Academic literature on the topic 'Cas de Hund'

Prolonged translation arrest correlates with delayed neuronal death of hippocampal CA1 neurons following global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Many previous studies investigated ribosome molecular biology, but mRNA regulatory mechanisms after brain ischemia have been less studied. Here we investigated the embryonic lethal abnormal vision/Hu isoforms HuR, HuB, HuC, and HuD, as well as expression of mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements following global ischemia in rat brain. Proteomics of embryonic lethal abnormal vision immunoprecipitations or polysomes isolated from rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 from controls or following 10 min ischemia plus 8 h of reperfusion showed distinct sets of mRNA-binding proteins, suggesting differential mRNA regulation in each condition. Notably, HuB, HuC, and HuD were undetectable in NIC CA1. At 8 h reperfusion, polysome-associated mRNAs contained 46.1% of ischemia-upregulated mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements in CA3, but only 18.7% in CA1. Since mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements regulation are important to several cellular stress responses, our results suggest CA1 is disadvantaged compared to CA3 in coping with ischemic stress, and this is expected to be an important contributing factor to CA1 selective vulnerability. (Data are available via ProteomeXchange identifier PXD004078 and GEO Series accession number GSE82146).

Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: We analyzed the physiopathology of the association between cervical artery dissections (CADs), intracranial aneurysms (IAs), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old woman presented with diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (Fisher 3; Hunt-Hess 1). computed tomography angiography revealed a cervical internal carotid artery dissection and 2 IAs: right paraclinoid and right posterior communicating artery. The patient underwent surgical clipping of the 2 aneurysms. CAD was managed conservatively. Postoperative course was initially uneventful. After 24 hours, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) documented the exclusion of the aneurysms and an improvement of the CAD. After 3 days, the patient's neurological condition suddenly worsened; CT scan documented a subarachnoid rebleeding (Hunt-Hess 4) and DSA revealed the recurrence of CAD and a new right internal carotid artery aneurysm. The patient underwent clipping of the new aneurysm and decompressive craniectomy because of severe brain swelling. Postoperative neurological conditions remained poor. DSA showed the exclusion of the aneurysms and improvement of CAD. Three days later, CT scan performed after a sudden raise in intracranial pressure documented a wide intracerebral hematoma. Computed tomography angiography did not show new vascular malformations. Surgical removal of the hematoma was performed, but poor neurological conditions persisted. CONCLUSION: CAD-related hemodynamic changes may play a role in the development of IAs. The presence of IAs must be screened carefully in case of CAD, because the dynamic behavior of CAD definitively increases the risk of IA formation, enlargement, and rupture.

ZusammenfassungZiel war, den diagnostischen Wert der computerassistierten Detektion (CAD) von pulmonalen Rundherden in der Tiermedizin zu überprüfen. Hierzu wurde die Detektionsrate der computerassistierten Methode mit der Detektionsrate zweier unabhängiger Untersucher in Bezug auf die Sensitivität und die Rate falsch positiver Befunde verglichen. Material und Methoden: In die Studie wurden 51 Hunde und 16 Katzen einbezogen, bei denen zuvor mittels computertomographischer Untersuchung pulmonale Rundherde diagnostiziert worden waren. Zwei unabhängige Untersucher erfassten bei jedem Patienten die Anzahl der Rundherde ≥ 3 mm und setzten anschließend das Programm zur automatischen Rundherddetektion ein. Im letzten Schritt wurde ein Konsensus der beiden Untersucher unter Kenntnis der CAD-Ergebnisse getroffen. Zur Rundherdauswertung diente ein kommerziell erhältliches Programm zur computerassistierten Detektion. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 586 pulmonale Rundherde diagnostiziert. Für Untersucher 1 ergab sich eine Sensitivität von 89,2%, für Untersucher 2 betrug sie 87,4%. Die CAD erreichte eine Sensitivität von 69,4%. Mithilfe der CAD ließ die Sensitivität von Untersucher 1 auf 94,7% und die Sensitivität von Untersucher 2 auf 90,8% steigern. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Das verwendete CAD-System wies eine moderate Sensitivität von 69,4% auf. Trotz gewichtiger Limitationen wie einer hohen Anzahl an falsch positiven und falsch negativen Befunden konnte die CAD die Sensitivität beider Untersucher erhöhen, sodass sie zumindest eine unterstützende Funktion besitzt.

“CRISPR" is short and used for "CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. CRISPRs are specialized stretches of DNA. The protein Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated") is an enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA and can be used in conjunction with engineered CRISPR sequences to hunt down codes and slice into them like a molecular scalpel, allowing geneticists to cut out a target gene, either to remove it or replace it with a new sequence. Therefore it is a simple and powerful tool for editing genomes to easily alter DNA sequences and amend gene function. In 1987, The CRISPR locus was first identified in Escherichia coli and discovered when a genetic structure containing 5 highly homologous repeats of 29 nucleotides separated by 32-nucleotide spacers (Ishino Y 1987).

<p>Sophie Patoura</p><p>Byzance et la christianisation des peuples du Caucase et de Crimée </p><p>La question de la diffusion du christianisme chez les peuples du Caucase et de la Crimée au VIe siècle dans les cadres de la politique extérieure de Byzance consiste l'objet de notre étude. Dans le premier chapitre nous analysons la christianisation de la Lazique et de l'Ibérie, régions d'une grande importance stratégique tant pour l'Empire Byzantin que pour l'Empire Perse. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous examinons les efforts de Byzance pour la christianisation et l'approche idéologico-politique des Abasges et des Tzannes, peuples barbares qui n'avaient pas jusqu'alors reçu aucune influence directe ou indirecte de Byzance. Enfin dans le troisième chapitre nous nous occupons de la position des Huns de Bospore, des Huns Sabirs, des Hèrules du Danube et des Goths de Crimée, peuples que la diplomatie byzantine avec l'Eglise avaient réussi d'approcher idéologiquement et politiquement et de les rendre des alliés fidèles de l'Empire. L'analyse critique de chacun de ces cas de christianisation fait ressortir leur caractère éminemment politique et le rôle primordial joué dans ces cas, par l'Empereur byzantin.</p><p> </p>

In 2016, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) comprise more than half of all new HIV diagnoses in the United States, with the primary mode of infection being condomless anal sex (CAS). While studies report an association between use of Internet-based social networking sites and increased CAS, the research on the relationship between cell phone mobile applications (e.g., Grindr, Scruff, Jack’d) and CAS is much less developed. The present study examines whether the manner in which gay, bisexual, and other MSM find sexual partners predicts an increase in likelihood of engaging in CAS in an urban, noncoastal U.S. city. Conducting a secondary data analysis of the 2011 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey for Denver ( N = 546), the authors performed binary logistic regression analyses to assess the models that predict how MSM find sexual partners, and the odds of engaging in CAS. While the results suggest that age and race are associated with the mode of finding sexual partners, using the Internet or a mobile app to find sexual partners was not predictive of CAS ( ZWald = .41, p = .52; ZWald = .80, p = .37). In terms of HIV prevention, these findings suggest a need for intervention to address HIV prevention on multiple levels (e.g., individual, group, community).

