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Journal articles on the topic 'Caryopse'
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1
Zalewski, Kazimierz, and Stanisław Weidner. "Changes in ribosomal proteins of wheat embryos during accelerated ageing of the grain." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.027.
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Electrophoretic separation of ribosomal proteins of wheat embryos from grain analysed immediately after the harvest (control) yielded four anodic and six cathodic fractions. In caryopses subjected to accelerated ageing the ribosomal proteins separated into 5 anodic and 8 cathodic fractions. With the advance of ageing an increase in the amount of low molecular weight molecules was observed in the ribosomes of the embryos. In ribosomes from wheat caryopse embryos (control) 76 individual proteins - 10 acidic and 66 basic ones - were recorded. In the embryos of aged caryopses 53 proteins were found - 16 acidic and 37 basic ones. The mobility of nearly all individual proteins was also changed as compared to that in the control sample. This is additional evidence of the modification of the proteins in the ageing process and leads as consequence to a change in their electric charges.
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Grzesiuk, Stanisław, and Janusz Tłuczkiewicz. "Viability and vigour of ageing winter wheat grains." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.022.
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The viability and vigour of ageing winter wheat caryopses of the cvs. Grana and Jana were tested. Viability was determined on the basis of germination capacity and rate, and vigour on the basis of the over-all activity of hydrogenases in the sprouts, exudate conductometry, analysis of sprout growth, oxygen uptake and mitochondrial protein content in the sprouts. What is called energy (or rate) of germination and over-all dehydrogenase activity in embryos and sprouts and the electroconductivity of exudates were found to be very good measures of the vigour of ageing caryopses. The latter two indices of vigour should be determined at a strictly defined moment of swelling and germination. Good measures of caryopse vigour are also respiration during swelling and at the beginning of germination and mitochondrial protein content in the sprouts or seedlings. There is a high correlation between the vigour of ageing grain and its bioenergetic indices.
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Weidner, Stanisław. "Role of gibberellins and cytokinins in regulation of germination during development and ripening of Triticale caryopses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 53, no. 2 (2014): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1984.024.
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The germination of caryopses of M-T3 <em>Triticale</em> generation, which were freshly harvested in different growth and developmental phases has been studied. A significant influence of the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation on the increment of number of germinating caryopses has been found. Already in the first phase af the embryogenesis considerable stimulating effects of kinetin and gibberellin-A<sub>3</sub> (GA<sub>3</sub>) on the germination of embryos which were isolated from freshly collected grains have been shown. When both stimulators were used together marked synergetic reaction occurred. It has been also determined that in the initial period of embryogensis premature germination occurs, to a higher extent, under the action of cytokinins than! Whether in the further phases of the caryopse development, when embryo develop mainly through the cell elongation, mostly gibberellins seem to be responsible for the activation of germination processes. The more mature were seeds the quicker germinated whole caryopses and embryos isolated from them at different ripeness, after 3-month storage. The highest stimulation of germination by phytohormones has been found for the most mature caryopses. The action of gibberellic acid has been particulary strong.
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Sung, Shi-Jean S., Gerald R. Leather, and Maynard G. Hale. "Induction of Germination in Dormant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Seeds by Wounding." Weed Science 35, no. 6 (November 1987): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079285.
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Various surgical cuts were used to induce germination of dormant barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] caryopses. Greater percentages of germination were obtained when the cuts were made closer to the embryo. However, removal of only the caryopsis coat covering the coleoptile or midembryo axis induced up to 10% germination compared to 70% germination for caryopses with the coat covering the radicle removed. Dormancy of barnyardgrass was not caused by the inability of the embryo to imbibe, imposed mechanical resistance of the caryopsis coat, or presence of an inhibitor. A wounding response, other than ethylene production, by the cut caryopses was possibly responsible for stimulating germination. Similar responses to cutting observed in afterripened caryopses were consistent with the suggested hypothesis.
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Fuerst, E. Patrick, James V. Anderson, Ann C. Kennedy, and Robert S. Gallagher. "Induction of Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Dormant Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Seeds and Caryopses: A Defense Response to Seed Decay Fungi." Weed Science 59, no. 2 (June 2011): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00123.1.
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Persistence of the soil seed bank requires both dormancy and resistance to seed decay organisms. However, there is little or no information evaluating biochemical responses of dormant weed seeds to pathogens. Wild oat caryopses were incubated with four pathogenic fungal isolates to evaluate the response of the pathogen defense enzyme, polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Caryopsis PPO activity was induced by three Fusarium spp. isolates previously obtained from whole seeds incubated in the field whereas caryopsis PPO activity was decreased by a Pythium isolate. Fusarium avenaceum isolate F.a.1 caused the greatest PPO induction and was studied in more detail. When whole wild oat seeds were incubated on F.a.1, PPO activity was induced in seeds, hulls (lemma and palea), and caryopses. Incubation of whole seeds on F.a.1 gradually induced caryopsis PPO activity over an 8-d period, whereas incubation of caryopses on F.a.1 over a 4-d period caused a greater and more rapid induction of PPO activity. Very little PPO activity could be leached from untreated caryopses, but nearly all of the induced PPO activity in F.a.1-treated caryopses was readily leached when incubated in buffer. In Western blots, both untreated and F.a.1-treated leachates contained a ∼57-kilodalton (kD) protein, putatively the mature and relatively inactive form of PPO. However, lower molecular weight antigenic proteins between ∼52 and ∼25 kD were strongly induced in F.a.1-treated caryopses, with this induction being correlated with the increase in PPO activity. We hypothesize that dormant weed seeds possess biochemical defenses against pathogens and, more specifically, that proteolysis in the presence of fungal pathogens may release an activated form of PPO from the surface of wild oat caryopses and hulls.
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Fellows, Gary M., and Fred W. Roeth. "Factors Influencing Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Seed Survival." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051870.
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Shattercane seed survival during soil burial was highly dependent on attached glumes. Shattercane seed tightly enclosed by glumes averaged 5 and 53% germination after 4 mo of winter burial in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Shattercane caryopses (seed without glumes) survival averaged 0.5 and 17% compared to 17 and 41% when treated with seed fungicides in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Shattercane caryopses tannin and lignin contents were higher than for cultivated sorghum caryopses. Glume tannin was four times higher and glume lignin was five times higher than in the caryopsis. Shattercane seed survival was positively correlated with glume tightness, caryopsis lignin, and glume tannin. Tannin and lignin appear to function as barriers to microbial invasion resulting in higher shattercane seed resistance to overwinter demise. Attempts to isolate fungal inhibitors from shattercane seed were unsuccessful.
7
Weidner, Stanisław. "The effect of ABA and AMO-1618 on the preharvest sprouting of triticale caryopses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 56, no. 2 (2014): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1987.028.
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The experiments were conducted on developing triticale var. Grado caryopses. Treatment of freshly gathered, unripe triticale caryopses with abscisic acid (ABA) decreased their precocious germination throughout the entire period of development and ripening. The more mature the embryos that were germinated, the lower the inhibition by ABA. This indicates that the sensitivity of the embryo to ABA decreases during the course of caryopsis development and that the role that this hormone can play in the prevention of spouting in ears during the final stages of maturation, is limited. A known inhibitor of gibberellin synthesis, the retardant AMO-1618, was also tested in these experiments. This compound caused the reduction of germination capability only in the initial stages of development of triticale caryopses. Its most visible effect was noted during the germination of caryopses collected 30 days after flowering. The effect of this compound on the precocious germination of isolated embryos also decreased as the degree of maturity of these embryos increased. In the opinion of this author, this is connected with the fact that intense gibberellin synthesis and accumulation occurs only in the early stages of caryopsis development.
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Gianinetti, Alberto. "Anomalous germination of dormant dehulled red rice seeds provides a new perspective to study the transition from dormancy to germination and to unravel the role of the caryopsis coat in seed dormancy." Seed Science Research 26, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258516000076.
