Academic literature on the topic 'Carved architecture'
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Journal articles on the topic "Carved architecture"
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Mitiukov, Nicholas W., Arina N. Pislegina, and Irina V. Preobrazhenkaya. "CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CARVED TERRACE WINDOWS IN VOTKINSK." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/43/23.
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Terraced windows, along with frames, are a unique element of Russian wooden architecture. But if in the major cities of the Pre-Urals, the old wooden quarters were demolished for serial building in the middle of the 20th century, the center of Votkinsk retained its almost original appearance of the mid-19th century. As a result, the carved terraced windows are no longer so massively represented in other cities of Udmurtia and the Urals. Nevertheless, due to economic activity, the private sector of Votkinsk is actively being built up, and the owners of wooden houses that are not architectural monuments everywhere are replacing carved terraced windows with plastic windows that are more comfortable in everyday life. As a result, it is likely that in a couple of decades such an expressive element of Russian wooden architecture as the Votkinsk carved terrace windows can be lost forever. Therefore, the objective of this work consisted, firstly, in photo fixing windows still available in Votkinsk, and secondly, in their cluster analysis to identify typical signs. Their definition is necessary, for example, if, with the improvement of the production technology of serial windows, it again becomes possible to return this element of architecture, then the starting point can be not only simple imitations of preserved monuments of wooden architecture, but the existing database in all its richness of forms. In 2013-2015 the authors surveyed 35 terrace windows of Votkinsk were surveyed, mainly central streets: Kirov, May 1 and Lenin, which are presented in the appendix. During cluster analysis, it was revealed that the most common type of window consists of three modules with an arched completion with the same width of modules. As a rule, the upper part of the window consists of three elements, divided by straight partitions. The ornament of the window itself, as a rule, has axial symmetry and consists of two parts. The presence of elements that are difficult to manufacture, including semicircular and parabolic ornament lines, testifies to the high production culture and craftsmanship of the workers who made the terrace windows, the production technology of which was possible only in the workshop or artel conditions. Undoubtedly, the influence on the windows of the neo-Gothic style, which could have been brought to Votkinsk by invited foreign experts. Local culture also had a great influence. But Udmurt motifs are extremely limited, as evidenced, for example, by the lack of asymmetric parts built on the principle of rotation. In addition, obviously Orthodox motifs have been found, for example, the use of the triptychiconostasis form, ornaments in the form of a “forked” cross superimposed on the silhouette of an Orthodox church cloth. In general, Votkinsk terrace windows can be considered as a unique cultural phenomenon on the territory of Udmurtia, which is so massively not found now.
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Filipova, Jevgenija, and Marina Rynkovskaya. "Carved Monge Surfaces as New Forms in the Architecture." MATEC Web of Conferences 95 (2017): 17006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179517006.
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Peng, Minghao, and Ruoshui Li. "Additional niches and architecture added in the Tang dynasty to the Vairocana niche in the Fengxian Temple at Longmen." Chinese Archaeology 22, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2022-0015.
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Abstract The niche with the colossal statue of Vairocana Buddha in the Fengxian Temple in Longmen was carved in the second year of the Shangyuan reign period of the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan reign, additional niches were carved into the same cliff wall. Based on spatial analysis of the surviving holes for architectural structures and their relation to the niches added later, it is inferred that the architecture in front of the niche was not built after the construction of these later niches. These two construction events could have belonged to the same construction phase. The construction of the architecture in front of the Vairocana niche completely altered the outer appearance and visibility of the statues, which then resulted in the relocation of worship activities from the open area to an enclosed space created by the wooden-structured temple in front of the niche.
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Kurek, Jan. "ARCHITECTURE OF MALTA’S STRUCTURES." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (September 9, 2021): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.b-03.
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Stone buildings appeared on Malta over 7000 years ago – around 3500 BC. Impressive megalithic structures were built at the time. Similar stone structures were erected in many places throughout Europe. Large megalithic structures have survived on Malta in areas such as Ġgantija and Tarxien. In other areas, large spaces called hypogea were carved from rock. Both in prehistory and today, stone remains one of the primary construction materials used across the Maltese archipelago. The architectural forms of seaside resorts are now cosmopolitan. Few contemporary projects reference historical building traditions – both formal and material.
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Patel, Neelam. "The Impact of Architecture Embellishment on Traditional Motifs: A Study." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48300.
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Abstract: This research is descriptive in nature and data collection source are from internet, books and field visits. The reason of this paper is to understand the relationship between the inspiration and impact of architecture and cultural incorporation in the back of the conventional motifs of India. Retaining this reality in mind, researcher attempted to discover the connection between ‘fashion’ and ‘structure,’ that could function style detail for designers. India has a vast history of crafts and textiles. There are huge variations of surface ornamentation techniques and diverse range of motifs as well, but the point is how the artisans got inspired for motifs and patterns embellished on textiles. Motifs are one of the prominent examples of this fusion where one can feel the essence of two different art. The foreign invasion, when both the architectural design and silhouette endured a significant transformation, is when the influence can be found. Many non-indigenous designs were incorporated with the classic Indian motifs as a result of the expansion of trade routes between and within the Indian subcontinent. Indo-Islamic architecture also had an impact on Rajput and Sikh architectural forms. The Mughal, European, British, and Indian art influences are still clearly visible in the architecture and motifs. Motifs inspirations for garments are influenced from the carved motifs in architectures with few changes. Due to the diverse culture these motifs are applied with diverse changes in many regions of India. For example, the paisley design, which has Persian roots and is prominently featured in Mugal architecture, is adopted in numerous cultures with subtle modifications
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Caneva, G., A. Altieri, A. Kumbaric, and F. Bartoli. "Plant iconography and its message: realism and symbolic message in the Bernini fountain of the four rivers in Rome." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 1011–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00946-2.
