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Journal articles on the topic 'Cartography and GIS'
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1
Lebzak, E. V. "Modern problems and directions of development of forest cartography." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 18, 2022): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-1-198-205.
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Like any other area of cartography, forest cartography is evolving and changing. However, it should be noted that in Russia the form of presentation, content and design of forest cartographic products are strictly regulated by various legal acts, which makes this direction of cartography more conservative. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems and directions for the development of forest cartography. The article presents a study of the current state of forest cartography in Russia, considers modern foreign developments used in forest cartography, and identifies the main problems that arise when creating forest cartographic products. The study identified the most promising methods and technologies, the introduction of which will accelerate the development of domestic forest cartography, among them the development of GIS analysis methods, the introduction of mobile GIS, the creation of digital twins of the forest and the addition of forest cartographic products with geospatial knowledge.
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Kainz, Wolfgang. "Cartography Through the Years – Personal Views About a Young Science." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-2-2020.
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Abstract. Although cartographic products have been produced for thousands of years, cartography as a science has only been established in the early 20th century. Great works of cartography include, for instance, the conic map projections by Ptolemy, the Tabula Rogeriana by Idrisi, the Waldseemüller map, and the Mercator map. Numerous cartographers, predominantly mathematicians, have shaped the theory of map projections throughout the centuries.With the advent of geographic information systems (GIS) in the 1960s and the rapid developments of digital technologies, cartography found itself in the middle of an identity crisis. For some time, it was not clear whether cartography would become obsolete and be replaced by GIS mapping technologies or whether GIS is a novel manifestation of cartography. During this period various misconceptions about the role of maps and mapping as well as uncertainty about the future developments of mapping in general added to this confusion.This contribution elaborates the major characteristics of cartography versus other disciplines, in particular geography and GIS, and takes a look at possible future directions and developments with regard to the theory of cartography as well as novel and future display technologies. Personal observations of the author during his professional life since the early 1980s illustrate these developments.
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Wang, Tao, and Yungang Liu. "Maps and cartography: Progress in international critical cartography/GIS research." Journal of Geography and Cartography 5, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jgc.v5i2.1675.
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Map is the basic language of geography and an indispensable tool for spatial analysis. But for a long time, maps have been regarded as an objective and neutral scientific achievement. Inspired by critical geography, critical cartography/GIS came into being with the goal of clarifying the discourse embedded in cartographic practice. Power relationship challenges the untested assumption in map representation that is taken for granted. After more than 40 years of debate and running in, this research field has initially shown an outline, and critical cartography/GIS has roughly formed two research directions: the deconstruction path mainly starts from the identity of cartography subject and the process of map knowledge production, and analyzes the inseparable relationship between cartography and national governance and its internal power mechanism respectively; the construction path mainly relies on cooperative mapping and anti-mapping to realize the reproduction of map data. Domestic critical cartography/GIS research has just started, and it is necessary to continue to absorb the achievements of critical geography and carry out research in different historical periods. The deconstruction research of different types of maps also needs to strengthen the in-depth bridging between the construction path and the deconstruction path, and to be more open to the public. Impartial map application research, and actively apply the research results to social practice.
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Batalov, R. N., and L. K. Radchenko. "Ways of development of historical cartography." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 27, no. 5 (2022): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2022-27-5-90-109.
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The article is devoted to the review of the historical cartography development periods in the past and its current state. The study examines the development of historical cartography from traditional meth-ods of creating maps to digital ones. For this purpose, domestic and foreign publications of different years have been collected and studied, publications devoted to analytical reviews of the development of certain areas of historical cartography or the development of historical cartography for certain periods of time, individual historical cartographic works of different years, as well as such works them-selves. The article pays special attention to the current state of digital historical cartography, and also identifies specific examples of the use of GIS technologies in historical cartographic studies of socio-economic phenomena. In the course of the study, the authors applied comparative-historical and analytical-synthetic research methods. As a result, it is concluded that traditional paper maps and atlases were considered as means of providing information and were used in historical research mainly for visualization of historical data. And the use of GIS technologies makes it possible to display historical phenomena in layers, conduct spatial analysis, create derivative maps of geospatial knowledge that display the dynamics of state borders, population migration, etc.
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Veregin, Howard. "GIS and Geoenabled Cartography." Cartography and Geographic Information Science 38, no. 3 (January 2011): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1559/15230406382286.
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Hawthorne, Timothy L. "Communities, Cartography and GIS." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 2, no. 2 (April 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2011040101.
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This paper discusses an introductory cartography and GIS service learning course. The service learning experience, highlighted by a final mapping project and community presentation, resulted in 3,000 student-designed maps being distributed to community residents, a website of downloadable student maps, multiple student speaking engagements, and a sustained community-university collaboration. The course demonstrates the importance of applied geography in local communities and highlights the benefits of community-university partnerships for addressing social change. Such an applied geography experience offers an important twist on the conventional, introductory cartography course where students engage in pre-packaged lectures and labs, and are then asked to complete a final mapping project. Unlike the conventional approach, this service learning class experience allows students to use their creativity to demonstrate knowledge learned in the course and allows students to apply and present their geographic knowledge in a real-world setting to community members.
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Unwin, David. "Cartography, ViSC and GIS." Progress in Human Geography 18, no. 4 (December 1994): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913259401800407.
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Byamba, Oyunkhand, and Elena L. Kasyanova. "USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TO CREATE GEOGRAPHICAL BASES FOR THEMATIC MAPS." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 5 (2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-5-119-125.
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The development of science always depends on technological progress. Cartography is rapidly changing and developing with the introduction of new computer technologies, such as GIS and remote sensing of the Earth. Recently, there have been qualitatively new types of cartographic products, in particular 3D terrain models, which in cartography are becoming a universal, optimal and operational method for displaying terrain. The article discusses a method for creating a three-dimensional digital terrain model in the form of an irregular triangulation network based on SRTM data and GIS technology on the example of the Khenti aimag of Eastern Mongolia.