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AbstractSeed dormancy is the temporary inability of an imbibed seed to germinate under otherwise favourable conditions. It is an important trait for seed persistence in many higher plants. Dormant dehulled red rice caryopses can have a strong dormancy: the studied population shows an almost complete dormancy; that is, these caryopses do not germinate (usually germination is <1–2%) when incubated in water for the time usually adopted for germination tests (i.e. 2 weeks). However, after several months of incubation in water, dormant red rice caryopses start germinating in an anomalous manner. Most notably, the piercing of the caryopsis coat is very slow, sometimes arrested, until the coat completely breaks down and embryo growth is resumed. There is, therefore, a time lag between the initial rupture of the caryopsis coat and the start of seedling growth. It is argued that embryo growth can be triggered by the failure of the caryopsis coat even if seed dormancy has not been previously relieved, and thus germination is started and dormancy is forcefully interrupted. Accordingly, the time course of the anomalous germination shows a Gompertz distribution of times to failure. It is concluded that: (1) if the seed rests with the coat ruptured without further growth, it is still dormant; if so, therefore, (2) the breaking of the coat is not necessarily a marker of germination in this context.
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Huang, Zhenying, Ming Dong, and Yitzchak Gutterman. "Caryopsis dormancy, germination and seedling emergence in sand, of Leymus racemosus (Poaceae), a perennial sand-dune grass inhabiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, China." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03149.
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Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvel. (Poaceae), wild rye, is an endangered, but economically important, perennial grass. It is mainly distributed in the moving or semistabilised sand in deserts of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, China. Freshly harvested caryopses are in non-deep physiological dormancy, causing slow and low germination. Six weeks of cold stratification at 5�C is required for the highest germination percentage to be reached at 25–30�C. Scarifying the fruit coat, or artificial removal of different proportions of the endosperm, also increases caryopsis germination. The greater the proportion of the endosperm that was removed, the higher the percentage of germination reached. However, the dry weight of the seedlings and the rate of root and shoot lengthening were significantly influenced by the proportion of the endosperm that remained on the caryopses.The influences of caryopsis size, or of the proportion of remaining endosperm, on germination and seedling emergence from different depths in sand were studied. The percentage of germination was negatively influenced by burial depth, but not by caryopsis size or the proportion of the endosperm that remained. Seedling emergence was negatively related to both burial depth and caryopsis or endosperm sizes. Seedlings from the smallest seeds or from caryopses with 75% endosperm removed did not emerge from 4 cm, and no seedlings from any of the treatments emerged from a depth of 8 cm.
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Musilová, M., V. Trojan, T. Vyhnánek, and L. Havel. "Genetic variability for coloured caryopses in common wheat varieties determined by microsatellite markers." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 3 (September 9, 2013): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/160/2012-cjgpb.
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Products made from wheat are the most important components of the human diet, and could also become a source of functional foods and feed ingredients, e.g. minerals, vitamins and/or phytochemicals. The caryopses of certain wheat genotypes contain antioxidants, i.e. anthocyanins or carotenoids, which cause purple, blue or yellow coloration. The first step before the introduction of these traits into individual wheat cultivars is the characterization of relationships and the possibility of new gene combinations. In this study, relationships among 24 genotypes with different types of caryopsis colour were investigated by means of microsatellite markers. Using 44 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers it was possible to detect a total of 184 alleles; on average, approximately 4 alleles were detected at a microsatellite locus. Using a set of 5 SSR markers (Xgwm636, Xbarc077, Xwmc262, Xgwm397 and Xwmc219) with PIC (polymorphic information content) values higher than 0.70, it was possible to differentiate among all the genotypes analysed. A dendrogram was created on the basis of all SSR markers, and showed that the genotypes were divided into two groups. Three, and one genotype with purple and blue caryopsis, respectively, belonged to one cluster, while the remaining twenty formed the second, greater cluster, which was subdivided into 2 sub-clusters: one of them involved genotypes with blue caryopses, and the other those with yellow and red caryopses. The genotype of tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum), as a possible donor of genes responsible for blue caryopses, was also classified. These results can be used in wheat breeding programmes aimed at the selection of functional foodstuffs.
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Harp, Derald A., Michael Wade, D. Frank Gilman, and John Calahan. "Hormonal Effects on the Germination Response of Chasmanthium latifolium." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 836D—836. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.836d.
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Caryopses of Chasmanthium latifolium removed for the florets, treated with solutions containing 0.02 M KNO3, 0.5 mM GA3, and/or 0.1 mM kinetin, placed in germination chambers at alternating temperatures of 15/30C, and percentage germination was checked at 7, 14, and 21 days. Treatments with kinetin and/or KNO3 significantly increased germination percentage over other treatment combinations. The maximum germination percentage for Chasmanthium latifolium was achieved by removing the caryopsis from the floret, treating the caryopsis with 0.02 M KNO3, and germinating for 14 days at alternating temperatures of 15/30C.
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Olszewski, Michael W., and Grant J. Folin. "Germination Responses of Purpletop and Big Bluestem Caryopses Subjected to Distilled Water or Potassium Nitrate Prechilling, Sodium Hypochlorite, and Storage." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1407.
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Purpletop [Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc.] and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) are incorporated into native grass seed mixes for use in ecological restoration. Alleviation of low seed vigor and poor stand establishment would benefit the restoration process by increasing the animal habitat in restored zones. This study determined the effectiveness of prechilling with distilled water (dH2O) versus potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatments, and short-term storage conditions on seed germination, seedling growth, and stand establishment of purpletop and big bluestem. Prechilling of ‘Niagara, NY Ecotype’ big bluestem for 7 days at 5 °C in dH2O increased final germination percentage (FGP) and germination rate provided caryopses were not dried before sowing. Optimal FGP, germination rate, and germination synchrony were obtained for ‘VA Ecotype’ purpletop after prechilling for 14 days at 5 °C in dH2O without subsequent caryopsis drying or at 0.2% KNO3 with or without subsequent caryopsis drying. Prechilling increased germination synchrony for purpletop but not for big bluestem. NaOCl treatments did not enhance germination or seedling vigor of purpletop or big bluestem. Using nonstored, prechilled caryopses resulted in greater root lengths than stored caryopses or nontreated controls, although optimal purpletop growth required that they be sowed moist, whereas optimal big bluestem growth required that they be dried-back before sowing. In greenhouse experiments, higher seeding rates were correlated with increased number of seedlings for nontreated or prechilled big bluestem and for prechilled purpletop, but not for nontreated purpletop, which had poor stand establishment at all seeding rates. The results indicate that prechilling of caryopses before incorporation into a warm-season grass seed mix increased seedling establishment of purpletop but not big bluestem.
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Armonienė, Rita, Kristina Jonavičienė, Vytautas Ruzgas, and Gintaras Brazauskas. "Isolation of differentially expressed genes in wheat caryopses with contrasting starch granule size." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0127-z.
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AbstractIn order to identify genes responsible for starch granule initiation during early development of wheat caryopsis, nine winter wheat breeding lines were studied. Two breeding lines, which are the most diverse in A-type granule size (26.85 µm versus 23.65 µm) were chosen for further differential gene expression analysis in developing caryopses at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis (DPA). cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis resulted in 384 transcript-derived fragments, out of which 18 were identified as being differentially expressed. Six differentially expressed genes, together with the six well-known starch biosynthesis genes, were chosen for semi-quantitative gene expression analysis in developing wheat caryopses at 10 and 15 DPA. This study provides genomic information on 18 genes differentially expressed at early stages of wheat caryopses development and reports on the identification of genes putatively involved in the production of large A-type granules. These genes are targets for further validation on their role in starch granule synthesis control and provide the basis for the development of DNA marker tools in winter wheat breeding for enhanced starch quality.
