement of the formations and beyond the geology it enables the student to reflect on the scientific construction of the knowledge. Some exercices are proposed in order to develop an operational conception of the geological space through an epistemological process. This study contributes to the history of french geological maps and of geological teaching in secondary education. The latter is based on the analyses of official texts and of 150 school books
Ramos, Yuddy. "Étude du potentiel des données satellitaires pour la cartographie géologique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2628.
Full textRousseaux, Frédéric. "Étude des modèles numériques de terrains pour améliorer la fiabilité des calculs d'aléas et de vulnérabilité." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MARN0207.
Full textThe present thesis studies the impact of the relief’s representation on risk simulations. It aims at showing that the results of the risk simulations are modified according to the methods used to represent the relief. The approach consists in four parts. The first part is a bibliographic study related to the different methods used for the computed modelling of the relief and to the benefit of using some DTM in the risk studies. The second chapter proposes some coherent integration methods for vector data on DTM, and analyses their impact on the risk simulations’ results. The third part of the thesis deals with the location and the characterization of the errors on a DTM, as well as with their impact on the risk simulation. A method which consists in detecting the errors with crossing data on a DTM is proposed. In the last chapter, a method which enables the creation of a map including the potential errors is submitted. This map is created according to the automatic detection of the error areas which will have been defined in the second chapter. The following results were obtained : - Integrating a vector object is an interesting contribution which enables to improve in a significant way the risk simulations’ results - Detecting the errors underlines the areas which are the most often impacted, and highlights the importance of a DTM corrected from the artefacts. Nevertheless, most of the classical interpolation methods give similar results in terms of quality - By classifying the errors according to the types of morphological areas, a method aiming at detecting the areas comprising potential errors can be set up. Thus, the potential quality of a DTM can be assessed and the areas which are more or less accurate can be identified. Thanks to all these methods, the user is able to assess the quality of his DTM and to forecast more precisely how his DTM’s representation will impact the results of his simulations
Adnane, Naima. "Cartographie géologique de la region d'Ait Daoud (Ne du massif de Guemassa)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14742.
Full textAït, Ettajer Taoufik. "Modélisation de surfaces géologiques complexes sous contraintes géométriques : application à la génération automatique de modèles géologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL058N.
Full textSegonds, David. "Intégration de l'approche paramétrique dans le géomodeleur GOCAD." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1998_SEGONDS_D.pdf.
Full textGomez, Cécile. "Potentiels des données de télédétection multisources pour la cartographie géologique : Application à la région de Rehoboth (Namibie)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665112.
Full textgomez, cecile. "Potentiels des données de télédétection multisources pour la cartographie géologique : Application à la région de Rehoboth (Namibie)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008556.
Full textAdou, M'bé. "Cartographie de la feuille Dabakala (centre-nord de la Côte d'Ivoire) à 1/200 000 ème : nature, âge et origine des granitoïdes." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL026N.
Full textLeyrit, Hervé. "Kerguelen : cartographie et magmatologie des presqu'iles Jeanne d'Arc et Ronarc'h." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112257.
Full textCsontos, László. "Étude géologique d'une portion des Carpathes internes : le massif du Bükk (Nord-Est de la Hongrie). (Stratigraphie, structures, métamorphisme et géodynamique)." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10063.
Full textAgili, Hachem. "Vers une nouvelle solution de cartographie des minéraux à partir d’images hyperspectrales acquises depuis un drone." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25859.
Full textDe nos jours, les drones se présentent comme une nouvelle tendance dans le domaine de la télédétection civile grâce à leur capacité de combler plusieurs lacunes inhérentes aux plateformes conventionnelles. Les capteurs hyperspectraux embarqués sur ces systèmes figurent parmi les solutions en émergence et qui offrent de nouvelles opportunités en matière de cartographie de la surface terrestre. Cette solution se caractérise par l’acquisition des données à très hautes résolutions spectrale, spatiale et temporelle. Le présent travail vise à faire progresser les connaissances relatives à l'élaboration de cartographie des minéraux établie à partir d'images acquises à l'aide de cette solution. Il aborde notamment les problèmes liés aux distorsions inhérentes au processus d’acquisition des données et les méthodes permettant de les corriger. Il s’intéresse également à la conception d’une méthode de classification qui soit adaptée aux caractéristiques de ces données notamment en termes du grand volume et de la haute résolution spatiale.
Nowadays, unmanned aerial systems have become a new trend in the field of civilian remote sensing. These systems allow overcoming several shortcomings of conventional platforms. The hyperspectral sensors mounted on this type of platform are amongst the up and coming solutions that provide new opportunities for mapping land surface. This solution is characterized by the acquisition of data at very high spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions. The present work aims to advance knowledge about mineral mapping using images acquired with this solution. It particularly addresses issues related to the distortions of the data acquired from such a system and methods to correct them. It also focused on the conception of a classification method that is suited to the characteristics of these data particularly in terms of large volume and high spatial resolution.
Martinez-Angeles, Raymundo. "Cartographie des bassins pétroliers par traitement numérique d'image : exemple du bassin de Chihuahua (Mexique)." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4323.
Full textPairazian, Karen. "Modélisation 3D des réservoirs pétroliers par l'intégration des données sismiques et géologiques : approches quantitatives multivariables." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL133N.
Full textWang, Jinnian. "Caractérisation des sols par l'analyse d'images hyperspectrales en télédétection." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4051/document.
