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Journal articles on the topic 'Cascade Reactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lee, Yoo Seok, Koun Lim, and Shelley D. Minteer. "Cascaded Biocatalysis and Bioelectrocatalysis: Overview and Recent Advances." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 72, no. 1 (2021): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-050109.

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Enzyme cascades are plentiful in nature, but they also have potential in artificial applications due to the possibility of using the target substrate in biofuel cells, electrosynthesis, and biosensors. Cascade reactions from enzymes or hybrid bioorganic catalyst systems exhibit extended substrate range, reaction depth, and increased overall performance. This review addresses the strategies of cascade biocatalysis and bioelectrocatalysis for ( a) CO2 fixation, ( b) high value-added product formation, ( c) sustainable energy sources via deep oxidation, and ( d) cascaded electrochemical enzymatic

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2

Cai, Yunfei, Sishi Zhong, and Lei Xu. "Recent Advances on Piancatelli Reactions and Related Cascade Processes." Synthesis 54, no. 03 (2021): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1737125.

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AbstractThe Piancatelli reaction, which is the rearrangement of 2-furylcarbinol to cyclopentenone, involves a key furanoxonium ion intermediate and a furan ring opening-4π electrocyclization process. In recent years, the original oxa-Piancatelli reaction has been extended to a large family of aza- and carbo-Piancatelli reactions and related cascade processes, providing a powerful platform for the construction of diverse functionalized cyclopentenones and polycyclic cyclopentanones. Meanwhile, chiral Brønsted/Lewis acid based catalytic asymmetric approaches to Piancatelli reactions have also be

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3

Bhunia, Sabyasachi, and Rai-Shung Liu. "Access to molecular complexity via gold- and platinum-catalyzed cascade reactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 8 (2012): 1749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-09-13.

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We report recent progress on Au- and Pt-catalyzed cascade reactions to access complicated molecular frameworks. Reported reactions include new cyclization/cycloaddition cascades on carbonyl and epoxide substrates tethered with an allene, alkene, and alkyne. Such substrates enable Au-catalyzed cascade reactions comprising an initial cyclization to form reactive 1,n-dipole that undergoes subsequent cycloadditions with suitable dipolarophiles.

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4

Lee, Chi-Sing, Guangyan Du, Gaopeng Wang, et al. "Syntheses of Diverse Natural Products via Dual-Mode Lewis Acid Induced Cascade Cyclization Reactions." Synlett 28, no. 12 (2017): 1394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588777.

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The σ/π-binding properties of a series of Lewis acids was studied using DFT calculations. The results led to the identification of Zn(II)/In(III) as a suitable dual-mode Lewis acid for use in promoting cascade cyclization reactions. Based on this finding, we developed three new types of dual-mode Lewis acid induced cascade cyclization reactions and have demonstrated the utilities of each process in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Dual-Mode Lewis Acids3 Prins/Conia-Ene Cascade Reaction and its Applications4 Diels–Alder/Carbocyclization Cascade Reaction and Applications4.1 First Genera

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Fateev, Ilja V., Maria A. Kostromina, Yuliya A. Abramchik, et al. "Multi-Enzymatic Cascades in the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides: Comparison of the Thermophilic and Mesophilic Pathways." Biomolecules 11, no. 4 (2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040586.

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A comparative study of the possibilities of using ribokinase → phosphopentomutase → nucleoside phosphorylase cascades in the synthesis of modified nucleosides was carried out. Recombinant phosphopentomutase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 was obtained for the first time: a strain producing a soluble form of the enzyme was created, and a method for its isolation and chromatographic purification was developed. It was shown that cascade syntheses of modified nucleosides can be carried out both by the mesophilic and thermophilic routes from D-pentoses: ribose, 2-deoxyribose, arabinose, xylose, and

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6

Becker, Martin, Patrick Nikel, Jennifer N. Andexer, Stephan Lütz, and Katrin Rosenthal. "A Multi-Enzyme Cascade Reaction for the Production of 2′3′-cGAMP." Biomolecules 11, no. 4 (2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040590.

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Multi-enzyme cascade reactions for the synthesis of complex products have gained importance in recent decades. Their advantages compared to single biotransformations include the possibility to synthesize complex molecules without purification of reaction intermediates, easier handling of unstable intermediates, and dealing with unfavorable thermodynamics by coupled equilibria. In this study, a four-enzyme cascade consisting of ScADK, AjPPK2, and SmPPK2 for ATP synthesis from adenosine coupled to the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) catalyzing cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′-cGAMP) formation was successfull

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7

Ohno, Hiroaki, and Shinsuke Inuki. "Recent Progress in Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclizations for Natural Product Synthesis." Synthesis 50, no. 04 (2018): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589165.