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Pitty, Abelino, David W. Staniforth, and Lois H. Tiffany. "Fungi Associated with Caryopses ofSetariaSpecies from Field-Harvested Seeds and from Soil Under Two Tillage Systems." Weed Science 35, no. 3 (May 1987): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500053753.
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Seeds of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) P. Beauv. # SETVI] and giant foxtail (S. faberiHerrm. # SETFA) were collected from mature plants in the field and recovered from three soil depths under two types of tillage. Fungi colonizing the caryopses were isolated to determine the effect of tillage and soil depth on fungal colonization and the field flora.Alternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissler andEpicoccum purpurascensEhrenb. ex Schlecht. were the two fungi most frequently isolated from the hand-harvested seeds. Percentages of fungal colonization were directly related to size of the caryopses. The most frequently isolated fungus species recovered from seeds from soil wereA. alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fresen.) de Vries,E. purpurascens, and two unidentified fungi with sterile mycelium. One sterile fungus had white rough mycelium, and the other had dark mycelium. These two sterile fungi had a detrimental effect on foxtail seed germination in the laboratory. Caryopsis colonization seems to be related to the placement of the crop residues in the soil. In reduced-tillage plots, more caryopses were colonized in the top soil layer (0 to 7.5 cm) than in the 7.5- to 15-cm layer. In plowed soils, greater colonization occurred at the lower depth.
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Tumanyan, Natalia, Tatyana Kumeiko, and Sergey Garkusha. "On the problem of grain damage in the form of dark spots in field conditions when cultivating rice in Krasnodar region." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502043.
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The analysis of grain damage in the form of dark spots of Russian rice varieties grown in Krasnodar region in 2011-2020 has been carried out. Rice grain was damaged during the filling period, mainly in full ripeness. The high degree of damage was the reason for the deterioration of grain quality. The degree of damage varied over the years. 2011 and 2012 were characterized by a high content of damaged grains (up to 3-20%). The degree of damage to rice grain was different in different agar-landscape zones of Krasnodar region: in the Krasnoarmeysky district it was higher than in the Abinsky. On panicles of variety Rapan without stinkbugs, one caryopsis with damage was found, while on panicles with stinkbugs, their number increased to 12.4-20.3%. In variety Kurazh, damage to caryopses in the form of dark spots on panicles with stinkbugs reached 10.1-19.1%. A significant increase in the degree of damage to rice grain stored in storage began in 2011. In 2011, the content of damaged grains increased by more than 1%, in 2012 it reached 8.3% in the Slavyansky district. Since 2013, the degree of damage to rice grain in the field began to decrease. It is concluded that the damage is associated with the pathogenic effect on the plant and the caryopsis of bug insects with a piercing-sucking mouth apparatus. Damage to caryopses was insignificant in 2015-2020.
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Tomala-Bednarek, J. W. "Przenoszenie się grzyba Ustilago perennans Bostr. z nasionami rajgrasu wyniosłego [Transmission of Ustilago perennans Rostr. with tall oat grass seeds]." Acta Agrobotanica 30, no. 2 (2015): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1977.033.
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It was established that the mycelium of <i>Ustilago perennans</i> does not grow into the pericarp and seed coat of <i>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> caryopses. The main source of seedling infection at this year .seeds sowing were mycelium and gemmes present in hull tissues whereas ait last-year seeds sowing-the spores wintering on the hull and caryopsis surfaces, as they proved to be more survived. The ability of the fungus to seedling infection was decreasing gradually with the seed ageing.
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Seldimirova, Oksana A., Guzel R. Kudoyarova, Maki Katsuhara, Ilshat R. Galin, Denis Yu Zaitsev, Natalia N. Kruglova, Dmitry S. Veselov, and Stanislav Yu Veselov. "Dynamics of the contents and distribution of ABA, auxins and aquaporins in developing caryopses of an ABA-deficient barley mutant and its parental cultivar." Seed Science Research 29, no. 4 (December 2019): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258519000229.
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AbstractDynamics of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents were followed in developing barley caryopses of the ABA-deficient mutant AZ34 and its parental cultivar Steptoe. Distribution of these hormones and HvPIP2 aquaporins (AQPs) was studied with the help of immunohistochemical methods in the roots and coleorhiza of developing embryos. In Steptoe, maturation of the caryopsis was accompanied by vast accumulation of ABA, while this hormone accumulated more slowly in the caryopsis of AZ34 and its content was lower than in Steptoe. Accumulation of ABA was accompanied by a decline in IAA level in the developing caryopsis, the process being delayed in AZ34 in accordance with the slower accumulation of ABA. ABA accumulated to high levels in the coleorhiza cells of Steptoe, while the effect was absent in AZ34. The high level of ABA was likely to be important for maintaining the barrier function of the coleorhiza, preventing germination of seminal roots and enabling seed dormancy, while the absence of ABA accumulation in coleorhiza of AZ34 may be responsible for the initiation of root germination inside the caryopsis. The abundance of HvPIP2 AQPs in the seminal roots was higher at the beginning of maturation of Steptoe caryopsis and declined afterwards, while the levels of APQs increased later in AZ34 in accordance with the delay in ABA accumulation. These results suggest the importance of ABA accumulation in coleorhiza for preventing precocious growth of seminal roots, and suggest regulation of IAA and aquaporin levels by this hormone during maturation of embryos.
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de Luna, L. Z., A. C. Kennedy, J. C. Hansen, T. C. Paulitz, R. S. Gallagher, and E. P. Fuerst. "Mycobiota on Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) Seed and Their Caryopsis Decay Potential." Plant Health Progress 12, no. 1 (January 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2011-0210-01-rs.
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Wild oat is a serious weed in cereals that is difficult to control due to long-term survival in the weed seed bank. The mycobiota associated with dormant wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seeds buried for six months in a no-till wheat field were evaluated for their caryopsis decay potential. Of the 118 representative isolates tested, only 15% were found to have caryopsis decay potential. One isolate of Fusarium avenaceum and three isolates of Fusarium culmorum completely decayed wild oat caryopses within two weeks. Only a few isolates were susceptible to the antifungal activity from water or acetone extracts of wild oat hulls, suggesting that soluble chemicals from the hull play a minor role in resistance to decay. The procedures developed here can be used to isolate and screen individual organisms to determine their potential for seed decay and weed biocontrol. Accepted for publication 20 December 2010. Published 10 February 2011.
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GANDHI, Dhara, and Susy ALBERT. "Morphometric Variations in Caryopses and Seedlings of Two Grass Species Growing Under Contrasting Habitats." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb739644.
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Urochondra setulosa grows in marine conditions, while Sporobolus indicus grows near fresh water and sometimes also close to moist places along roadside areas. Both species belong to the same tribe and same family. The two grass species growing under different habitats showed characteristic variations in their morphometric traits of the caryopsis and seedlings. U. setulosa growing in salty area had characteristic features, e.g. leaf and culm with salt deposition, rigid leaf blade with pointed leaf tip, while S. indicus growing near fresh water showed glabrous nodes and internodes. Morphometric analysis of caryopses of both species showed very similar features, without prominent differences in their length, breadth and thickness. But light microscopy and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies showed variations. Under light microscopy, features like colour, shape and compression of caryopses showed differences among the species. SEM studies of caryopses revealed a reticulate type of pattern of sculpturing on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, whereas anticlinal and periclinal walls in U. setulosa were elevated with folded walls, while in S. indicus had non elevated undulating walls. In conclusion, each individual grass ecotype evolves some characteristic morphological features to thrive well under a particular environment. Both species studied hereby, grown in different habitats, showed remarkable differentiations in their characters, thus indicating that habitats play a major role in traits of the plant growth.