Full textHyperspectral remote sensing has been used successfully to identify and map abundances and compositional difference of mineral groups and single mineral phases. This research will toward developing a 3D mineral mapping system that integrate surface (airborne and satellite) and subsurface (drill core) hyperspectral remote sensing data and carries it into quantitative mineral systems analysis. The main content and result is introduced as follows:- For Surface mineralogy mapping, we have developed and optimized the processing methods for accurate, seamless mineral measurements using Airborne and Satellite hyperspectral image. This requires solutions for unmixing background effects from target minerals to leave residual scaled mineral abundances equivalent to vegetation-free pixels. Another science challenge is to improve the atmospheric correction. Also Hapke BRDF model is used on the study in the linear and nonlinear mineral spectral mixing models.- For the subsurface mineralogy mapping, we have developed Field Imaging Spectrometer System (FISS) and Drill Core Logging for the subsurface mineralogy mapping, the Key science challenges will be establishing the accuracy of derived mineral products through associated laboratory analysis, including investigations from SWIR into the thermal infrared for measuring minerals.- The 3D mineral maps derived from hyperspectral methods can distinctly improve our understanding of mineral system. We use GIS system integrating surface and subsurface mineralogy mapping, with 3D mineral models for demonstration exploitation of economic mineral deposits in test site
Filahi, Mustapha. "Contribution des méthodes géophysiques, en particulier du RADAR géologique, à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal -MAROC." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812038.
Full textFilahi, Mustapha. "Contribution des méthodes géophysiques, en particulier du RADAR géologique, à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Mélina de Béni-Mellal, Maroc." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812038.
Full textCe mémoire traite de la contribution des méthodes géophysiques à la détection et à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal. Il s’inscrit dans un projet de réhabilitation de la Médina, à l’initiative de l’Agence Urbaine de Béni-Mellal et des autorités municipale, régionale et nationale. La méthodologie mise en œuvre est celle proposée dans le Guide technique élaboré par le Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées de Nantes (2004). Le premier chapitre pose le problème des cavités, dites «Khefs», en relation avec l’histoire et la géographie de la médina. Le second chapitre traite des phases d’étude préliminaires à l’application de la géophysique. Une étude critique des documents et rapports antérieurs et des visites d’affleurements géologiques et de cavités, ont modifié profondément les hypothèses sur l’origine et la nature des cavités. Contrairement à ce qui a souvent été dit et écrit, il n’y a aucune cavité d’origine naturelle liée à la karstification. Il s’agit de cavités creusées par l’homme dans des matériaux détritiques et lacustres pour en extraire les matériaux de construction de la médina elle-même, sous la forme d’exploitation classique de type «chambres et piliers». La dégradation des cavités est également liée à l’activité anthropique. Le troisième chapitre traite du choix des méthodes géophysiques mises en œuvre et présente les résultats de trois d’entre elles. La sismique réfraction n’est pas recommandée. La tomographie électrique et l’électromagnétisme en champ proche sont en revanche recommandés. Sept exemples de profils de tomographie 2D sont présentés, qui montrent clairement la présence d’anomalies résistantes attendues : leur toit est situé entre 0,50 m et 1, 50 m de profondeur ; leur extension latérale est inférieure à 5m. Cinq profils et 2 cartes électromagnétiques démontrent la capacité à cartographier les variations de la géologie superficielle et la sensibilité aux contacts verticaux entre les vides et les matériaux détritiques en place. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats obtenus avec le radar géologique sur une zone expérimentale de la médina. Des exemples spécifiques sont extraits des 270 profiles qui ont été enregistrés, avec une antenne de 400 MHz pour la totalité et une antenne de 200 MHz pour quelques uns. Les résultats ont été contrôlés par 17 forages. La confirmation est satisfaisante : 7 forages ont rencontré les vides tel que prévu, 2 les ont rencontrés à une profondeur supérieure à la profondeur d’investigation, 5 ont mis en évidence un réflecteur géologique comme prévu, 2 n’ont rencontré aucun réflecteur comme prévu et enfin pour 1 seul d’entre eux, le forage destructif n’a pas permis d’identifier le réflecteur attendu. Un début d’étude sur les traces et sur les spectres, en particulier les spectres glissants, semble ouvrir des voies prometteuses pour une interprétation des radargrammes, avec un nombre limité de forages ultérieurs. Le cinquième chapitre présente une synthèse des résultats et répond notamment aux questions posées par les directeurs du projet. Une carte de toutes les cavités détectées par l’ensemble des techniques est présentée. Il y en a près de 200. Aucune zone de la Médina n’est épargnée. En revanche, cette présence n’interdit pratiquement aucun projet d’aménagement ou d’urbanisme. A chaque usage d’un lieu, un traitement spécifique est proposé, dont le coût devrait rester faible par comparaison avec celui de la construction elle-même. Des propositions sont également faites concernant les réseaux, en bon accord avec des solutions de principe proposées précédemment par des bureaux d’ étude compétents. En bref, les cavités passent du statut de danger inéluctable et imprévisible, à celui d’éléments apprivoisés de la vie de la médina
Mariez, Olivier. "Modélisation de solides par synthèse de l'analyse d'images 3D et de modèles à base de surfaces non-variétées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL034N.
Full textAug, Christophe. "Modélisation géologique 3D et caractérisation des incertitudes par la méthode du champ de potentiel." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001077.
