Academic literature on the topic 'Casa de Contratación (Spain)'

Abstract In the sixteenth century Spain developed Europe’s first global empire, an empire underpinned by the beliefs and structures of Catholicism, and driven by pursuits of God and of gold. The Casa de Contratación became the commercial and administrative hub of the Spanish Empire, a position which made it an important node in the network of the charitable spiritual economy. This article will show that charity was an important part of the daily business of the Casa de Contratación and that this charity was important to the fabric of the Spanish Empire in three ways. Firstly, charity is a mechanism for maintaining social order and the crown used the Casa de Contratación to give a benevolent face to empire and prevent unrest. Secondly, the bonds of charity were at the foundation of Christian communities, and by administering long-range charity the Casa de Contratación helped to maintain these communities across the empire, forming the new global Catholic communities of the Spanish Empire. Thirdly, the Casa de Contratación provided a legal framework for people within the empire to claim that they were poor and access resources by requesting different types of charity.

This article reveals the recovery of a compass balance from a Manila galleon that was wrecked in the 16th century off the coast of Baja California, Mexico, and discusses the possibility that it was made in Spain. Based on an analysis of navigation treaties, written in the context of the training of pilots by the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade), it is revealed in detail how nautical compasses were manufactured in Spain during that period. As a result of the review of the nautical literature of that century, it is concluded that the compass was the most important nautical instrument on board and that its simple design allowed any malfunction to be resolved during the journey. In addition, the authors affirm that the design of this compass was very similar to those suggested in the European navigation traditions of the 16th century, and thus, it seems quite possible that the compass rocker found in Baja California was made in the Hispanic world.

This paper represents a summary of broad research undertaken in the Archivo General de Indias of Seville. Gold and silver were shipped from America, received in the Treasury Room, minted, and sold in public auctions to merchants. Because single-entry was the usual accounting method applied by the Casa de la Contratación de las Indias, it was surprising to find several books which provide evidence of the application of the double-entry accounting method to account for those transactions related to the minting process. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the documents related to the accounting procedures of the Casa treasury represent the earliest evidence found of the utilization of the double-entry method by a public institution. The study concludes that the treasury utilized the double-entry bookkeeping procedure as early as 1555 to account for the transactions involved in the minting process of gold and silver. Although the focus of this research is on the period 1555–1600, this method was utilized until the middle of the 17th century. This paper examines the accounting procedures used to account for the sale of gold and silver during 1560.

The problem of revising the colonial past of countries and continents sparks great interest due to the «left-wing» agenda in international relations and the ever-increasing role of territories that were formerly dependent, such as India, South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, etc. Anticolonial narrative is again in the focus of scientific discussions. The controversy around the increasing demands on the former metropolises, including Spain, about «repentance», return of cultural property and compensation for abuses committed by the colonizers in the distant past is particularly acute. During the exploration of new lands during the 16th and 17th centuries the Spanish faced the challenge of managing vast territories with heterogeneous indigenous populations. The solution to this problem lay in the creation of an effective system of authorities, which throughout the 16th and 17th centuries was continuously modified and became more complex. Seeking to create a bureaucracy similar to that of Castile, the colonizers brought to America not only its advantages, but also its faults. Indigenous peoples’ traditional systems of government were either replaced by European systems or incorporated into the new pyramid of power as the lowest echelon. The administrative situation of that period can be classified as juridical pluralism. The administration and management of overseas territories was carried out by specially established government agencies, i.e. the Council of the Indies and Casa de Contratación. Local administration was entrusted to viceroys, captain-generals, governors, and Audiencias. The basic unit of the Spanish living in the New World was the urban municipality around which everyday life was built. Creoles became an increasingly influential and ambitious political force in society. The 16th and 17th centuries formed the premises that brought about the creation of independent states in the Americas after the collapse of Spain’s colonial rule.

Los maestres fueron personajes clave en la Carrera de Indias. Por ello, la Casa de la Contratación los consideró responsables de cualquier infracción de las ordenanzas que se produjera a bordo de los barcos. Así, estaban obligados a presentar fiadores que respondieran por ellos y a cumplir otra serie de requisitos. Estos trámites se tradujeron en la expedición ordenada de una serie de documentos en la Casa de la Contratación, que han llegado a nosotros en forma de expedientes. El análisis de estos expedientes, desde el punto de vista de la Diplomática, es el principal objetivo de este trabajo.