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Adkins, Stephen W., Mary Loewen, and Stephen J. Symons. "Variation Within Pure Lines of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in Relation to Degree of Primary Dormancy." Weed Science 34, no. 6 (November 1986): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068004.
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The germination of caryopses on water or GA3 solutions was used to characterize the degree of primary dormancy present in the seed progeny of 10 genetically pure lines of wild oats (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA). These 10 lines represented a range of types from lines exhibiting no dormancy to those with a high degree of dormancy. Repeated propagation of these pure lines under constant environmental conditions identified several genetically inherited characters that were associated with the inherited differences in degree of primary dormancy. Correlation of the seed development period, number of primary caryopses produced, and caryopsis moisture content to the degree of primary dormancy shows: a) Lines characterized by low degrees of primary dormancy were, in general, those that had a short seed development time and produced few heavy seed low in percent water; and b) lines characterized by high degrees of primary dormancy were, in general, those that had a long seed development time and produced many light seed high in percent water. The adaptive advantage of the coupling of physiological and morphological characters with degree of dormancy is discussed and the possibility that some characters are determined by others is indicated.
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Huang, Zhenying, and Yitzchak Gutterman. "Seedling desiccation tolerance of Leymus racemosus (Poaceae) (wild rye), a perennial sand-dune grass inhabiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, China." Seed Science Research 14, no. 2 (May 2004): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004172.
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Leymus Racemosus, The Mammoth Wild Rye, Is A Rhizomatous Perennial Grass, Mainly Distributed In The Moving Or Semi-Stabilized Sand Dunes In Deserts Of The Junggar Basin In Xinjiang, China. The Revival Ability Of The Young Seedling After Periods Of Desiccation Can Be Influenced By Several Factors: (1) The Stage Of Seedling Development – The Later The Stage At Dehydration, The Longer The Root Length And The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Survive; (2) The Length Of The Period Of Desiccation – The Longer The Period That The Seedlings Are Under Desiccation, The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Survive; (3) Endosperm Size – The Smaller The Proportion Of Endosperm That Remains In The Caryopses, The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Revive, Determined By (A) The Stage Of Seedling Development, And (B) The Proportion Of The Endosperm That Is Removed By Cutting; And (4) Caryopsis Size – The Larger The Polymorphic Caryopses, The Higher Is The Percentage Of Young Seedlings That Revive From Periods Of Desiccation. The Physiological And Ecological Implications Of L. Racemosus Seedling Desiccation Tolerance Are That Under Extreme Desert And Unpredictable Environmental Conditions, The Chances Of Seedling Establishment Are Increased.
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Erdelská, Oľga. "Polyembryony in maize: histological analysis." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 1-2 (2014): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.021.
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The histological analysis enabled to distinguish the main types of polyembryony in maize according to the origin of embryos connected with their localization in caryopses, differences in their structure (presence of common tissues) and type of germination. Twin embryos from multiple embryo sacs are usually localized on opposite sides (or distant places) of the caryopsis, they have no common tissues and the germination is separate. Twins or triplets from individual cells of the egg apparatus or multiple egg cells are closely adherent, but strictly separated by epidermal layers. Endosperm is common. Plumules and radicles are independent. Cleavage polyembryos arising <em>in vivo</em> spontaneously or after induction share a common suspensor, part of scutellum and surface layers of radicles. Therefore they germinate with one radicular complex and with separated plumules.
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Rao, D. V., and M. V. S. Raju. "Radial elongation of the epidermal cells of scutellum during caryopsis germination of wild oats (Avena fatua)." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-251.
Full textAbstract:
The radial elongation of epidermal cells of the scutellum of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) embryos was studied quantitatively. In the nondormant embryos, the length of these cells, both on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the scutellum, was doubled in 10 days after the beginning of the imbibition of caryopses in water; no such elongation of cells was observed in the dormant embryos. The epidermal cells elongated to form papillae only after the primary root had emerged from the caryopsis. The length of the entire scutellum and that of its epidermal cells increased significantly in the presence of gibberellic acid and glucose or sucrose. It is suggested that the epidermal cell elongation is a postgermination phenomenon involving absorption and transport of the products of starchy endosperm hydrolysis, thus promoting further growth in the germinated embryo of the wild oat.
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Stamova, Boryana S., Debbie Laudencia-Chingcuanco, and Diane M. Beckles. "Transcriptomic Analysis of Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Grain of Hexaploid Wheat." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2009 (March 8, 2009): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/407426.
Full textAbstract:
The expression of genes involved in starch synthesis in wheat was analyzed together with the accumulation profiles of soluble sugars, starch, protein, and starch granule distribution in developing caryopses obtained from the same biological materials used for profiling of gene expression using DNA microarrays. Multiple expression patterns were detected for the different starch biosynthetic gene isoforms, suggesting their relative importance through caryopsis development. Members of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, and sucrose synthase gene families showed different expression profiles; expression of some members of these gene families coincided with a period of high accumulation of starch while others did not. A biphasic pattern was observed in the rates of starch and protein accumulation which paralleled changes in global gene expression. Metabolic and regulatory genes that show a pattern of expression similar to starch accumulation and granule size distribution were identified, suggesting their coinvolvement in these biological processes.
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Ishimaru, Tsutomu, Toshiaki Matsuda, Ryu Ohsugi, and Tohru Yamagishi. "Morphological development of rice caryopses located at the different positions in a panicle from early to middle stage of grain filling." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 11 (2003): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03122.
Full textAbstract:
Rice caryopses show different patterns of grain filling depending on position within a panicle. Caryopses located on the upper primary rachis branches generally accumulate larger amounts of starch at maturity than caryopses located on the secondary rachis branches of the lower primary rachis. In this study, the former and latter types of caryopses were defined as superior and inferior caryopses, respectively. Superior caryopses elongated soon after flowering, whereas inferior caryopses hardly elongated and were morphologically stagnant until the first 4 d after flowering (DAF). However, once inferior caryopses began elongation, their morphological development was the same as superior caryopses until the middle stage of grain filling. Cell division of the inner integument ceased before endosperm cellularization, pericarp functioned as a transient starch storage tissue until endosperm accumulated starch, and endosperm cell number was determined concomitantly with nucellus disintegration. These results implied the coordinated development of the endosperm with maternal tissues. In addition, differences of inner-integument cell number and endosperm cell number were related to a difference of endosperm size between superior and inferior caryopses.
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Weidner, Stanisław. "The role of the embryoless parts of triticale caryopses in inhibiting precocious germination and transcription in the embryo during development and maturation of caryopses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 57, no. 4 (2014): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1988.046.
Full textAbstract:
The experiments were conducted on developing and ripening triticale cv. Dagro caryopses. Increasing capability for precocious germination of the caryopses was seen as development and maturation progressed. A significant role of the embryoless parts of the caryopses (testa, pericarp and endosperm) in preventing germination processes was found. Isolated embryos (after 8 days of incubation) germinated by 100% from the 32nd day after flowering, while only 10% of whole caryopses from this sample germinated. Removal of the outer pericarp strongly stimulated germination of unripe caryopses. However, incising the caryopses near the embryo only slightly stimulated this process, which indicates that hypoxia of the embryo is not the cause of triticale embryo dormancy. Another very sensitive indicator of release of dormancy in the caryopses was the increased synthesis of embryo polyribosomal RNA induced by germination. The results of investigations on RNA synthesis in embryos - which undergoes extreme intensification when germination processes are initiated in the caryopses - were in agreement with those of biological studies based on observation of the elongation of the radicle. The lowest inhibition of transcription in the embryo was found when it was completely separated from the testa, pericarp and endosperm. A smaller effect was seen upon removal of the outer pericarp from developing and ripening caryopses, and decidedly the smallest effect still of incising the caryopses near the embryo.