Zusammenfassung:Butorphanol wird international seit mehreren Jahrzehnten in der Humanund Veterinärmedizin als Analgetikum, zur sedativ-analgetischen Anästhesieprämedikation und als Antitussivum eingesetzt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, anhand einer Literaturübersicht die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften, klinischen Wirkungen und Einsatzgebiete von Butorphanol in der Veterinärmedizin darzustellen. In den Datenbanken Pubmed und CAB International erfolgte eine Literaturrecherche mit dem Suchbegriff „butorphanol*“. Insgesamt wurden 84 Literaturstellen in die Übersicht einbezogen. Butorphanol ist ein vollsynthetischer Morphinabkömmling. In Deutschland unterliegt der Wirkstoff derzeit nicht den betäubungsmittelrechtlichen Bestimmungen. Seine Hauptwirkungen entfaltet Butorphanol als Agonist an den κ-Opiatrezeptoren. Butorphanol vermittelt bei Pferd, Hund und Katze eine effektive viszerale Analgesie mit einer dosisabhängigen kurzen bis mittleren Wirkungsdauer. Im Bereich der somatischen Analgesie zeigte es bei diesen Spezies eine geringe Effektivität. Als Hauptindikationen für die Anwendung von Butorphanol bei Pferd und Kleintier müssen Sedation, Anästhesie Prämedikation und perioperative Analgesie im Zusammenhang mit abdominalen chirurgischen Eingriffen sowie die Therapie des Kolikschmerzes beim Pferd betrachtet werden.

Störungen der Aufwachphase sind sowohl in der Human-, als auch Veterinäranästhesiologie von Bedeutung. So kann eine verlängerte, aber auch eine unruhige exzitatorische Aufwachphase zusätzlichen intensivmedizinischen, zeitlichen und finanziellen Aufwand bedeuten. Eine Vielzahl von metabolischen und neuropathologischen, aber auch pharmakologischen Insulten werden insbesondere beim Menschen als Ursachen derartiger Aufwachstörungen beschrieben. Unter anderem scheint auch ein zentraler Acetylcholinmangel mitverantwortlich zu sein. Dieser Mangel wird durch die Anwendung von Physostigmin als indirektes, zentral wirkendes Parasympathomimetikum behoben. Inhalt dieser Studie ist der Einsatz von Physostigmin in der Aufwachphase des Hundes nach zwei gängigen l-Methadon-Narkoseprotokollen. Zum einen sollten Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen des Medikamentes untersucht werden. Zum anderen sollte geklärt werden, ob Physostigmin in der Lage ist, die Aufwachphase in beiden Narkoseregimen zu verkürzen und auftretende Aufwachstörungen beseitigen zu können. Daraus resultierend war zu klären, ob ein Teil der vorhandenen Aufwachstörungen als Folge einer zentral anticholinergen Blockade auftreten und dem Zentral Anticholinergischen Syndrom (ZAS) zugeordnet werden können. Methodik: Die Untersuchung wurde an 40 klinisch gesunden Hunden (ASA I, II) nach elektiven Eingriffen oder Verfahren bildgebender Diagnostik in der postoperativen Aufwachphase durchgeführt. Zwanzig Tiere erhielten zur Narkoseeinleitung Diazepam und Levomethadon (DLA-Gruppe), zwanzig weitere Acepromazin und Levomethadon (ALA-Gruppe). Im Blindversuch wurde jeweils zehn Tieren pro Narkosegruppe Physostigmin (0,04 mg/kg KM als intravenöse Kurzinfusion über 10 Minuten, Gruppen DLAVerum, ALAVerum) und den anderen zehn Tieren 0,9%-ige Kochsalzlösung (Gruppen DLAPlacebo, ALAPlacebo) verabreicht. Die Untersuchungen beinhalteten die Messungen der Vitalparameter (Herzfrequenz, -rhythmus, arterieller systolischer und diastolischer Blutdruck, kapilläre Rückfüllzeit, Schleimhautfarbe Zusammenfassung 94 und innere Körpertemperatur), des Sedations- und Algesiegrades sowie Laboruntersuchungen (arterielle Blutgasanalytik, Säure-Base-Status, Hämatologie und klinische Chemie) und klinische Nebenwirkungen des Physostigmins. Darüber hinaus wurde das Aufwachverhalten beurteilt und mit dem ebenfalls dokumentierten Einschlafverhalten verglichen. Die Daten wurden in der ersten Stunde nach Applikation der Prüfsubstanz im Abstand von 10 Minuten sowie 120 und 180 Minuten nach Applikation erfasst. Hämatologische und klinisch chemische Untersuchungen erfolgten als Ausgangswerte vor Applikation sowie nach 60 Minuten. Ergebnisse: DLAVerum-Tiere besitzen unter Physostigmingabe einen signifikant niedrigeren Sedationsgrad im Messintervall 10 bis 40 Minuten (p&lt; 0,05). Diese Tiere sind bereits 15 Minuten nach Beginn der Untersuchung in der Lage den Kopf zu heben (DLAPlacebo 30 Minuten). Im ALA-Regime konnten hier keine Unterschiede beobachtet werden. Der Algesiegrad aller vier Gruppen ist annähernd gleich. Nur zu drei Messzeiten ist dieser in DLAVerum um 1-2 Grade über der DLAPlacebo (0-27 Punkte). Das Aufwachverhalten unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant zwischen den Physostigmin-behandelten und -unbehandelten Tieren der beiden Narkoseregime und auch nicht zum Einschlafverhalten. In DLAVerum steigt die Herzfrequenz (nach initialem Abfall) wie auch der systolische Blutdruck tendenziell an (nicht signifikant). DLAPlacebo und ALAPlacebo zeigen konstante Herzfrequenzen und Blutdrücke. Signifikante Unterschiede fehlen zwischen DLAVerum und DLAPlacebo. ALAVerum hat signifikant niedrigere Blutdrücke zum Zeitpunkt 10 bis 40 Minuten als ALAPlacebo (p&lt; 0,05). Schleimhautfarbe, Pulsqualität und Körpertemperatur unterscheiden sich nicht zwischen Physostigmin-behandelten und -unbehandelten Tieren beider Anästhesiegruppen (p&gt; 0,05), verbessern sich jedoch mit Zunahme der Untersuchungszeit. Alle Tiere besitzen eine ausgeprägte respiratorische Azidose zu Untersuchungsbeginn. Signifikante Unterschiede bestehen zwischen DLAVerum und DLAPlacebo. Der paCO2 und der pH-Wert sind nach Physostigmingabe signifikant näher am Referenzbereich. Unterschiede zwischen Verum und Placebo fehlen im ALA-Regime. Bei der angewendeten Dosis wurden als Nebenwirkungen Brady- und Tachykardien beobachtet. Zusammenfassend kann ein antisedativer Effekt nur im Diazepam-l-Methadon-Regime unter Physostigmingabe beobachtet werden. Physostigmin lindert die atemdepressive Wirkung des Opioids Levomethadon in der DLAVerum-Gruppe. Derartige Effekte fehlen in der Acepromazin- l-Methadon-Narkose. In dieser Narkose wird einzig die blutdrucksenkende Wirkung des Acepromazins deutlich verstärkt, was bei alten oder kreislauf-insuffizienten Tieren von Bedeutung sein könnte. Unruhezustände, Lautäußerungen und Muskelzuckungen sind mit und ohne Physostigmin in gleichem Maße vorhanden. Ein zentraler Acetylcholinmangel kann für die beobachteten Aufwachstörungen nicht verantwortlich gemacht werden, da in diesem Fall Physostigmin eine Wirkung zeigen müsste. Ein „Zentral Anticholinergisches Syndrom“ lag somit nicht vor<br>Disorders of anaesthetic recovery are found in human but also in veterinary medicine. It is important to understand, that a prolonged or an excitatory stage of recovery causes an additional time in post anaesthesia care unit and financial effort. Animals with agitation represent a risk factor for anaesthesia staff. Many metabolic, neuropathological and pharmacological insults cause these disorders in humans. A lack of acetylcholine within the brain seems to be a cause of arousal disorders. The therapy of choice is the application of physostigmine, as an indirect parasympathomimetic drug. The purpose of this study was the examination of the application of physostigmine in anaesthetic recovery of two l-methadone-anaesthetic regimes. Effects and side effects of physostigmine application in dogs should be described. The following questions should be answered additionally: Is physostigmine able to reduce the time of anaesthetic recovery? Can physostigmine restore disorders of anaesthetic recovery? Is the central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) a cause of these disorders of anaesthetic recovery? Methods: The investigations were carried out on 40 clinically healthy dogs (ASA I &amp; II) undergoing anaesthesia for elective surgery or diagnostic imaging. Patients were allocated to two different induction protocols: DLA (diazepam-l-methadone) and ALA (acepromacine-lmethadone). In both groups (n=20) 10 dogs received blinded either Physostigmine (n=10; verum) or isotonic saline (n=10; placebo) intravenously in randomized fashion. Following parameters were measured in postoperative period: heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, colour of mucous membranes, capillary filling time and rectal body temperature. Analysis of arterial blood gas values and acid base status were performed. A modified numeric rating scale was used for calculating the sedation depth and a Summary 96 cumulative scale for measuring the intensity of algesia. Furthermore a comparison between sleep behaviour and arousal behaviour had been drawn. All parameters were evaluated at time 0 (beginning of application of verum versus placebo), every 10 minutes within the first hour and after the second and third hour. Blood samples (haematological, clinical chemistry) were collected at time point 0 and 60. Side effects of medication were documented. Results: There was a significant lower degree of sedation in DLAVerum compared to DLAPlacebo (p&lt; 0.05), but not in ALA. The degree of pain in DLAVerum is two points over DLAPlacebo. No significant difference among the four groups has been found in behaviour of arousal, vocalization and the incidence of tremor and seizures. Heart rate and blood pressure increase none significantly in DLAVerum in contrast to DLAPlacebo (constant values). A significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in ALAVerum, but not in ALAPlacebo was noticeable. Blood pressure in DLAVerum and DLAPlacebo was significant higher than in ALAVerum and ALAPlacebo. There was no significant difference between physostigmine treated and placebo treated animals in pulse quality, rectal body temperature and colour of mucous membranes. A respiratory acidosis has been found in nearly all dogs at the beginning of the investigation. Physostigmine has significantly reduced this opioid induced respiratory depression in DLA but not in ALA. The influence of Physostigmine in reversal of sedation, respiratory depression and restoration of blood pressure was time dependant. Differences were seen in time point 10 to 40 (50) minutes. Side effects were bradycardia and tachycardia, but not nausea or vomiting in contrast to human literature. Conclusion: The antisedative effect has been found only in diazepam-l-methadone-group, while the pressure depressant influence only in acepromacine-l-methadone group became obvious. Physostigmine intensifies the pressure depressant effect of acepromacine. Changes in blood pressure occurred in physical limits only but should be considered in cardiac and circulation insufficient patients. In this study it could be demonstrated that physostigmine could not resolve arousal disorders like restlessness, vocalization, tremor and seizures in dogs. A central lack of acetylcholine (a central anticholinergic syndrome) can not be therefore the cause of these problems. Physostigmine should be limited to severe agitation and prolonged times of arousal cases. Other causes of arousal disorders should be excluded before treatment. After application of physostigmine the supervision with ecg and blood pressure monitoring seems to be necessary