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Abstract The use of symbols in architecture of the past centuries is evident, even if sometimes cryptic. The reasons behind the representation of plants in artistic and architectural contexts are of great interest as they help in their understanding. We analysed the plants carved in the Fountain of Four Rivers (Rome), designed by G.L. Bernini (mid-seventeenth century), through iconographic and historical documents. The carved plants (about 34 species) creates a natural and symbolic association with the selected rivers and continents. Some species are chosen to characterise various geographic contexts or fluvial and rupestrian habitats or are referred to the papal coats of arms (Innocent X Pamphilj). A certain number has auspicious connotation and takes a strong symbolic salvific meaning and protective against the evil’s threat. The Kircherian influence emerges in several iconographic choices, as well as the river selection and orientation, in a philosophical-religious logic linked to the Papacy and Christianity role.
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Fehér, Krisztina. "Tas-de-charge – An Essential Part of Gothic Vault." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 52, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.16889.
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Gothic architecture can be viewed from several perspectives, including stylistic aspects, architectural theory, and structural analysis.As Gothic architecture is a skeletal construction, it is essential to achieve an equilibrium with the multiple loads and forces. Medieval master masons' architectural knowledge was firmly based on empirical learning, which stimulated the dynamic development of structural innovations.This paper emphasises and describes a particular type of vault springer, one of the most complicated and sensitive parts of Gothic construction. Known as tas-de-charge, it became especially characteristic of high Gothic architecture. According to its principle, the springer's lower courses contain the merged vault nerves and are carved from one single stone block in each course. The beds of these courses are not radial as those of the average voussoirs, but horizontal. Without the concept of tas-de-charge, the development of late Gothic vaults could not be imaginable. This particular solution made possible the creation of elegantly narrow imposts supporting the vault ribs, the double arch and the formerets. So far, tas-de-charge has not been a focus of interest in the historiography of Hungarian medieval architecture; however, it appears that it was commonly applied in our late Romanesque and early Gothic monuments.
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Makovicky, Emil, and Nicolette M. Makovicky. "The first find of dodecagonal quasiperiodic tiling in historical Islamic architecture." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811013744.
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The tympanum of the entrance of the Zaouïa Moulay Idriss II in Fez contains the only known example of a dodecagonal cartwheel quasiperiodic pattern in Islamic art, dating possibly from the Merinid epoch. This pattern, carved in a marble plate, is based on a type of Ammann quasilattice known also from modern mathematical literature. The central portions of this pattern were used as elements in a periodic pattern on the walls of the Saadian mausoleum in Marrakech.
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Suresh Kumar, P. "Architecture of Kalyana Pasupatheswarar Temple, Karur." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.3205.
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Karur Kalyanapasupatheswarar temple is one of the most remarkable temples of the Chola period. The temple stands majestically on the western bank of the river Caveri, the gigantic structure drawing the attention of the visitors. The Kalyanapasupatheswarar temple, Karur, has been attempted in the succeeding pages. There is nothing special in such legends, which are associated with many religious centers of the country. But in the present context, what is noteworthy is the fact that such legends seem to have gained currency in a much early period, say that of the Cholas, for some sculptures depicting these stories are found carved on the gopuras, walls, and pillars which had come into existence by then. The sculptors were making use of such stories for the depiction of sculptural art. But later, these stories were collected, and with additions and distortions, they came to be associated with the place.
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López Quiroga, Jorge, and Natalia Figueiras Pimentel. "The laura and coenobium of Saint Pedro of Rocas. A rupestrian complex of Byzantine origin in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 9–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.01.
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The building we see today when we approach the monastery of Saint Pedro of Rocas reveals the modern architecture: the priory house. But this architecture "hides" another one that corresponds to the various construction phases carved in the rock, both in its worship, residential and funerary function. An architecture excavated in the rock that is directly related to its hermitic origins linking Saint Pedro of Rocas with an anchoretic tradition characteristic of the territory in which it is located and which we know as Ribeira Sacra. Many are the questions, and the enigmas, which still contains Saint Pedro of Rocas and it is precisely in the rock where we find the answers to those questions. We do not intend to solve them within the framework of this article, but we will point out some reflections that allow us to understand the complexity and enormous historical dimension that enclose the rock of Saint Pedro of Rocas. The data that we are obtaining from the interdisciplinary research that we have been carrying out points to a clear oriental origin in the forms of community life that took place in Saint Pedro of Rocas. The influence of Saint Martín of Dumio (bishop of Braga, in the second half of the 6th century) in the importation of monastic life forms of Syrian-Palestinian origin ended up configuring an architecture carved into the rock at the service of a clearly Byzantine liturgy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carved architecture"
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Golmohammadi, Javad. "Wooden religious buildings and carved woodwork in central Iran." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288386.