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Abdurakhmonov, Sarvar, Ilhom Abdurahmanov, Dilrabo Murodova, Anvar Pardaboyev, Nuriddin Mirjalolov, and Abdulla Djurayev. "Development of demographic mapping method based on GIS technologies." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 1 (2020): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-1-26-319-328.
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Nowadays we can clearly see the activeness of the methodological and technological aspects of the new geoinformation direction in the field of cartography. The development of modern mapping methods is closely related to the development of geoinformation systems and technologies. The importance of geoinformation cartography and geoinformation systems is significant in creating databases and digital maps based on GIS software instead of analog methods for creating maps. There are the most important tasks such as improvement of modern method in obtaining cartographic information, and development of ways to quickly transmit and distribute cartographic information about nature and society. The application of GIS technologies in the field of demographic cartography will lead to drastic changes in the scope of work, as well as improve product design and increase the accuracy as a result of the performed tasks. The study shows that there is a need to develop a new method for mapping a new generation based on GIS technology, reflecting demographic processes. This article will focus on creating a database for development of maps based on GIS technologies, rapid identification, monitoring spatial changes using data from aerospace and other sources, and development of demographic digital mapping methods based on GIS technologies. Mapping demographic processes based on GIS technologies aims at implementing a number of practical tasks and research related to population. Based on this, a systematic method has been developed to analyse the demographic situation in the southern region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and a digital demographic map has been created by applying the developed method.
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MacEachren, Alan M. "Cartography and GIS: facilitating collaboration." Progress in Human Geography 24, no. 3 (September 2000): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540528.
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Grelot, J. P. "Cartography in the GIS age." Cartographic Journal 31, no. 1 (June 1994): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1994.31.1.56.
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Lepetiuk, V. B. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 92,2020, no. 92 (December 24, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2020.92.055.
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Analyzing GIS technologies` products for strengthening the tourist attractiveness of the destination and research of possibilities of GIS-technologies at the formation of a tourist product is the purpose of this work. The relevance of this study lies in the need to apply innovative approaches to GIS technologies` usages in the development of national tourism products. The research methodology is based on the application of the statistical method of data processing, the cartographic method of research with the use of GIS, and the method of spatial analysis. General scientific, systematic and informational approaches are also used. The results of the study are an analysis of existing products of GIS technologies and the state of their implementation in tourism, the study of interactive maps and geoportals as tools for the successful solution of problems in the modern tourism sector. It has been found that geoportals significantly help to form a national infrastructure of geospatial data. In the publication I consider two levels of GIS implementation: national and regional. I gave vivid examples of newly created national geoportals and tourist geoportals of the regions of Ukraine, interactive maps of amateur tourists. I considered in more detail the development of GIS technologies` products of such a tourist destination as the Chernihiv region. In particular, as an example, an overview of one of the most functional in Ukraine geoportals - The Geoportal of the urban cadastre of the Chernihiv region is given. A thematic tour of the Chernihiv region was projected with the help of GIS. The scientific novelty of this study is identifying the features of the use of cartographic research methods, especially GIS technologies to study the tourist resources of the territory, the creation of new regional tourism products. I propose to use the method of spatial analysis in the creation of the thematic tour. The practical significance lies in the use of GIS technology products to create cartographic products, such as maps, series of maps, atlases, 3D models, virtual tours. Its help to study in detail the tourist objects of the region contribute to management decisions, and further development and promotion of tourism. The database created during the study can be used to form other types of tourism products. The proposed method of using spatial analysis in the creating of the tour can be useful for expanding the GIS technologies` field of usage.
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Scarletto, Edith A. "Mapping the Literature of GIS." College & Research Libraries 75, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl12-389.
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This study analyzed citations in four journals, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, and Cartographic Journal, using Bradford’s Law of Scattering to identify three influence zones indicating core and peripheral titles in the study areas of GIS. Journals were ranked resulting in twenty-three core journals and 187 secondary journals. Scores for relevant indexing/abstracting services are also given to describe access points and coverage. The results can assist librarians and collection managers to support research in their institutions where GIS is both used and studied.
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Michel, Boris. "Kritisches Kartieren als reflexive Praxis qualitativer Forschung." Geographica Helvetica 77, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-153-2022.
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Abstract. Both qualitative research in geography and visual geographies have an ambivalent relationship to maps and cartographic methods. Reasons for this include discourse-theoretical approaches to maps and cartography since the 1980s, the tension between the self-images of modern cartography and the methodological perspectives of qualitative approaches, the relationship between map and image, or the role of technology in cartography and GIS. On the one hand, this ambivalent relationship can be well explained historically. On the other hand, a number of possible connections can be pointed out. Based on current discussions in geography and beyond, the article therefore explores and systematizes practices of critical mapping in order to explore new possibilities of connection between visual approaches of qualitative geographies and maps.
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Xu, Wen Kun, Shao Jie Zhao, Quan Bo Xin, and Han Ke Jiao. "The Design and Realization of the Map Decoration and Cartography System Based on ArcEngine." Advanced Materials Research 459 (January 2012): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.459.599.