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Nicholls, PB. "Induction of Sensitivity to Gibberellic Acid in Wheat and Barley Caryopses: Effects of Dehydration, Temperature and the Role of the Embryo during Caryopsis Maturation." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 6 (1986): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860785.
Full textAbstract:
The development of gibberellic acid sensitivity, which is measured by the level of α-amylase activity, has been investigated by comparing enzyme levels in freshly detached wheat and barley caryopses cultured on moist filter paper for various times and temperatures with those in caryopses dried over 35% (w / w) glycerol-water solutions or in caryopses air-dried in detached ears at controlled temperatures and by comparing enzyme levels in de-embryonated caryopses with intact ones, both being cultured in aqueous buffer solutions. Similar amounts of enzyme were produced in caryopses held moist or dried, although the duration of the lag period, and the rate of accumulation of α-amylase were markedly influenced by the length and temperature of main treatments. Likewise similar amounts of enzyme were produced in de-embryonated and intact caryopses cultured in an aqueous buffer if the latter were de- embryonated prior to incubation in solutions of gibberellic acid. However, when intact or de-brushed (removal of the apical tip) caryopses were incubated with GA3, less α-amylase was found in these incubates than in those incubates containing de-embryonated caryopses. These observations were found in incubates of both sensitized freshly harvested and normal mature caryopses. It is concluded that drying is not essential for the development of gibberellic acid sensitivity in the wheat and barley caryopses.
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Foley, Michael E. "The Effect of Wounding on Primary Dormancy in Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Caryopses." Weed Science 35, no. 2 (March 1987): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079029.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical wounding broke dormancy and promoted germination of primary dormant pure-line wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) caryopses that were in the first physiological stage of dormancy. Caryopses incubated in petri dishes responded to wounding by germinating more rapidly than wounded caryopses incubated in soil. There was no difference in germination between wounded and lanolin-covered wounded caryopses when incubated in soil. The less dormant AN265 caryopses responded to the wounding treatment more rapidly than the more dormant caryopses of M73 in both petri dish and soil incubation systems. Chlorocholine chloride (CCC), an inhibitor of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, reduced the germination rate of wounded AN265 and M73 caryopses above and at 1 mM, respectively. Application of 25 mM CCC to wounded dormant AN265 caryopses decreased the level of hexose in the embryo to 47% of the control level. There was no significant effect of CCC on the endosperm hexose, embryo and endosperm imbibed fresh weight, and sucrose and starch content. The results suggest GA or GA biosynthesis is the limiting factor to germination.
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Leather, Gerald R., Shi-Jean Sung, and Maynard G. Hale. "The Wounding Response of Dormant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Seeds." Weed Science 40, no. 2 (June 1992): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057222.
Full textAbstract:
Induction of germination in dormant barnyardgrass seeds by wounding was investigated. Previous research indicated that a volatile compound was emitted during imbibition of wounded caryopses. When wounded caryopses were submerged in agar, total germination and speed of germination were stimulated, and the stimulation was dependent upon the concentration of agar. A twofold increase in germination occurred in 1% agar versus water, and a fivefold increase with caryopses placed in 5% agar. When wounded caryopses were imbibed, there was a fourfold increase in respiration over that of intact caryopses after 1 h. This increased rate of respiration of wounded caryopses continued for 7 h, while there was a gradual increase in respiration of intact caryopses. Carbon dioxide induced intact dormant caryopses to germinate but was not effective in stimulating germination of the seed (spikelet). High levels of abscisic acid found in the hulls of dormant seeds may have prevented the action of carbon dioxide. These results suggest that increased respiration resulting from wounding provides elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the microenvironment of the seed, thus stimulating germination. Removal of the hulls is necessary for germination even in high levels of carbon dioxide.
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Wade, Michael R., and D. F. Gilman. "Germination Response of Uniola latifolium." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 915–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.915.
Full textAbstract:
Broadleaved uniola (Uniola latifolium Michx.) caryopses and florets were prechilled or not prechilled, supplied with potassium nitrate (KNO3) or water only, and diurnal germination temperature alternations of 15/30C or 20/30C were used. Caryopses and florets both reached 50% germination by 10 days after planting with KNO3; however, in water, caryopses reached 50% germination significantly earlier than florets (18 vs. 30 days). Germination temperature and prechilling had no effect on days to 50% germination. Final germination percentages were significantly higher for caryopses than florets at both germination temperatures and for caryopses germinated at 15130C than at 20/30C (85% vs. 74%). Significantly more seeds germinated with KNO3 than in water (85% vs. 57%). Prechilling had no effect on final germination percentage. Caryopses germinated with KNO3 at 15/30C achieved the highest final germination percentage.
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Sysuev, Vasiliy, Viktor Saitov, Vyacheslav Farafonov, Aleksey Saitov, and Tat'yana Malyh. "THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE MINIMUM DROP HEIGHT OF A SPHERICAL GRAIN INTO THE DEVELOPER SOLUTION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-125-132.
Full textAbstract:
Food products made of grain are the main source of human nutrition and feed for farm animals. One of the main reserves for increasing its production is sowing with high-quality material, purified from various impurities and pathogens. To protect it from various diseases, etching is used. The most effective way to implement this technological operation is wet pickling with simultaneous release of grain impurities. For implementation of a corresponding device, an estimate was made of the minimum drop height of a weevil which is necessary to overcome the surface tension of a liquid. Pea seeds with a shape close to a sphere were used as objects of research. Therefore, a spherical caryopsis with density ρз = (1.15…1.45)∙103 kg/m3, diameter 2rз = (3.5…10.9) ∙10-3 m was taken as a model of the seed. We investigated the fall of separately taken spherical caryopses with minimum (2rзmin. = 3.5∙10-3 m), average (2rзmid. = 7.2∙10-3 m) and maximum (2rзmax. = 10.9∙10-3 m) linear dimensions having a density ρз = 1.15; 1.25; 1.35 and 1.45∙103 kg/m3, on the surface of an aqueous solution of the dressing agent with a density of ρж = 1.00; 1.03; 1.06; 1.09; 1.12 and 1.15 ∙ 103 kg/m3 with the corresponding coefficients of surface tension σ = 0.0727; 0.0755; 0.0771; 0.0786; 0.0801 and 0.0816 N/m and hydrodynamic resistance coefficients c = 0.4 (0.5 for ρж = 1.12 and 1.15 ∙ 103 kg/m3). The etching process was considered at a temperature of 20°C. The minimum drop height h for overcoming the surface tension of the dressing solution by all caryopses with physical and mechanical parameters with the indicated values should be 15.5 ∙ 10-3 m
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Chen, Xinyu, Yu Zhu, Yuan Ding, Rumo Pan, Wenyuan Shen, Xurun Yu, and Fei Xiong. "The relationship between characteristics of root morphology and grain filling in wheat under drought stress." PeerJ 9 (August 19, 2021): e12015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12015.
Full textAbstract:
Drought is a common yield limiting factor in wheat production and has become a significant threat to global food security. Root system is the organ responsible for water uptake from soil and root growth is closely associated with yield and quality of wheat. However, the relationship between morphological and structural characteristics of root growth and caryopsis enrichment in wheat under drought stress is unclear. In this study, two wheat cultivars (YM13 and YN19) were treated with drought from flowering to caryopsis maturity stage. The changes in morphological structure of roots and characteristics of endosperm enrichment were investigated. Drought stress significantly reduced the root length, plant height, root dry weight and aboveground parts dry weight, whereas the root-shoot ratio of YM13 and YN19 increased by 17.65% and 8.33% under drought stress, respectively. The spike length, spike weight, grains number per spike and 1,000-grains weight of mature wheat also significantly declined under drought stress. Meanwhile, the cross section structure of roots was changed with the enlargement of vascular cylinder and dense distribution of xylem vessels under drought stress. Additionally, drought stress affected the substance enrichment in wheat caryopses, decreasing starch accumulation and increasing protein accumulation of endosperm. Correlation analysis suggested that the root length was closely correlated with the relative areas of amyloplast (0.51) and protein body (0.70), and drought stress increased the correlation coefficient (0.79 and 0.78, respectively). While the root dry weight had a significantly positive correlation with the plant height and aboveground parts dry weight. The results can provide theoretical basis for root architecture optimization, water-saving and high-yield cultivation and quality improvement in wheat.