Full textGabalda, Sunsearé. "Processus d'exhumation dans les Alpes occidentales : modélisation géométrique et reconstitution géodynamique sur la transversale Chartreuse-Maurienne, une approche multi-échelle." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005248.
Full textBaissa, Rachid. "Caractérisation spectrale visible infrarouge des faciès carbonatés et potentialités de la télédétection hyperspectrale en cartographie géologique : application aux dépôts d’âge jurassique dans le bassin d’Essaouira-Agadir (Maroc)." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2100.
Full textNowadays the development of sensors for acquiring hyperspectral images has contributed greatly to the identification of different constituents of the earth's surface and therefore to the improvement of cartographic products. This work proposes to study hand specimens of the carbonate facies of Jurassic age in the Essaouira-Agadir Basin, using a regional spectral library, based on the samples were measured in situ by an ASD spectroradiomètre and completed by using hyperspectral imagery provided by the camera HySpex SWIR-320m. These images offer the possibility to identify with precision the different carbonate minerals and to allow diagenetic facies characterization. The approach is to calculate an index of carbonate, the Normalized Difference Carbonate Index (NDCI) to study the deepening of the main absorption band of carbonates and a supervised classification method based on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) to study the overall shape of reflection spectra of carbonates and to map other accessory minerals. This method has allowed the development of mineralogical maps supplemented by their degrees of crystallinity
DeKemp, Eric Anthony. "Three-dimensional integration and visualization of structural field data : tools for regional subsurface mapping = Integration et visualisation 3-D de données structurales de terrain : outils pour la cartographie géologique régionale." Thèse, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://constellation.uqac.ca/411/1/12127333.pdf.
Full textAiraghi, Laura. "Etude pétro-chronologique de la chaîne des Longmen Shan (Tibet oriental) : héritage géologique et implications pour la géodynamique actuelle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU029/document.
Full textOne of the major challenges in Earth Sciences is understanding how the continental lithosphere deforms in convergent settings, according to which timescales. For its elevation and extension the Tibetan plateau is an ideal natural laboratory for the study of deep crustal processes in active convergent settings. The rise and thickening of the Tibetan plateau has generally been related to the only collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates during the Cenozoic. However, this interpretation has been recently put into question by apparently contrasting geophysical and geological features observed at different locations on the plateau.The aim of this PhD is to quantify the importance of the geological inheritance in the long-term and short-term deformation of an active thrust belt, focusing on the Longmen Shan orogen, the most enigmatic border of the Tibetan plateau. In the Longmen Shan (eastern Tibet) the Tibetan crust is over thickened (>60 km), the tectonic activity is localized along lithospheric faults -as demonstrated by the occurrence of the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan (2008) and Mw 6.6 Lushan (2013) earthquakes- and a high topography survives despite low convergence rates measured by GPS (<3 mm/yr). These observations are hardly reconcilable in a unique model of crustal deformation, suggesting a contribution of the geological inheritance from the geological history preceding the India-Asia collision.A petro-chronological approach that combines microstructural observations, compositional mapping of major and accessory mineral phases, thermodynamic modelling, in-situ 40Ar/39Ar dating, Ar diffusion modelling and in-situ U/Pb-Th allanite dating was applied to metamorphic rocks on each side of the major faults that strike parallel to the belt. This high-resolution study shows that in garnet-bearing rocks of the internal units of the belt matrix minerals record different stages of the metamorphic path in their composition. This is due to an incomplete chemical re-equilibration explained by a variable fluid availability during metamorphism. Different stages of metamorphism and fluid-assisted reactions sequences are also recorded in the 40Ar/39Ar signal of micas and in the composition and textures of the accessory phases.The understanding of petrological processes at the small scale was combined with field observations to quantify the Mesozoic thickness of the Tibetan crust at > 30 km and to unravel a metamorphic jump of greater than 150°C across the major faults, inherited from the Mesozoic tectonics. While internal units of the belt were strongly deformed, decoupled from the basement and metamorphosed at T ~ 580-600°C (P ~11 kbar), external units were less deformed and experienced lower temperatures conditions (T < 400°C, P < 5 kbar). The partial exhumation of the crystalline basement from c. 20 km depth along the major fault (in both internal and external units) occurred at c. 120-140 Ma during a previously poorly documented tectonic event.The multi-method approach applied on a wide geographical area and on a large time interval enabled to quantify the rates and conditions of the different stages of the maturation of the belt; internal units reached the thermal relaxation at ~600°C 40 Ma after the beginning of the propagation of the orogenic load. The basement was re-activated 40 Ma later, at similar thermal conditions than its sedimentary cover. The Mesozoic geological inheritance is therefore a key element in the present structure of the belt and strongly controlled the rheological and structural state of the upper crust at the moment of the Cenozoic re-activation.The petro-chronological study of different segments of the belt showed an along-strike metamorphic segmentation of the Longmen Shan inherited from the Mesozoic. This segmentation corresponds to the present fault segmentation, underlying the potential role of inherited structure in controlling the geographic distribution of the recent earthquakes
Monnet, Jean-Claude. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'unités cartographiques prairiales dans le massif du Jura : Application à la définition des terroirs du comté." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA2013.
Full textCortial, Yann. "Synthèse de terrain à l'échelle planétaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI094.