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Cascade reactions (also represented as domino reactions) realize the step-economical direct construction of natural product core structures. The use of atom-economical elementary reactions in cascade processes can minimize waste production and avoid prefunctionalization of the substrates. Palladium catalysis, which promotes a variety of atom-economical elementary reactions, has long been used as a powerful approach to the direct formation of complex heterocycles. In this short review, palladium-catalyzed cascade reactions for the construction of core structures of natural products reported in

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8

Odell, Luke, Mats Larhed, and Linda Åkerbladh. "Palladium-Catalyzed Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl-Mediated Gas-Free Carbonylative Reactions." Synlett 30, no. 02 (2018): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610294.

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This account summarizes Pd(0)-catalyzed Mo(CO)6-mediated gas-free carbonylative reactions published in the period October 2011 to May 2018. Presented reactions include inter- and intramolecular carbonylations, carbonylative cross-couplings, and carbonylative multicomponent reactions using Mo(CO)6 as a solid source of CO. The presented methodologies were developed mainly for small-scale applications, avoiding the problematic use of gaseous CO in a standard laboratory. In most cases, the reported Mo(CO)6-mediated carbonylations were conducted in sealed vials or by using two-chamber solutions.1 I

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9

Castagnolo, Daniele, and Kate Lauder. "Photo-Biocatalytic Cascades for the Synthesis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks." Synlett 31, no. 08 (2020): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690784.

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Biocatalysis is a branch of catalysis that exploits enzymes to perform highly stereoselective chemical transformations under mild and sustainable conditions. This Synpact highlights how biocatalysis can be used in the synthesis of chiral 1,3-mercaptoalkanols, an important class of compounds responsible for the flavours and aromas of many foods and beverages. The identification of two ketoreductase (KRED) enzymes able to reduce prochiral ketone precursors enantioselectively to 1,3-mercaptoalkanols bearing a C–O stereocentre is presented. In addition, the combination of a photocatalytic thia-Mic

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10

Biswal, Swoyam Srirupa, and Vaibhav Wasnik. "Limitations to extracellular concentration sensing through signaling cascades." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2024, no. 7 (2024): 073501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ad5436.

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Abstract Signaling cascades refer to sequential biochemical reactions that occur in the cytoplasm of living cells in response to the binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor, triggering a cellular response. Living cells need to sense extracellular concentrations with high precision. In this paper, we study the limitations of extracellular concentration measurement in linear signaling cascades. We find that as long as the cascade is linear and measurement times are much larger or much smaller than the timescales of the cytoplasmic reactions, the error in concentration measurement is indep

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11

Chiou, Wen-Hua, Seung-Yub Lee, and Iwao Ojima. "Recent advances in cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 6-7 (2005): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-035.

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This article describes recent advances in the cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions catalyzed by transition-metal complexes and their applications in organic synthesis as a review covering the relevant literature up to the middle of 2004. The reactions are categorized into four types, i.e., intramolecular amidocarbonylation reactions, intramolecular aminocarbonylation reactions, cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions involving carbonnucleophiles, and other cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions. Cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions provide efficient routes to various monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic compo

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12

Brusa, Alessandro, Debora Iapadre, Maria Edith Casacchia, et al. "Acetaldehyde in the Enders triple cascade reaction via acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (August 24, 2023): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.92.

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Asymmetric organocatalyzed multicomponent reactions represent an important toolbox in the field of organic synthesis to build complex scaffolds starting from simple starting materials. The Enders three-component cascade reaction was a cornerstone in the field and a plethora of organocatalyzed cascade reactions followed. However, acetaldehyde was not shown as a successful reaction partner, probably because of its high reactivity. Herein, we report the Enders-type cascade reaction using acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, as a masked form of acetaldehyde. This strategy directly converts acetaldehyde,

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13

Bhakta, Sayantika, and Tapas Ghosh. "Nickel‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2021, no. 29 (2021): 4201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202100660.

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14

Grigg, Reviewed by Ron. "“Metal Catalyzed Cascade Reactions”." Platinum Metals Review 51, no. 2 (2007): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106707x190403.