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Foley, M. E., M. B. Nichols, and S. P. Myers. "Carbohydrate concentrations and interactions in afterripening-responsive dormantAvena fatuacaryopses induced to germinate by gibberellic acid." Seed Science Research 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001884.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt has been proposed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes germination by overcoming restrictions in sugar production and utilization in afterripening-responsive dormant caryopses. While their germination rates were similar, germination commenced sooner in afterripened wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) caryopses than in dormant caryopses treated with GA3and dormant excised embryos treated with GA3plus fructose (Fru). Limited germination occurred in dormant excised embryos cultured with GA3alone. Carbohydrate concentrations were measured over time in dormant caryopses and excised embryos whose germination was induced with GA3and GA3plus Fru. The concentration of sucrose (Suc) in the endosperm declined prior to germination of dormant GA3-treated caryopses. Raffinose (Raf) family oligosaccharides in the embryos of dormant GA-treated caryopses remained relatively constant prior to and shortly after the onset of germination. In contrast, Raf family oligosaccharides in the embryos of afterripened caryopses declined prior to germination. Together this suggests Raf family oligosaccharide utilization is not associated with germinationper se.Increased starch levels, which occurred in dormant excised embryos treated with Fru and GA3plus Fru, were associated with dormancy because similar effects were not apparent in afterripened embryos cultured with Fru. An initial decline in the concentration of Raf family oligosaccharides in dormant embryos cultured with GA3or GA3plus Fru seems to be a result of the excision process. GA3appears to stimulate the germination of dormant embryos by enhancing the uptake or utilization of Fru. It appears that GA3and afterripening-induced changes in carbohydrate utilization in dormant caryopses are different.
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Ramaih, Shashi, Mohammed Guedira, and Gary M. Paulsen. "Relationship of indoleacetic acid and tryptophan to dormancy and preharvest sprouting of wheat." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 9 (2003): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03113.
Full textAbstract:
Preharvest sprouting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involves several plant hormones, but a role for indoleacetic acid (IAA) and its precursor, tryptophan, has not been demonstrated. Our objectives were to determine the roles of IAA, tryptophan, and related compounds in germination of cultivars that differed in susceptibility to preharvest sprouting. L-Tryptophan strongly inhibited germination of embryos excised from caryopses that were highly dormant at harvest but not of embryos from caryopses that had little innate dormancy. The embryos responded similarly to indoleacetaldehyde, IAA, and synthetic auxins, suggesting that tryptophan functioned as a precursor of IAA. Indoleacetaldehyde oxidase inhibitors alleviated the adverse effects of tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde, and an auxin antagonist decreased the inhibitory action of tryptophan and IAA on embryos from dormant caryopses, further suggesting that IAA was involved. Changes in sensitivity to IAA during afterripening also supported a role for auxin in dormancy. Embryos from caryopses that were highly dormant at harvest gradually lost sensitivity to IAA during afterripening, whereas intact caryopses were insensitive to IAA. The results implicated IAA in dormancy of wheat caryopses and indicated that the auxin might complement the role of abscisic acid in germination. The importance of using dormant caryopses and arresting afterripening in investigations of seed dormancy was noted.
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Weidner, Stanisław, Dorota Łukaszewicz, and Ryszard Amarowicz. "Participation of the Tightly-Bound (Putative Cytoskeleton-Bound) Polysomes in Translation during Germination of Dormant and Non-Dormant Cereal Caryopses." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-1-206.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Research was done on dormant and non-dorm ant barley cv. Ars caryopses and triticale cv. Grado caryopses treated and non-treated with abscisic acid (ABA). During germination higher participation of populations of so-called tightly-bound polysom es (TBP) in embryos of dormant barley caryopses was observed, as well as their high metabolic activity. In embryos of triticale caryopses of which dormancy was imposed in an artificial way by ABA (100 μM), the strongest incorporation of 14C -amino acids into nascent polypeptide chains in vivo was found in population of TBP, as well as the highest participation among three of the studied fractions (free polysomes, membrane-bound polysom es and tightly-bound polysomes). These results may indicate the significant role of TBP (putative cytoskeleton-bound polysomes - CBP) in maintaining dormancy during imbibition of cereal caryopses.
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Weidner, Stanisław, and Kazimierz Zalewski. "Ribonucleic acids and ribosomal proteins synthesis during germination of unripe and aged wheat caryopses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.026.
Full textAbstract:
Caryopses collected at milk, wax and full ripeness as well as aged ones stored at air humidity of 30, 60 and 80 per cent were subjected to germination. The more unripe were the caryopses the lower was their germination capacity and dry mass increment of the sprouts, the same was true for fully ripe but aged caryopses. After 48 h of germination in the presence of radioactive precursors the embryos were removed from the caryopses and used for isolation of the total ribosomal fraction and RNA. Distinct synthesis of three basic total RNA fractions and of the polyribosomal fraction was observed in all samples and in embryos from grain which had completely lost its germination capacity. High radioactivity was recorded in preparations of total RNA and polyribosomal ones from 48-h sprouts growing from caryopses collected at milk ripeness and in those of aged caryopses stored under air humidity of 30 and 60 per cent. According to the authors, the depressed amount of latent forms of RNA (preformed mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes) is the cause of intensive <sup>3</sup>H-uridine incorporation into RNA in embryos from unripe and aged caryopses. For germination of grains with a reduced amount of latent forms the biosynthesis mechanisms must be based to a much higher extent on newly synthesised molecules of ribonucleic acids.
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Li, Fali, Xinyu Chen, Xurun Yu, Mingxin Chen, Wenyi Lu, Yunfei Wu, and Fei Xiong. "Novel insights into the effect of drought stress on the development of root and caryopsis in barley." PeerJ 8 (January 31, 2020): e8469. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8469.
Full textAbstract:
Drought is a common natural disaster in barley production, which restricts the growth and development of barley roots and caryopses seriously, thereby decreasing yield and debasing grain quality. However, mechanisms for how drought stress affects barley caryopses and roots development under drought stress are unclear. In this paper, Suluomai1 was treated with drought from flowering to caryopses mature stage. The morphological and structural changes in roots growth and caryopses development of barley were investigated. Drought stress increased root/shoot ratio and eventually led to the 20.16% reduction of ear weight and 7.75% reduction of 1,000-grain weight by affecting the biomass accumulation of roots and caryopses. The barley roots under drought had more lateral roots while the vessel number and volume of roots decreased. Meanwhile, drought stress accelerated the maturation of caryopses, resulting in a decrease in the accumulation of starch but a significant increase of protein accumulation in barley endosperm. There was a significantly positive correlation (0.76) between the area of root vessel and the relative area of protein in endosperm cells under normal condition and drought increased the correlation coefficient (0.81). Transcriptome analysis indicated that drought induced differential expressions of genes in caryopses were mainly involved in encoding storage proteins and protein synthesis pathways. In general, drought caused changes in the morphology and structure of barley roots, and the roots conveyed stress signals to caryopses, inducing differential expression of genes related to protein biosynthesis, ultimately leading to the increase in the accumulation of endosperm protein. The results not only deepen the study on drought mechanism of barley, but also provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding, high-yield cultivation and quality improvement in barley.