Full textAllowing the real-time exploration of huge, detailed, heterogeneous synthetic terrains remains an unsolved challenge in computer graphics, despite forty years of research. In general, existing methods only handle terrains of limited extent, defined over a planar topology. In this thesis, we explore terrain modeling at maximum-scale, i.e. at planetary scale - a scale which exceeds by four orders of magnitude the extent of the domain of classical terrain synthesis. However, this problem has been largely neglected, only a couple of modeling methods have been proposed in past research. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel decoupled solution, capable of generating true-to-scale planets. Our architecture takes first into account the geology of terrestrial planets by deploying a guided plate tectonics simulation. This simulation allows the generation of large-scale planetary features such as continents, oceanic relief, islands arcs and mountain ranges. This macroscopic model is then forwarded as an input to an hyper-amplification method capable of producing continuous, detailed real-time views of the terrain. To handle the size of the domain, the procedural amplification method relies on the pre-structuration of the tectonic model, allowing on-the-fly generation of the final detailed model, restricted to the current camera view. The model is produced entirely on the GPU by relying on a massively parallel stochastic subdivision scheme, guided by level-of-detail dependent rules. Overall, our method better handles certain problems tied to previous fractal methods, such as the self-similarity of homogeneous landscapes and the lack of user-control, by producing planets that show more variety, appear more realistic and can be more efficiently designed by artists
Pouderoux, Joachim. "Création semi-automatique de modèles numériques de terrains - Visualisation et interaction sur terminaux mobiles communicants." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354701.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la création de ces modèles à partir d'une source importante de données topographiques constituée par les cartes topographiques. Nous présentons une chaîne complète de traitements permettant de générer un MNT à partir d'une carte topographique numérisée. Nous détaillons particulièrement de nouvelles méthodes de reconstruction des courbes de niveaux et d'interpolation de ces courbes pour générer un MNT. Les différents travaux effectués dans cette thématique s'intègrent au sein de la plate-forme logicielle AutoDEM que nous avons développée durant cette thèse.
Puis, dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une nouvelle technique permettant de visualiser des MNT en 3D sur une large gamme de dispositifs allant de stations de travail reliées à de grands écrans jusqu'à des terminaux mobiles (TM) à faibles capacités tels que les PDA ou les téléphones portables. L'intérêt majeur de la technique présentée, qui repose sur un mode connecté client-serveur, réside dans l'adaptation dynamique du modèle 3D aux capacités d'affichage du terminal. Nous nous intéressons également à des techniques de rendu à distance et présentons deux techniques permettant d'offrir d'une part une visualisation interactive temps réel et d'autre part un panorama virtuel à l'utilisateur.
Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous décrivons des techniques nouvelles permettant à un utilisateur mobile disposant d'un TM de naviguer et d'interagir avec des données géographiques (cartes ou plans 2D et scènes 3D). La première est une technique d'interaction tangible et bi-manuelle reposant sur la détection par analyse du flux vidéo d'une cible décrivant un code couleur. La deuxième est une technique de sélection à deux niveaux adaptée aux TM ne disposant pas de dispositif de pointage continu.
Rétif, Pascal. "De la cartographie dans l'histoire de la géologie des granites." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2010/document.
Full textGeological maps reflect the advanced stage of knowledge of granite and theories about its origin from the early 19th to the 1970s and show that granite and metamorphism have been tied for a long time. From the 1830s to the 1870s, granites could no longer be regarded as primitive rocks, a word of Wernerian legacy, in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway, with the exception of France, but were considered as plutonic and intrusive rocks which generate metamorphic aureoles in country rock. The emergence of a new method using polarising microscope in the 1870s led to the revival in petrology and coincided with the second phase of detailed geological mapping in Europe (Germany, the United Kingdom, and Finland). The Age and diversity of granites and the successive areas in metamorphism are mapped. Geologists accept the igneous origin of granite, they regard granites as eruptive or igneous rocks that are derived from liquid magma. Magmatists consider granitic magma to be the result of melting, while transformists regard this magma as the source of mineralising fluids (mineralizers) responsible for the assimilation. New editions and revised maps show that throughout the 20th century transformist ideas were on the rise in the United Kingdom and already dominant in France. Until the 1970s Granites and migmatites have to be considered in France as metamorphic rocks which have resulted from metasomatism and granitization process, despite many achievements of experimental petrology. Surveyors in Scotland recognize cauldron subsidence as the process that produces ring dykes. Structural German studies provide supporting evidence that the emplacement of plutons is affected by the tectonic conditions
Moulouel, Hakim. "Caractérisation cartographique d'une différenciation verticale et horizontale de la déformation : application à la couverture sédimentaire de la plate-forme ardennaise." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10044.