Analizamos en este trabajo el proceso venal para el acceso a plazas de juez oficial de la Casa de la Contratación enajenadas en la década de 1630, y el posterior ejercicio del cargo por sus compradores. Destacamos cómo la venalidad de dichos oficios favoreció que determinados personajes con intereses en el comercio indiano se hicieran con empleos de la institución sevillana que debía encargarse de supervisar y controlar dicho comercio, utilizando su poder en un provecho propio que distaba mucho de los intereses que trataba de defender la Corona a través de la Casa de la Contratación.

Desde la pionera edición para el año 2017 se vienen desarrollando en España las Encuestas Nacionales de Tendencias de Fitness, reproduciendo la metodología de las encuestas internacionales desarrolladas por el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte (ACSM). Como cada año, el objetivo del presente estudio es identificar las principales tendencias en el sector del fitness español mostrando los resultados de la encuesta realizada para 2023, así como comparar los resultados con los reportados en las encuestas nacional e internacional de 2022. Además, también se analizó el posible impacto del COVID-19 en las tendencias que, según los encuestados, serán más relevantes en 2023. La encuesta fue enviada mediante plataformas electrónicas a 7143 profesionales relacionados con el sector del fitness, obteniendo una tasa de respuesta del 7.3%. De las 506 respuestas totales un 31.2% fueron de mujeres. Las cinco tendencias más relevantes para 2023 fueron, en orden decreciente: “entrenamiento funcional de fitness”, “entrenamiento personal en pequeños grupos”, “entrenamiento personal”, “contratación de profesionales certificados” y “entrenamiento de fuerza con pesos libres”. Las tendencias en el top-20 en España para 2023 fueron muy similares a las de 2022, tanto en el número de coincidencias (18 tendencias comunes) como en las posiciones ocupadas (dentro del top-10 hubo 9 tendencias comunes a ambas encuestas). De forma análoga a lo acontecido en ediciones pasadas, se produjo una mayor discrepancia entre la encuesta española para 2023 y la encuesta internacional de 2022, con 13 tendencias comunes en el top-20 y únicamente cuatro coincidencias dentro del top-10. Estos resultados siguen confirmando, en congruencia con ediciones anteriores, la estabilidad de las tendencias en el sector del fitness español y la mayor divergencia con las tendencias internacionalesPalabras clave: encuesta española fitness, tendencias fitness, industria fitness, encuesta ACSM. Palabras clave: encuesta española fitness, tendencias fitness, industria fitness, encuesta ACSM Abstract. Since the pioneering edition for the year 2017, the National Surveys of Fitness Trends have been developed in Spain, reproducing the methodology of the worldwide surveys promoted by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). As every year, the objective of this study is to identify the main trends in the Spanish fitness sector by showing the results of the survey carried out for 2023, as well as to compare the results with those reported in the national and worldwide surveys of 2022. In addition, the possible impact of COVID-19 on the trends that, according to the respondents, will be more relevant in 2023 was also analyzed. The survey was sent through electronic platforms to 7,143 professionals related to the fitness sector, obtaining a response rate of 7.3%. Of the 506 total responses, 31.2% were from women. The top five trends for 2023 were, in decreasing order: “functional fitness training”, “small group personal training”, “personal training”, “hiring certified professionals” and “strength training with free weights”. The trends in the top-20 in Spain for 2023 were very similar to those of 2022, both in the number of matches (18 common trends) and in the positions held (within the top-10 there were 9 trends common to both surveys). Analogous to what happened in past editions, there was a greater discrepancy between the Spanish survey for 2023 and the worldwide survey for 2022, with 13 common trends in the top-20 and only four coincidences within the top-10. These results continue to confirm, consistent with previous editions, the stability of trends in the Spanish fitness sector and the greater divergence from worldwide trends. Key words: Spanish fitness survey, fitness trends, fitness industry, ACSM survey