Cette thèse traite de l'étude des molécules froides formées via la technique de photoassociation d'atomes froids. Cette étude porte sur la manipulation des degrés de libertés externes de la molécules, et sur l'étude des interactions internes à la molécule Cs2.<br /><br />Un piège quadrupolaire magnétique de 2.10^5 molécules Cs2 froides a été réalisé. Le temps de vie du piège moléculaire est de 600ms, limité par les collisions avec le gaz chaud résiduel. Les molécules piégées ont été caractérisées, ce qui a permis de déterminer la température du nuage de molécules piégé, de l'ordre de 35uK. La mise en place d'un piège dipolaire, réalisé au moyen d'un laser CO2 focalisé est également décrit.<br /><br />D'autre part, une spectroscopie de photoassociation à deux photons a été réalisée. Elle a permis l'étude originale des formes de raies de cette spectroscopie, présentant de typiques profils de Fano. Grâce à la connaissance précise de ces formes de raies, plus d'une centaine d'énergies de niveaux vibrationnellement très excités de la molécules de Cs2 sont mesurés, avec une précision de l'ordre de 10MHz. Lors de l'interprétation théorique, l'énorme structure hyperfine de l'atome de césium implique la résolution d'équation de Schrödinger couplées pour des distances internucléaires supérieures à 15a0. Un modèle théorique asymptotique est donc utilisé pour ajuster les paramètres moléculaires des potentiels fondamentaux de la molécules de Cs2.<br />Les ajustements de ces paramètres se font au moyen d'algorithmes évolutionnaires et déterministes et sont suivis d'une étude statistique approfondie. On détermine ainsi le coefficient de Van der Waals avec une excellente précision, ainsi que pour la première fois l'amplitude de l'interaction d'échange de manière expérimentale.

The Bac Hung Hai zone is the greatest basin in the Red River Delta in Vietnam and also one of the most densely populated regions of the planet. It is mainly a rural region and its economy is dominated by agriculture. In the context of frequent and larger floods in the Bac Hung Hai zone, causing deep socio-economical consequences, the focus of this study is to establish cartography of the high risk areas for flooding in the Bac Hung Hai region using remote sensing and GIS to assist land management. The preparation of a map describing land management in this region is more complicated because parcels for farming are very small and not homogeneous. A consistent and precise map of land use is essential for studies of flooding. The secondary objective is to improve the land use map. To this effect, a classification has been applied to the combination of the spectral bands and textures (TM and ETM[indice supérieur +]) of Landsat and a radar image (ERS). The addition of this information to the spectral bands increases the accuracy of classification by 1% to 4%, according to the dates selected. Additionally, in the study zone where there are few days without clouds, a problem related to the optical satellite image is the cloud cover. Then, the use of radar images will provide ground information for areas hidden by clouds where spectral images are not sufficient. To reach these goals, we have determined the main biophysical considerations that influence flooding. Then, these considerations have been combined in a multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the risks of flooding in the entire basin area. The results show that high to very high risks affect 47% of the area studied and that the south-east region, center, and north-east present the greatest risk.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore glanceability in a vehicle Heads-Up Display,with a focus on what factors should be considered in order to design for glanceability.The project has been conducted in cooperation with Uniti and Jayway, with theintended outcome to increase the knowledge about how to design glanceable vehicleHeads-Up displays. Through literature research and user-centered approaches, a low-fidelityprototype was created. From usability testing the low-fidelity prototype,knowledge was gained about needs, opportunities, problems, and observations,which was used in order to create a medium-fidelity prototype in a Virtual Realitysetting. Usability tests were conducted on the medium-fidelity prototype, and theresults were used in order to draw conclusions about what are the most importantfactors to consider when designing for a glanceable experience in a HUD. Significantfactors were identified as the need for customisation in the HUD, auditory feedback,as well as relevance and amount of information presented to the user.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude expérimentale et l'interprétation théorique des processus de photoassociation et de formation de molécules froides de césium, ainsi que sur l'étude des forces dipolaires entre une paire d'atomes de césium froids excités. La photoassociation moléculaire d'atomes froids de césium a été réalisée expérimentalement : deux atomes absorbent un photon pour former une molécule électroniquement excitée dans un état de rotation-vibration donné. L'expérience a permis la première observation de molécules translationnellement froides obtenues après désexcitation spontanée des molécules photoassociées. La forme en double puits des courbes de potentiel des états moléculaires $0_g^- (6s+6p_(3/2))$ et $1_u (6s+6p_(3/2))$ du césium est la clé de l'efficacité du processus. Ces molécules froides formées sont détectées sélectivement par temps de vol après leur photoionisation en ions Cs$_2^+$. Des températures de $20-200\,\mu$K ont été mesurées. La photoassociation offre une méthode de spectroscopie à haute résolution qui permet d'atteindre des états moléculaires de grande élongation, donnant accès aux données asymptotiques. La spectroscopie du puits de potentiel externe de l'état $0_g^-(6s+6p_(3/2))$ du césium a été effectuée et est analysée par une approche R.K.R.. Une théorie unifiée de la photoassociation en champ faible, vue comme une collision assistée par laser, est développée dans ce manuscrit. Les expériences avec les atomes froids permettent l'étude des collisions entre deux atomes soumis à une interaction mutuelle à grande distance de type dipôle-dipôle. Deux systèmes physiques différents sont étudiés : une assemblée d'atomes de Rydberg et la photoassociation. La modification du mouvement d'une paire d'atomes offre la possibilité de ``contrôler" les forces dipolaires et de ``choisir" les vitesses relatives entre atomes.