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15

Bornscheuer, Uwe T. "(Chemo-) enzymatic cascade reactions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 74, no. 3-4 (2019): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0016.

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16

van Oers, MCM, FPJT Rutjes, and JCM van Hest. "Cascade reactions in nanoreactors." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 28 (August 2014): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.10.011.

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17

Gong, Jianxian, Zhen Yang, Yueqing Gu, and Ceheng Tan. "Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Natural Products via Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions." Synlett 29, no. 12 (2018): 1552–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610126.

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This account describes our group’s latest research in the field of diversity-oriented synthesis of natural products via gold-catalyzed cascade reactions. We present two general strategies based on gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization: a gold-catalyzed cascade reaction of 1,7-diynes and a pinacol-terminated gold-catalyzed cascade reaction. We highlight our development of synthetic methods for the construction of biologically active natural products by using these two strategies.1 Introduction2 Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of 1,7-Diynes2.1 Collective Synthesis of C15 Oxygenated Drimane-Type Ses

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18

Calderini, Elia, Philipp Süss, Frank Hollmann, Rainer Wardenga, and Anett Schallmey. "Two (Chemo)-Enzymatic Cascades for the Production of Opposite Enantiomers of Chiral Azidoalcohols." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (2021): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080982.

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Multi-step cascade reactions have gained increasing attention in the biocatalysis field in recent years. In particular, multi-enzymatic cascades can achieve high molecular complexity without workup of reaction intermediates thanks to the enzymes’ intrinsic selectivity; and where enzymes fall short, organo- or metal catalysts can further expand the range of possible synthetic routes. Here, we present two enantiocomplementary (chemo)-enzymatic cascades composed of either a styrene monooxygenase (StyAB) or the Shi epoxidation catalyst for enantioselective alkene epoxidation in the first step, cou

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19

Huffman, Mark A., Anna Fryszkowska, Oscar Alvizo, et al. "Design of an in vitro biocatalytic cascade for the manufacture of islatravir." Science 366, no. 6470 (2019): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8484.

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Enzyme-catalyzed reactions have begun to transform pharmaceutical manufacturing, offering levels of selectivity and tunability that can dramatically improve chemical synthesis. Combining enzymatic reactions into multistep biocatalytic cascades brings additional benefits. Cascades avoid the waste generated by purification of intermediates. They also allow reactions to be linked together to overcome an unfavorable equilibrium or avoid the accumulation of unstable or inhibitory intermediates. We report an in vitro biocatalytic cascade synthesis of the investigational HIV treatment islatravir. Fiv

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20

Gu, Binjie, Xiaoli Yu, Zhaojun Xu, Feng Pan, and Dawei Wang. "A Single-Step Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis of Naphtho[2,3-b]Benzofuran-6,11-Diones and 2-(Hydroxyphenyl)Naphthalene-1,4-Diones." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 10 (2017): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x15045169836235.

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Palladium-catalysed competitive three-component C–H functionalisation reactions and cascade coupling ring-closing reactions of quinones with iodophenols in dihaloalkanes are described. During initial attempts to conduct C–H functionalisation reactions of quinones with iodophenols in dihaloalkanes, surprisingly a three-component C–H functionalisation reaction was discovered. Furthermore, as the reaction of chloroquinones with iodophenols was in progress, another surprising cascade coupling with ring closure was achieved. This provided an efficient single-step synthesis of naphtho[2,3- b]benzofu

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21

Prem, Sophia A., Martina Haack, Felix Melcher, Marion Ringel, Daniel Garbe, and Thomas Brück. "Two Cascade Reactions with Oleate Hydratases for the Sustainable Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid-Derived Fine Chemicals." Catalysts 13, no. 9 (2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13091236.

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Oleate hydratases (OHs) are of significant industrial interest for the sustainable generation of valuable fine chemicals. When combined with other enzymes in multi-step cascades, the direct formation of fatty acid congeners can be accomplished with minimal processing steps. In this study, two cascade reactions are presented, which can be applied in one-pot approaches. The first cascade was placed “upstream” of an OH derived from Rhodococcus erythropolis (OhyRe), where a lipase from Candida rugosa was applied to hydrolyze triglycerides into free fatty acids, a crucial step for OH conversion. Fu

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22

Bronstein, Lyudmila M., and Valentina G. Matveeva. "Multifunctional Catalysts for Cascade Reactions in Biomass Processing." Nanomaterials 14, no. 23 (2024): 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231937.

