Journal articles: 'Cascaded integrated comb filter'

1

Agarwal, Ashok, and Lakshmi Bopanna. "Low Latency Area-Efficient Distributed Arithmetic Based Multi-Rate Filter Architecture for SDR Receivers." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 08 (2018): 1850133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501335.

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In software defined radio (SDR) receivers, sample rate conversion (SRC) and channelization are two computational intensive tasks. Coefficient-less cascaded-integrator-comb (CIC) filters achieve SRC with low computational complexity, but the design of its gain droop compensation filter involves coefficients. These coefficients vary with the change in radio standards. In this paper, an architecture for variable digital filter (VDF) for gain droop compensation employing a set of fixed coefficient sub-filters and multi-dimensional polynomials in terms of spectral parameters is realized based on distributed arithmetic (DA). As the coefficients in the sub-filters are fixed, the proposed method uses ROM-based LUTs giving rise to low computational complexity. The proposed DA–VDF filter is synthesized on an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) employing CMOS 90[Formula: see text]nm technology using Synopsis Design Complier. The proposed architecture achieves low latency at a reduced area delay product (ADP) of 78% and an efficiency of 72% in energy per sample (EPS) when compared with the conventional MAC-based architecture.

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Mewada, Hiren K., and Jitendra Chaudhari. "Low computation digital down converter using polyphase IIR filter." Circuit World 45, no. 3 (2019): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-02-2019-0015.

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Purpose The digital down converter (DDC) is a principal component in modern communication systems. The DDC process traditionally entails quadrature down conversion, bandwidth reducing filters and commensurate sample rate reduction. To avoid group delay, distortion linear phase FIR filters are used in the DDC. The filter performance specifications related to deep stopband attenuation, small in-band ripple and narrow transition bandwidth lead to filters with a large number of coefficients. To reduce the computational workload of the filtering process, filtering is often performed as a two-stage process, the first stage being a down sampling Hoegenauer (or cascade-integrated comb) filter and a reduced sample rate FIR filter. An alternative option is an M-Path polyphase partition of a band cantered FIR filter. Even though IIR filters offer reduced workload to implement a specific filtering task, the authors avoid using them because of their poor group delay characteristics. This paper aims to propose the design of M-path, approximately linear phase IIR filters as an alternative option to the M-path FIR filter. Design/methodology/approach Two filter designs are presented in the paper. The first approach uses linear phase IIR low pass structure to reduce the filter’s coefficient. Whereas the second approach uses multipath polyphase structure to design approximately linear phase IIR filter in DDC. Findings The authors have compared the performance and workload of the proposed polyphase structured IIR filters with state-of-the-art filter design used in DDC. The proposed design is seen to satisfy tight design specification with a significant reduction in arithmetic operations and required power consumption. Originality/value The proposed design is an alternate solution to the M-path polyphase FIR filter offering very less number of coefficients in the filter design. Proposed DDC using polyphase structured IIR filter satisfies the requirement of linear phase with the least number of computation cost in comparison with other DDC structure.

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Park, Chester Sungchung, Sunwoo Kim, Jooho Wang, and Sungkyung Park. "Design and Implementation of a Farrow-Interpolator-Based Digital Front-End in LTE Receivers for Carrier Aggregation." Electronics 10, no. 3 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030231.

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A digital front-end decimation chain based on both Farrow interpolator for fractional sample-rate conversion and a digital mixer is proposed in order to comply with the long-term evolution standards in radio receivers with ten frequency modes. Design requirement specifications with adjacent channel selectivity, inband blockers, and narrowband blockers are all satisfied so that the proposed digital front-end is 3GPP-compliant. Furthermore, the proposed digital front-end addresses carrier aggregation in the standards via appropriate frequency translations. The digital front-end has a cascaded integrator comb filter prior to Farrow interpolator and also has a per-carrier carrier aggregation filter and channel selection filter following the digital mixer. A Farrow interpolator with an integrate-and-dump circuitry controlled by a condition signal is proposed and also a digital mixer with periodic reset to prevent phase error accumulation is proposed. From the standpoint of design methodology, three models are all developed for the overall digital front-end, namely, functional models, cycle-accurate models, and bit-accurate models. Performance is verified by means of the cycle-accurate model and subsequently, by means of a special C++ class, the bitwidths are minimized in a methodic manner for area minimization. For system-level performance verification, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiver is also modeled. The critical path delay of each building block is analyzed and the spectral-domain view is obtained for each building block of the digital front-end circuitry. The proposed digital front-end circuitry is simulated, designed, and both synthesized in a 180 nm CMOS application-specific integrated circuit technology and implemented in the Xilinx XC6VLX550T field-programmable gate array (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA).

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Teymourzaedh, Rozita. "VLSI Implementation of Novel Class of High Speed Pipelined Digital Signal Processing Filter for Wireless Receivers." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.vISSN 1941-7020 3, no. 4 (2010): 663–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1239903.