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This paper designs and realizes a system based on ArcEngine. The map decoration and cartography function is essential to the geographic information system (GIS), with the development of GIS, it puts forward some new requirements for map decoration and cartography. This paper introduces the overall process of the project’s design and the realization main function of the independent development package map decoration and cartography system. Compared with the traditional map, the new development system which is based on ArcEngine component has good flexibility and expansibility. It can satisfy demands of different departments to map decoration and cartography system, and realize a good effect to map decoration and cartography
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Fairbairn, David. "Contemporary challenges in cartographic education." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-72-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper is focussed on the work and remit of the ICA’s Commission on Education and Training (CET), presenting a reflection by the retiring chair of the current issues which affect the work of Commission members and all engaged in current education and training of students of cartography around the world.</p><p> The nature and development of cartography as an academic and professional discipline has been discussed through many presentations, both conceptual and applied, and in various arenas and communities, over the past half century. As cartographic practice became standardised in the 20th century, so educational and instructional materials describing and analysing the discipline conveyed a relatively uniform message, ensuring that the audience of learners were educated and trained positively to an agreed agenda. In effect, a subtle, as yet unwritten, ‘Body of Knowledge’ was developed and elucidated in educational materials, notably textbooks on cartography, in the last few decades of the last century (Kessler, 2018).</p><p> It was during these years, however, that cartography developed as a discipline far beyond its initial roots as a map-making technology. The technology of map-making certainly changed completely, and a host of other aspects were incorporated, from metrical analysis of historical map documents to gender-oriented investigations of mapping activity; from the integration and importance of cartography in contemporary geospatial data handling to the role of volunteer map-making; from the psychology of map interaction and decision making to the mathematics of map projections and multi-dimensional data representation; and many, many other activities and issues which must be included in educational programmes in cartography.</p><p> It is the establishment, adoption and maintenance of a Body of Knowledge (BoK) which is one of the main <strong>challenges</strong> (this paper presents 11, in <strong>bold</strong> below) and, if successfully met, it can assist in ensuring that cartographic education and training develops as required in the next few decades (Fairbairn, 2017). The further challenges highlighted in this paper can form the basis for further investigation by the CET in the future. This listing of issues is informed by a number of contemporary changes in technology, by closer integration of cartography with other geospatial sciences, by research achievements and investigations in the field, by advances in educational praxis, by demands on cartography by a host of other activities, and by consequent recognition of the discipline by learned and professional bodies.</p><p> One of the main purposes in developing a <strong>Body of Knowledge</strong> is to encompass and facilitate curriculum design. As the widening scope of cartography will be reflected in the developing BoK (most notably in cartography’s contribution to GIS), <strong>curriculum design</strong> must be flexible and innovative enough to cope with more numerous and wider, though focussed and integrated, topics. The admirable, existing BoK in Geographic Information Science and Technology, already being reviewed and enhanced, but omitting many <strong>specific cartographic principles</strong>, is a possible framework for incorporating these. Alternatively there are sound arguments for a uniquely cartographic BoK, and this enterprise is certainly an ICA-approved pursuit.</p><p> Also within the BoK, the <strong>theoretical foundations for the study of cartography</strong> must be elucidated and moved from the research agenda to the educational curriculum. A revised <i>Research Agenda</i> developed under ICA auspices and a focussed <i>Body of Knowledge</i> are synergistic documents, with interdependent content in one directing content in the other. Such documents may be perceived by many to be overly conceptual, un-related to everyday mapping activity. In terms of cartographic production in the past 50 years, we have moved far from the standardised methods mentioned earlier, applied by every commercial and governmental mapping organisation. The activity of map-making has adopted a host of alternative methods, and artefacts, data-sets and representations are created and ‘mashed-up’ by an increasingly wide range of individuals and groups with highly variable experiences, expertise and understanding of cartographic procedures. In terms of ‘organised’ cartography in multi-employee companies, government and non-government agencies, academic and research groups, and associated industrial and environmental companies, a further challenge is <strong>understanding what employers want from graduates in cartography and GIS</strong>. The delivery of education in cartography is an academic activity, but it must be done in a manner which demonstrates relevance to the community which relies on the skills of an educated workforce.</p><p> In some cases the cartographic community, notably its educators, may have to direct their attention outside the classroom and convince the fragmenting industry that cartographic principles are vital for effective management and communication of information, and that the products of cartographic education (the graduates from educational programmes) are serious and informed potential employees with much to offer a wide range of human activity. Such recognition by those outside the academy can be encouraged by seeking and receiving <strong>professional accreditation</strong> from awarding bodies such as industry associations, learned societies, educational authorities and public bodies. The landscape of professional recognition in the disciplines of cartography and GIS is highly varied, geographically, institutionally, legally, and pedagogically. The fluid nature of the disciplines, and in particular their fuzzy distinction from a host of other geomatics, geospatial, engineering, environmental, and social activities means that cartographic education must acknowledge and address its interaction with education in many other sciences. <strong>Linking cartographic education and its principles with related education in other closely related geo-disciplines</strong> is particularly important. Common messages must be presented stressing cartography’s importance and relevance.</p><p> At the possible wider levels mentioned above, experiences and <strong>lessons learned from teaching cartography and GIS to a broad range of non-specialists</strong> must be documented: cartographic principles must be shown to be important and relevant to all those engaged in handling maps and mapping data. Stressing the importance of such principles is especially vital when education is done at a distance: the Commission has long been interested in those activities which <strong>develop on-line educational resources</strong> and look at innovative ways of delivering education widely to large audiences outside formal educational establishments. We already have reports on mature and effective resources in the form of MOOCs, distance learning courses, and online training modules (e.g. Robinson and Nelson, 2015). Such methods of delivery for cartographic education have proven popular and efficient: educators must ensure continued relevance, update, and diligence, in managing these activities.</p><p> In addition to content development and assessment frameworks, it is technical requirements which are often perceived as major blocks to effective use of in-line educational resources. <strong>Technical support requirements</strong> are critical in every form of cartographic education: in the past replication of map reproduction labs was prohibitive for most educational establishments; today it is the acquisition of a full range of software which mitigates against full exposure to the varied range of cartographic and geospatial data handling activity as practised in the ‘real world’. The generosity of some software providers is widely acknowledged in educational institutions, and many of the software products are generic enough to be able to demonstrate the required cartographic principles in a non-partisan manner. However, in many cases employers are seeking specific training skills in particular packages and this can be difficult to provide within a formal educational programme.</p><p> Recent additions to the ‘wish-list’ of employers, however, have been related to abilities in coding and computer programming. Luckily, the most commonly sought skill is ability to write code in Python or Javascript. These are open source, rather than a commercial, products, and hence can be acquired by any educational establishment. The <strong>use of open source software and datasets in geospatial and cartographic education</strong> is becoming increasingly important, and their effective integration with traditional (and indeed contemporary) curricula in cartographic education is clearly a further challenge.</p><p> This paper has outlined a number of challenges facing cartographic education. Like the wider discipline, education in cartography is delivered by capable and dedicated individuals, each with interests in the development of the discipline in an increasingly diverse and varied educational arena. The Commission is intent on addressing the challenges outlined, promoting effective and high-quality cartographic education.</p>
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Goodchild, Michael F. "Towards Geodesign: Repurposing Cartography and GIS?" Cartographic Perspectives, no. 66 (June 1, 2010): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp66.93.