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Ribolet, Mathieu. "La décoration architectonique des monuments édens, lignons et sénons, du règne d'Antonin à celui des Sévères." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH032.
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La monumentalisation de l’architecture figure parmi les marqueurs les plus éloquents de la pénétration de la culture romaine en Gaule, après la conquête. Peu de temps après l’instauration du Principat, de nouveaux édifices couverts de sculpture ornementale viennent en effet bouleverser le paysage architectural désormais gallo-romain. Sans précédent dans les constructions laténiennes, les décors architectoniques connaissent dès lors une importante diffusion et évoluent au gré d’influences diverses dont les premières sont dictées par des jalons métropolitains comme le temple de Mars Ultor.Plusieurs auteurs ont déjà proposé des synthèses retraçant l’évolution des décors architecturaux de Rome à l’époque impériale, pour le Ier siècle notamment. Elles sont en revanche beaucoup plus rares dès lors que l’on s’intéresse aux provinces de l’Empire et en particulier au nord des Gaules et aux Germanies, alors même que le matériel y est abondant. Ce constat est d’autant plus vrai à mesure que l’on avance vers la dynastie des Antonins puis vers les Sévères, à tel point que la seconde moitié du IIe et le IIIe siècles sont des époques quasiment désertées par les chercheurs.Situé dans la lignée de travaux récents concernant le décor architectonique « tardif » en Gaule et dans les Germanies (Genainville, Champlieu, Neumagen, Bordeaux, Pont-sainte-Maxence), ce travail propose une nouvelle synthèse centrée sur les deux derniers tiers du IIe et le IIIe siècle de notre ère. À partir d’un corpus réuni au sein des territoires éduen, lingon et sénon, il tente d’une part de caractériser les décors employés sur les bases, colonnes, chapiteaux, architraves, frises et corniches. En mettant en lumière une évolution pour chacun de ces éléments, il est alors possible de dégager des éléments chrono-typologiques. La question du répertoire ornemental est également abordée, ce qui permet de s’interroger sur les mécanismes évolutifs, la circulation des modèles et les différentes contraintes qui président aux changements observés. Enfin, l’étude des blocs permet de proposer plusieurs restitutions et d’ainsi avoir une idée de l’activité architecturale qui caractérise les différents sites observésThe development of monumental stone architecture was part of the most telling clues about roman culture entering in Gaul, after Cesar’s conquest. Short while after the Principate started, new buildings covered with ornamental sculpture created a new architectural landscape in the territories that thus formed the roman Gauls. Even though architectonic ornaments had no precedent in the Iron Age, their spread quickly became very important. Ornaments thus started to evolve, taking monuments from Rome itself as first models ; for example the temple of Mars Ultor.Several authors have already written papers about the evolution of architectonic ornaments in the Imperial Rome, in particular for the Ist century AD. However, publications about the Provinces of the Empire are scarcer, especially regarding north of Gauls and Germanies. This observation is even more obvious for later periods such as the second half of the IInd and the IIIrd century A.D.My thesis belongs to a serie of recent works about « late » architectonic ornaments in roman Gauls and Germanies (about collections such as those of Genainville, Champlieu, Neumagen, Bordeaux, Pont-sainte-Maxence). It focus on a period from the years 130 to the years 230 AD (approximately from the reign of Antoninus to this of Alexander Severus). From a corpus gathered over three civitates (Aedui, Lingones, Senones), my work tries to define which ornaments were employed on the components of architectural orders (basis, columns, capitals, architrave, friezes, cornices), to understand how they were allocated, and to highlight how they evolved over decades. Ornamental repertory is also an important point : it allows to question about evolution mechanisms, patterns diffusion and other reasons that made handcrafters change their carving techniques. To finish, studying architectonic pieces provide possibilities of reconstructing monuments, so as to have a idea of what was building activity like in the three studied civitates
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Li, Chen. "Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220) stone carved tombs in Central and Eastern China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bca2d725-eca3-4d10-bc5f-f77fb0228ece.
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This thesis studies Han Dynasty stone carved tombs in Central and Eastern China. These multi-chambered tombs were constructed from carved stone slabs, and were very popular among the Han people. However, such horizontal stone structures were entirely new, and were a result of outside stimuli rather than an independent development within China. The stone carved tombs were a result of imitating royal rock-cut tombs, while the rock-cut tombs were stimulated by foreign examples. Moreover, many details of stone carved tombs also had Western features. These exotic elements were incorporated to satisfy specific requirements of the Han people, and reflected the desire to assimilate exotica within Chinese traditions. Some details within stone carved tombs showed high level of stone working technologies with Western influences. But in general the level of stone construction of the Han period was relatively low. The methods of construction showed how unfamiliar the Western system was to the Han artisans. Han Dynasty stone carved tombs were hybrids of different techniques, including timber, brick and stone works. From these variations, Han people could choose certain types of tombs to satisfy their specific ritual and economic needs. Not only structures, but also pictorial decorations of stone carved tombs were innovations. The range of image motifs is quite limited. Similar motifs can be found in almost every tomb. Such similarities were partly due to the artisans, who worked in workshops and used repertoires for the carving of images. But these also suggest that the tombs were decorated for certain purposes with a given functional template. Together with different patterns of burial objects and their settings, such images formed a way through which the Han people gave meaning to the afterworld. After their heyday, stone carved tombs ceased being constructed in the Central Plains as the Han Empire collapsed. However, they set a model for later tombs. The idea of building horizontal stone chamber tombs spread to Han borderlands, and gradually went further east to the Korean Peninsula. The legacy and spread of the Chinese masonry tradition was closely related to the political circumstances of late Han and post-Han period. The spread of stone chamber tombs in Northeast Asia is presented as a part of a long history of interactions between different parts of Eurasia.