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The need for high performance transceiver with high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) has driven the communication system to utilize latest technique identified as over sampling systems. It was the most economical modulator and decimation in communication system. It has been proven to increase the SNR and is used in many high performance systems such as in the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) for wireless transceiver. This research work presented the design of the novel class of decimation and its VLSI implementation which was the sub-component in the over sampling technique. The design and realization of main unit of decimation stage that was the Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filter, the associated half band filters and the droop correction are also designed. The Verilog HDL code in Xilinx ISE environment has been derived to describe the proposed advanced CIC filter properties. Consequently, Virtex-II FPGA board was used to implement and test the design on the real hardware. The ASIC design implementation was performed accordingly and resulted power and area measurement on chip core layout. The proposed design focused on the trade-off between the high speed and the low power consumption as well as the silicon area and high resolution for the chip implementation which satisfies wireless communication systems. The synthesis report illustrates the maximum clock frequency of 332 MHz with the active core area of 0.308×0.308 mm2. It can be concluded that VLSI implementation of proposed filter architecture is an enabler in solving problems that affect communication capability in DSP application.

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Sengar, Suverna. "Performance Evaluation of Cascaded Integrator-Comb (CIC) Filter." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 02 (2012): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-0202222228.

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Bai, Mingsian R., and Jienwen Lai. "Broadband Spatially Feedforward Active Noise Control Algorithms Using a Comb Filter." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 125, no. 1 (2003): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1525003.

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A controller composed of a nonrecursive filter and a recursive filter is used to approximate the ideal controller for a spatially feedforward duct ANC problem. The nonrecursive part represents the dynamics of the transducer, whereas the recursive part is in the form of a comb filter. The parameters of the comb filter are obtained from the impulse response of the controller by using the least-square method. The comb filter is then cascaded with the nonrecursive part implemented as either a fixed filter or an adaptive filter. In the latter approach, two types of LMS-based algorithms are used. The proposed algorithms are implemented on the platform of a digital signal processor. Experimental results showed that the approximated controller attained 17 dB maximal attenuation in the frequency band 200∼600Hz.

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Jovanovic-Dolecek, Gordana. "Design of multiplierless comb compensators with magnitude response synthesized as sinewave functions." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, no. 1 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2001001j.

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This paper presents a research on design of multiplierless comb compensators with magnitude response synthesized as sinewave functions. First, it is elaborated the importance of comb decimation filter and why we need its compensator. In continuation are presented some favorable characteristics of comb compensator. The compensators, with magnitude characteristic synthesized as sinewave functions fulfill those favorable characteristics. Next, are described some most important results on design of compensators with sinewave-based magnitude responses including single and cascaded sinewave-based functions. In all designs are presented the overall corresponding magnitude responses and the zooms in the passband. The parameters of design generally depend only on number of cascaded combs and generally do not depend on decimation factor. Design parameters are presented in tables along with the corresponding required number of adders.

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Kwentus, A. Y., Zhongnong Jiang, and A. N. Willson. "Application of filter sharpening to cascaded integrator-comb decimation filters." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 45, no. 2 (1997): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.554309.

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Ferreira, José L., Yan Wu, and Ronald M. Aarts. "Enhancement of the Comb Filtering Selectivity Using Iterative Moving Average for Periodic Waveform and Harmonic Elimination." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7901502.

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A recurring problem regarding the use of conventional comb filter approaches for elimination of periodic waveforms is the degree of selectivity achieved by the filtering process. Some applications, such as the gradient artefact correction in EEG recordings during coregistered EEG-fMRI, require a highly selective comb filtering that provides effective attenuation in the stopbands and gain close to unity in the pass-bands. In this paper, we present a novel comb filtering implementation whereby the iterative filtering application of FIR moving average-based approaches is exploited in order to enhance the comb filtering selectivity. Our results indicate that the proposed approach can be used to effectively approximate the FIR moving average filter characteristics to those of an ideal filter. A cascaded implementation using the proposed approach shows to further increase the attenuation in the filter stopbands. Moreover, broadening of the bandwidth of the comb filtering stopbands around −3 dB according to the fundamental frequency of the stopband can be achieved by the novel method, which constitutes an important characteristic to account for broadening of the harmonic gradient artefact spectral lines. In parallel, the proposed filtering implementation can also be used to design a novel notch filtering approach with enhanced selectivity as well.

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Amrane, Raouf, Youcef Brik, Samir Zeghlache, Mohamed Ladjal, and Djamel Chicouche. "Sampling Rate Optimization for Improving the Cascaded Integrator Comb Filter Characteristics." Traitement du Signal 38, no. 1 (2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.380110.

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The cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters are characterized by coefficient less and reduced hardware requirement, which make them an economical finite impulse response (FIR) class in many signal processing applications. They consist of an integrator section working at the high sampling rate and a comb section working at the low sampling rate. However, they don’t have well defined frequency response. To remedy this problem, several structures have been proposed but the performance is still unsatisfactory. Thence, this paper deals with the improvement of the CIC filter characteristics by optimizing its sampling rate. This solution increases the performance characteristics of CIC filters by improving the stopband attenuation and ripple as well as the passband droop. Also, this paper presents a comparison of the proposed method with some other existing structures such as the conventional CIC, the sharpened CIC, and the modified sharpened CIC filters, which has proven the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Stošić, Biljana P., and Vlastimir D. Pavlović. "Using Cascaded Non-Identical CIC Sections to Improve Insertion Loss." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 06 (2015): 1550092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500929.