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Multifunctional catalysts have received considerable attention in the cascade reactions of biomass processing. A cascade (or tandem) reaction is realized when multiple reaction steps that require different catalysts are performed in a one-step process. These reactions require bi- or multifunctional catalysts or catalyst mixtures to serve successfully at each reaction step. In this review article, we discuss the major factors of the catalyst design influencing the structure–property relationships, which could differ depending on the catalyst type. The major factors include the amounts and stren

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23

Klepp, Julian, Thomas Bousfield, Hugh Cummins, Sarah V. A.-M. Legendre, Jason E. Camp, and Ben W. Greatrex. "Oxa-Michael-initiated cascade reactions of levoglucosenone." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (October 13, 2022): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.151.

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The reactions of aromatic aldehydes and levoglucosenone promoted by methoxide gives bridged α,β-unsaturated ketones, formed by a series of oxa-Michael-initiated cascade reactions in yields of up to 91% (14 examples). A complex series of equilibria operate during the reaction, and the formation of the bridged species is thermodynamically favored, except in the case of 5-methylfurfural and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. This is the first report detailing this type of aldol/Michael cascade involving oxa-Michael initiation.

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24

Gopich, Irina V. "Cluster Channeling in Cascade Reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 125, no. 8 (2021): 2061–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11155.

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25

Filice, Marco, and Jose M. Palomo. "Cascade Reactions Catalyzed by Bionanostructures." ACS Catalysis 4, no. 5 (2014): 1588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs401005y.

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26

Hogan, Anne-Marie L., and Donal F. O'Shea. "Enantioselective Carbolithiation Initiated Cascade Reactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, no. 32 (2006): 10360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja060076g.

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27

Peters, Ruud J. R. W., Maïté Marguet, Sébastien Marais, Marco W. Fraaije, Jan C. M. van Hest, and Sébastien Lecommandoux. "Cascade Reactions in Multicompartmentalized Polymersomes." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 1 (2013): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201308141.

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28

Peters, Ruud J. R. W., Maïté Marguet, Sébastien Marais, Marco W. Fraaije, Jan C. M. van Hest, and Sébastien Lecommandoux. "Cascade Reactions in Multicompartmentalized Polymersomes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 1 (2013): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201308141.

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29

Walsh, Christopher T., and Bradley S. Moore. "Enzymatic Cascade Reactions in Biosynthesis." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 21 (2019): 6846–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201807844.

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30

Nicolaou, K. C., David J. Edmonds, and Paul G. Bulger. "Cascade Reactions in Total Synthesis." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45, no. 43 (2006): 7134–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601872.

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31

Tang, Christina, and Bridget T. McInnes. "Cascade Processes with Micellar Reaction Media: Recent Advances and Future Directions." Molecules 27, no. 17 (2022): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175611.

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Reducing the use of solvents is an important aim of green chemistry. Using micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic molecules dispersed in water (considered a green solvent) has facilitated reactions of organic compounds. When performing reactions in micelles, the hydrophobic effect can considerably accelerate apparent reaction rates, as well as enhance selectivity. Here, we review micellar reaction media and their potential role in sustainable chemical production. The focus of this review is applications of engineered amphiphilic systems for reactions (surface-active ionic liquids, designer s

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32

Jiang, Xuefeng, and Minghao Feng. "Reactions of Arynes Involving Transition-Metal Catalysis." Synthesis 28, no. 19 (2017): 4414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589094.

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Arynes are important building blocks for introducing aromatic rings into molecules and they are frequently utilized in syntheses. Historically, arynes were generated under harsh conditions and this limited their use. Arynes can now be generated under milder conditions, e.g. from 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflate, and utilized in transition-metal catalyzed reactions such as [2+2+2] reactions, insertion into σ-bonds, cascade cyclizations and C–H activation reactions. This short review focuses on transition-metal-catalyzed reactions relevant to aryne intermediates generated from 2-(trimethylsily

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33

Comesse, Sébastien, Ismail Alahyen, Laure Benhamou, Vincent Dalla, and Catherine Taillier. "20 Years of Forging N-Heterocycles from Acrylamides through Domino/Cascade Reactions." Synthesis 53, no. 19 (2021): 3409–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1503-7932.