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Carey, Katherine Elizabeth. "Architecture and the motion of life." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/carey/CareyK1209.pdf.
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We experience our world through the mobile unit that is our body. As we move through space we are experiencing the riches that make up life. We meet new friends, travel new roads, and see wondrous sights. If architecture is used as a tool to encourage these movements it stands to be conceived that architecture can promote the enrichment of life.
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Lane, Kathleen Irene Emma. "Architectural sculpture in Romanesque England : forms, functions and audience." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262800.
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Shaffer, Mason Jay. "Choosing a career in landscape architecture dimensions of fit /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/m_shaffer_042310.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in landscape architecture)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 12, 2010). "Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95).
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Chaumier-Bouron, Morgane. "Les restaurations du décor sculpté du château de Blois au XIXe siècle à travers l'étude de son fonds lapidaire." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR2005.
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Classé sur la première liste des monuments historiques et premier édifice civil à bénéficier d’une restauration ordonnée et financée par l’État, le château de Blois voit se succéder, dès 1843, deux chantiers de réhabilitation respectivement dirigés par Félix Duban (1797-1870) et Anatole de Baudot (1834-1915). Remarquable synthèse de l’histoire de l’architecture française, le château est aussi le terrain d’expérimentation de diverses conceptions, méthodes et techniques de restauration qui, apparaissant au XIXe siècle, animent le débat national au centre duquel se place Viollet-le-Duc. L’inventaire et l’analyse inédits du fonds lapidaire du château de Blois, collection à laquelle sont associés les études, modèles avant exécution et moulages en plâtre des motifs décoratifs avant restauration, permettent de renouveler les connaissances sur le décor sculpté des ailes Louis XII et François Ier. Grâce à la mise en perspective des plâtres, des pierres déposées, des façades actuelles, des sources manuscrites et iconographiques, cette étude révèle les spécificités de chacune des deux restaurations, leur opposition et leur complémentarité. Elle met en évidence deux perceptions différentes de la Renaissance et la façon dont elles sont traduites dans la pierre par les architectes du XIXe siècle. Le château de Blois est ainsi un chantier-modèle, tant par l’exemplarité des restaurations dont il est l’objet que par l’intégration, assumée, du XIXe siècle à son histoireClassified on the first list of “Historic Monuments” and the first civil building to have its restoration requested and funded by the French State, the Chateau of Blois was the object of two renovation programmes starting in 1843 and respectively supervised by Félix Duban (1797-1870) and Anatole de Baudot (1834-1915). An outstanding synthesis of the history of French architecture, the chateau was also the experimenting field for various techniques, methods and approaches of restoration appearing in the 19th century and stimulating the national debate, in which Viollet-le-Duc played a major role. These unique inventory and analysis of the lapidary collection of the Chateau of Blois, to which are added the studies, the mock models, and the plaster casts of the decorative patterns before their restoration, allow to renew the knowledge about the carved décor of the Louis XII’s and the Francis I’s wings. This study puts into perspective the plaster casts, the stones taken off the facades, the present facades, the manuscript and iconographic sources, and it hereby brings to light the specificities of each restoration campaign, their differences and their complementarity. It highlights two different perceptions of the Renaissance and the way they were expressed in the stone by the 19th-century architects. Thus, thanks to its exemplary restoration and the way it integrated the 19th century into its own history, the Chateau of Blois acts as a true model for restoration campaigns
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Raguet, Jean-René. "Développement de nouvelles architectures mémoires non-volatiles robustes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11057.