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A novel class of cascaded-integrator-comb (CIC) filter functions, which preserve the CIC filter simplicity avoiding the multipliers, is proposed in this paper. The proposed class is designed using several cascaded non-identical CIC sections. The paper provides its non-recursive and recursive forms, as well as frequency response. Compared with classical CIC finite impulse response (FIR) filters designed novel class shows excellent performances in term of insertion loss in stopband and selectivity. To verify the behavior of the proposed novel class of CIC FIR filter functions, several illustrative examples are provided. Also, comparisons of the novel filter class with existing classical CIC structures and some recent improvements given in the literature are provided. For the same level of a constant group delay of 31.5 s, a classical CIC filter function has insertion loss of 115.176 dB, and proposed novel filter function has 136.757 dB. It has achieved significant improvement of 21.581 dB or approximately about 20%.

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Song, Ya Dong, and Can Mei Yang. "A Simple Method for Power System Harmonic Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1932.

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With the increasing use of non-linear electrical loads in power system, the harmonic pollution has become a severe problem. In this paper, we proposed a simple method for power system harmonic analysis. Cascaded adaptive comb filter is designed specifically to suppress the electric harmonic pollution. And a high-precision but easily implemented frequency estimation algorithm is presented based on least square estimation method. So the electric signal frequency fluctuation can be real-time tracked, and coefficients of the comb filters can be adaptively updated with this algorithm.

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Meyer-Baese, U., S. Rao, J. Ramírez, and A. García. "Cost-effective Hogenauer cascaded integrator comb decimator filter design for custom ICs." Electronics Letters 41, no. 3 (2005): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20057000.

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Zhu, Lianqing, Wei He, Mingli Dong, Xiaoping Lou, and Fei Luo. "Tunable multi-wavelength thulium-doped fiber laser incorporating two-stage cascaded Sagnac loop comb filter." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 21 (2016): 1650292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916502924.

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A tunable multi-wavelength narrow-linewidth thulium-doped fiber laser employing two-stage cascaded Sagnac loop mirrors is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The designed fiber laser is composed of a pump source, wavelength division multiplex, circulator, thulium-doped fiber, polarization controllers (PCs), couplers and polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs). Two cascaded Sagnac loops are used as the cavity reflector and filter, and the proposed filter is fabricated using two sections of PMFs with 2-m and 1-m lengths, respectively. In the experiment, the laser threshold is 110 mW, and laser can emit single, double, triple, quadruple and quintuple wavelengths in the spectral range of 1873–1901 nm through the simultaneous adjustment of the two PCs. The power fluctuations and 3-dB linewidth are less than 2.1 dB and 0.2 nm, respectively, over 10 min at room temperature, and the side-mode suppression ratio is greater than 20 dB. The proposed laser will be useful in various fields, such as spectral analysis, fiber sensing and optical communication.

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Jain, Vivek, and Navneet Agrawal. "Implement Multichannel Fractional Sample Rate Convertor using Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 8, no. 2 (2017): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.2017040102.

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In this paper reduce power of multichannel fractional sample rate convertor by minimized hamming distance between consecutive coefficients of filter using Genetic algorithm. The main component of multichannel fractional sample rate convertor is Cascaded multiple architecture finite impulse response filter (CMFIR filter). CMFIR is implemented by cascading of cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) & multiply accumulate architecture (MAC) FIR filter. Genetic algorithm minimizes the hamming distance between consecutive coefficients of CMFIR filter. By Minimizing the hamming distance of consecutive filter coefficient reduces the transaction from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. These techniques reduce the switching activity of CMOS transistor which is directly reduces Dynamic power consumption by multichannel sample rate convertor, it also minimizes the total power consumption of multichannel fractional sample rate convertor. later than use genetic algorithm on 1 to 128 channel Down sample rate convertor total power reduced by 3.44% to 61.56%, dynamic power reduced by 9.09% to 56.25% .1 to 128 channel Up sample rate convertor total power reduced by 2.81% to 45.42%, dynamic power reduced by 4.76% to 56%, 1 to 128 channel fractional sample rate convertor total power reduced by 1.44% to 17.17%, dynamic power reduced by 6.25% to 19.92%.

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Guo, Pan Feng, Jian Song, Hong Zhang, Xin Li, and Rui Lu. "Application of EMI Filter in Design of Switching Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1305.

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Because of its high reliability and stable output, switching power supply is widely used in power electronic systems, but it is can not be ignored that its self-generated electromagnetic has a profound effect on the whole system. In order to suppress conducted interference generated by switching power supply, this article proposed a cascaded technology about the integrated EMI filter, and a simulation is carried out for the power converter output waveform. Experimental results show that this cascaded technology about the integrated EMI filter has a good inhibition on the harmonic.

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Ye, Mao, Zitong Liu, and Yiqiang Zhao. "Design of a Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter Cascade Decimation Filter." Electronics 13, no. 11 (2024): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112090.