Störungen der Aufwachphase sind sowohl in der Human-, als auch Veterinäranästhesiologie von Bedeutung. So kann eine verlängerte, aber auch eine unruhige exzitatorische Aufwachphase zusätzlichen intensivmedizinischen, zeitlichen und finanziellen Aufwand bedeuten. Eine Vielzahl von metabolischen und neuropathologischen, aber auch pharmakologischen Insulten werden insbesondere beim Menschen als Ursachen derartiger Aufwachstörungen beschrieben. Unter anderem scheint auch ein zentraler Acetylcholinmangel mitverantwortlich zu sein. Dieser Mangel wird durch die Anwendung von Physostigmin als indirektes, zentral wirkendes Parasympathomimetikum behoben. Inhalt dieser Studie ist der Einsatz von Physostigmin in der Aufwachphase des Hundes nach zwei gängigen l-Methadon-Narkoseprotokollen. Zum einen sollten Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen des Medikamentes untersucht werden. Zum anderen sollte geklärt werden, ob Physostigmin in der Lage ist, die Aufwachphase in beiden Narkoseregimen zu verkürzen und auftretende Aufwachstörungen beseitigen zu können. Daraus resultierend war zu klären, ob ein Teil der vorhandenen Aufwachstörungen als Folge einer zentral anticholinergen Blockade auftreten und dem Zentral Anticholinergischen Syndrom (ZAS) zugeordnet werden können. Methodik: Die Untersuchung wurde an 40 klinisch gesunden Hunden (ASA I, II) nach elektiven Eingriffen oder Verfahren bildgebender Diagnostik in der postoperativen Aufwachphase durchgeführt. Zwanzig Tiere erhielten zur Narkoseeinleitung Diazepam und Levomethadon (DLA-Gruppe), zwanzig weitere Acepromazin und Levomethadon (ALA-Gruppe). Im Blindversuch wurde jeweils zehn Tieren pro Narkosegruppe Physostigmin (0,04 mg/kg KM als intravenöse Kurzinfusion über 10 Minuten, Gruppen DLAVerum, ALAVerum) und den anderen zehn Tieren 0,9%-ige Kochsalzlösung (Gruppen DLAPlacebo, ALAPlacebo) verabreicht. Die Untersuchungen beinhalteten die Messungen der Vitalparameter (Herzfrequenz, -rhythmus, arterieller systolischer und diastolischer Blutdruck, kapilläre Rückfüllzeit, Schleimhautfarbe Zusammenfassung 94 und innere Körpertemperatur), des Sedations- und Algesiegrades sowie Laboruntersuchungen (arterielle Blutgasanalytik, Säure-Base-Status, Hämatologie und klinische Chemie) und klinische Nebenwirkungen des Physostigmins. Darüber hinaus wurde das Aufwachverhalten beurteilt und mit dem ebenfalls dokumentierten Einschlafverhalten verglichen. Die Daten wurden in der ersten Stunde nach Applikation der Prüfsubstanz im Abstand von 10 Minuten sowie 120 und 180 Minuten nach Applikation erfasst. Hämatologische und klinisch chemische Untersuchungen erfolgten als Ausgangswerte vor Applikation sowie nach 60 Minuten. Ergebnisse: DLAVerum-Tiere besitzen unter Physostigmingabe einen signifikant niedrigeren Sedationsgrad im Messintervall 10 bis 40 Minuten (p< 0,05). Diese Tiere sind bereits 15 Minuten nach Beginn der Untersuchung in der Lage den Kopf zu heben (DLAPlacebo 30 Minuten). Im ALA-Regime konnten hier keine Unterschiede beobachtet werden. Der Algesiegrad aller vier Gruppen ist annähernd gleich. Nur zu drei Messzeiten ist dieser in DLAVerum um 1-2 Grade über der DLAPlacebo (0-27 Punkte). Das Aufwachverhalten unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant zwischen den Physostigmin-behandelten und -unbehandelten Tieren der beiden Narkoseregime und auch nicht zum Einschlafverhalten. In DLAVerum steigt die Herzfrequenz (nach initialem Abfall) wie auch der systolische Blutdruck tendenziell an (nicht signifikant). DLAPlacebo und ALAPlacebo zeigen konstante Herzfrequenzen und Blutdrücke. Signifikante Unterschiede fehlen zwischen DLAVerum und DLAPlacebo. ALAVerum hat signifikant niedrigere Blutdrücke zum Zeitpunkt 10 bis 40 Minuten als ALAPlacebo (p< 0,05). Schleimhautfarbe, Pulsqualität und Körpertemperatur unterscheiden sich nicht zwischen Physostigmin-behandelten und -unbehandelten Tieren beider Anästhesiegruppen (p> 0,05), verbessern sich jedoch mit Zunahme der Untersuchungszeit. Alle Tiere besitzen eine ausgeprägte respiratorische Azidose zu Untersuchungsbeginn. Signifikante Unterschiede bestehen zwischen DLAVerum und DLAPlacebo. Der paCO2 und der pH-Wert sind nach Physostigmingabe signifikant näher am Referenzbereich. Unterschiede zwischen Verum und Placebo fehlen im ALA-Regime. Bei der angewendeten Dosis wurden als Nebenwirkungen Brady- und Tachykardien beobachtet. Zusammenfassend kann ein antisedativer Effekt nur im Diazepam-l-Methadon-Regime unter Physostigmingabe beobachtet werden. Physostigmin lindert die atemdepressive Wirkung des Opioids Levomethadon in der DLAVerum-Gruppe. Derartige Effekte fehlen in der Acepromazin- l-Methadon-Narkose. In dieser Narkose wird einzig die blutdrucksenkende Wirkung des Acepromazins deutlich verstärkt, was bei alten oder kreislauf-insuffizienten Tieren von Bedeutung sein könnte. Unruhezustände, Lautäußerungen und Muskelzuckungen sind mit und ohne Physostigmin in gleichem Maße vorhanden. Ein zentraler Acetylcholinmangel kann für die beobachteten Aufwachstörungen nicht verantwortlich gemacht werden, da in diesem Fall Physostigmin eine Wirkung zeigen müsste. Ein „Zentral Anticholinergisches Syndrom“ lag somit nicht vor.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG UND FRAGESTELLUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 4 2.1 Physostigmin 4 2.1.1 Geschichte 4 2.1.2 Chemische Struktur und Charakteristik 5 2.1.3 Anwendungsgebiete 5 2.1.4 Wirkungen und Pharmakodynamik 6 2.1.5 Pharmakokinetik 8 2.1.6 Neben- und Wechselwirkungen 9 2.1.7 Kontraindikation 11 2.2 Das Zentral Anticholinergische Syndrom 12 2.2.1 Definition 12 2.2.2 Symptome 12 2.2.3 Vorkommen 13 2.2.4 Ursachen 13 2.2.5 Differentialdiagnosen 14 2.2.6 Therapie 15 2.2.7 Prophylaxe und Prognose 15 2.2.8 Das Zentral Anticholinergische Syndrom beim Hund 15 2.3 Die Aufwachphase der Anästhesie 16 2.3.1 Die physiologische Aufwachphase 16 2.3.2 Die abnormale Aufwachphase 17 2.3.2.1 Krämpfe und Exzitationen 17 2.3.2.2 Fehlende Spontanatmung und Atemstillstand 18 2.3.2.3 Langanhaltender Nachschlaf und postanästhetische Bewusstseinsstörungen 18 2.3.2.4 Das vorschnelle Erwachen 19 2.3.2.5 Störungen der Thermoregulation 19 2.3.2.6 Metabolische Störungen und Organdysfunktionen 19 2.3.3 Beurteilung der Aufwachphase 20 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 2.4 Wirkung ausgewählter Anästhetika 22 2.4.1 Diazepam 22 2.4.2 Acepromazin 22 2.4.3 Levomethadon 23 3 EIGENE UNTERSUCHUNGEN 24 3.1 Patienten, Material und Methodik 24 3.1.1 Patienten 24 3.1.2 Untersuchungsgruppen 26 3.1.3 Randomisierung 27 3.1.4 Untersuchungsablauf 27 3.1.5 Untersuchte Parameter und Messmethoden 29 3.1.5.1 Herz-Kreislauf-Funktionen 29 3.1.5.2 Atmungsapparat 30 3.1.5.3 Schleimhautfarbe und kapilläre Rückfüllungszeit 30 3.1.5.4 Innere Körpertemperatur 30 3.1.5.5 Sedationsgrad 30 3.1.5.6 Schmerzgrad 32 3.1.5.7 Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhalten 34 3.1.5.8 Blutuntersuchungen 34 3.1.6 Nebenwirkungen 36 3.1.7 Statistische Auswertung 36 4 ERGEBNISSE 38 4.1 Biographische Daten 38 4.1.1 Alter 38 4.1.2 Geschlecht 38 4.1.3 Körpermasse 38 4.1.4 Rasse 39 4.1.5 Art der Untersuchung und Operation 39 4.1.6 Anästhesie- und Operationszeit 39 4.1.7 Lokal- und Regionalanästhesien, Schmerzmittelapplikation 40 4.1.8 Einsatz von Anticholinergika 41 4.1.9 Einsatz von Inhalationsanästhetika und Injektionsanästhetika 41 Inhaltsverzeichnis III 4.2 Vitalparameter 41 4.2.1 Herzfrequenz, -rhythmus und Pulsqualität 41 4.2.2 Systolischer und diastolischer Blutdruck 44 4.2.3 Atemfrequenz 47 4.2.4 Schleimhautfarbe und kapilläre Rückfüllungszeit 49 4.2.5 Innere Körpertemperatur 49 4.3 Sedationsgrad 51 4.4 Schmerzgrad 54 4.5 Vergleich des Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhaltens 56 4.6 Laboruntersuchungen 57 4.6.1 Analyse der Blutgase und des Säure-Basen-Status 57 4.6.1.1 pH-Wert 57 4.6.1.2 Arterieller Kohlendioxid-Partialdruck 59 4.6.1.3 Arterieller Sauerstoff-Partialdruck 62 4.6.1.4 Arterielle Sauerstoffsättigung 63 4.6.1.5 Standardbikarbonatkonzentration 63 4.6.1.6 Aktueller Basenüberschuss 64 4.6.2 Hämatologische Untersuchung 64 4.6.3 Klinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 67 4.7 Nebenwirkungen 71 5 DISKUSSION 73 5.1 Methodik 73 5.1.1 Untersuchte Tiere 73 5.1.2 Untersuchte Parameter und Messmethoden 74 5.1.2.1 Vitalparameter 74 5.1.2.2 Laboruntersuchungen 766 5.1.2.3 Sedations- und Analgesiescore, Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhalten 77 5.1.3 Untersuchungsgruppen, Anästhesieprotokolle und Physostigmin-Dosierung 78 5.1.4 Datenerfassung, Statistik und graphischen Darstellung 79 Inhaltsverzeichnis IV 5.