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One of the original visions for GIS was as a tool for creating designs, but GIS has evolved in numerous other directions. Definitions of geodesign are reviewed, together with a short history of the concept. A distinction is drawn between Design and design, the latter being addressed through spatial decision support systems, and the former being seen as a superset of the latter. Geodesign also has a strong and well-defined relationship with cartography. The vision of landscape architecture propounded by the late Ian McHarg also provides a foundation for geodesign. Two existing gaps in the computation tools available for geodesign are identified: support for sketch and implementation of models representing scientific knowledge of how the world works. Two important areas of research are identified that would address problems that currently impede geodesign.
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Zou, Qiang, Qing Wang, and Chengzhong Wang. "Integrated Cartography Technique Based on GIS." Energy Procedia 17 (2012): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.152.
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Visvalingam, M. "Cartography, GIS and Maps in Perspective." Cartographic Journal 26, no. 1 (June 1989): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1989.26.1.26.
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Nyrtsov, M. V. "Mathematical cartography today." Geodesy and Cartography 943, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-943-1-52-57.
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For most small bodies of the Solar System shapes the International Astronomical Union recommends to use a triaxial ellipsoid. Today almost all major classes of cartographic projections for the triaxial ellipsoid have been developed. They require systematization, classification and additional research. The archives of libraries accumulated a significant list of paper maps of the Soviet times which are compiled in projections developed in our country. It is necessary to implement those projections in the PROJ.4 library used by GIS. Distortions in map projections can be defined as deformation of a cell. If we imagine that the sphere is covered with a net of regular hexagons then it is possible to estimate distortions in the projection by their deformation on the plane. Now the majority of cartographers use online calculators to define the values required for mathematical cartography. Programs are usually written in JavaScript and require the user to only enter the initial data. These are only some of the problems facing modern mathematical cartography.
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Meidinger, Manuel, Markantonatou Vasiliki, Marcello Sano, Marco Palma, and Massimo Ponti. "Seafloor mapping and cartography for the management of marine protected areas." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 4, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2013.5340.
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Geographical information systems (GIS) and diagnostic cartography have traditionally been shown to be useful tools for the application of ecosystem-based management (EBM). To date, bionomic and diagnostic cartographic approaches have been commonly used to support decision-making in the selection, zoning and management of marine protected areas (MPAs), with a range of practical tools developed for this purpose. In addition to these, new and emerging technologies have the potential for generating better information for scientists, managers and other stakeholders alike, such as underwater survey tools, three dimensional (3D) visualisation systems and interactive web platforms. These new methodologies allow taking into account the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of the marine environment, to be managed for conservation. This paper reviews emerging and innovative technologies for marine mapping and marine spatial planning with a special focus on their use in MPA management. These include the generation and use of benthic cartography, scientific visualisation of ecosystem analyses, web-based GIS platforms and their final use as decision-support tools. Seafloor mapping technology has been improved and become more affordable for local scale MPA management purposes. However, the lack of coherent local scale spatial data still remains an issue, limiting the power of diagnostic cartography analyses within MPAs. The proposed framework can improve the generation and dissemination of cartographic and visual data, and allow for management approaches based on scientific knowledge and EBM principles, taking into account stakeholders needs.
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DiBiase, David. "Freeing CP: GIS&T and NACIS in the Open Educational Resources Movement." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 64 (September 1, 2009): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp64.145.
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This article positions higher education in geographic information science and technology (GIS&T), including cartography, in relation to the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement. After defining OER and the movement it denotes I compare several initiatives designed to promote free sharing of GIS&T-related educational resources and, in one special case, free provision of graduate education. Finally I consider a justification for conceiving Cartographic Perspectives as an open educational resource, and for freeing it from its current exclusive distribution to NACIS members, subscribers and their patrons.
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Ivlieva, N. G., and V. F. Manukhov. "GIS Technologies in Course of Mathematical Cartography." Geodesy and Cartography 921, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-921-3-30-35.
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GIS are closely related to mathematical cartography, as they work with spatially coordinated data. Practical course in mathematical cartography should meet the requirements of time and include tasks involving the use of modern GIS technologies. The functionality of GIS packages allow you to easily create maps in a given map projection, draw graticules and measured grids, perform dimensions on maps. This article is devoted to the research of map projection properties on the basis of GIS technologies in a practical course of mathematical cartography. The focus is on visual way to display local and regional distortions on maps. To create lines of equal distortion should use special software tools that allow to build digital models of surface distortion distribution directly on formulas or be interpolated both discretely located nodal points and isolines.
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Parlavecchia, Marco, Simone Pascuzzi, Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis, Francesco Santoro, and Giuseppe Ruggiero. "Use of GIS to Evaluate Minor Rural Buildings Distribution Compared to the Communication Routes in a Part of the Apulian Territory (Southern Italy)." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174700.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between minor rural buildings and the most relevant communication routes of the regional area made up of six municipalities which, until 2016, formed the Local Action Group Sud Est Barese (LAG SEB): Acquaviva delle Fonti, Casamassima, Conversano, Mola di Bari, and Noicattaro e Rutigliano (Apulia, Italy). Information on the territorial distribution and typological classification of buildings was obtained by the official cartography of Military Geographic Institute (IGM, 1:25,000) and the Regional Technical Map (CTR, 1:5000) using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software ArcMap ArcGis 10.1. IGM cartography was chosen due to the greater amount of information pertaining to typological classification as well as to toponymy identification. CTR cartography, used as a second cartographic source, has been useful for acquiring more up-to-date territorial information compared to the IGM, in particular concerning the infrastructures of the territory. Moreover, the use of the CTR has allowed us to verify whether buildings listed on IGM cartography still exist. The cartographic calculations have allowed us to investigate possible relationships between the typology and distribution of rural buildings and the network of public roads and urban centers. The study of the connection between building types, roads and urban centers has allowed us to better understand the spatial distribution criteria, thus acquiring useful information to outline intervention policies, the implementation of which would be used to attempt to recover and improve building structures.