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Wieczorek, Eleonora, Anna Bijak, and Bronisława Morawiecka. "Comparative studies on the proteins, carbohydrates, acid phosphatase and ribonuclease in caryopses of two orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) varieties." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 49, no. 1-2 (2014): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1980.007.
Full textAbstract:
Comparative studies were carried out on some biochemical components in caryopses of two varieties of <em>Dactylis glomerata</em>. The determined protein content depended upon the solvent and amounted to 0.22-0.39 g, with sugar amounting to 2.7-3.6 g and pentoses to 0.30-0.67 g per 100 g of caryopses. The level of pentoses, acid phosphatase and ribonuclease activity was about twice higher in the caryopses of the 'Motycka' variety than that in 'Nakielska'. Similar differences in the two varieties were found in the enzyme activity in the seed and chaff of the <em>Dactylis glomerata</em> caryopses.
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Gutterman, Yitzchak, and Eviatar Nevo. "TEMPERATURES AND ECOLOGICAL—GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AFFECTING THE GERMINATION OF HORDEUM SPONTANEUM CARYOPSES HARVESTED FROM THREE POPULATIONS: THE NEGEV DESERT AND OPPOSING SLOPES ON MEDITERRANEAN MOUNT CARMEL." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, no. 3 (May 13, 1994): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676571.
Full textAbstract:
Ecological—genetic differentiation and dry storage temperatures regulate the germination of caryopses of Hordeum spontaneum, the wild type of cultivated barley. Freshly harvested caryopses of H. spontaneum in their spikelets (dispersal units) did not germinate, but separated embryos did. After dry storage for more than 68 days at high temperatures, caryopses in their dispersal units germinated. The degree of after-ripening (dormancy) was found to differ in the 3 local populations tested in this study. The highest germination occurred in caryopses collected from the northern-facing slope of Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, the most humid habitat tested. An intermediate result was from the opposite southern-facing slope, and the lowest germination was observed in those from the Negev Desert near Sede Boker. The germination level of caryopses from spikelets stored dry at low temperatures such as −18 °C remained poor for a long time. The ecological significance of this study is discussed.
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Zhang, Fengchun, and Yitzchak Gutterman. "The trade-off between breaking of dormancy of caryopses and revival ability of young seedlings of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum)." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-035.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between breaking of dormancy of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) caryopses and revival ability of young seedlings from a long period of desiccation was studied using barley caryopses stored for 2 years at 5°C and freshly harvested caryopses from a semiarid population in Israel. The 2 years of storage at 5°C significantly enhanced the germination percentages, but dramatically decreased the revival ability of the young seedlings from drought stress. There was a negative correlation between the breaking of dormancy of caryopses and revival ability. There were no significant changes in the effects of storage at a high temperature for periods longer than 5 days. The earlier germination occurred, the higher the revival ability of young seedlings from drought. The results suggest that breaking of dormancy might be at the expense of lowering the subsequent revival ability of young seedlings. The general premise is that a trade-off is expected between dormancy release of caryopses and revival ability of seedlings from drought stress, and that a treatment that aims at breaking dormancy must reach some compromise that optimizes the balance between the two traits based on the specific circumstances.Key words: dormancy breaking, caryopses, revival ability, seedlings, Hordeum spontaneum, wild barley.
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Sharif-Zadeh, Farzad, and Alistair J. Murdoch. "The effects of different maturation conditions on seed dormancy and germination ofCenchrus ciliaris." Seed Science Research 10, no. 4 (December 2000): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000490.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSeeds ofCenchrus ciliarisL. were produced under different hydro–photo–thermal environments with and without fertilizer. Dormancy loss of spikelets and extracted caryopses was tested during dry after-ripening at 40°C and 43% equilibrium relative humidity. Caryopses had higher initial germination and lost their dormancy faster than spikelets. Dormancy of both caryopses and spikelets generally decreased with an increase of maturation temperature and fertility, whereas dormancy increased if water stress was imposed during maturation. The latter effect was smaller when the mother plants were exposed to water stress after caryopses were fully formed than when water stress cycles were applied throughout maturation. Daylength extension (to 14 or 18 h d-1) by artificial light increased dormancy of both caryopses and spikelets. The effect of long days declined when plants were exposed to natural daylight for more than 10 h d-1. The after-ripening curves were consistent with the hypothesis that dormancy periods of individual seeds are normally distributed within each seed lot. Rates of loss of dormancy were quantified by the slopes of these curves. In a given experiment, these rates were identical for caryopses but not always for spikelets that matured in diverse environments. Even for caryopses, however, the slopes varied between experiments. Therefore, the results do not support the hypothesis that a dormancy model can be applied universally to all seed lots ofCenchrus ciliaris. Methods of predicting the period of after-ripening required to achieve desired levels of dormancy for reseeding degraded rangelands are discussed.
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Hill, MJ, G. Kay, and SJ Yeates. "A comparison of the growth of seedlings of Mediterranean and temperate tall fescues, phalaris and annual ryegrass." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850818.
Full textAbstract:
Seedlings of tall fescues (Festuca arundinacea), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) were compared with those of other temperate grasses and cereals at 11 and 47 days after sowing at 18/13�C (12/12 h) to determine their relative seedling vigour. Also, the growth rates of two Mediterranean and two temperate cultivars of tall fescue were compared with those of phalaris and annual ryegrass at 14/6�C and 23/20�C (12/12 h) using growth analysis techniques. Shoot growth rates of seedlings were related to caryopsis weight (r = 0.99 at 11 days after sowing) when the range of weights was large, but there was no correlation among perennials with low caryopsis weights (<0.2 mg). Although they had heavier caryopses, seedlings of tall fescue grew more slowly than seedlings of phalaris. All seedlings grew faster at 23/20�C than at 14/6�C. Annual ryegrass had the highest dry matter yield, achieved through a rapid production of tillers, it grew relatively better with respect to ryegrass at 23/20�C than at 14/6�C. Phalaris depended on larger tillers for increased yield, and growth of these was favoured by the higher temperatures. Tall fescue seedlings were less vigorous than the other grasses, but temperate types grew much faster than Mediterranean types at 23/20�C. These trends occurred because of a high leaf area (equivalent to annual ryegrass) and leaf area ratio in phalaris at 23/20�C, and lower leaf extension rates and smaller leaves in Mediterranean fescues than in temperate fescues. The results indicate that: (1) because of better seedling growth, phalaris may be increasingly preferred to tall fescue for aerial seeding or direct drilling in regions where both are adapted; (2) at optimum temperatures, the Mediterranean fescues have poorer seedling vigour than the temperate types; and (3) at optimum temperatures, annual ryegrass may provide more serious competition to the fescues than to phalaris.
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Weidner, Stanisław. "Studies on the mechanism which prevents germination of unripe Triticale caryopses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 53, no. 3 (2014): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1984.029.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Triticale</em> (MT-3) caryopses were collected at three developmental stages (milk, milk-wax, and full ripeness i.e. 25, 39, 53 days after flowering) and germinated for 72 hours. The highest polyribosome contribution to the sum total of ribosomes, as well as, the highest <sup>3</sup>H-uridine incorporation into the total ribosomal fraction of embryos (seedlings) were found at full ripeness, lower - at milk ripeness, and the lowest at milk-wax ripeness. Treatment of caryopses with gibberellin-A<sub>3</sub> (GA<sub>3</sub>) and benzyloadenine (BA) caused an increase in the percentage of embryonic polyribosomes in caryopses which were collected at milk and full ripeness. Whereas the significant increase in <sup>3</sup>H-uridine incorporation intothe total ribosomal fractions of embryos (seedlings) was observed only during the germination of the least ripe caryopses. This was characteristic of samples with caryopses at milk ripeness treated with BA, or BA and GA<sub>3</sub> together. The studies proved that the mechanism which prevents the germination of unripe Triticale cyryopses and the formation of polyribosomes which were germination-induced, originated at the final stage of grain development, before its full ripeness.