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Les mémoires non-volatiles à grille flottante connaissent depuis une vingtaine d’années, un succès commercial sans précédent. On retrouve ces mémoires dans quasiment tout les produits électroniques du quotidien à travers le téléphone portable, la carte à puce, les étiquettes sans contact que l’on trouve sur des produits alimentaires, ou bien tout simplement les clés de stockage mémoire USB. Ces dispositifs mémoires sont omniprésents et ne cessent d’évoluer afin de stocker de plus en plus d’information sur une surface de silicium réduite. Cependant, des obstacles technologiques majeurs à la réduction des dimensions du point mémoire apparaissent, liés à la structure même de ces mémoires, mais aussi aux performances demandées. En effet, un secteur en plein développement, à savoir l’automotive, requiert de bonnes performances en fiabilité sous de fortes contraintes thermiques. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse propose de nouvelles structures mémoires à grille flottante intégrables et robustes. Par le mot robuste, on désigne une mémoire ayant de bonnes performances en rétention et en endurance. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes focalisés sur des solutions technologiques permettant d’améliorer les performances en rétention de la cellule EEPROM. Trois modifications du procédé de fabrication de cette cellule sont proposées : l’augmentation de l’épaisseur d’oxyde tunnel, la nitruration de l’oxyde tunnel et l’implantation du Bore dans la grille flottante. Les résultats en rétention obtenus sont intéressants, mais chaque solution engendre quelques difficultés. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons développé deux structures à base de double grille permettant une surface du point mémoire réduite, de bonnes performances en endurance et des tensions de programmation proche voir moins élevées que la cellule EEPROM. Ces structures ont été modélisées, simulées, intégrées et optimisées sur silicium, puis caractérisées, afin de valider les différents concepts et estimer leurs performances électriques. La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée au développement d’une cellule mémoire à deux grilles flottantes permettant de stocker trois bits, basée sur des concepts de cellules multi-bits et multi-niveaux. Cette cellule utilise des programmations spécifiques avec un phénomène de décharge des grilles flottantes par effet de pointe et une injection de charges par effet tunnel bande à bande. Ces deux phénomènes ont été étudiés et démontrent de bons résultats électriquesThe non-volatile floating gate memories have for two decades, an unprecedented commercial success. We find these memories in almost all daily electronic products via the cell phone, smart cards, RFID tags found on food products, or simply the memory sticks. These memory devices are ubiquitous and are in constant evolution to store more information on a small silicon area. However, major technological barriers to reduce the memory size appear related to the structure of these memories, but also the performances required. Indeed, a booming sector, namely the automotive, requires good reliability performances under high heat stress. In this context, this thesis proposes new floating gate memory structures in a standard flow integration and with good reliability. Good reliability means a memory with good retention and endurance performances. First, we focused on technological solutions to improve the retention performances of EEPROM cell. Three modifications in the cell process flow are proposed: the tunnel oxide thickness increase, the injection of nitride in tunnel oxide and the implantation of boron into the floating gate. The retention results obtained are interesting, but each solution creates some problems. In a second step, we have developed two structures based on double gate allowing a reduced memory point area, good endurance performances and programming voltages close to or lower than the EEPROM cell. These structures were simulated, optimized and integrated on silicon, then characterized to validate the concepts and to estimate their electrical performances. The last part of this work is devoted to the development of a memory cell with two floating gates allowing to store three bits, based on multi-bit and multi-levels cells concepts. This cell uses specific programming operations with floating gates discharge phenomenon by a sharp effect and with a charges injection by band to band tunnelling effect. These two phenomena have been studied and prove good electrical results
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Dungavell, Ian Robert. "The architectural career of Sir Aston Webb (1849-1930)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340884.
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Cemal, Havar. "Reinterpreting traditional weave : Revisiting vernacular architecture." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146103.
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I am interested in experiences and knowledge that is passed on from generation to generation, and in a broad sense this is the starting point of my thesis project. I am of Kurdish descent, and I knew early on that I wanted to make a project that related to Kurdish tradition. I was specially intrigued by Kurdish weaving craft and how this particular tradition could be architecturally interpreted and used as a tectonic component. I wasn´t interested in simply reproducing traditional architecture, but rather using certain techniques and methods as a way of conceiving something new. Within my family, there is experience in weaving. With their knowledge, it has helped me technically but also with issues relating to the social and traditional. The study is based on developing design techniques of Kurdish weaving techniques and principles. My design technique has mostly been focused on the slit tapestry technique, more commonly known as kelim, where openings are created when two separately woven areas of weft meet along adjacent warps and do not interlock. Using this technique, there is room for spontaneity, which has allowed me to use the weave frame and warp to develop my design technique. In addition to weaving tradition, the project is also based on Kurdish vernacular architecture as well as Islamic architecture in terms of climatic and social aspects.Jag är intresserad av erfarenheter och kunskap som förs vidare från generation till generation, och i en bred mening är detta utgångspunkten för mitt examensarbete. Jag är av kurdisk härkomst, och jag visste tidigt att jag ville göra ett projekt som relaterade till kurdisk tradition. Jag var speciellt fascinerad av kurdisk vävning och hantverk, och hur denna tradition kunde omtolkas arkitektoniskt och användas som en tektonisk komponent. Jag var inte intresserad av att helt enkelt reproducera traditionell arkitektur, utan snarare att använda vissa tekniker och metoder som ett sätt att skapa något nytt. Inom min familj, finns det erfarenhet av vävning. Med sin kunskap, har det hjälpt mig tekniskt men även med frågor som rör den sociala och traditionella. Studien bygger på att utveckla designtekniker and kurdisk vävtekniker och principer. Min designteknik har främst varit inriktad på slit tapestry tekniken, mer känd som kelim, där öppningar skapas när två separat vävda områden väft möts längs intilliggande varptrådar utan att låsas. Med denna teknik, finns det utrymme för spontanitet, vilket har tillåtit mig att använda väv ramen och varpen att utveckla min designteknik. Förutom vävning tradition, är projektet också baserat på den lokala successiva arkitekturen samt islamisk arkitektur när det gäller klimat-och sociala aspekter.