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AbstractAcrylamides are versatile building blocks that are easily obtained from readily available starting materials. During the last 20 years, these valuable substrates bearing a nucleophilic nitrogen atom and an electrophilic double bond have proven to be efficient domino partners, leading to a wide variety of complex aza-heterocycles of synthetic relevance. In this non-exhaustive review, metal-free and metal-triggered reactions followed by an annulation will be presented; these two approaches allow good modulation of the reactivity of the polyvalent acrylamides.1 Introduction2 Metal-Free An

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34

Du, Yuxuan. "Recent Advances in Nano Silver Catalysis for Organic Transformations." Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences 4 (August 29, 2024): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/kzr77t36.

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This account explains three types of reactions to form homogeneous or heterogeneous nanocatalysts; coupling reaction, reduction reaction, and cascade reaction. Catalyst is an important technology and has various advantages. Metal oxides, or metals, placed on a support or carrier in a different state, are the catalytically active part of a solid catalyst. Particles that range in size from 1 to 100 nm are referred to as metal nanoparticles, and they are frequently used in synthetic organic chemistry. Based on their characteristics, nanocatalysts have several benefits, including increased chemica

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35

Cain, David, Calum McLaughlin, John Molloy, Cameron Carpenter-Warren, Niall Anderson, and Allan Watson. "A Cascade Suzuki–Miyaura/Diels–Alder Protocol: Exploring the Bifunctional Utility of Vinyl Bpin." Synlett 30, no. 07 (2018): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611228.

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Cascade reactions are an important strategy in reaction design, allowing streamlining of chemical synthesis. Here we report a cascade Suzuki–Miyaura/Diels–Alder reaction, employing vinyl Bpin as a bifunctional reagent in two distinct roles: as an organoboron nucleophile for cross-coupling and as a Diels–Alder dienophile. Merging these two reactions enables a rapid and operationally simple synthesis of functionalized carbocycles in good yield. The effect of the organoboron subtype on Diels–Alder regioselectivity was investigated and postsynthetic modifications were carried out on a model subs

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Jia, Huihui, Huangdi Feng, and Zhihua Sun. "Multicomponent domino reactions of hydrazinecarbodithioates: concise access to 3-substituted 5-thiol-1,3,4-thiadiazolines." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 30 (2015): 8177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob01166c.

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Lin, Peng, Hui Yang, Eiji Nakata, and Takashi Morii. "Mechanistic Aspects for the Modulation of Enzyme Reactions on the DNA Scaffold." Molecules 27, no. 19 (2022): 6309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196309.

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Cells have developed intelligent systems to implement the complex and efficient enzyme cascade reactions via the strategies of organelles, bacterial microcompartments and enzyme complexes. The scaffolds such as the membrane or protein in the cell are believed to assist the co-localization of enzymes and enhance the enzymatic reactions. Inspired by nature, enzymes have been located on a wide variety of carriers, among which DNA scaffolds attract great interest for their programmability and addressability. Integrating these properties with the versatile DNA–protein conjugation methods enables th

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38

Herrero, María Teresa, Jokin Díaz de Sarralde, Nerea Conde, Aitor Herrán, Garazi Urgoitia, and Raul SanMartin. "Metal-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions between Alkynoic Acids and Dinucleophiles: A Review." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (2023): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030495.

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Cascade reactions provide a straightforward access to many valuable compounds and reduce considerably the number of steps of a synthetic sequence. Among the domino and multicomponent processes that involve alkynes, the cascade reaction between alkynoic acids and C-, N-, O- and S-aminonucleophiles stands out as a particularly powerful tool for the one-pot construction of libraries of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with scaffold diversity and molecular complexity. This reaction, based on an initial metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization that generates an alkylidene lactone intermediate,

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39

Valdés, Carlos, Miguel Paraja, and Manuel Plaza. "Transition-Metal-Free Reactions Between Boronic Acids and N-Sulfonylhydrazones or Diazo Compounds: Reductive Coupling Processes and Beyond." Synlett 28, no. 18 (2017): 2373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590868.

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The metal-free reaction between diazo compounds and boronic acids has been established in recent years as a powerful C(sp3)–C bond-forming reaction. This account covers the recent advances in this area. First, the various synthetic applications of reactions with N-sulfonylhydrazones as a convenient source of diazo compounds is discussed. These transformations can be regarded as reductive couplings of carbonyl compounds. Also covered is the incorporation of other mild sources of diazo compounds in these reactions: diazotization of amines and oxidation of hydrazones. Finally, the development of

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40

Glueck, S. M., S. F. Mayer, Wolfgang Kroutil, and K. Faber. "Advances in biocatalytic synthesis. Enzyme-triggered asymmetric cascade reactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 12 (2002): 2253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122253.