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 79 5.2.1 Sedation 79 5.2.2 Analgesie 81 5.2.3 Aufwachverhalten 822 5.2.4 Vitalparameter 83 5.2.4.1 Herz-Kreislauffunktionen 83 5.2.4.2 Atmungsapparat 85 5.2.4.3 Schleimhautfarbe 86 5.2.4.4 Innere Körpertemperatur 86 5.2.5 Laboruntersuchungen 86 5.2.6 Nebenwirkungen 90 5.3 Klinische Schlussfolgerungen 91 5.4 Praxisrelevanz 92 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 93 7 SUMMARY 95 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 98 9 ANHANG 119 9.1 Verzeichnis der Tabellen 119 9.2 Tabellen 122 9.3 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 167 9.4 Anhang der Abbildungen<br>Disorders of anaesthetic recovery are found in human but also in veterinary medicine. It is important to understand, that a prolonged or an excitatory stage of recovery causes an additional time in post anaesthesia care unit and financial effort. Animals with agitation represent a risk factor for anaesthesia staff. Many metabolic, neuropathological and pharmacological insults cause these disorders in humans. A lack of acetylcholine within the brain seems to be a cause of arousal disorders. The therapy of choice is the application of physostigmine, as an indirect parasympathomimetic drug. The purpose of this study was the examination of the application of physostigmine in anaesthetic recovery of two l-methadone-anaesthetic regimes. Effects and side effects of physostigmine application in dogs should be described. The following questions should be answered additionally: Is physostigmine able to reduce the time of anaesthetic recovery? Can physostigmine restore disorders of anaesthetic recovery? Is the central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) a cause of these disorders of anaesthetic recovery? Methods: The investigations were carried out on 40 clinically healthy dogs (ASA I & II) undergoing anaesthesia for elective surgery or diagnostic imaging. Patients were allocated to two different induction protocols: DLA (diazepam-l-methadone) and ALA (acepromacine-lmethadone). In both groups (n=20) 10 dogs received blinded either Physostigmine (n=10; verum) or isotonic saline (n=10; placebo) intravenously in randomized fashion. Following parameters were measured in postoperative period: heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, colour of mucous membranes, capillary filling time and rectal body temperature. Analysis of arterial blood gas values and acid base status were performed. A modified numeric rating scale was used for calculating the sedation depth and a Summary 96 cumulative scale for measuring the intensity of algesia. Furthermore a comparison between sleep behaviour and arousal behaviour had been drawn. All parameters were evaluated at time 0 (beginning of application of verum versus placebo), every 10 minutes within the first hour and after the second and third hour. Blood samples (haematological, clinical chemistry) were collected at time point 0 and 60. Side effects of medication were documented. Results: There was a significant lower degree of sedation in DLAVerum compared to DLAPlacebo (p< 0.05), but not in ALA. The degree of pain in DLAVerum is two points over DLAPlacebo. No significant difference among the four groups has been found in behaviour of arousal, vocalization and the incidence of tremor and seizures. Heart rate and blood pressure increase none significantly in DLAVerum in contrast to DLAPlacebo (constant values). A significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in ALAVerum, but not in ALAPlacebo was noticeable. Blood pressure in DLAVerum and DLAPlacebo was significant higher than in ALAVerum and ALAPlacebo. There was no significant difference between physostigmine treated and placebo treated animals in pulse quality, rectal body temperature and colour of mucous membranes. A respiratory acidosis has been found in nearly all dogs at the beginning of the investigation. Physostigmine has significantly reduced this opioid induced respiratory depression in DLA but not in ALA. The influence of Physostigmine in reversal of sedation, respiratory depression and restoration of blood pressure was time dependant. Differences were seen in time point 10 to 40 (50) minutes. Side effects were bradycardia and tachycardia, but not nausea or vomiting in contrast to human literature. Conclusion: The antisedative effect has been found only in diazepam-l-methadone-group, while the pressure depressant influence only in acepromacine-l-methadone group became obvious. Physostigmine intensifies the pressure depressant effect of acepromacine. Changes in blood pressure occurred in physical limits only but should be considered in cardiac and circulation insufficient patients. In this study it could be demonstrated that physostigmine could not resolve arousal disorders like restlessness, vocalization, tremor and seizures in dogs. A central lack of acetylcholine (a central anticholinergic syndrome) can not be therefore the cause of these problems. Physostigmine should be limited to severe agitation and prolonged times of arousal cases. Other causes of arousal disorders should be excluded before treatment. After application of physostigmine the supervision with ecg and blood pressure monitoring seems to be necessary.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG UND FRAGESTELLUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 4 2.1 Physostigmin 4 2.1.1 Geschichte 4 2.1.2 Chemische Struktur und Charakteristik 5 2.1.3 Anwendungsgebiete 5 2.1.4 Wirkungen und Pharmakodynamik 6 2.1.5 Pharmakokinetik 8 2.1.6 Neben- und Wechselwirkungen 9 2.1.7 Kontraindikation 11 2.2 Das Zentral Anticholinergische Syndrom 12 2.2.1 Definition 12 2.2.2 Symptome 12 2.2.3 Vorkommen 13 2.2.4 Ursachen 13 2.2.5 Differentialdiagnosen 14 2.2.6 Therapie 15 2.2.7 Prophylaxe und Prognose 15 2.2.8 Das Zentral Anticholinergische Syndrom beim Hund 15 2.3 Die Aufwachphase der Anästhesie 16 2.3.1 Die physiologische Aufwachphase 16 2.3.2 Die abnormale Aufwachphase 17 2.3.2.1 Krämpfe und Exzitationen 17 2.3.2.2 Fehlende Spontanatmung und Atemstillstand 18 2.3.2.3 Langanhaltender Nachschlaf und postanästhetische Bewusstseinsstörungen 18 2.3.2.4 Das vorschnelle Erwachen 19 2.3.2.5 Störungen der Thermoregulation 19 2.3.2.6 Metabolische Störungen und Organdysfunktionen 19 2.3.3 Beurteilung der Aufwachphase 20 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 2.4 Wirkung ausgewählter Anästhetika 22 2.4.1 Diazepam 22 2.4.2 Acepromazin 22 2.4.3 Levomethadon 23 3 EIGENE UNTERSUCHUNGEN 24 3.1 Patienten, Material und Methodik 24 3.1.1 Patienten 24 3.1.2 Untersuchungsgruppen 26 3.1.3 Randomisierung 27 3.1.4 Untersuchungsablauf 27 3.1.5 Untersuchte Parameter und Messmethoden 29 3.1.5.1 Herz-Kreislauf-Funktionen 29 3.1.5.2 Atmungsapparat 30 3.1.5.3 Schleimhautfarbe und kapilläre Rückfüllungszeit 30 3.1.5.4 Innere Körpertemperatur 30 3.1.5.5 Sedationsgrad 30 3.1.5.6 Schmerzgrad 32 3.1.5.7 Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhalten 34 3.1.5.8 Blutuntersuchungen 34 3.1.6 Nebenwirkungen 36 3.1.7 Statistische Auswertung 36 4 ERGEBNISSE 38 4.1 Biographische Daten 38 4.1.1 Alter 38 4.1.2 Geschlecht 38 4.1.3 Körpermasse 38 4.1.4 Rasse 39 4.1.5 Art der Untersuchung und Operation 39 4.1.6 Anästhesie- und Operationszeit 39 4.1.7 Lokal- und Regionalanästhesien, Schmerzmittelapplikation 40 4.1.8 Einsatz von Anticholinergika 41 4.1.9 Einsatz von Inhalationsanästhetika und Injektionsanästhetika 41 Inhaltsverzeichnis III 4.2 Vitalparameter 41 4.2.1 Herzfrequenz, -rhythmus und Pulsqualität 41 4.2.2 Systolischer und diastolischer Blutdruck 44 4.2.3 Atemfrequenz 47 4.2.4 Schleimhautfarbe und kapilläre Rückfüllungszeit 49 4.2.5 Innere Körpertemperatur 49 4.3 Sedationsgrad 51 4.4 Schmerzgrad 54 4.5 Vergleich des Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhaltens 56 4.6 Laboruntersuchungen 57 4.6.1 Analyse der Blutgase und des Säure-Basen-Status 57 4.6.1.1 pH-Wert 57 4.6.1.2 Arterieller Kohlendioxid-Partialdruck 59 4.6.1.3 Arterieller Sauerstoff-Partialdruck 62 4.6.1.4 Arterielle Sauerstoffsättigung 63 4.6.1.5 Standardbikarbonatkonzentration 63 4.6.1.6 Aktueller Basenüberschuss 64 4.6.2 Hämatologische Untersuchung 64 4.6.3 Klinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 67 4.7 Nebenwirkungen 71 5 DISKUSSION 73 5.1 Methodik 73 5.1.1 Untersuchte Tiere 73 5.1.2 Untersuchte Parameter und Messmethoden 74 5.1.2.1 Vitalparameter 74 5.1.2.2 Laboruntersuchungen 766 5.1.2.3 Sedations- und Analgesiescore, Einschlaf- und Aufwachverhalten 77 5.1.3 Untersuchungsgruppen, Anästhesieprotokolle und Physostigmin-Dosierung 78 5.1.4 Datenerfassung, Statistik und graphischen Darstellung 79 Inhaltsverzeichnis IV 5.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 79 5.2.1 Sedation 79 5.2.2 Analgesie 81 5.2.3 Aufwachverhalten 822 5.2.4 Vitalparameter 83 5.2.4.1 Herz-Kreislauffunktionen 83 5.2.4.2 Atmungsapparat 85 5.2.4.3 Schleimhautfarbe 86 5.2.4.4 Innere Körpertemperatur 86 5.2.5 Laboruntersuchungen 86 5.2.6 Nebenwirkungen 90 5.3 Klinische Schlussfolgerungen 91 5.4 Praxisrelevanz 92 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 93 7 SUMMARY 95 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 98 9 ANHANG 119 9.1 Verzeichnis der Tabellen 119 9.2 Tabellen 122 9.3 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 167 9.4 Anhang der Abbildungen