Books on the topic "Carved architecture"
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Archives, Sindh, ed. A study of stone carved graves. Karachi: Sindh Archives, 2012.
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Obrist, Barbara. La Kammerzell: Une maison strasbourgeoise de la Renaissance. Strasbourg: Contades, 1990.
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Zhuravleva, Larisa Sergeevna. Russkoe narodnoe i raspisnoe derevo v sobranii Smolenskogo gosudarstvennogo ob'edinennogo istoricheskogoi arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennogo muzeya-zapovednika =: Carved and painted woodwork by Russian craftsmen at the Smdensk Museum of Art History and Architecture. Moskva: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1985.
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Royal Institute of British Architects. A career in architecture. London: RIBA Publications, 1986.
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Security, Illinois Department of Employment. Architecture & construction. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois Dept. of Employment Security, 2007.
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Parker, Michelle B. The architecture of teaching. East Lansing, Mich: National Center for Research on Teacher Education, 1990.
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The survival guide to architectural internship and career development. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2006.
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Kim, Grace H. The survival guide to architectural internship and career development. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2006.
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Sandor, Hasznos, and Heron Christine, eds. Web service and SOA technologies: Protect your project and career by understanding the common mistakes. 2nd ed. [Denver, Colo.]: Practicing Safe Techs, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Carved architecture"
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Rosales, Camilo. "Carved-Out Volumes." In Spatial Transparency in Architecture, 112–22. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003223399-4.
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Tait, James. "Designing your Career." In Entering Architectural Practice, 141–55. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429346569-11.
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Plšek, Aleš, and Jiří Adámek. "Carmen: Software Component Model Checker." In Quality of Software Architectures. Models and Architectures, 71–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87879-7_5.
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Arsan, Taner, Safa Çimenli, and Erhan Güneş. "Career Center System Software Architecture." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 117–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06773-5_17.
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Bourke, Michael K. "Business Architecture." In Strategy and Architecture of Health Care Information Systems, 43–96. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2338-0_4.
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Bourke, Michael K. "Data Architecture." In Strategy and Architecture of Health Care Information Systems, 97–165. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2338-0_5.
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Bourke, Michael K. "Technical Architecture." In Strategy and Architecture of Health Care Information Systems, 166–244. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2338-0_6.
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Bourke, Michael K. "Control Architecture." In Strategy and Architecture of Health Care Information Systems, 245–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2338-0_7.
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Gersovitz, Julia, and Boris Morin-Defoy. "Architecture and the Aging." In The Care of the Older Person, 60–71. 5th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003344476-15.
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Beckner, Mark. "Architectural Patterns." In BizTalk 2010 EDI for Health Care, 1–9. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-5020-3_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Carved architecture"
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López González, Concepción. "La decoración lítica de las Torres de Serranos de Valencia." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11346.
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The lithic decoration of the Serranos Towers of ValenciaThe apparent austerity of this powerful door of the Christian wall of the city of Valencia built in 1392 by Pere Balaguer, encloses a magnificent and rich decoration of carved stone. The intervention aimed at cleaning the stone promoted by the City Council, allowed an in-depth study of the ornamentation that had not been previously carried out. A graphic study of all the pieces of carved stone that decorate the Towers was made. The different types of decoration carved in stone were established according to three parameters: according to their function, according to the theme or ornamental motif and according to the type of size used. Likewise, comparative analyzes were established with other buildings constructed in the Crown of Aragon at the same time. This study showed the influences and collaborations between stonework workshops that worked in different geographical points.
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"Structural Sculpting: A Designer"s Approach to Robotically Carved Stone Structures." In 2018 Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design. Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCS), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22360/simaud.2018.simaud.019.
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Вахтанов, С. Н. "CARVED FACES OF THE SUZDAL NATIVITY CATHEDRAL OF THE XIII CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VLADIMIR- SUZDAL WHITE STONE ARCHITECTURE AND FASADE DECORATION SYSTEM." In Археология Владимиро-Суздальской земли. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-304-6.141-152.
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Статья является продолжением ряда исследований, посвященных белокаменной резьбе суздальского Рождественского собора. В ней рассматривается один из самых дискуссионных элементов программы резного декора собора - рельефы женских ликов на консолях фасадных полуколонн. Автор представляет новую интерпретацию роли этих рельефов в архитектуре и декоре храма и демонстрирует развитие семантики этого сюжета в традиции владимиро-суздальского белокаменного зодчества и фасадной резьбы. Результаты исследования дают дополнительную информацию для реконструкции первоначальных архитектурных форм Рождественского собора XIII в. и его фасадного декора. The article is a continuation of a number of studies devoted to the white stone carving of the Suzdal Nativity Cathedral. It considers one of the most debatable elements of the program of carved decor of the Cathedral - reliefs of female faces on the consoles of facade semicolumns. The author presents a new interpretation of the role of these reliefs in the architecture and decor of the temple and demonstrates the development of the semantics of this plot in the tradition of Vladimir-Suzdal white stone architecture and facade carving. The results of the study provide additional information for the reconstruction of the original architectural forms of the Nativity Cathedral of the XIII century and its facade decoration.