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As the current mainstream high-precision ADC architecture, sigma-delta ADC is extensively employed in a wide range of domains and applications. This paper presents the design of a highly efficient cascaded digital decimation filter for sigma-delta ADCs, emphasizing the suppression of high folding band noise and the achievement of a flat passband. Additionally, this study addresses the critical balance between filter performance and power consumption. An inserting zero (IZ) filter is incorporated into a cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filter to enhance aliasing suppression. The IZ filter and compensation filter are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve greater noise attenuation and smaller passband ripple. The designed filter achieves a noise attenuation of 93.4 dB in the folding band and exhibits an overall passband ripple of 0.0477 dB within a bandwidth of 20 KHz. To decrease the power consumption in the filter design, polyphase decomposition has been applied. The filter structure is implemented on an FPGA, processing a 5-bit stream from a 64-times oversampling rate and third-order sigma-delta modulator. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the output signal reaches 91.7 dB. For ASIC design, the filter utilizes 180 nm CMOS technology with a power consumption of 0.217 mW and occupies a layout area of 0.72 mm2. The post-layout simulation result indicates that the SNR remains at 91.7 dB.

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Srivastava, Ajeet Kumar, and Krishna Raj. "DESIGN OF AN OPTIMIZED CIC COMPENSATION FILTER USING A FIR FILTER BASED ON CSD GROUPING." ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 8, no. 4 (2023): 1455–61. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2023.0251.

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In high-speed signal processing, the multirate transformation is a widely used method for decimation and interpolation. The comb-based decimation filters with low complexity and strong alias rejection are preferably used in wireless applications. A linear phase FIR filter namely a cascaded-integrator-comb (CIC) filter can be used as a decimation filter. Since this filter doesn't contain a multiplier, it occupies less area and has a higher speed than other decimation filters. In digital systems, the redundant number system is frequently used to enhance the computational efficiency, which can then be further improved by an architectural change made at the circuit level. However, the frequency characteristics are also optimized by reducing the passband droop and increasing attenuation in the folding band using a compensation FIR filter. In this paper, a design of a CIC filter by using a signed digit (SD) number system-based compensation filter has been proposed and analyzed. The analysis of delay and hardware requirements in filter operation was performed. The results show improvements in average operating frequency and a reduction in LUTs of 12.32% and 15.65%, respectively, in comparison to other techniques. Further, the analysis of frequency characteristics of the proposed filter design shows that the average passband droop is reduced by 24.60% and attenuation in the folding band is increased by 22.01% in comparison to binary based filter structures.

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Miek, Daniel, and Michael Höft. "Fully reconfigurable hexagonal-shaped comb-line filterplatform for prototyping and education purposes." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 1 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000965.

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AbstractIn this paper, a completely reconfigurable comb-line bandpass filter is presented. Due to the modularity, different standard coupling matrix topologies like the folded form, cascaded triplets, and the cul-de-sac form can be implemented and tested. Circuit-based coupling matrices like the extracted pole topology can easily be realized as well. Different types of input-/output- and cross-couplings can be examined before fabrication of a fixed filter set-up takes place. Furthermore, the proposed filter platform can be used to construct a diplexer. By using different heights of the inner and outer conductor of the coaxial resonators, arbitrary center frequencies in the range between 1 and 4 GHz can be realized. Various types of input couplings are available and proposed here to achieve bandwidths between 10 and 110 MHz. A variety of cross-coupling apertures able to realize transmission zeros are presented as well.

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Deng, Guangsheng, Tianxiang Zhao, Zhiping Yin, Ying Li, and Jun Yang. "Comb-Shaped Graphene Nanoribbon Bandpass Filter." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 12 (2020): 7577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18620.

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In this study, a novel comb-shaped graphene nanoribbon wideband bandpass filter for use at midinfrared frequencies is proposed. In addition, numerical investigation was carried outwith finite difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical simulations. The filter includes one graphene nanoribbon (GNR) waveguide laterally coupled to six perpendicular GNRs on each side. With a simple geometric shape, the transmission bandwidth and efficiency of waves within the structure can be tuned by altering the width or length of the GNR teeth. Moreover, the transmission spectra can be easily tuned within a broad frequency region by tuning the chemical potential of the graphene teeth, thanks to the electronic tunability of monolayer graphene. This work offers a promising method for developing ultra-compact tunable graphene devices and for designing integrated all-optical architectures.

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Zhang, Ping‐Juan, and Min‐Quan Li. "Cascaded trisection substrate‐integrated waveguide filter with high selectivity." Electronics Letters 50, no. 23 (2014): 1717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.3456.

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Ranjan, Rajeev Kumar, Surya Prasanna Yalla, Shubham Sorya, and Sajal K. Paul. "Active Comb Filter Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/587932.

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A new approach for the design of an active comb filter is proposed to remove the selected frequencies of various signals. The proposed filter is based on only OTAs and capacitors, hence suitable for monolithic integrated circuit implementation. The workability of the circuit is tested using PSPICE for test signals of 60, 180, 300, and 420 Hz as in ECG signal. The results are given in the paper and found to agree well with theory.

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Zheng, Qiang, and Cheng Ma. "The Design of Lock-in Amplifier Based on DSP Builder." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.733.

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Lock-in amplifier is widely used to detect weak signals from significant background noise. In this paper, an FPGA-based Lock-in amplifier is implemented on the DSP Builder platform to measure impedance between biological cells and electrodes. To improve the measuring accuracy, a narrow band low pass filter with low cut off frequency was implemented. This low pass filter consists of a five-stage cascaded integrator-comb filter, two half band filters and a FIR low pass filter. Simulation shows that with a system clock of 10MHz, the cut off frequency of the low pass filter is lower than 20Hz. Experiments demonstrate that the implemented lock-in amplifier is able to detect weak signal with strong noise, making it an attractive approach to implement lock-in amplifiers which is more flexible and can meet the needs for specified measurements.