RESUMENMiguel Archer forma parte del enorme contingente de exiliados que dejaron Irlanda durante el siglo xviii y se establecieron a comienzos de la centuria en la villa de Bilbao. Junto a su mujer, María Geraldino –también irlandesa–, crio una próspera y exitosa familia, al tiempo que se posicionaba sólidamente en el comercio y la sociedad bilbaína. Archer trabajó en múltiples ámbitos para el Consulado de Bilbao, vínculo que su hijo Miguel hizo perdurar y engrandecer durante años. El padre ejerció durante más de 30 años como arqueador y corredor de navíos en el puerto bilbaíno, cargo que fue legándose sucesivamente a través de varios miembros de la familia. El hijo fue designado maestro de la recién creada y pionera Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao –que años después le propiciaría el nombramiento como capitán de fragata–, así como toda una suerte de comisiones relacionadas con la ingeniería civil –en muchos casos de gran relevancia– que las instituciones vizcaínas precisaban. Sin embargo, en lo más alto de los logros que la familia había alcanzado, en 1752 las calamidades comenzaron a recaer sobre los Archer-Geraldino en una sucesión de tragedias que acabarían con la casi totalidad de la familia en unos pocos años. Palabras clave: Archer, Geraldino, Consulado de Bilbao, corredor de navíosTopónimos: Bilbao, IrlandaPeríodo: siglo xviii ABSTRACTMiguel Archer is part of the huge number of exiled Catholics that were forced to leave Ireland during the early modern period. He settled in Bilbao in the early 18th century, where he married Maria Geraldino, also an Irishwoman, and both raised a prosperous and successful family whereas Archer took hold in the trade and society of Bilbao. He worked for the Consulate of Bilbao in different ways; and likewise the link was preserved and enlarged by his son Miguel. The father acted as a ship tonnage surveyor and sworn translator –successively bequeathed to other relatives– in the port of Bilbao for more than thirty years. The son was nominated lecturer of the newly created and pioneer Navigation School of Bilbao –lately enabling his appointment as navy commander in Spanish Armada– as well as many commissions related to civil engineering issues very relevant for the Biscayan public bodies. Nevertheless, in the summit of the family achievements, in 1752 a series of misfortunes arose to the Archer-Geraldinos and they were nearly extinguished as a result of a succession of tragedies in very few years. Keywords: Archer, FitzGerald/Geraldine, Consulate of Bilbao, sworn translatorPlace name: Bilbao, IrelandPeriod: 18th century REFERENCIASBilbao Acedos, A. (1999): “Los Irlandeses y el sector del curtido en Bizkaia en el siglo xviii”, Bidebarrieta, 4, pp. 295-309.— (2004): Los irlandeses de Bizkaia “Los chiguiris”. Siglo xviii, Bilbao, Fundación BBK.Binasco, M. (2018): Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908, London, Palgrave Macmillan.Cagigal Montalbán, E. 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Reseña de: Heredia López, Alfonso Jesús, El control de la corrupción en la Monarquía Hispánica. La Casa de la Contratación (1642-1660), Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, 2021, 358 pp., ISBN: 978-84-472-3121-8.

The article provides introductory notions about the new regulatory framework of the European Union on public procurement. The author argues that this new legislation forces us to rethink how articulate it to satisfies the public interest with respect to the principles of equality, efficiency, transparency, efficiency and accountability. It also forces us to rethink the administrative organization in the light of the own principles of public law. All that with the objective to approach us to the paradigm of the right to good administration as an element of control and accountability.<br>El artículo brinda nociones introductorias sobre el nuevo marco regulatorio de la Unión Europea sobre contratación pública. El autor sostiene que esta nueva normativa obliga a repensar en cómo articularla a fin de que satisfaga los intereses públicos con respeto a los principios de igualdad, eficacia, transparencia, eficiencia y rendición de cuentas. Además, obliga a repensar la organización administrativa a la luz de los propios fundamentos del derecho público. Todo ello con miras a acercarse al paradigma del derecho a una buena administración como elemento del control y de rendición de cuentas.

Defence date: 06 February 2015<br>Examining Board: Prof. Luca Molà (Supervisor) Prof. Regina Grafe, EUI Prof. Bartolomé Yun Casalilla, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Prof. Giovanni Levi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Prof. Pedro Cardim, Universidad Nova de Lisboa<br>La gestión del pretendido monopolio comercial de la corona castellana sobre las Indias dio lugar a la fundación de instituciones especializadas en el comercio que resolvieran sus problemas y procuraran su regulación. En 1503 fue creada la Casa de la Contratación de las Indias, institución real que en adelante se ocuparía de la coordinación del comercio colonial, funcionando, entre otras cosas, como un tribunal especializado en la resolución de las disputas derivadas de la Carrera de Indias. ¿Pero realmente la audiencia de la Casa de la Contratación contribuyó a resolver las controversias jurídicas derivadas del comercio indiano? El planteamiento surge gracias a la interpretación de algunos historiadores económicos que conciben a la monarquía hispánica y a sus instituciones como un modelo opresor y deficiente, incapaz de proteger los derechos de propiedad, señalando específicamente a la Casa de la Contratación como la expresión institucional del perfil absolutista de la monarquía. Este trabajo busca responder a esa pregunta a través de la semántica de la eficiencia, definiendo si el desempeño jurisdiccional de la audiencia de la Casa de la Contratación reunió las cualidades de las instituciones eficientes. Tales cualidades, trasladadas al plano jurisdiccional suponen que la audiencia de la Casa haya conseguido administrar justicia restaurando el orden económico vulnerado entre los litigantes que frecuentaron dicho tribunal y garantizando el cumplimiento auténtico de las sentencias; todo ello de forma ágil y expedita. En otras palabras, esta tesis busca determinar si el tribunal de la Casa de la Contratación se erigió como una institución garante de los derechos de propiedad de quienes participaron en el comercio con las Indias y si favoreció una atmósfera contractual confiable, capaz de mitigar el problema fundamental de los intercambios.