Full textThe Western Ardennes Paleozoic massif forms the primordial exposure of the Variscan deformation front in Northern France. It includes folded and thrusted units composed of non metamorphic to epi-metamorphic rocks of mostly Devonian-Carboniferous age. Along a Western Ardennes transect imaged by the M146 seismic profile, the thrust front is characterized by a major crustal scale south-dipping thrust zone whose emergence corresponds to the c1assical "Midi" thrust zone. The latter induces the thrusting of the Ardennes-Avesnois fold-and-thrust belt onto the dismembered molassic Namurian-Westphalian coal-bearing foreland basin and its Brabant-type substratum. The main Ardennes basal thrust accommodates a significant part of the motion occuring during a late out-ofsequence event. South of this main thrust, Avesnois area display second order thrust-related folds with a general ENE-WSW trend and a NNW vergence. These structures involve a strongly heterogeneous Iithological sequence. The induced rheological contrasts strongly control the deformation style. New cartographic and structural studies, mainly carried out in the Famennian sequences, allowed us to precise the geometry and kinematics of the fold-thrust structures. As a whole, these data indicate (1) that the thick Incompetent Famennian layers acted as a distributed complex décollement-zone decoupling shortening between the Mid-Devonian and Dinantian layers, (2) that the geometrical folding model demonstrated above early synsedimentary discontinuities corresponds to disharmonic fold types. the folding in the post-Lower Famennian levels occurred by flank rotation around fixed hinge zones. For the lower-Famennian incompetent levels, shortening is accommodated by the presence of several fold hinges in folds hinge zone and by buckling. (3) that the foreland-directed thrust related folds were lately deformed by backwards thrusting, highlighting the overall difficulty of the forward propagation of the thrust front onto the Brabant foreland
Loparev, Artiom. "Géométries crustales, évolution paléogéographique et histoire de l'accumulation terrigène des bassins de la marge passive du craton guyanais." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30170.
Full textThis thesis is a part of "Source to Sink Guyana" project supported by TOTAL and BRGM. Its objective was to establish bases for a Source to Sink study of the Guiana Shield, by studying the geo-dynamic evolution of its passive margin since 200 Ma. These objectives were acquired after seismic data interpretation, crustal cross-sections and paleogeographic maps constructions and terrigeneous accumulation history quantification of the margin. The passive margin of the Guiana Shield is composed of two basins: Guiana/Suriname (GS) and Foz d'Amazonas (FOZ), derived from a Jurassic then Lower Cretaceous diachronous rifting respectively. The study of the subsurface data allowed us to show that the superimposition of the two rifts has shaped the Demerara Shelf into a continental block, thinned twice and surrounded by oceanic crust on three sides. The more oblique rifting of the FOZ basin forms systematically narrower segments and finer syn-rift deposits than in the GS basin. The paleo-geographic evolution of the margin and terrigenous accumulation, over eight intervals of time (from 200 Ma), show a different evolution of the two basins. The lithological distribution of sedimentary systems is homogenized from the Campanian, when both basins reach the late-post-rift stage, during which the distribution is mainly controlled by continental river dynamics. Terrestrial accumulated volumes show however an opposite evolution during Cretaceous in both basins, in connection with the decrease and increase in the drained areas of the major rivers of this region, Paleo-Berbice and Paleo-Tocantins respectively. Siliclastic inputs towards the margin are generally low (between 2 and 11 m/Ma), but alternating with periods of high inputs corresponding to the recreation of the relief on the continent
Thomas, Amélie. "Cartographie et évaluation de la dynamique à court terme d'instabilités gravitaires de grandes ampleurs : exemple du massif de la Cristallère en haute Vallée d'Aspe (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France) : apports des mesures de positionnement satellitaire et des observations aériennes par drone." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0914/document.
Full textFor these last decades, few subjects of the geology of the engineer have drawn the attention of the scientific community as much as those dealing of the natural hazards and more particularly with large-scale gravitational instabilities known as DSGSD (Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation) and DSL (Deep Seated Landslide). Based on few cases study on a natural scale (dating and recent monitoring), short term temporal dynamics remains one of their least studied aspects today. We made the choice of the Cristallère massif as an example. It is located in Upper Aspe Valley of the Pyrenees (Béarn region). The Cristallère DSL was recently identified and analyzed through two dating methods.On the basis of this work, our first approach consists in assessing short term temporal dynamics of these slopes movements on various scales and with various methods of satellites positioning (GPS and GLONASS constellations): multistation positioning RGP (Permanent Geodetic Network in France), statics geodetic with pivot and fast static with pivot. We insist in this work, given the original results obtained, on the interest of the differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) with a pivot which must be geographically close to the observations to be carried out in order to ensure sufficient accuracy (cm).Observations and exploitation of drone digital elevation models of the site from aerial surveys at different scales obtained with a “flying wing” are the second approach to this research work. They complete the mapping of the site and demonstrate the existence of a DSGSD based on a high resolution and high precision geomorphometric characterization (cm); they make it possible to refine the delimitation of the Cristallère DSL and its most active area (Pène du Thès) and the Peilhou DSL.In addition to these two complementary approaches, a geological and geophysical survey (structural geology measurements, electrical resistivity tomographies and electromagnetic profiles Very Low Frequency surveys) and an analysis of the available data on the structures present in the unstable slope, such as the large diameter underground water pipe for the hydroelectric plant of Baralet and the former railway tunnel of Peilhou. The combined use of these three approaches confirms that the deep movements of the Cristallère massif are still active with proven seismic forcing: awareness of the potential role taken by the DSGSD is then fundamental. Thus, all the existing structures in the massif or the projects on this site (new constructions or rehabilitation of old structures) have to consider the existence of a slow and gradual change of the entire massif (DSGSD). Moreover, the methodology developed in this work is intended to be general. It also makes possible to monitor and follow, in the short and medium term, all types of ground movement, in particular landslides or rockslides, deep or superficial, slow or fast
Dussurget, Renaud. "Apport de l'altimétrie à l'étude des tourbillons à méso et subméso-échelle : application régionale au Golfe de Gascogne." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2739/.