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Gear, Kyle W., Alfonso Sánchez-Macián, and Juan Antonio Maestro. "Reduced length redundancy adaptive protection for the cascaded integrator-comb interpolation filter on FPGA." Microelectronics Reliability 118 (March 2021): 114043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2021.114043.

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Fernandez-Vazquez, Alfonso, and Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek. "On Passband and Stopband Cascaded-Integrator-Comb Improvements Using a Second Order IIR Filter." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 10, no. 1 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v10i1.760.

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Tang, Wenming, Guixiong Liu, and Ruobo Lin. "Design of Polyphase Cascaded Integrator Comb Interpolator Filter for Ultrasonic Phased Array Time Delays." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 4 (2017): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2017.v9.988.

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Guan, Yanhao, Yi Lu, and Guolin Shao. "Accelerated cascade integrator comb filter with a new non-recursive GPU implementation." Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing 124 (March 16, 2025): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.61091/jcmcc124-04.

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The Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) decimation filter is a pivotal technology extensively employed in digital signal processing (DSP). This paper delves into a comprehensive examination of the CIC algorithm within software-defined radio (SDR) systems from the perspective of parallel computing and introduces a novel Non-Recursive Implementation (NR-I) on an NVIDIA GPU using CUDA. The NR-I approach significantly reduces computational load by unfolding the recursive CIC structure with pre-derived Unfold Factors. Further optimization was achieved through data-transfer enhancements using PM Implementation (PM-I) and ODT Implementation (ODT-I). Experimental results demonstrate that NR-I achieves a speedup of over 449.48. Additionally, the data-transfer optimizations resulted in substantial performance improvements, with PM-I and ODT-I reducing execution time by 43.24% and 64.22%, respectively. The GPU implementation’s speedup is significantly greater than that of OpenMP, ranging from 3.34 to 10.22 times. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed Non-Recursive Implementation in accelerating time-intensive and data-intensive computations.

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Ge, Zhiqiang, Wenfu Zhang, Chao Zeng, et al. "Integrated Optical Filter Using Spiral-Based Cascaded Mach–Zehnder Interferometers." IEEE Photonics Journal 11, no. 5 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2019.2940564.

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Wan, Renzhuo, Yuandong Li, Chengde Tian, et al. "Design and Implementation of Sigma-Delta ADC Filter." Electronics 11, no. 24 (2022): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244229.

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This paper presents a digital decimation filter based on a third-order four-bit Sigma-Delta modulator. The digital decimation filter is an important part of the Sigma-Delta ADC and is designed to make the Sigma-Delta ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) meets the requirements of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) not less than 120 dB and Equivalent Number of Bits (ENOB) not less than 20 bits. It adopts a three-stages cascaded structure including a Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) decimation filter, a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) compensation filter, and a half-band (HB) filter. This structure effectively reduces about 13% multiplier cells and memory cells. The coefficient symmetry technique and CSD (Canonic Signed Digit) coding technique are used to optimize the parameters of the filter, which further reduces the computational complexity. After optimization, the circuit area is reduced by about 15%, and the logic resources are decreased by about 23%. The Verilog hardware description language is used to describe the behavior of the digital decimation filter, and the simulation is carried out based on the VCS (Verilog Compile Simulator) platform. At the same time, the prototype verification is implemented on the Xilinx Artix-7 series FPGA, and the ADC achieves 113 dB SNR and 18.5 bits ENOB. Finally, the Sigma-Delta ADC is fabricated on SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS process with the layout area of 714.8 μm × 628.4 μm and the power consumption of 11.2 mW. The more tests for the fabricated prototypes will be performed in the future to verify that the Sigma-Delta ADC complies with the design specifications.

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Bontempi, Francesca, Nicola Andriolli, Filippo Scotti, Marco Chiesa, and Giampiero Contestabile. "Comb Line Multiplication in an InP Integrated Photonic Circuit Based on Cascaded Modulators." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 25, no. 6 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2019.2911459.

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Mohammed, Khalid Khaleel, and Mohammed Idrees Dawod. "Design and Implementation of Decimation Filter for 13-bit Sigma-Delta ADC Based on FPGA." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 23, no. 2 (2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.23.2.03.

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A 13 bit Sigma-Delta ADC for a signal band of 40K Hz is designed in MATLAB Simulink and then implemented using Xilinx system generator tool. The first order Sigma-Delta modulator is designed to work at a signal band of 40 KHz at an oversampling ratio (OSR) of 256 with a sampling frequency of 20.48 MHz. The proposed decimation filter design is consists of a second order Cascaded Integrator Comb filter (CIC) followed by two finite impulse response (FIR) filters. This architecture reduces the need for multiplication which is need very large area. This architecture implements a decimation ratio of 256 and allows a maximum resolution of 13 bits in the output of the filter. The decimation filter was designed and tested in Xilinx system generator tool which reduces the design cycle by directly generating efficient VHDL code. The results obtained show that the overall Sigma-Delta ADC is able to achieve an ENOB (Effective Number Of Bit) of 13.71 bits and SNR of 84.3 dB.

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Li, Pengbo, Guanyu Lin, Jianbo Chen, and Jianing Wang. "Off-Axis Integral Cavity Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Machine-Learning-Based Optimization." Sensors 24, no. 16 (2024): 5226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24165226.