Excessive unobserved firepower expenditures by Allied forces during the Vietnam War defied the traditional counterinsurgency principle that population protection should be valued more than destruction of the enemy. Many historians have pointed to this discontinuity in their arguments, but none have examined the available firepower records in detail. This study compiles and analyzes available, artillery-related U.S. and Allied archival records to test historical assertions about the balance between conventional and counterinsurgent military strategy as it changed over time. It finds that, between 1965 and 1970, the commanders of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, shared significant continuity of strategic and tactical thought. Both commanders tolerated U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Allied unobserved firepower at levels inappropriate for counterinsurgency and both reduced Army harassment and interdiction fire (H&I) as a response to increasing budgetary pressure. Before 1968, the Army expended nearly 40 percent of artillery ammunition as H&I – a form of unobserved fire that sought merely to hinder enemy movement and to lower enemy morale, rather than to inflict any appreciable enemy casualties. To save money, Westmoreland reduced H&I, or “interdiction” after a semantic name change in February 1968, to just over 29 percent of ammunition expended in July 1968, the first full month of Abrams’ command. Abrams likewise pursued dollar savings with his “Five-by-Five Plan” of August 1968 that reduced Army artillery interdiction expenditures to nearly ten percent of ammunition by January 1969. Yet Abrams allowed Army interdiction to stabilize near this level until early 1970, when recurring financial pressure prompted him to virtually eliminate the practice. Meanwhile, Marines fired H&I at historically high rates into the final months of 1970 and Australian “Harassing Fire” surpassed Army and Marine Corps totals during the same period. South Vietnamese artillery also fired high rates of H&I, but Filipino and Thai artillery eschewed H&I in quiet areas of operation and Republic of Korea [ROK] forces abandoned H&I in late 1968 as a direct response to MACV’s budgetary pressure. Financial pressure, rather than strategic change, drove MACV’s unobserved firepower reductions during the Vietnam War.