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Guiso, Bianca, and Maria Vittoria Tappari. "Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11542.
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Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.
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Chiriac, Noemi, Katja Ho¨ltta¨-Otto, Dusan Lysy, and Eun Suk Suh. "Level of Modularity at Different Levels of System Granularity." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47889.
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All system development projects involve analysis of the system architecture. However, it has been assumed thus far that there is some correct system decomposition that can be used in the architectural analysis. The sensitivity of the results to the chosen level of decomposition has not been considered. We represent forty eight idealized system architectures and a real complex system as a Design Structure Matrix at two different levels of decomposition. We analyze these architectures for their degree of modularity. We find that the degree of modularity can vary for the same system when the system is represented at the two different levels of granularity. For example, the printing system used in the case study is considered slightly integral at a higher level of decomposition and quite modular at a lower level of decomposition. We further find that even though the overall results can be different depending on the level of decomposition, the direction of change toward more modular or more integral can be calculated the same regardless of the level of decomposition. Level of decomposition can distort the results of architectural analysis and care must be taken in defining the system decomposition for any analysis.
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Opoko, Akunnaya, Ayotilerewa Daramola, and Wonders Eke. "CAREER ASPIRATIONS OF ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN NIGERIA." In 12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1559.
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Teixeira, Paulo Gabriel, Bruno Gabriel Araújo Lebtag, Luma Wanderley de Oliveira, Sérgio Teixeira de Carvalho, Ernesto Fonseca Veiga, and Cleomar De Sousa Rocha. "Modeling and Simulation of a Smart Street Lighting System." In I Workshop em Modelagem e Simulação de Sistemas Intensivos em Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/mssis.2019.7558.
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Smart cities comprise highly dynamic, complex and softwareintensive systems planned and created to cope with problems inherent to the increasing world population, such as need for life quality in cities, intense traffic, and sustainability. Owing to such complexity and dynamics, static notations, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Systems Modeling Language (SysML), are often unable to support a precise conception, planning and design of those smart cities. In turn, the combination of traditional modeling and simulation (M&S) could leverage the design of such systems by enabling the analysis of both structure and behavior aspects still at design-time. The main contribution of this paper is offering evidence to support the premise of M&S be a promising paradigm for software engineering, including in smart cities domain. We report findings on a study carried out for assessing, via M&S, two architectures for a Public Street Lighting System (PSLS) of a smart city. The first architecture uses a hub as intermediator between luminaries and PSLS. The second architecture uses software-intensive luminaries connected to the PSLS using publish/subscribe architectural style. Preliminary results show that the publish/subscribe architecture delivers a greater degree of correctness than the former. Additionally, we conjecture that the adoption of M&S can foster the identification of smart cities behaviors and the identification of, at design-time, properties that could be noticed only after the system has been already deployed.
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Pedreirinho, José Manuel, Michel Toussaint, and Pancho Guedes. "The Porteguese Perspective." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.4.
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ose Manuel Pedreirinho was born and educated in Lisbon, and has operated his own practice there since 1984. In addition to teaching the history of modern architecture and the theory of architecture at the universities of Lisbon, Coimbra, and Porto, Prof: Pedreirinho is also completing a PhD at the University of Bath (UK). The author of several articles and two books on Portuguese architecture and the teaching process, Prof: Pedreirinho is currently preparing a guide on the architecture of Porto. Michel Toussaint is an architect and educator in Lisbon, where he teaches the theory of architecture at the Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa and the Universidade Lusiada. Prof: Toussaint has published several essays, articles, and books on architectural topics, and has practiced in Portugal, Angola, and Macau. Pancho Guedes is an architect currently working in Lisbon ajler an extensive career in Mozambique and South Africa. A graduate of the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa), Prof: Guedes’ work is noted for it sculptural and expressionistic quality, influenced heavily by African art and the work of Gaudi. In addition to his academic career in Lisbon, Prof: Guedes has also taught at the Architectural Association in London. [Editor’s note: The text of these presentations was not available at the time of publication.]
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Fulani, Omoyeni, Olubukunola Pase, Abel Omeiza, Joyce Daniels, Oluwole Alagbe, Peter Aderonmu, and Joshua Udiminue. "GENDER AND CAREER ASPIRATIONS OF ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.1266.
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Unger, A., Th Ungerer, and E. Zehendner. "Simultaneous Speculation Scheduling." In International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbac-pad.1999.19787.
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Simultaneous Speculation Scheduling (S3) is a combined compiler and architecture technique to control multiple path execution. lt can be applied for dual path branch speculation in case of unpredictable branches and for multiple path speculative execution of loop iterations. Loop-carried dependences are handled by data dependence prediction. Architectural requirements are a minimal form of multithreaded processor architecture and three new instructions (fork, sync, wait). Simulation results show performance gains of up to 40% over purely static scheduling techniques by applying the S3 technique to branches in kernel sections of SPECint95 benchmark programs.
Reports on the topic "Carved architecture"
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Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. Care Principles and Care-Responsive Barometer: Guidelines and toolkit for international financial institutions (IFIs). Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8175.