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Accurately detecting atmospheric carbon dioxide is a vital part of responding to the global greenhouse effect. Conventional off-axis integral cavity detection systems are computationally intensive and susceptible to environmental factors. This study deploys an Extreme Learning Machine model incorporating a cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filter into the off-axis integrating cavity. It is shown that appropriate parameters can effectively improve the performance of the instrument in terms of lower detection limit, accuracy, and root mean square deviation. The proposed method is incorporated successfully into a monitoring station situated near an industrial area for detecting atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration daily.

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Gear, Kyle W., Alfonso Sánchez-Macián, Francisco Garcia-Herrero, and Juan Antonio Maestro. "Two Behavioural Error Detection Techniques for the Cascaded Integrator–Comb Interpolation Filter Implemented on FPGA." Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 39, no. 11 (2020): 5529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-020-01418-6.

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Francis, Henry, Si Chen, Kai-Jun Che, Mark Hopkinson, and Chaoyuan Jin. "Photonic Crystal Cavity-Based Intensity Modulation for Integrated Optical Frequency Comb Generation." Crystals 9, no. 10 (2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9100493.

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A simple scheme to generate an integrated, nanoscale optical frequency comb (OFC) is numerically studied. In this study, all optical intensity modulators based on photonic crystal (PhC) cavities are cascaded both in series and parallel. By adjusting the modulation parameters, such as the repetition rate, phase, and coupling efficiency of the modulating wave, it is possible to produce combs with a variety of different characteristics. Unique to PhC intensity modulators, in comparison with standard lithium niobate modulators, is the ability to control the amplitude of the light via a cavity rather than controlling the phase through one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This opens up modulation-based OFC generation to new possibilities in both nanoscale operation and cavity-based schemes.

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D., Azra Awang Mat, Syuhada Hasim N., Othman Nurmiza, et al. "Integrated Open Loop Resonator Filter Designed with Notch Patch Antenna for Microwave Applications." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 15, no. 3 (2020): 1485–92. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v15i3.7218.

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This paper presented the design of integrated open loop resonator bandpass filter with notch type antenna for the use in microwave applications. Chebyshev type filter is selected as the filter characteristics and cascaded design with the antenna to produce a single module, Integrated Filter Antenna (IFA). Special feature of the antenna is the implementation of notch on the patch antenna to improve the efficiency. IFA is then simulated in electromagnetic simulation tool, Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) version 2016 and measured using R&S Vector Network Analyzer. It shows that the proposed IFA produced good measured return loss >-30dB with both vertical and horizontal gain of 9.11dBi and 8.01dBi respectively.

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Agorastou, Zoi, Anastasios Michailidis, Aikaterini Lemonou, Rafaela Themeli, Thomas Noulis, and Stylianos Siskos. "Integrated Filter Design for Analog Field Mill Sensor Interface." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073688.

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The design process of an integrated bandpass filter targeted for the noise filtering stage of the synchronous demodulation unit of an electric field mill sensor interface is presented. The purpose of this study of filter integration techniques is to avoid the challenging and, in some cases, impossible passive element integration process and to incorporate the final filter design in an entirely integrated field mill sensing system with superior performance and an optimized silicon-to-cost ratio. Four different CMOS filter implementations in the 0.18 μm process of XFAB, using OTA (Operational Transconductance Amplifier)-based configurations for passive element replacement in cascaded filter topologies and leapfrog techniques, are compared in terms of noise performance, total harmonic distortion, dynamic range, and power consumption, as well as in terms of integrability, silicon area, and performance degradation at process corners/mismatches. The optimum filter design performance-wise and process-wise is included in the final design of the integrated analog readout of a field mill sensor, and post-layout simulation results of the total circuit are presented.

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Jiang, H. Y., L. S. Yan, J. Ye, W. Pan, B. Luo, and X. Steve Yao. "Comb filter with independently tunable wavelength spacing and bandwidth using cascaded variable differential group delay elements." Optics Letters 36, no. 12 (2011): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.002305.

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Betancur-Pérez, Andrés, Cristina de Dios, and Pablo Acedo. "Photonic Integrated Frequency Shifter Based on Double Side Band Modulation: Performance Analysis." Photonics 9, no. 11 (2022): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110793.

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In this research, we present an analysis of a photonic integrated frequency shifter as a stage for a THz dual comb generator. We studied the performance of the PIC by simulating it with standard building blocks, and aimed toward an improvement of the output signal quality. We revised two approaches of the PIC by simulating two modes of generating a double side band modulation suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) with a Mach Zehnder modulator structure (MZM). One approach was using a single Electro-Optic Phase Modulator (EOPM) on an MZM structure (SE-MZM), and the other one was using Double EOPM (DE-MZM). We found a cleaner spectrum with the DE-MZM, since this structure is usually applied to reduce the chirp effect in optical communication systems. We obtained 23 dB of side mode suppression ratio SMSR with one filter, and 44 dB of SMSR with a two-stage filter. In the case of DE-MZM, we obtained a clean tone on intermediate frequency (IF) free of spurious sidebands and comb in IF frequency with 10 dB more power compared to SE-MZM.