This chapter targets thinking toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Today, the spreading effects of information and communication technologies transform the society towards new habits and lifestyles. Individuals unhesitatingly and continuously share personal data on social media. Architects have started to figure out how this big data can be collected to help a better understanding of this emerging society and how to design for it. The text proposes a model for making an artificial intelligence-based spatial analysis that depends on a phenomenological approach to architecture. The model follows the public preferences to re-organize the design process to be well integrated with user participation. This research is made to analyze the possibilities how digital media literates contribute to the enrichment of the everyday life by using the tools of the digital world.

This chapter explains the design and execution of a pre-service teacher training case study using Augmented Reality (AR), Quick Response (QR) codes, and social media mobile applications installed on iPads. The ScavengAR Hunt activity centered on a story narrative inspired by works of fine art using trigger images from the AR mobile application ARART® and incorporated elements of the board game Clue®. Pre-service teachers in the study were divided into groups of 4-6 and assigned specific, individual roles related to a mobile application used in the ScavengAR Hunt, and completed specific tasks while exploring the campus of a midwestern university. The research monitored the groups in real-time through reports submitted on Twitter and responses from QR code scans. The ScavengAR Hunt served as a model for designing a mobile learning activity incorporating multiple mobile applications.

This chapter explains the design and execution of a pre-service teacher training case study using Augmented Reality (AR), Quick Response (QR) codes, and social media mobile applications installed on iPads. The ScavengAR Hunt activity centered on a story narrative inspired by works of fine art using trigger images from the AR mobile application ARART® and incorporated elements of the board game Clue®. Pre-service teachers in the study were divided into groups of 4-6 and assigned specific, individual roles related to a mobile application used in the ScavengAR Hunt, and completed specific tasks while exploring the campus of a midwestern university. The research monitored the groups in real-time through reports submitted on Twitter and responses from QR code scans. The ScavengAR Hunt served as a model for designing a mobile learning activity incorporating multiple mobile applications.

The contribution analyses the scattered but numerous indications of a contribution from the friars belonging to the convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice at the first Latin diffusion of Marco Polo’s Devisement dou monde starting both from the possible attribution to this milieu of the Latin version Z, realised in the first thirty years of the fourteenth century, and from the presence of Marco in the document of 1323 which certifies the ratification of the legacy of Giovanni delle Boccole to the convent, and finally from the traces of literary activity of personalities in relationship with it, a network of preaching friars emerges in relationship with other nearby convents (in particular Treviso) and with the first two generations of Paduan humanists (in particular Albertino Mussato). These elements, if developed with wider investigations on the patrimony of the Venetian convent, can provide new insights for the interpretation of the Dominican appropriation of Marco’s text.

The motor-car is the epitome of “objects,” the Leading-Object, and this fact should be kept in mind. —Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World Anyone who thinks evil of you, may this car run them over in their sleep. This car will hunt out your enemies, pursue their bad spirits, grind them into the road. Your car will drive over fire and be safe. It will drive into the ocean and be safe. It has friends in the spirit world. Its friend there, a car just like this one, will hunt down your enemies. They will not be safe from you. A bomb will fall on this car and it will be safe. I have opened the road for this car. It will travel all roads. It will arrive safely at all destinations....

Pierre well knew this large room divided by columns and an arch, its walls hung round with Persian carpets. The part of the room behind the columns, with a high silk-curtained mahogany bedstead on one side and on the other an immense case containing...

This chapter focuses on manganites. There is a large similarity between the two families of mixed-valence compounds, the cuprates and the manganites. However, manganites display colossal magnetoresistance. The most fundamental property of manganites is the strong correlation between their transport properties and their magnetic properties. This correlation is caused by the double-exchange mechanism. The Hund interaction and the Jahn–Teller effect are the key ingredients of the microscopic theory. The transition to the ferromagnetic and metallic state is of a percolative nature. The superconducting–antiferromagnetic–superconducting Josephson junction is described. One can observe giant oscillations of the Josephson current as a function of a weak external magnetic field. The main properties, including the electron–hole asymmetry can be described in the framework of a generalised two-band picture. A peculiar isotope effect can be observed.

Supported housing, providing both financial housing subsidies and case management support, is widely recognized as the most effective approach to ending homelessness for individuals with psychiatric and/or addictive disorders. The joint US Department of Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program is the largest and perhaps longest running supportive housing initiative for any group of homeless persons, worldwide. Since its inception in 1992, HUD-VASH has assisted more than 146,000 Veterans, most of whom have successfully exited from homelessness, and currently serves more than 80,000 Veterans nationwide each year. Guided by principles such as rapid placement into housing, no prerequisites for abstinence for entering housing, and minimal requirements for engagement in clinical care, HUD-VASH stands apart from traditional homeless service programs. Research over the past 25 years, including the first and one of few experimental cost-effectiveness studies of supportive housing, and an extensive series of longitudinal studies have documented the benefits of this program in reducing homelessness as well in leading to greater social connectedness, higher quality of life, and reduced alcohol and drug use. In recent years, HUD-VASH researchers have been exploring ways to modify, augment, or adapt the program to better meet the needs of Veterans through the use of peers, telehealth, and group support. Official VA documents suggest that HUD-VASH has played a major role in the nationwide reduction in the number of homeless Veterans in recent years.