Full textThe Bay of Biscay, in the North East Atlantic, is the scene of a particularly complex ocean dynamics in which the slope current plays a role in the development of (sub)mesoscale structures offshore, contributing to water exchanges between the continental shelf and the open ocean. Thanks to long time series and its precision, altimetry is an ideal tool to their observation. Due to the regional dynamics, it is necessary to benefit from recent advances in coastal altimetry. First, wavelet analysis was developed to determine the observability of the (sub)mesoscale: these processes are currently under evaluated in maps of sea level. A regional fine scale mapping methodology was then put in place over a period of optimal spatial coverage (4 satellites, 2002-2005). Regional maps were then the subject of intense intercomparison using independent observations (in-situ & satellite). Fine-scale mapping improve regional estimates of eddy kinetic energy levels compared to standard data as well as the of the slope current variability. Filaments based on the Lyapunov exponents, derived from our regional maps, are more consistent with satellite images. A sequence of fine-scale eddy detachment from the slope current is made possible by the combined use of regional sea level maps, satellite images and in-situ data. The spatial and temporal variability of the meso and submeso-scale dynamics can then be studied and phase lags are observed between the continental slope and offshore variability. Finally, this thesis opens up the perspective of observations, including the provision of areas for the development of regional mapping methodologies and the improvement observational error budgets. These methodological developments can be extended to other regions and altimetry datasets. Regional maps provide an important observation for the interpretation of the Bay of Biscay ocean dynamics and for the validation of regional models
Kuentz, Adèle. "Dynamiques actuelle et holocène de la Puna (Andes sèches du Pérou) à partir des observations de terrain, de la cartographie (SIG) et de la palynologie (Région du Nevado Coropuna)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF20013.
Full textAlkhatib-Alkontar, Rozan. "Magnétisme des villes circulaires du troisième millénaire avant J.C dans les marges arides de la Syrie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH022/document.
Full textCurrently, magnetic surveying is recognized as an effective method to address archaeological issues in part because of its ability to detect buried structures (buildings, pits, channels, etc ...). It allows identifying and accurately locating structures and is therefore a valuable aid before the commencement of excavation. Our work reports on magnetic mapping done at three archaeological sites in Syria (Al-Rawda, Sh’airat, Malhat Ed-Deru) using two methods of magnetic mapping at different levels of resolution, The first method (Backpack) allows to cover large areas quickly and the second method (Sledge), slower, allows better imaging of buried structures. These methods have provided urban planning circular cities of the third millennium BC. The modeling method swapped to characterize the magnetic sources
Le, Maire Pauline. "Caractérisation des anomalies magnétiques, approches théoriques et expérimentales : applications à des objets anthropiques et géologiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH006/document.
Full textMagnetic anomalies recorded outside bodies provide high quality information relative to buried structures. By using theoretical and experimental developments, this thesis aims to improve the characterization of the source inducing the magnetic anomaly. Firstly, some properties of three dimensional magnetic functions are presented, for example the presence of several maxima of the analytic signal operator (3D) is demonstrated. The Nabighian (1972) equation is generalized, which imply a new process to study potential method in two dimensions. These developments enable a new visualization of the anomaly in the complex field. The second approach is experimental. Synthetic cases are used to estimate the contribution of different configurations of magnetic data acquisitions at different altitudes to characterize the magnetic source. Theoretical and experimental developments are finally applied to two field examples: oceanic magnetic anomalies and archaeological magnetic prospection
Mezghache, Hamid. "Cartographie automatique et interprétation géostatistique d'une campagne de prospection géochimique sur sol : application à la zone mercurielle nord-numidique (Algérie)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10437.
Full textQuesnel, Florence. "Cartographie numérique en géologie de surface : application aux altérites à silex de l'ouest du Bassin de Paris." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739116.
Full textDamak, Mohamed. "Un logiciel de stockage, de traitement et de visualisation graphique et cartographique des données géologiques et géotechniques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785637.
Full textBianchi, Brigitte. "Traitement d'images satellitaires applique a la cartographie numerique quantitative de la circulation oceanique superficielle." Nice, 1988. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00956606.
Full textGautier, Pascal. "Cartographie des glissements et affaissements miniers dans la région de Decazeville (Aveyron)." Paris, ENMP, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ENMP0001.
Full textMarcil, Jean-Sébastien. "Cartographie détaillée et étude structurale de la région de Moose Mountain, Foothills du Sud-Ouest de l'Alberta." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35017.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Dewez, Stéphane. "Sédimentation et dynamique en Manche orientale (de la Baie d'Authie au Cap d'Alprech)." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10011.
Full textTong, Si Son. "Cartographie par télédétection des espaces intertidaux du Vietnam." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS038.