Defence date: 27 February 2009<br>Examining Board: Prof. Bartolomé Yun Casalilla (European University Institute, Florence) - supervisor; Prof. Carmen Sanz Ayán (Universidad Complutense de Madrid)- external supervisor; Prof. Diogo Ramada Curto (European University Institute, Florence); Prof. Gérard Delille (CNRS-EHESS, Paris)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

AbstractThis essay analyzes some aspects of the relationships between merchants and seamen as they emerge from the handling of General Averages—averías gruesas—in the Carrera de Indias. The practice of General Average was underpinned by the concept that mutual aid and assistance were needed in shipping, even when travelling in convoys as was the case in the Carrera. The analysis of GA litigation in the Spanish Atlantic is a privileged window into the conflicts between two categories—merchants and seamen—and those institutions, such as the Casa de Contratación and those Crown officers who regulated Atlantic trade and navigation.

The fourth chapter discusses people and migration. It reverses the typical analysis of the socio-cultural experiences and identities of transnational or translocal migrants from the global South, by illustrating contemporary cultures of urbanization through literature and the arts in questions of translocality in Port of Spain, San Juan, Zanzibar, and Cape Coast. The chapter illustrates the ways in which ordinary people and creative artists in the global South work to reframe colonial experiences and re-imagine postcolonial cities and landscapes. Building on ideas from Edouard Glissant, the chapter explores the works of V. S. Naipaul, Tony Hall, Giannina Braschi, Jack Delano, Yaa Gyasi, Adam Shafi, and Abdulrazak Gurnah, as well as arts-activists affiliated with Alice Yard in Port of Spain and Casa Taft 169 in San Juan, for illustration of variations of variations in translocal experiences.

The main aim of this study is to improve the understanding of historical buildings through the use of advanced visual technologies. The main innovative features of the project are focused on the use of mobile and wearable technologies, the indoor location, and their mixed assessment an educational project. We will use smartphones, virtual reality and indoor positioning systems. Both the devices and the users' experience will be assessed with a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The proposal seeks to complement, the real experience of visiting an emblematic space (our case study: the Casa Batlló Museum, 1904-1906, Antonio Gaudí, Barcelona, Spain), in order to improve the spatial skills of architecture students and general visitors of this type of architectural landmarks.

Screw presses were machines widely used in various industrial sectors at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, among which the minting of coins stands out. In the Museum of the Royal Factories of Riópar (Albacete, Spain) there is a unique screw press, built in Paris at the beginning of the 19th century by the Delalande. Due to its structure and characteristics, it seems that its drive has been modified on at least two occasions, going from an initial design of a flywheel press with manual operation by several operators to the type of friction spindle with hydraulic wheel drive, for, to from 1940, be operated by an electric motor, as corresponds to its current configuration. Due to its age, characteristics and excellent state of conservation, this press is considered to have an important patrimonial and technological value. In the present work, we will proceed to the study of this screw press and the evolution of its typology throughout the two centuries of its existence. Its digital modeling is also considered, as well as the simulation of its operations. A comparative study of this press will be carried out with others of a similar structure, available at the Museum of the “Real Casa de la Moneda” of Segovia (Spain) and at the Museum “Casa de la Moneda” of the Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (National Mint and Stamp Factory) in Madrid. Finally, it should be noted that this year marks the 250th anniversary of the creation of these Royal Factories, during the reign of Carlos III.

Human settlements, throughout history, have been characterised by the proximity of places of natural wealth, in order to perpetrate life and to strength their own anthropological and material culture. This is the case of Porcuna, a village in the province of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain), with more than sixty centuries of interrupted human presence. The main natural resource of the area is a deposit of sandstone used for three million years. The above-mentioned stone has been the constructive material in this territory for all the ages, marking not only its material culture but also its own social anthropology. Considering the durability of this material, it is possible to appreciate that its use has remained unvaried in spite of continuous changings concerning techniques or demands. The presentation deals with several cultural heritage buildings in Porcuna, carried out with the same local sandstone, from the Roman amphitheatre (I century b.C.) to the so-called Casa de la Piedra (XX century). Starting from this analysis, it is possible to observe that the same material has been used, over the years, in different cultural heritage buildings that have been affected by the same stone deteriorations. Basically, a single material has produced a vernacular culture conformed to different moments in the history of the village, allowing to preserve some relevant cultural heritage architectures.