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Loginov, D. S. "Cartographic support of geophysical research: current situation and prospects." Geodesy and Cartography 950, no. 8 (September 20, 2019): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-950-8-32-44.
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The features of cartographic supporting geophysical research at the present stage of cartography and exploration geophysics development are discussed. The current situation and prospects of using GIS and web technologies are characterized basing on the analysis of scientific and industrial experience of domestic and foreign public as well as private geological and geophysical organizations. The analysis was performed at key stages of geophysical research, including the analysis of geological and geophysical studying the work area, designing geophysical works, field works, processing and interpretation of geophysical observations results, compilation of reporting materials, as well as the accumulation and storage of information. The examples of modern geoportals that provide quick access to geological and geophysical infor-mation in various forms of presentation, including cartographic data, are presented in article. The conclusions and recommendations were formulated according to results of the study. They are aimed at improving the efficiency of cartographic supporting geophysical research and the development of inter-sectoral interaction between cartography and geophysics.
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Petlin, V., and E. Ivanov. "Department of constructive geography and cartography." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 40 (December 12, 2012): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2012.40.2030.
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The history and present state of the department of constructive geography and cartography and educational laboratory of GIS mo-delling and cartography are considered. Directions of scientific and educational activities of the department are described. Key words: department, laboratory, constructive geography, cartography, geoecology, geoinformation.
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Kastrisios, Christos, and Lysandros Tsoulos. "Maritime zones delimitation – Problems and solutions." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-59-2018.
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The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. Maritime zones and boundaries form the outermost limits of coastal states and their accurate delineation and cartographic portrayal is a matter of national priority. Although UNCLOS is a legal document, its implementation -at first place- is purely technical and requires -amongst others- theoretical and applied background on Geodesy, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for those involved. This paper provides a brief historical background of the evolution of the UNCLOS, presents the various concepts of the Convention and identifies the problems inherent in the maritime delimitation process. Furthermore, it presents solutions that will facilitate the cartographer’s work in order to achieve unquestionable results. Through the paper it becomes evident that the role of the cartographer and the GIS expert is critical for the successful implementation of maritime delimitation.
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Panek, Jiri, and Rostislav Netek. "Collaborative Mapping and Digital Participation: A Tool for Local Empowerment in Developing Countries." Information 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10080255.
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There has been an enormous technological boom that impacted all areas of geoscience in the past few decades. Part of the change was also the process of democratization of cartography as well as geographic information systems (GIS), together with new approaches that have emerged, bringing social dimension into cartography and GIS. These new approaches were variously labelled as critical cartography, collaborative mapping, digital citizenship, Bottom-up GIS and Participatory GIS. The paper describes the role of collaborative mapping and digital participation in the process of community building and community assets mapping. Secondly, we will use the examples of Kenya and Peru to support our findings of community development. Thirdly, we will discuss a possible further development within the use of OpenStreetMap (OSM) for remote communities. The analysis compares approaches and experiences in different countries on different continents.
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Alomar-Garau, Gabriel, Miquel Grimalt Gelabert, and Joan Bauzà Llinàs. "Cartographic determination of the dry stone walls of the Mallorcan Tramuntana mountain range (Balearic Islands): Exploratory analysis." Journal of Geography and Cartography 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jgc.v5i2.1678.
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The construction technique of dry stone, declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, has historically materialized in Mallorca in the form of a varied range of constructions with different functions. The massive construction of dry stone walls in the Mallorcan countryside has left an outstanding landscape and territorial imprint, which constitutes a rich source of geographical analysis. An unpublished cartography of the walls located in the Serra de Tramuntana mountain range in Mallorca is presented as an essay, a cartography that has served as a basis for their classification and provisional quantification. With the support of basic cartographic, photo-interpretation and GIS techniques, the detailed examination of two official cartographic bases has allowed us to determine their usefulness as reliable sources for locating and understanding the dry stone walls in our study area, with a view to a more far-reaching geographical study of them.
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Portnov, Aleksei. "Research to justify the perspective use of individual coordinate systems for contiguous objects modelling with the case study of Moscow Saints Petersburg railway." E3S Web of Conferences 310 (2021): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131006003.
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The science of cartography should provide a historical mission, that is navigation, and also meet modern agendas including significantly expanding opportunities for BIM technologies, integrating functions of GIS and CAD systems. In this regard, cartography should be considered a fundamental basis for modern trends while creating digital twins of spatial objects. The practical part of the provided experiments included data collecting aimed at Moscow Saints Petersburg railway infrastructure, the calculation of optimal parameters of the oblique Mercator projection in the Hotine version for the given object, and the construction of a 3D railway track model. This research investigated the principles of unique cartographic projections, strictly focused on the certain functioning objects. The research can helps many users and designers of digital twins of spatial objects pay their attention to the applied cartography specifics concerning these issues and also take into account the recommendations while creating Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Infrastructure Information Modelling (IIM) as well.
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Kyselov, Yurii, O. Kravets, I. Udovenko, M. Shemiakin, P. Borovyk, and V. Kyryliuk. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 96,2022, no. 96 (December 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.96.024.