Full textTidal flat is a special environment suffering tidal regime in which tidal flats are submerged during flood tide and exposing the air during ebb tide. Tidal flats in the north coast in Vietnam are constituted in diurnal tide condition with tide range varying from 0.3m to 3.5m. Along 350km coastline of the study area, the diversity of constituent conditions formed various tidal flats with different characteristic. Tidal flats in the southern part of the study area are fed by sediment from two large river systems, in the middle part forms the coal tidal flats, but the only sandy sediment along with tide domination constitute the large tidal flats in the north coast of the study area. This study apply remote sensing techniques and GIS tools to solve four scientific issues including: the evolution of tidal flats over periods from 1989 to 2014, the characteristics of sediments in tidal flats, the surface parameter of tidal flats, and the forcing factors which influence the future change of tidal flats. The results of the study shows that, tidal flats in the north coast in the study area are dramatically eroded but the tidal flats in the south coast are deposition by the concentration of fine sediments. In total 14 forcing factors, the coastal nature factor has highest forcing to the deposition of tidal flats. However, the factors of wind-wave effect and tidal flat width have negative influence to deposition. Consequently, the highest potential for future deposition of tidal flats are around the river mouths in the south coast but no potential for future deposition is in tidal flats in the north of the study area. This study is implemented in the framework of the cooperation between University of Science and Technology Ha Noi (USTH) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Le, Corre Lucille. "Géologie de Titan à partir des données de spectro-imagerie infrarouge et Radar de la mission Cassini." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2108.
Full textCassini spacecraft, launched in 1997 and arrived in July 2004 at Saturn, provides images of Titan's surface in the near-infrared, medium infrared ranges and in the radio wavelengths range corresponding to the Cassini radar instrument. Previously, Titan’s surface, hidden by a thick methane-rich atmosphere opaque for the visible light, was unknown. The main work in this thesis is to analyze the dataset acquired by VIMS (Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer), in order to map Titan's surface. For each pixel of an given image, VIMS observes a spectrum between 0. 35 and 5. 11 μm. Atmospheric windows of methane allow to see the surface through the haze of aerosols and gases. By creating global mosaics of infrared images, we can infer different types of terrains. Geological features, such as cryovolcanoes, dune fields, lakes, fluvial channels, and impact craters, are studied thanks to the combination of VIMS et radar images in SAR mode in a geographic information system. They show a good correlation in morphology between radar and infrared datasets. The study of a particular cryovolcanic flow demonstrates that the composition can match spectra of mixtures of ices containing CH4, H2O, and CO2. Global mapping is useful to study the spatial distribution of geological units, features and correlation between datasets aiming to understand the nature and erosion processes prevailing on Titan's surface. A global crater count using the available radar swaths permits to estimate the surface age between 200 Myr and 2 Gyr
Kaaniche, Abdelmonem. "Conception et réalisation d'une base de données géologiques et géotechniques ("Tunis-data-bank") orientée vers la cartographie géotechnique automatique ("Tunis-geo-map") : application à la ville de Tunis (Tunisie)." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0056.
Full textThis research is the constitution of a data bank concerning the su bsoil of Tunis and to the drawing-up of geotechnical maps, following a thorough study of the various systems exploited until then. Proceeding from the present geological attainments relating to the site of Tunis, the author worked on 1000 ground drillings carried out on the whole site. This geological and geotechnical bank ("Tunis-Data-Bank") was elaborated though the use of a relational Data Base Management System (D. B. M. S. ) (INFO system). The exploiting of this data bank make it possible to obtain geological mono – and bi- dimensional sections. 35 qualitative and quantitative geological maps ("Tunis-GeoMap") were obtained throu gh an automatic cartography system (UNIRAS system). The instrument thus conceived, which it will be possible to improve according to new explorations to be carried out, can be used by engineers. It helps to determine the less expensive and the most reliable explorations, to make the most of investments and to direct urbanization. Besides it provides users with precise details about the geological history of the site of Tunis
Gaddas, Fadhel. "Proposition d'une méthode de cartographie des pédopaysages. Application à "la moyenne vallée du Rhône"." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0052.
Full textPrêt, Dimitri. "Nouvelles méthodes quantitatives de cartographie de la minéralogie et de la porosité dans les matériaux argileux : application aux bentonites compactées des barrières ouvragées." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2334.
Full textSevin, Brice. "Cartographie du régolithe sur formation ultrabasique de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Localisation dans l’espace et le temps des gisements nickélifères." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0067/document.
Full textThis work deals with regolith development on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia. From the Oligocene on, the peridotite Nappe is subject to supergene weathering under wet tropical climate. The weathering mantle (regolith) that develops, led to geological phenomena of which the most remarkable are economie concentrations of Ni and Co. This particular regolith developed on ultramafic rocks, has been extensively studied in the past, especially for its economie interest. A lmowledge synthesis is presented. Data acquired during this work helps identifying the mineralogical, geochemical and geologicalevolution of weathering profiles. An important contribution to the knowledge of the Jess known fine saprolite (or laterite), has been done. Mapping ultramafic units and their weathering mantle (1/50, 000) is based on usual field observations, geomorphology, structural analysis, alterology, hydrogeology, etc. To improve mapping in remote areas, new tools were assessed. The first tool, hyperspectral remote sensing, has been successful used on areas of bare sail, but also to performmineralogical mapping having an interest in mineral exploration (mapping of distribution of iron oxy-hydroxides and of serpentinisation grade). The second method used is the gamma spectrometry to map the late-intrusive dyke network of the ophiolite. The age of formation of the regolith remains difficult to establish. The use of an indirect method by paleomagnetic dating allows for the first time to assign an age to the top-most ferricrete of the weathering profiles. The oldest age obtained (25 Ma) shows that weathering began during Late Oligocene at Thiébaghi and Goro, at both ends of the Grande Terre, butceased at Thiébagi while continuing up to the present period in the south of Massif du Sud (Goro). The paleomagnetic and petrographie study of ferricretes from the West Coast klippen, show the difficulty of finding remnants of the Oligocene surface on these units. Geomorphological observations show evidences of an early dismantling of the regolith onthese units due to large vertical movements. An overview of "post-abduction" events may be proposed by the further study of (i) post-abduction Oligocene sediments (Népoui series) and (ii) Late Oligocene granitoids. The recent discovery of an Early Miocene limestone unit of younger age below the Pindaï conglomerate (Népoui Group) allows to reassess precisely the time of deposition of this torrential conglomerate, consisting mainly of Oligocene regolith elements. Age obtained is very close to that of the Koum granite that has undergone a rapid exhumation (new apatite fission tracks data). A tectonic rather than eustatic cause explains better the large vertical movements responsible for the present geomorphology of the Norfolk Ridge. Slab break off of the overridden plate, responsible for the abduction, allowed the intrusion of Koum granitoid and the uplift of the ridge, du ring the opening of an asthenospheric window. The different rate of uplift between the North and the South of Grande Terre is responsible for the present configuration of peridotite massifs. In the northern part of Massif du Sud, the West Coast and the North of Grande Terre, the ultramafic units are in a mountainous context and nickel deposits are of the saproiite silicate type (a few plateaus have also laterite deposits). In the southern part of Massif du Sud, in a context of basins, nickel deposits are of the oxide lateritic type
Verpoorter, Charles. "Télédétection hyperspectrale et cartographie des faciès sédimentaires en zone intertidale : application à la Baie de Bourgneuf." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00391184.