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Palomino-Hasbach, Guadalupe. "Análisis de la interacción entre radiaciones gamma y mms sobre la plántula de semillas de Triticale pretratadas con ácido ascórbico." Botanical Sciences, no. 44 (April 2, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1284.
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The protective effect of the ascorbic acid against the physiological damage induced by gamma irradiation and MMS in Triticale caryopses was rested: caryopses were irradiated in absence of water, with water or in an ascorbic acid solution. No variation was detected in the survival following the different treatments. Germination speed was not affected by the different gamma irradiation doses. MMS concentrations and ascorbic acid were toxic.
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SINGH, Ajai Kumar, Ayush Kumar SINGH, and Manish Kumar SRIVASTAVA. "Morphological Variations in Caryopses and Seedlings of Two Grass Species of the Genus Dactyloctenium Willd." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb9210084.
Full textAbstract:
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. and D. aristatum Link. are common grass weeds of cultivated fields in many crops. The two grass weed species growing under same habitat showed characteristic morphological differences of caryopses and seedlings. The identification of weeds at seedling stage may be useful in weed and environment management. Under the light microscopy, features like colour, base, surface, scutellum and hilum of caryopses showed differences between the studied species. D. aegyptium had dark brown caryopses colour, while D. aristatum had grey colour. The base of D. aegyptium was truncate, while D. aristatumhad obtuse base. Both species had rugose surface but in D. aegyptium surface undulations were closely spaced whereas in D. Aristatum it was widely spaced. Similarly seedlings were found distinct with respect to coleoptile shape and size, first leaf sheath surface and first leaf blade shape and surface. D. aegyptium had oblong coleoptile whereas it was obovate in D. aristatum. The leaf sheath and leaf blade were recorded glabrous and hairy in D. aegyptium and in D. aristatum respectively. Both species studied hereby, showed remarkable differentiations in their characters, thus indicating that the morphological attributes of caryopses and seedling can be exploited taxonomically and for crop and weed management.
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Ghotbzadeh, Sepideh, and Alberto Gianinetti. "A response of the imbibed dormant red rice caryopsis to biotic challenges involves extracellular pH increase to elicit superoxide production." Seed Science Research 28, no. 4 (July 24, 2018): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000260.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSeeds often survive in the soil in a dormant state, but their persistence is endangered by micro-organisms that could feed on them. Seed–microbe interactions in the soil are, however, poorly understood. We used dormant caryopses of red rice to study the defence response induced by pronase, a mixture of proteases secreted by Streptomyces griseus, a non-pathogenic bacterium. Pronase was shown to activate the plant immune reaction, indicating that its activity was recognized as a potential microbial attack. The defence reaction included extracellular alkalinization and superoxide production, and the former was necessary to activate the latter, since buffering at pH 6 inhibited the oxidative burst. Alkalinization was sufficient to trigger the oxidative burst, as superoxide production increased when caryopses were incubated in buffered solutions of increasing pH without pronase. Release of proanthocyanidins was observed, with or without pronase. These diverse mechanisms are hypothesized to cooperate in reinforcing seed protection. Finally, time profiles of superoxide production by dormant and non-dormant red rice caryopses during imbibition did not support a relationship between extracellular superoxide and dormancy breaking or germination. Thus, the role of this reactive oxygen species in red rice imbibed caryopses appears to be essentially aimed at defence against attacks by challenging micro-organisms.
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Craviotto, Roque Mario, Ana Maria Yoldjian, Adriana Rita Salinas, Miriam Raquel Arango, Vilma Bisaro, and Hernán Maturo. "Description of a pure seed fraction of oat through usual evaluations and radiographic images." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 37, no. 8 (August 2002): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2002000800017.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the width and length incidence in a single seed fraction of oat [Avena sativa (L.)] cv. Cristal. The seeds were selected by a mechanical divider and by hand, and their correspondence to radiographic images in seeds with glumes and their caryopses. The width and length of the seeds with glumes and their caryopses were measured with electronic calliper, and their weight, with precision balance. Radiographic images of seeds with glumes were taken with an X-ray experimental equipment. The analyst selected seeds with glumes by the width and by the length previously determined and so with more weight, than that obtained by hand selection was slightly narrower, larger and lighter. The presence of the glumes masked the caryopses real dimensions (width and length), and conduced the analyst to select seeds that differed more by the width than by the length. The radiographic images showed the presence, or not, of caryopses inside the seed and its real dimensions. The mechanical partition method for seeds showed to be more efficient because the analyst subjectivity was not considered when the selection upon its dimensions was done. The X-ray analysis was a useful tool that complements the pure seed fraction selection as another factor of seed quality.
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Weidner, Stanisław, and Kazimierz Zalewski. "Changes in ribosomal proteins in wheat embryos in the course of grain development and maturation." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.025.
Full textAbstract:
It was found, by comparing the densitometric profiles of ribosomal proteins of wheat embryos in milk and full grain ripeness, that in the process of development and ripening of caryopses the percentual proportion of low molecular weight proteins increases at the cost of those of high molecular weight. This concerns both acidic and basic proteins. In electrophoretic separation of ribosomal proteins from embryos of fully ripe seeds by the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis the appearance of three new low molecular weight proteins - an acidic one and two basic ones - was observed. These proteins were not found in the embryos of caryopses of milk ripeness. These results indicate that with development and ripening of wheat caryopses new low molecular weight ribosomal proteins are built into the ribosomes in the embryo. These changes are both quantitative and qualitative.
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Karamać, M., R. Amarowicz, S. Weidner, S. Abe, and F. Shahidi. "Antioxidant activity of rye caryopses and embryos extracts." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 6 (November 19, 2011): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3533-cjfs.
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Phenolic compounds were extracted with 80% methanol from caryopses and embryos of rye (cv. Dańkowskie Złote and Amilo). In all extracts, reducing power, scavenging effect on DPPH radical, and antioxidant activity in a β-carotene-linoleate model system were examined. The highest content of total phenolic compounds was noted in the extract from caryopses of Amilo (7.93 mg/g of extract). UV spectra of all extracts were characterised by maxima originated from phenolic acids (320, 326 and 328 nm), and by maxima at shorter wavelengths (272 and 274 nm) attributed to other phenolic compounds. All extracts showed a good antioxidant activity in a β-carotene-linoleate model system. This activity was similar to that reported before in leguminous seeds extracts. The antioxidant activities of the extracts from the caryopses of Dańkowskie Złote and the embryos of both cultivars were very similar, especially during the second part of the incubation period. The extract of Amilo embryos showed a slightly weaker antioxidative effect. The weak antiradical effects in the experiments with DPPH radical and a weak reducing power were characteristic for all the extracts investigated.
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Březinová Belcredi, Natálie, and Kateřina Vaculová. "Superoxide DismutasE in Spring Barley Caryopses." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 2 (2016): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664020411.
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Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined in caryopses of spring barley grown in field trials in 2004–2006. A total set under study included five malting varieties with hulled grain, three waxy hull-less and hulled varieties (of US origin), seven lines formed by crossing of the above given varieties and four hull-less lines of Czech origin. SOD activity was determined by a modified method using a Ransod diagnostic kit (RANDOX). The method employs xanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate superoxide radicals which react with 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenol)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) to form a red formazan dye. Statistically significantly higher activity was measured in the variety Nordus (131 U.g−1d.m.) and line ME1 (128 U.g−1d.m.) compared to the other varieties/lines (66–111 U.g−1d.m.). The line ME1 had significantly higher SOD activity in grain versus its parental varieties Kompakt (83 U.g−1d.m.) and Krona (78 U.g−1d.m.). The results of this study proved the availability of varieties/lines with a higher SOD content, the antioxidant effect of SOD can improve quality of beer and food made from barley.