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The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need for the use of GIS technologies in the study of the illumination degree of garden and park plantings. The paper also focuses on the versatile relief characteristics of the territory of the National Arboretum "Sofiivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine by conducting 3D modeling and creating digital models based on it. The models are determined by individual levels of insolation sections of the "Sofiivka" territory. They are aimed at optimal selection of planting sites for park vegetation depending on the needs of specific species, conducting zoning and visualizing the illumination of the territory. Studies Methodology. Topographic maps of scale 1:10000 were used to determine the illumination of areas of the Sofiivka park. The research also utilized GIS technologies and created 3D models of various terrain characteristics. Additionally, the SURFER software package was applied. Research Results. Based on the example of the Sofiivka Arboretum in Uman, the study considers the use of GIS technologies for the analysis of illumination for the site selection in the project development and the maintenance of parks and their plantations. The illumination of certain areas of the territory makes it possible to appropriately place objects (gardens, buildings, etc.) when creating projects. In particular, for parks, GIS technologies allow choosing suitable places for certain plants. The amount of light falling on a given area depends mainly on its relief, and for a small area, it is determined by its slope and orientation. So, the specified problems were solved using a digital model of the relief and the SURFER software package. For the first time, a digital model of the relief of the Sofiivka National Arboretum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was created using a 1:10000 scale topographic map with a relief section of 1 m. Based on it, a 3D relief model of the park territory, models of slope steepness, exposure and illumination of individual areas were built for the first time and their visualization was made. The offered images clearly show all the features of the relief in connection with the level of insolation, that is, the illumination of the territory, which is necessary for the needs of horticulture. Experimental studies using GIS technologies resulted in proving the possibility and necessity of the territory zoning of the park according to lighting. The lighting zoning of the territory according to the CDM allows the planting site selection of park vegetation depending on its optimal needs. The proposed technique contributes to targeted selection and diversity in plantations.
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Malinverni, E. S., and A. N. Tassetti. "GIS-BASED SMART CARTOGRAPHY USING 3D MODELING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W2 (August 21, 2013): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w2-47-2013.
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Nyrtsov, Maxim. "The problems of mathematical cartography in GIS." InterCarto. InterGIS 25, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-1-25-332-336.
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MacEachren, Alan M. "Cartography, GIS and the World Wide Web." Progress in Human Geography 22, no. 4 (August 1998): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298670626440.
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Luebbering, Candice R., Korine N. Kolivras, and Stephen P. Prisley. "Visualizing Linguistic Diversity Through Cartography and GIS." Professional Geographer 65, no. 4 (November 2013): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2013.825517.
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Ievsiukov, Taras, Borys Chetverikov, Іvan Kovalchuk, Іvan Openko, Оleksandr Shevchenko, Yanina Stepchuk, and Оleksandr Makarov. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94,2021, no. 94 (2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.044.
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Elaboration of the method of creating a web-GIS of Polish burials at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv. Achieving this goal involves the following tasks: to develop the structure of the geographic information system, its framework and to fill the file database. For realization of the set tasks the technological scheme consisting of 12 stages of work is offered. The first stage involved the collection of cartographic and descriptive data on the territory of the object of study, as well as the search for possible registers of Polish burials within the object under study. In the second stage, field surveys were performed to determine the coordinates of each grave of the Polish burials at the Baikove Cemetery using a GIS tablet with an RTK antenna LT700H (accuracy up to 0.30 m). The total number of coordinated points was 565, which were concentrated in 7 sections of the cemetery. The third stage included the coordination of reference points and the binding of this support in the GIS MapInfo environment of the fragment of the topographic plan of Kyiv on a scale of 1: 2000 to the territory of the Baikove Cemetery. There were a total of 11 landmarks. The maximum binding error is 0.2 m. In the fourth stage, all point objects were displayed according to their coordinates on the basis of the map and the corresponding symbols were selected. The next step was to develop and populate a relational database for point objects. The database contained the following columns: grave number, name and surname of the buried person, grave coordinates and hyperlinks to burial information in the file database. Next, all map layers were exported to html format, and the point object layer was exported to kml format using a universal translator, which allowed to view burial data in GoogleEarth. At the eighth stage of the technological scheme the structure of layouts of each html-page of the created online GIS was developed. All map data had hyperlinks to the selected AOI objects. In the case of the Baikove Cemetery scheme, plots with Polish burials were marked. Clicking on them opened a topographic plan with marked point objects of burials. In turn, when you click on them, information about the burial appeared from the file database. At the tenth stage, 5 sheets of topographic plans with burials were generated. One sheet of scale 1: 2000 and four sheets of scale 1: 500, for better "spreading" and initialization of burials. The eleventh stage is devoted to the creation and filling of a file database on Polish burials. This database contained the following structure: photo of the burial, coordinates, surname and name, years of life, additional photographs (if available), sex of the buried person, interpreted inscription on the tombstone, as well as, if possible, detailed information and belonging of the buried person to a certain profession, its outstanding achievements and accomplishments. At the last stage, the hyperlinks of the transition between the pages were configured and the system was tested. The scientific novelty lies in the development of the concept of joint use of various applications of geoinformation and non-geoinformation purposes. The technological scheme of creation of WEB-GIS of Polish burials of the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv is offered. Implemented geographic information system is designed for inventory of burials, analysis of the condition of tombstones and their spatial location in the cemetery. In addition, the created GIS can be used for tourism purposes and in the study of historical figures of Polish origin.
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Robinson, Anthony C., and Jonathan K. Nelson. "Evaluating Maps in a Massive Open Online Course." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 80 (October 28, 2015): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp80.1299.
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New forms of cartographic education are becoming possible with the synthesis of easy to use web GIS tools and learning platforms that support online education at a massive scale. The internet classroom can now support tens of thousands of learners at a time, and while some common types of assessments scale very easily, others face significant hurdles. A particular concern for the cartographic educator is the extent to which original map designs can be evaluated in a massive open online course (MOOC). Based on our experiences in teaching one of the first MOOCs on cartography, we explore the ways in which very large collections of original map designs can be assessed. Our methods include analysis of peer grades and qualitative feedback, visual techniques to explore design methods, and quantitative comparison between expert ratings and peer grades. The results of our work suggest key challenges for teaching cartography at scale where instructors cannot provide individual feedback for every student.
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Korycka-Skorupa, Jolanta. "Unusual Graphic Solutions and Their Place in Classification of Cartographic Presentation Methods." Miscellanea Geographica 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2008-0029.
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Abstract Examples of unusual and unconventional graphic solutions which we can often find in the times of fast developing computer technology are discussed in the article. Many of them are suggested by various GIS programs, few of them may be found in the press or on the Internet. This means that their users are people who are not associated with cartography and who are not familiar with the framework of cartographic methods.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Evaluating land cover types from Landsat TM using SAGA GIS for vegetation mapping based on ISODATA and K-means clustering." Acta agriculturae Serbica 26, no. 52 (2021): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aaser2152159l.