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Organic compounds can be transformed through enzyme-triggered domino (or cascade) reactions via several (inseparable) consecutive steps in an asymmetric fashion to yield nonracemic products. Despite the fact that these sequences often involve the occurrence of highly reactive unstable intermediates, the overall efficiency of these processes can be high, provided that the reaction rates of the individual steps match each other in order to minimize side reactions.

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41

Schneider, Thomas, Michael Keim, Bianca Seitz, and Gerhard Maas. "Reactions of 3-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-yn-1-iminium salts with 1,3-dienes and styrenes." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (August 24, 2020): 2064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.173.

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3-Aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-yn-1-iminium triflate salts represent a novel, highly reactive class of acetylenic iminium salts. Herein we present several reactions which are based on the electron-poor acetylenic bond and on the high electrophilicity of the CF3-substituted iminium group. These salts were found to be highly reactive dienophiles in Diels–Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and even anthracene. At higher temperature, the cycloadducts undergo an intramolecular SE(Ar) reaction leading to condensed carbocycles incorporating a 1-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(dimethyl

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42

Valdés, Carlos, Raquel Barroso, and María Cabal. "Pd-catalyzed Auto-Tandem Cascades Based on N-Sulfonylhydrazones: Hetero- and Carbocyclization Processes." Synthesis 28, no. 19 (2017): 4434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588535.

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The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling between N-tosylhydrazones and organic halides is a powerful method for the creation of C–C bonds. This transformation has been included recently in cascade processes in which the same catalyst promotes various independent catalytic steps, a process known as auto-tandem catalysis. This strategy proves to be very useful for the construction of relatively complex carbo- and heterocyclic structures, as well as for the generation of molecular diversity. This short review will cover the different Pd-catalyzed auto-tandem reactions involving N-tosylhydrazones organize

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Ihara, Masataka. "Cascade reactions for syntheses of heterocycles." Arkivoc 2006, no. 7 (2006): 416–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0007.730.

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Miyabe, H., Y. Takemoto, R. Asada, and A. Toyoda. "Cascade Radical Addition-Cyclization-Trapping Reactions." Synfacts 2006, no. 12 (2006): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-949498.

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Huang, Huan-Ming, Monserrat H. Garduño-Castro, Charlotte Morrill, and David J. Procter. "Catalytic cascade reactions by radical relay." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 17 (2019): 4626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00947c.

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Santagostino, Marco, and Jeremy D. Kilburn. "Cascade radical reactions of methylenecyclopropane derivatives." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 47 (1994): 8863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78518-2.

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Yuan, Jingsong, Wenqi Wang, Zefeng Zhou, and Jia Niu. "Cascade Reactions in Chain-Growth Polymerization." Macromolecules 53, no. 14 (2020): 5655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00417.

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Stamatis, H., A. Giannakopoulou, M. Patila, et al. "Nanobiocatalysts for multi-enzymatic cascade reactions." New Biotechnology 44 (October 2018): S70—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.875.

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Li, Jianxiao, Shaorong Yang, Wanqing Wu, and Huanfeng Jiang. "Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization/Alkynylation Reactions." Chemistry – An Asian Journal 14, no. 23 (2019): 4114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201901202.

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Barros, HR, LY Tanaka, Silva RTP da, J. Santiago‐Arcos, SIC Torresi, and F. López‐Gallego. "Assembly of Nano-Biocatalyst for the Tandem Hydrolysis and Reduction of p-Nitrophenol Esters." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, no. 10 (August 26, 2021): 2100136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202100136.

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Hybrid nano-biomaterials are exploited in the design and performance of chemo-enzymatic cascades. In this study, lipase is immobilized from Candida antarctica fraction B (CALB) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on magnetic particles coated with silica (MNP@SiO2) to stepwise hydrolyze and reduce p-nitrophenyl esters in tandem reaction. The assembly of the two catalysts at the interface of the MNP@SiO2 particles and the temporal control of the reaction turns out to be the most determinant parameters for the cascade kinetics. When both CALB and Au NPs are co-immobilized at the MNP@SiO2 particle, th

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