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The architecture of development finance lacks a care perspective despite strong commitments to gender equality goals. The Care Principles and Care-Responsive Barometer have been developed as guiding tools for international financial institutions (IFIs) to promote, measure and improve the care-responsiveness of all their operations.
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Tsidylo, Ivan M., Hryhoriy V. Tereshchuk, Serhiy V. Kozibroda, Svitlana V. Kravets, Tetiana O. Savchyn, Iryna M. Naumuk, and Darja A. Kassim. Methodology of designing computer ontology of subject discipline by future teachers-engineers. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3249.
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The article deals with the problem of the methodology of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies. The scheme of ontology of the subject discipline is presented in which the set of concepts of the future computer ontology and the set of relations between them are represented. The main criteria of the choice of systems of computer ontologies for designing computer ontology of the subject discipline: software architecture and tools development; interoperability; intuitive interface are established. The selection of techniques for designing ontologies using computer ontology systems is carried out. The algorithm of designing computer ontology of the subject discipline by the future teachers-engineers in the field of computer technologies is proposed.
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Kim, Jae-Jin, Hyoeun Kim, Sewon Kim, and Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. A Roadmap for Digitalization of Tax Systems: Lessons from Korea. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004195.
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This publication reviews the history of digitalization of tax administration in Korea dating back to the 1990s and shares the countrys experience and know-how in building an efficient e-taxation architecture. Its main emphasis is on how the Korean government managed to make the best use of a wide range of taxpayer information efficiently and securely. It highlights information security and presents three case studies of an institutional framework for using third-party data: tax schemes for credit card usage, a cash receipt system, and e-invoicing. It then lays out a range of policy implications for consideration by tax authorities in the Latin American and Caribbean region.
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Striuk, Andrii, Olena Rybalchenko, and Svitlana Bilashenko. Development and Using of a Virtual Laboratory to Study the Graph Algorithms for Bachelors of Software Engineering. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4462.
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The paper presents an analysis of the importance of studying graph algorithms, the reasons for the need to implement this project and its subsequent use. The existing analogues analysis is carried out, due to which a list of advantages and disadvantages is formed and taken into account in developing the virtual laboratory. A web application is created that clearly illustrates the work of graph algorithms, such as Depth-First Search, Dijkstra’s Shortest Path, Floyd- Warshall, Kruskal Minimum Cost Spanning Tree Algorithm. A simple and user- friendly interface is developed and it is supported by all popular browsers. The software product is provided with user registration and authorization functions, chat communication, personal cabinet editing and viewing the statistics on web- application use. An additional condition is taken into account at the design stage, namely the flexibility of the architecture, which envisaged the possibility of easy expansion of an existing functionality. Virtual laboratory is used at Kryvyi Rih National University to training students of specialty 121 Software Engineering in the disciplines “Algorithms and Data Structures” and “Discrete Structures”.
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Eshed-Williams, Leor, and Daniel Zilberman. Genetic and cellular networks regulating cell fate at the shoot apical meristem. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699862.bard.
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The shoot apical meristem establishes plant architecture by continuously producing new lateral organs such as leaves, axillary meristems and flowers throughout the plant life cycle. This unique capacity is achieved by a group of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to founder cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell and tissue types in response to environmental and developmental cues. Cell fate specification at the shoot apical meristem is programmed primarily by transcription factors acting in a complex gene regulatory network. In this project we proposed to provide significant understanding of meristem maintenance and cell fate specification by studying four transcription factors acting at the meristem. Our original aim was to identify the direct target genes of WUS, STM, KNAT6 and CNA transcription factor in a genome wide scale and the manner by which they regulate their targets. Our goal was to integrate this data into a regulatory model of cell fate specification in the SAM and to identify key genes within the model for further study. We have generated transgenic plants carrying the four TF with two different tags and preformed chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to identify the TF direct target genes. Due to unforeseen obstacles we have been delayed in achieving this aim but hope to accomplish it soon. Using the GR inducible system, genetic approach and transcriptome analysis [mRNA-seq] we provided a new look at meristem activity and its regulation of morphogenesis and phyllotaxy and propose a coherent framework for the role of many factors acting in meristem development and maintenance. We provided evidence for 3 different mechanisms for the regulation of WUS expression, DNA methylation, a second receptor pathway - the ERECTA receptor and the CNA TF that negatively regulates WUS expression in its own domain, the Organizing Center. We found that once the WUS expression level surpasses a certain threshold it alters cell identity at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem from floral meristem to carpel fate [FM]. When WUS expression highly elevated in the FM, the meristem turn into indeterminate. We showed that WUS activate cytokinine, inhibit auxin response and represses the genes required for root identity fate and that gradual increase in WUCHEL activity leads to gradual meristem enlargement that affect phyllotaxis. We also propose a model in which the direction of WUS domain expansion laterally or upward affects meristem structure differently. We preformed mRNA-seq on meristems with different size and structure followed by k-means clustering and identified groups of genes that are expressed in specific domains at the meristem. We will integrate this data with the ChIP-seq of the 4 TF to add another layer to the genetic network regulating meristem activity.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.
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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Tiger Teams Technical Assistance: Reliable, Universal Open Architecture for Card Access to Dispense Alternative Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15000384.
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