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Guvenli, Kemal, Sibel Yenikaya, and Mustafa Secmen. "Analysis, Design, and Actual Fabrication of a Hybrid Microstrip-SIW Bandpass Filter Based on Cascaded Hardware Integration at X-Band." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 27, no. 1 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.27479.

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In this paper, the Microstrip-Substrate Integrated Waveguide (M-SIW) bandpass filter is designed, simulated, and fabricated based on the theoretical analysis. The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) highpass filter and the microstrip lowpass filter are combined in a hybrid design to achieve the M-SIW bandpass filter in the X-band. This design is more comprehensible and easier to achieve a bandpass filter at a desired frequency. The SIW highpass filter and the microstrip lowpass filter are connected in series to achieve the bandpass filter. To the measured results of the fabricated M-SIW bandpass filter, the center frequency is 10.20 GHz and the bandwidth is 2.40 GHz. When the analytical and measurement results are compared, the frequency change in the cut-off frequency is 6.02 % and the frequency change in the bandwidth is 8.74 %. It is generally seen that analytical, simulation, and measurement results are compatible with each other. The M-SIW bandpass filter can be broadly used in radar, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and satellite technologies. The filters are simulated in Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite.

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Huang, Guocheng, Meicheng Fu, Junli Qi, Jinghan Pan, Wenjun Yi, and Xiujian Li. "Design of Broadband Flat Optical Frequency Comb Based on Cascaded Sign-Alternated Dispersion Tellurite Microstructure Fiber." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (2021): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101252.

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We designed a tellurite microstructure fiber (TMF) and proposed a broadband optical frequency comb generation scheme that was based on electro-optical modulation and cascaded sign-alternated dispersion TMF (CSAD-TMF). In addition, the influence of different nonlinear effects, the ultrashort pulse evolution in the CSAD-TMF with the anomalous dispersion (AD) zones and the normal dispersion (ND) zones were analyzed based on the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equations (GNLSE) modelling. According to the simulations, when the input seed comb had a repetition rate of 20 GHz and had an input pulse peak power of 30 W, the generation scheme could generate optical frequency combs with a 6 dB spectral bandwidth spanning over 170 nm centered at 1550 nm. Furthermore, the generated combs showed good coherence in performance over the whole 6 dB spectral bandwidth. The highly coherent optical frequency combs can be used as high-repetition-rate, multi-wavelength light sources for various integrated microwave photonics and ultrafast optical signal processing applications.

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Tian, Xiuying, Liqiang Zhang, Yicun Yao, et al. "Interval Adjustable Dual-Wavelength Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Cascaded Two Mach-Zehnder Interferometers." Photonics 10, no. 10 (2023): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101156.

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An interference filter is designed by cascading two Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), which is then utilized in the construction of a wavelength interval adjustable dual-wavelength Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). Each MZI consists of two 3 dB optical couplers (OCs) connected in series. The input light is split into two arms at the first OC and recombined at the second OC. The first MZI (MZI 1) has a smaller free spectral range (FSR) and is used for selecting the output wavelength of the laser. The second MZI (MZI 2) has a larger FSR and forms an envelope structure on the comb-like spectrum of MZI 1. By adjusting the optical path difference between the two arms of MZI 2, the FSR of the envelope can be changed, thereby altering the interval of the output wavelengths. The implemented filter is inserted into the EDFL to achieve stable dual-wavelength output. By stretching one arm of MZI 2, the interval of the dual-wavelength can be adjusted from 4.64 to 13.94 nm, with the side-mode suppression ratio of over 44 dB for all wavelengths.

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Boutejdar, A., and S. D. Bennani. "Design and Fabrication of Tri-Stopband Bandstop Filters Using Cascaded and Multi-Armed Methods." Advanced Electromagnetics 6, no. 3 (2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v6i3.524.

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In this paper, we proposed a compact C-open-loop ring resonator and its equivalent circuit. The second cascaded BSF are designed using this simple C-ring resonator. The double ring BPF consists of two cascaded C-ring resonators, which are placed on the RO4003 substrate, while the other triple BSF structure consists of tree cascaded C-ring resonators, which are connected with input and output through microstrip feed lines. The both filters are simulated, optimized and partially realized using MWR simulator and Anritsu E5072A vector network analyzer VNA. In order to reduce the size and to improve the filter characteristics, novel compact filter topologies are designed basing on the previous structures. The proposed multi-band bandstop filters consist of several open-loop ring resonators placed vertically overlapping (coupled multi-armed ring resonator). Using this idea, the filter topologies with design flexibility, close size and excellent results are reached. The novel compact multi-band bandstop filters produce several stopband along a frequency range from DC to 9 GHz, in which each separate band exhibits an acceptable and useful bandwidth. Each stopband has regenerated two reflexion zeros, what leads to a good sharpness factors in the transition domains. Good agreement between the experimental results, full-wave simulation has been achieved. This new filter idea can be very attractive for the nowadays multilayer and compact radio frequency integrated circuit design.

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Esmaeili, Mahbubeh, and Jens Bornemann. "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Triple-Passband Dual-Stopband Filter Using Six Cascaded Singlets." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 24, no. 7 (2014): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2014.2316242.

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Bayati, Mohammad Sajjad, and Tahsin Khorand. "Compact SIW directional filter using substrate integrated circular cavities." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 5 (2020): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000100.