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The paper presents the cartographic processing of the Landsat TM image by the two unsupervised classification methods of SAGA GIS: ISODATA and K-means clustering. The approaches were tested and compared for land cover type mapping. Vegetation areas were detected and separated from other land cover types in the study area of southwestern Iceland. The number of clusters was set to ten classes. The processing of the satellite image by SAGA GIS was achieved using Imagery Classification tools in the Geoprocessing menu of SAGA GIS. Unsupervised classification performed effectively in the unlabeled pixels for the land cover types using machine learning in GIS. Following an iterative approach of clustering, the pixels were grouped in each step of the algorithm and the clusters were reassigned as centroids. The paper contributes to the technical development of the application of machine learning in cartography by demonstrating the effectiveness of SAGA GIS in remote sensing data processing applied for vegetation and environmental mapping.
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Tyner, Judith A. "Elements of Cartography: Tracing Fifty Years of Academic Cartography." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 51 (June 1, 2005): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp51.392.
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When Arthur Robinson published the first edition of Elements of Cartography in 1953, it marked a major change in academic cartography. Erwin Raisz’s General Cartography, first published in 1938 and revised in 1948, had been the standard text. Robinson’s book represented the metamorphosis in cartography after WWII and set the standard for the second half of the twentieth century. A review of the book’s contents through its 6 editions reveals the prevalent thinking in cartography during a dynamic period in the history of cartography. Through it we can trace changes from hand-drawn maps to the rise of GIS and remote sensing. Although Elements is no longer the major textbook, its impact was enormous. This paper traces the history of late twentieth century cartography through the pages of Elements of Cartography. A content analysis of all six editions of Elements of Cartography was done to determine the emphasis on various aspects of cartography. An analysis of Erwin Raisz’s two editions of General Cartography was also included in order to note the changes in content and philosophy from pre-war to post-war cartography.
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Sidorina, Inessa, Natalia Pozdnyakova, Evgeny Panidi, Tatiana Andreeva, and Maria Litvinova. "Integration of traditional and modern methods in GIS-based mapping." InterCarto. InterGIS 25, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-1-25-35-46.
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People have been using maps since immemorial times. However, since the end of the XX century when GISs became implemented into the processes of maps production, new types of spatial data models began to appear in addition to the usual cartographic imagery. Number of these models tends to grow, and consequently new terminology, classifications and standards are needed. Such terms as GIS-based mapping, geomatics and geoiconics have taken their place in the terminology of modern cartography. The article highlights the problems and trends of GIS-based mapping. Suggested several example projects which were done with the participation of the article authors, representing the integration of traditional and modern methods. The first example: the creation of maps with the original system of symbols, applying a design approach to the creation of map works. The work on the creation of the Atlas of Orthodoxy is a vivid example of this trend. The second example: the maps “support” the research and visualize or reflect the results of geoinformation analysis. Over the past ten years, active work has been carried out to support hydrological projects in the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as archaeological research in the Smolensk region and in the region of the Middle Yenisei. In such projects prevail, of course, mostly geoinformational approaches. The third example: the creation of maps using photographs and / or on the basis of aerial and satellite images. In archaeological studies conducted jointly with the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the region of the Middle Yenisei; this kind of data is the most informative. Despite the innovations, it is extremely important to save the heritage of classic cartography, combining intelligently traditional and contemporary methods. Interaction of traditional and contemporary approaches is considered in this paper on the examples of projects carried out at the Department of cartography and geoinformatics of SPbSU.
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Pe’eri, Shachak, John Nyberg, and Neil Weston. "NOAA’s Certification program in Marine Cartography." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-294-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since its establishment in 1807, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Office of Coast Survey has provided nautical charts to support safe shipping, national defence, and the delamination of maritime boundaries. The mission of the office is to provide navigation products and services that ensure safe and efficient maritime commerce on America’s oceans and coastal waters, and in the Great Lakes. The Office of Coast Survey employs cartographers, hydrographers, physical scientists, managers and administrative staff in order to fulfil its mission. Until recently, training in nautical cartography at the office of Coast Survey was conducted at the branch level and differed based on level of employee seniority (i.e., Entry, Intermediate and Advanced) and the processing branch of the employee. Over the past two years, NOAA has established a Coast Survey CAT B program that is intended to train and educate to up to 13 cartographers per year in nautical cartography, through a combination of lectures, hands-on chart production experience, details to various branches within the Coast Survey, and field trips to working hydrographic survey vessels through six training modules spread over a one-year period, spread over six courses that include:</p><ul><li><i>Refresher course</i> that provides a review of the basic math, computer and communication technology, marine geography, hydrography, and geodetic topics. The goal of this course is to ensure that students have a sufficient academic background to succeed in the subsequent CAT-B program courses and other activities.</li><li><i>Introduction to Cartography course</i> that reviews elements of cartography, specifically scale, design, and data manipulation techniques. Students will gain an appreciation for maps and map-making, including manual techniques. This introductory course will include hands-on use of computer graphics tools.</li><li><i>Map Design course</i> that reviews the various styles and techniques associated with cartographic design. The course will require the student to: 1) analyse chart design parameters, 2) compile thematic cartographic projects, and 3) experiment with map design.</li><li><i>GIS and Spatial Analysis course</i> that provides students with a comprehensive understanding of spatial analysis methods and they will learn practical skills in using GIS and spatial analysis. The class covers the methods of spatial analysis including measuring aspects of geometric features and identifying spatial patterns of geospatial objects that are represented as point, line, network, areal data, and 3-D surfaces.</li><li><i>GIS and Spatial Modelling course</i> that provides the students a foundation and understanding of various issues related to modelling and simulation in the GIS. It will address the concepts, tools, and techniques of GIS modelling (vector- and raster-based modelling). In addition, it will present modelling concepts and theory as well as provide opportunities for hands-on model design, construction, and application.</li><li><i>NOAA training project and internship program course</i> that includes: 1) a detailed review of many of the activities conducted by the branches in NOAA’s Marine Chart Division and 2) a training project that demonstrates the student’s ability to implement the knowledge gained during the certification.</li></ul><p>This paper presents a newly established CAT B certificate program in Standards of Competence for Nautical Cartographers that is conducted at NOAA’s main campus in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. The CAT B certificate program provides NOAA a mechanism to both enhance building capacity within the organization and recognizing NOAA cartographers for their capabilities and efforts. In addition, such a program at NOAA can also be used to recruit new employees and help to build capacity in sister organizations.</p>
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Licata, Michele, and Giandomenico Fubelli. "The GOGIRA System: An Innovative Method for Landslides Digital Mapping." Geosciences 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090336.