Full textL'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'obtenir une cartographie des paramètres sédimentaires à partir des images hyperspectrales DAIS et ROSIS. Cela nécessite de caractériser précisément les comportements et les évolutions spectrales en liaison avec les propriétés inhérentes des faciès sédimentaires (granulométrie, contenu en eau, composition). Dans cette perspective, l'utilisation du Modèle Gaussien Modifié [MGM] semble être un outil adapté à l'extraction des propriétés bio-géophysiques. A l'instar de nombreux algorithmes capables de reconnaître les formes spectrales, le MGM permet de déconvoluer un spectre de réflectance en une somme de gaussiennes et d'un ‘continuum', permettant ainsi une estimation respective des effets d'absorption (e.g. Chl-a ; H2O) et de diffusion (e.g. taille des particules). Le travail a nécessité la mise en œuvre de nouvelles méthodologies en télédétection hyperspectrale visant à automatiser le MGM. Ce document contient en outre les mesures radiométriques (ASD Fieldspec3) et les analyses sédimentologiques (Granulométrie Laser, calcimétrie, DRX, MEB) ayant servi à élaborer les relations entre les absorptions, le continuum et les propriétés physiques des sédiments. Il contient également une description détaillée du comportement spectral des sédiments en réponse à la déshydratation. Les analyses ont également permis de montrer que le continuum MGM pouvait être utilisé comme proxy du contenu en eau et de la granulométrie. Par la suite, nous avons appliqué cette méthode d'extraction automatique [MGMA] des paramètres spectraux aux données hyperspectrales DAIS et ROSIS. Des cartes de fractions granulométriques, du contenu en eau et de la biomasse ont été obtenues avec une grande précision.
De, Andrade Vincent. "De l'imagerie chimique à la micro-cartographie pression-température-déformation : évolution minéralogique et transport de matière dans des systèmes en déséquilibre thermomécanique : applications aux métapélites et aux matériaux de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10023.
Full textThe mineralogical composition of metamorphic rocks or industrial materials evolves when they are submitted to thermomechanical disequilibria, i. E. A spatial or temporal pressure and temperature evolution, or chemical disequilibria as variations in redox conditions, pH. . . For example, during low temperature metamorphic processes, rocks reequilibrate only partially, and thus record localy thermodynamic equilibria increasing so the spatial chemical heterogeneities. Understanding the P-T evolution of such systems and deciphering modalities of their mineralogical transformation imply to recognize and charaterize the size of these local “paleoequilibria”, and so to have a spatial chemical information at least in 2 dimensions. In order to get this information, microprobe X-ray fluorescence maps have been used. Computer codes have been developped with Matlab to quantify these maps in view of thermobarometric estimations. In this way, P-T maps of mineral crystallisation were produced using the multi-equilibria thermodynamic technique. Applications on two metapelites from the Sambagawa blue-schist belt (Japan) and from the Caledonian eclogitic zone in Spitsbergen, show that quantitative chemical maps are a powerfull tool to retrieve the metamorphic history of rocks. From these chemical maps have been derived maps of P-T-time-redox-deformation that allow to characterize P-T conditions of minerals formation, and so, the P-T path of the sample, the oxidation state of iron in the chlorite phase. As a result, we underline the relation between deformation and cristallisation, and propose a relative chronology of minerals cristallisation and deformations. The Fe3+ content map in chlorite calculated by thermodynamic has also been validated by a µ-XANES mapping at the iron K-edge measured at the ESRF (ID24) using an innovative method. Another application relates to an experimental study of clay materials, main components of an analogical model of a nuclear waste storage site. Chemical maps allowed to charaterize the 2D mineralogical evolution of clays toward iron rich end-members. They have also been used as input data in a 2D finit element numerical model aiming to estimate the iron diffusion coefficient in clays at low temperatures, important parameter to modelize the destabilization of nuclear waste storage sites in the course of time
Brussieux, Marc. "Reconnaissance des formes et cartographie des nappes d'hydrocarbures par traitement numérique d'images de télédétection." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066499.
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