The tourist exploitation of heritage assets often generates tensions between the economic interests of their private owners and the demands of the protection exercised by public administrations. However, the generation of heritage knowledge, in addition to an unavoidable action of protection, can result in an increase in the tourism potential of the property: on the one hand, it consolidates and expands its cultural interest and, on the other, it produces documentation that can be used to optimise the promotion of its values. The work carried out in the Mine that connects the Casa del Rey Moro with the Tajo in the town of Ronda is a case of this desirable conciliation between private tourism promotion and the generation of heritage knowledge. In a building of great geometric and constructive complexity, a vaulted staircase embedded in the cracks of the Tajo de Ronda, archaeological activities are proposed to reveal some of its historical keys. These archaeological activities require geometric documentation work and architectural analysis of the heritage, which is approached by combining analogue and digital resources (digital capture by scanner, photogrammetry, HBIM modelling). The results obtained have made it possible to improve the tourist exploitation of the property both directly, by enriching the visit with explanatory material in different formats, and indirectly, through promotion in different media using techniques specific to this research.

Durante esta investigación se analiza comparativamente el proceso de formación y gestión llevado a cabo&#x0D; para la implementación de dos programas de vivienda social; el programa de realojamiento de población&#x0D; marginada - Barrios de tipología especial- implementado en Madrid, España (1986) y el programa nuevos&#x0D; barrios – “Mi casa mi vida” en Córdoba, Argentina (2001). Ambos programas fueron ejecutados para&#x0D; resolver la problemática habitacional de grupos marginales, a través del traslado y realojo a nuevos barrios&#x0D; construidos especialmente para estos sectores. Se procura estudiar el proceso de formulación e&#x0D; implementación de dichos programas, intentando descubrir si era posible predecir desde la formulación de&#x0D; dichos programas las problemáticas actuales de exclusión urbana como un agravante a las problemáticas&#x0D; de exclusión social. Será objeto de este artículo reflexionar sobre la capacidad del estado para incidir en los&#x0D; modos de hacer ciudad incorporando o no las necesidades de integración socio-urbanas de las poblaciones&#x0D; afectadas. During this research are analyzed and compared the structure and management process carried out for the implementation of two social housing programs, the re-housing program for marginal population- Suburbs of &#x0D; special typology (BTE)– in Madrid - Spain (1986) and new neighborhoods program –“My house my life”- in Córdoba Argentina (2001). Both programs were made to solve the housing problems of marginalized groups, &#x0D; through relocation and re-housing of the affected people to new neighborhoods built especially for them. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to study the process of design and implementation of the two housing programs, trying to find out if it was possible to predict from the formulation of such programs, issues of urban &#x0D; exclusion as an aggravating factor of the social exclusion. The object of this article will reflect the state’s ability to influence in urban development, incorporated or not social-urban integration needs of the affected populations.

This article presents part of the doctoral research carried out on raw earth constructions in the central zone of Chile between the 16th and 19th centuries, especifically in the so-called Chilean Colonial House, or Casa Patronal. The origin of this building typology is attributed to construction models and systems from Spain, such as the case of the Andalusian House, which was inserted in the construction culture of Chile since the foundation of the first cities of the country. Thus, the cities were continously evolving, firstly characterized by a large number of constructions of defense, but later after, diverse types of constructions were introduced, such as houses, churches and enclosure walls. Currently, more than fifty of these houses are preserved, which have resisted the historical seismic action recorded since the 16th Century, and whose last major event occurred on February 27, 2010, magnitude of 8.8 Mw, which revealed the precariousness and abandonment of the country's built heritage, especially of these types constructions. The methodology used for the study includes four stages. Firstly, the research and bibliographic review; secondly, field researches and collection of records in various Houses in the central zone of Chile; thirdly, the Systemic Method was applied in order to develop a diagnosis of the current situation of the case studies. This stage includes the application of the Chilean regulation for Constructions of Raw Earth NCh3332 of the year 2013. Finally, the fourth stage is focused on the analysis and discussion of the results, including conclusions regarding this matter. This document includes the progress of the study carried out up to the third stage of the doctoral research, which is the first part of the "Initial cycle of knowledge of buildings.” This study aimes to provide and expand the range of tools for the diagnosis of the current situation of buildings, based on the analyses performed in three cases studies.