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AbstractIn this paper, a novel directional filter (DF) is proposed and implemented using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology which exhibits the advantages of compact size and simple structure. The proposed DF is realized by two half mode substrate integrated waveguides (HMSIWs) and two substrate integrated circular cavity (SICC) resonators operating in the TM110 degenerate modes in which an aperture is utilized to realize the coupling between HMSIWs and SICCs. Two slotlines with appropriate dimensions, etched on the top and bottom planes, are utilized in order to control coupling strength between two cascaded SICC resonators. The proposed two-circular cavity SIW DF at 12.3 GHz is designed and fabricated with a normal printed circuit board process. Measured and simulated results indicate that the DF has a 3.25% bandwidth, and the return loss as well as isolation are better than 10.5 and 15 dB, respectively.

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Lei Xiang, Dingshan Gao, Yu Yu, Mengyuan Ye, Bingrong Zou, and Xinliang Zhang. "Silicon-Based Integrated Comb Filter and Demultiplexer for Simultaneous WDM Signal Processing." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 20, no. 4 (2014): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2013.2276773.

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Geng, Youfu, Xuejin Li, Xiaoling Tan, Yuanlong Deng, and Yongqin Yu. "In-line flat-top comb filter based on a cascaded all-solid photonic bandgap fiber intermodal interferometer." Optics Express 21, no. 14 (2013): 17352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.017352.

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Luo, Zhi-Chao, Ai-Ping Luo, and Wen-Cheng Xu. "Tunable and switchable all-fiber comb filter using a PBS-based two-stage cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer." Optics Communications 284, no. 18 (2011): 4167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.04.054.

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Pradhan, Nrusingha Charan, Slawomir Koziel, Rusan Kumar Barik, and Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska. "Bandwidth-Controllable Third-Order Band Pass Filter Using Substrate-Integrated Full- and Semi-Circular Cavities." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136162.

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The article presents a novel circular substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter (BPF) with controllable bandwidth. The proposed BPF was configured using two microstrip feed lines, semi-circular SIW cavities, capacitive slots, and inductive vias. The circular cavity was divided into two halves, and the two copies were cascaded. The resulting bisected and cascaded structures were then connected back-to-back. Finally, by introducing two inductive vias to the circular center cavity, a transmission zero was generated. In order to examine the design concept, a coupling matrix was generated. To demonstrate the theory, a third-order BPF was realized, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The BPF prototype features a wide passband of 8.7%, a low insertion loss of 1.1 dB, and a stopband of 1.5 f0 with a rejection level better than 20 dB, which makes it a potential candidate for microwave sensing and communication industries.

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Cao, Meili, Haizhen He, Hairong Lin, Hao Peng, and Bohui Zhu. "Current-Mode nth-Order Filter Based on a Minimal Component." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 05 (2016): 1650035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500353.

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In this paper, a new active current-mode (CM) minimal component, cascaded current differencing unit (CCDU) and a CM nth-order filter based on the CCDU have been presented. The proposed CCDU simplifies the design of the CM nth-order filter circuit considerably. The proposed nth-order circuit, which adopts only an active component and n grounded capacitors, can simultaneously realize low-pass (LP), band-pass (BP) and high-pass (HP) filter responses. It enjoys the simple configuration and is suitable for integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. PSPICE simulations and experimental tests for CM third-order filter based on this structure have also been conducted and the results have good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

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Liu, Di, Hengjun Wang, Qingyuan Xia, and Changhui Jiang. "A Low-Cost Method of Improving the GNSS/SINS Integrated Navigation System Using Multiple Receivers." Electronics 9, no. 7 (2020): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071079.

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GNSS (global navigation satellite system) and SINS (strap-down inertial navigation system) integrated navigation systems have been the apparatus for providing reliable and stable position and velocity information (PV). Commonly, there are two solutions to improve the GNSS/SINS integration navigation system accuracy, i.e., employing GNSS with higher position accuracy in the integration system or utilizing the high-grade inertial measurement unit (IMU) to construct the integration system. However, technologies such as RTK (real-time kinematic) and PPP (precise point positioning) that improve GNSS positioning accuracy have higher costs and they cannot work under high dynamic environments. Also, an IMU with high accuracy will lead to a higher cost and larger volume, therefore, a low-cost method to enhance the GNSS/SINS integration accuracy is of great significance. In this paper, multiple receivers based on the GNSS/SINS integrated navigation system are proposed with the aim of providing more precise PV information. Since the chip-scale receivers are cheap, the deployment of multiple receivers in the GNSS/SINS integration will not significantly increase the cost. In addition, two different filtering methods with central and cascaded structure are employed to process the multiple receivers and SINS integration. In the centralized integration filter method, measurements from multiple receivers are directly processed to estimate the SINS errors state vectors. However, the computation load increases heavily due to the rising dimension of the measurement vector. Therefore, a cascaded integration filter structure is also employed to distribute the processing of the multiple receiver and SINS integration. In the cascaded processing method, each receiver is regarded as an individual “sensor”, and a standard federated Kalman filter (FKF) is implemented to obtain an optimal estimation of the navigation solutions. In this paper, a simulation and a field tests are carried out to assess the influence of the number of receivers on the PV accuracy. A detailed analysis of these position and velocity results is presented and the improvements in the PV accuracy demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cascaded integrated comb filter'

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