This project shows a creative approach to the familiar scavenger hunt game. It involved the implementation of an iPhone application, HUNT, with Augmented Reality capability for the users to play the game as well as an administrative website that game organizers can use to create and make available games for users to play. Using the HUNT mobile app, users will first make a selection from a list of games, and they will then be shown a list of objects that they must seek. Once the user finds a correct object and scans it with the built-in camera on the smartphone, the application will attempt to verify if it is the correct object and then dis-play associated multi-media AR content that may include images and videos overlaid on top of real world views. HUNT not only provides entertaining activities within an environment that players can explore, but the AR contents can serve as an educational tool. A revision of this paper was published in Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management Volume 10, 2015

Hunting of rail vehicles refers to self-excited oscillation of truck and carbody. This dynamic instability is due to the conicity of the wheels, the wheel/rail creep forces and the action of the suspensions. Hunting increases wheel/rail wear, causes damage to sensitive lading and in extreme cases can throw the track out of geometry. Furthermore, severe hunting can create unsafe operating conditions that lead to derailments. Although it is widely recognized that truck hunting is not a good thing, it is a fact that many thousands of trucks do hunt on any given day but the number of derailments from hunting are few. So when is the hunting unsafe? Database and parametric studies of unsafe hunting are presented in this paper. The FRA database was used to study the hunting derailments by year, car type, track, speed, load condition, weather and temperature. Parametric studies of hunting and unsafe hunting of three-piece freight cars were conducted based on a large number of measured wheel profiles in combination with worn and new rail profiles. The vehicle, track and operational factors that have the major influence on unsafe hunting are analyzed and the conditions of unsafe hunting presented.

This study explored the relationships between drivers and HUD presentation image designs using Kansei engineering. Kansei words were associated with physical design elements. Initially, existing HUD presentation images were collected. Next, major design elements were extracted from the images. Then, new images were generated, based upon the major design elements. A questionnaire and user experiment was conducted. Finally, the results were analyzed using factor analysis. Thirty-six pairs of Kansei words were reduced and grouped into 5 groups of Kansei words. The final 5 groups of Kansei words can be used to clearly describe the HUD presentation images. The method can be used as a reference for future HUD image design tasks.

In a steam-compression refrigeration cycle, optimum heat exchange efficiency is acquired and compressor liquid hammer can be avoided if “zero superheat” arises at dry-evaporator outlet. Therefore zero superheat control study is of value. since refrigeration cycle will not get stable while it tends to hunt nearby zero superheat, expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop have to run at a positive superheat; and no fit theory is able to guide the design on the stability of expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop until the cause of refrigeration cycle hunting is found. Flow display experiments reveal the mechanism that refrigeration cycle will hunt next to 0 superheat while vapor/liquid two phase flow alternates at expansion valve exit. on the ground that phases can be told apart by thermal sensing rather than superheat, a specialized sensor has been developed to detect 0 superheat signal which serves as the feedback signal of expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop, the experiment results prove that the thermal sensor can afford 0 superheat.

This paper presents an application of symmetry and connectivity to select kinematic structures of parallel manipulators. One kinematic chain can originate several mechanisms and each mechanism can originate several parallel manipulators and, in early stages of conceptual design, it is difficult to decide what is the most promising one. Hunt [1] introduced the concept of connectivity and, since then, the connectivity has been used as an important parameter to select the most appropriated parallel manipulators to develop determined task. However, it is difficult to analyze non isomorphic parallel manipulators from the connectivity matrix. In this sense, in this paper, we apply symmetry to reduce the set of parallel manipulators to a manageable few with the desired connectivity. As a result, all promising parallel manipulators originating from a kinematic chain can be analyzed without isomorphisms.

The objective in this paper is to control a robot as it transitions from a non-contact to a contact state with an unactuated viscoelastic mass-spring system such that the mass-spring is regulated to a desired final position. A nonlinear Hunt-Crossley model, which is physically consistent with the real behavior of the system at contact, is used to represent the viscoelastic contact dynamics. A Neural Network feedforward term is used in the controller to estimate the environment uncertainties, which are not linear-in-parameters. The NN Lyapunov based controller is shown to guarantee uniformly ultimately bounded regulation of the system despite parametric and nonparametric uncertainties in the robot and the viscoelastic environment respectively. The proposed controller only depends on the position and velocity terms, and hence, obviates the need for measuring the impact force and acceleration. Further, the controller is continuous, and can be used for both non-contact and contact conditions.

[Excerpt] We recently conducted a rapid evidence review on educational programs that focus on child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention (Trew et al., 2021). In that review, we learned that child-focused CSA prevention education could be enhanced by looking at how to improve the parent engagement or involvement. We know from a previous review (Hunt &amp; Walsh, 2011), that parents’ views about CSA prevention education are important. But further evidence is needed to develop concrete strategies for strengthening parent engagement in appropriate and effective ways. As identified in the above-mentioned review (Trew et al., 2021), prominent researchers in the CSA prevention field have noted that if prevention efforts are to be successful, it is imperative to include parents (Hunter, 2011; Mendelson &amp; Letourneau, 2015; J. Rudolph &amp; M.J. Zimmer-Gembeck, 2018; Wurtele &amp; Kenny, 2012). This research focuses on two complementary aspects of parent engagement in CSA prevention: (i) parent participation in parent-focused CSA prevention (ii) parent participation in school-based or child-focused CSA prevention.

Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots all have been implicated in agricultural crop and turf damage. Generally, goose, duck, and American coot damage to crops, vegetation and aircraft can be difficult to identify. Usually the damage to crops or vegetation shows signs of being clipped, torn, or stripped. Tracks, feces, or feathers found neat the damage can be used to help identify the species. Damage to aircraft is obvious if the bird is recovered, but if not, and only bird parts are recovered, a scientific analysis is required. Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots are federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which stipulates that, unless permitted by regulation, it is unlawful to “pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, barter, purchase, ship, export, or import any migratory birds alive or dead, or any part, nests, eggs, or products thereof.” Generally, geese, ducks, and coots can be hazed without a federal permit in order to prevent damage to agriculture crops and property with a variety of scare techniques. In most cases, live ammunition cannot be used.

A series of self-guided walking tours through pioneering scientific research in medicine, biology, forensics, nursing and dentistry from the past to the present. Dundee is now celebrated internationally for its pioneering work in medical sciences, in particular the University of Dundee’s ground-breaking research into cancer, diabetes, drug development and surgical techniques. But the city has many more amazing stories of innovation and discovery in medicine and biology, past and present, and the three walking tours presented here will introduce you to some of the most extraordinary. Basic information about each topic is presented on this map, but you will ­find more in-depth information, images and videos on the accompanying website at uod.ac.uk/DundeeDiscoveriesMap For younger explorers, we have also included a Scavenger Hunt – look out for the cancer cell symbols on the map and see if you can ­find the various features listed along the way!

Hawks and owls can negatively impact a variety of human interests, including important natural resources, livestock and game bird production, human health and safety, and companion animals. Conflicts between raptors and people generally are localized and often site-specific. However, the economic and social impacts to the individuals involved can be severe. Despite the problems they may cause, hawks and owls provide important benefits and environmental services. Raptors are popular with birdwatchers and much of the general public. They also hunt and kill large numbers of rodents, reducing crop damage and other problems. Hawks and owls are classified into four main groups, namely accipiters, buteos, falcons, and owls. All hawks and owls in the United States are federally pro-tected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC, 703−711). Hawks and owls typically are protected under state wildlife laws or local ordinances, as well. These laws strictly prohibit the capture, killing, or possession of hawks or owls (or their parts) without a special permit (e.g., Feder-al Depredation Permit), issued by the USFWS. State-issued wildlife damage or depredation permits also may be required.