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Landslide mapping techniques have had many improvements in recent decades, the main field of development has been on traditional cartographic techniques and to a lesser extent on indirect numerical cartography. As for Direct Numerical Cartography (DNC), only a few improvements have been made due to the complexity and economic cost of the new technologies. To meet this lack in DNC techniques GOGIRA (Ground Operative-system for GIS Input Remote-data Acquisition), a new system following the GIS (Geographic Information System) scheme, was developed. It is a suite of hardware and software tools, algorithms, and procedures for easier and cheaper DNC. Initial tests conducted on the Quincinetto landslide system (north-western Italy) demonstrated good results in terms of morphometric coherence and precision. A geomorphological map made with GOGIRA was compared with a highly detailed geomorphological map developed with modern tested methods. In conclusion GOGIRA proved to be a valid system for geomorphological DNC when applied to a complex landslide system, considering the early stage of developing results for linear and point mapping was excellent, as for polygonal elements more studies must be conducted to improve accuracy and precision.
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Xu, Jian Ying, and Ming Yu Yang. "The Design and Production of Map Symbol Database Based on ArcGIS." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.405.
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Map symbol is the basis of digital cartography, and ArcGIS is the best suited digital cartography GIS software in the current. As the same as other GIS software, symbol database of ArcGIS still cannot completely satisfy the requirement of digital chart production and display. Therefore, we must create symbol database according to the Map chart requirements. The paper described the design method of Map Symbol database under the condition of ArcGIS, and discussed respectively the production of different kinds of symbols, expanding ArcGIS symbol database.
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Wicks, Toby E. "Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS." Photogrammetric Record 25, no. 132 (December 2010): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2010.00610.x.
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Eicher, Cory, Markus Bedel, Dieter Neuffer, Stefan Kappeler, Moritz Neun, and Reto Schoening. "Smiling Cartographers: Making GIS More Usable for Cartography." Cartographic Journal 47, no. 2 (May 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000870410x12644254337900.
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Fisher, Peter F. "Is GIS Hidebound by the Legacy of Cartography?" Cartographic Journal 35, no. 1 (June 1998): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1998.35.1.5.
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Gartner, Georg, Menno-Jan Kraak, Dirk Burghardt, Liqiu Meng, Juliane Cron, Corné van Elzakker, and Britta Ricker. "Envisioning the future of academic cartographic education." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-89-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education:</p><p>In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor’s office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight.</p><p> </p><p>What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow:</p><p>Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as ’Where am I right now’ and ‘How-do-I-get-there?’ questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users’ spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays.</p><p> </p><p>Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences:</p><p> The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience.</p><p> Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow.</p><p> How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography:</p><p>The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. </p><p>An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users.</p><p> Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.</p>
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Kazachenko, Ludmila, Vladyslav Kazachenko, and Tetyana Zhidkova. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 94, 2021, no. 94 (December 28, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.94.029.
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The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface is a large-scale problem. Due to the development of exogenous processes there are changes in the composition and structure of the earth's crust and its surface. The destruction of streets, houses and public buildings, roads and railways leads to enormous losses. To predict the development of soil degradation, erosion processes on agricultural lands, which lose annual production areas, leads to the formation of a ravine-beam system and reduces the productive amount of land owned by citizens – is a solution. The use of GIS technologies, remote sensing of the Earth and modern programming can partially solve the problem, as it is a rapid identification of areas that have undergone the process of soil degradation and possible prediction of the development of negative phenomena. The use of geodetic software, GIS, information layers of the Public cadastral map can help in the fastest finding of territories, development of the forecast of the further destructive action, development of the corresponding protective methods and their introduction. The areas with manifestations of exogenous processes - soil degradation in agricultural enterprises, where every year the area of highly fertile chernozems is lost, which leads to large losses and landslides in the forest-steppe and steppe settlements of Kharkiv region have been subject of our study. We investigated destructive processes by geodetic measurements in the territories of their manifestations, observations were carried out for 8 years. The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface was revealed, which was manifested in landslides in the settlements of the forest-steppe zone and degradation of agricultural lands in the steppe and forest-steppe part of Kharkiv region. The cause of the destruction of the earth's surface were factors independent of human activity. We built 3-D models of development of exogenous processes manifested in soil erosion and growth of the ravine-beam system and determined the degree of erosion after surveying and processing the results of geodetic measurements in the software Digitals. For 8 years, we made changes to the software, surveying the area and building a monitoring line. Also in the settlements on the territory of the two zones, we observed the development of landslides on the streets of the village. Milova and s. Nova Vasylivka, where there is an intensive development of exogenous processes. The use of GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth to monitor the development of exogenous processes simplifies the solution.
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Gartner, Georg. "About the Quality of Maps." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 30 (June 1, 1998): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp30.662.
Full textAbstract:
Periodically throughout history, advances in technology have affected cartography. Some current forces for change in cartography are interactivity, multimedia, computer-animation and the Internet. Cartographers complain of a missing quality in the maps associated with this new technology. This paper examines the meaning of quality in cartography. It is argued that only when terms such as quality are understood in a larger, external context can the goal of map-making- making better maps - be pursued. This includes esthetical and cognitive aspects as well as aspects of communication, GIS and geographic visualization.