Academic literature on the topic 'Cases cited'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cases cited"
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The Palestine Yearbook of Internati, Editors. "CASES CITED." Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 11, no. 1 (2000): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161401x00174.
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The Palestine Yearbook of Internati, Editors. "CASES CITED, VOLS. I–X*." Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 10, no. 1 (1998): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161499x00230.
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TUCKER, MIRIAM E. "Metformin Cited as Option for Some Prediabetes Cases." Internal Medicine News 40, no. 7 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(07)70314-1.
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WACHTER, KERRI. "Vaccine Dearth, Refusals Cited in Minn. Hib Cases." Pediatric News 43, no. 2 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(09)70040-2.
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MCNAMARA, DAMIAN. "Travel, Vaccine Exemptors Are Cited in Rise in Measles Cases." Family Practice News 38, no. 10 (2008): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(08)70661-3.
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BOSCHERT, SHERRY. "Flags Cited for Treating Complex Cases of Acute Otitis Media." Pediatric News 41, no. 1 (2007): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(07)70019-x.
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Cranmer, Frank. "How Relevant to the United Kingdom are the ‘Religious’ Cases of the US Supreme Court?" Ecclesiastical Law Journal 18, no. 3 (2016): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x16000533.
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High-profile cases in the Supreme Court of the United States (‘SCOTUS’) on religion tend to attract a certain amount of academic comment in the United Kingdom but US judgments are cited only infrequently by the superior courts in the UK. In return, SCOTUS rarely cites foreign judgments at all. The reason, it is suggested, is that the effect given by the First Amendment to the US Constitution is to render US case law of less relevance to the UK than, for example, judgments from jurisdictions such as Canada and Australia.
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K N, Premnath, Srinivasan R, and Elijah Blessing Rajsingh. "Magnetic Field Model (MFM) in Soft Computing and parallelization techniques for Self Organizing Networks (SON) in Telecommunications." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 3, no. 3 (2014): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2014070104.
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Self Organizing Networks (SON) requires efficient algorithms and effective real time and faster execution techniques to meet the SON requirements (use cases & desired functionalities) (as cited in Srinivasan R and Premnath K N., 2011). The essence of this journal paper is to showcase that Magnetic Field Model (MFM) (as cited in Premnath K N et al., 2013) can be applied in prominent soft computing and parallelization techniques for SON applications, functionalities and use cases. Vast literature and practical approaches are available as part of advancements in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Fuzzy logic. Based on inspiration from nature's behavior Swarm Intelligence derived from the behaviors of Ant colony and Genetic Algorithms (Evolutionary Algorithms) are some algorithmic techniques to mention.Parallelization of MFM for centralized, hybrid SON use cases is discussed with key inspiration from Google Map Reduce (as cited in Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat., 2004).
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Czyż, Elżbieta. "Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in juvenile cases. Selected cases." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 584, no. 9 (2019): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6018.
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The right to a fair trial, rules on deprivation of liberty are important standards in the entire procedure of dealing with juveniles, from detention to the end of court proceedings. The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights cited in the article illustrate what are the problems with complying with this standard in practice in several European countries, including Poland. It seems that one of the reasons may be declarative, apparent treatment of the rights of child/juvenile, especially when it concerns procedural rights. Teaching a young person respect for the law and responsibility for his behaviour requires subjective treatment so that he can feel, on his own example, the operation of a system based on clear, predictable, understandable rules.
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Hardie, Lucy, Judith McCool, and Becky Freeman. "Use of supporting evidence by health and industry organisations in the consultation on e-cigarette regulations in New Zealand." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0275053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275053.
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Objectives Scientific evidence to support the development of appropriate policy for electronic cigarette use is limited by rapidly changing technology and a lack of long-term data. Perceptions of risk and benefits determine diverse framings of the e-cigarette debate and complicate policy decisions. E-cigarette use by smokers who are attempting to quit may result in improved health outcomes, while their use among young people and non-smokers may lead to adverse health consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of evidence used during public consultations on proposed revisions to New Zealand’s e-cigarette legislation in 2020. Methods Using submissions to parliament made by the tobacco/e-cigarette industry and the health sector, we assessed the cited evidence for quality and independence measured by publication type and tobacco industry connections. We identified themes from a sub-sample of frequently cited evidence to understand how stakeholders and organisations used evidence. Results The sample consisted of 57 submissions from the e-cigarette and tobacco industry (n = 21) and health organisations (n = 36). A total of 442 pieces of evidence were cited at least once. Health organisations were more likely to cite peer-reviewed evidence (OR = 2.99). The industry was more likely to cite evidence outside of peer review and sources with tobacco industry connections (OR = 4.08). In the sample of frequently cited evidence, youth prevalence and flavours were the most common themes. In some cases the same evidence was used by both groups to support opposing policy positions. Conclusions The industry continues to rely more heavily on evidence published outside of the peer-review process, which is, therefore, subjected to less scientific scrutiny. By using a smoking-cessation or harm-reduction narrative, the industry could be seen as a legitimate stakeholder in policy development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cases cited"
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Quiroz, IneÌs Arroyo. "Developing countries and the implementation of CITES : a case study of Mexico in the international reptile skin trade." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404519.
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Williams, Richard (Richard S. ). 1958-2001. "An Attributional Analysis of the Causes Cited by Junior High School Band Directors for Success and Failure at U.I.L. Concert/Sightreading Contest and Their Attitudes Towards Contest." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500615/.
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The reasons given by thirty-three junior high school band directors for success and failure at the University Interscholastic League Concert/Sightreading Contest were studied using the methodology of Attribution Theory. All of the subjects attended the same contest and were members of a region which included urban and suburban schools. The subjects responded to a questionnaire which evaluated their attitudes towards the contest, allowed them to make judgments about other directors in hypothetical contest situations, and finally asked them to list the five most important reasons for their success or failure at the contest in an open-response format.
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Jansson, Lina. "How to stop the African elephant population from extermination; Causes, Achievements and Consequences." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-747.
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<p>Humans’ hunting for ivory has had a serious impact of the African elephant population. Ivory has throughout history been a symbol of manhood and status. As the market of ivory expanded to the rest of the world, the market demand for ivory became higher than what the elephants could manage to provide. In the 1980’s, the African elephant population was threatened by extension and it was reduced with 50 percent in ten years. For this reason, CITES placed the African elephant population under a ban, which made it an illegal act to trade ivory and other elephant parts.</p>
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Pérez, Alferes Pedro Joaquín. "Estudio de casos: análisis de la contribución de los Centros de Innovación Tecnológica - CITE, en los sistemas locales y sectoriales de innovación." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9870.
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El ecosistema nacional de innovación se ha visto favorecido por las políticas públicas
implementadas en los últimos años, dentro de ellas las de promoción y fomento de la
capacidad de innovación en las empresas, como agentes de desarrollo económico del
país. El estudio del fomento de la capacidad innovadora de las empresas se desarrolla
desde una perspectiva sistémica, utilizando un marco de análisis general y de estructura
agrupada, que considera los sistemas de innovación sectorial y local como contexto de
análisis de la labor de los Centros de Innovación Tecnológica, una herramienta que nace
gracias a la implementación de las políticas públicas antes mencionadas.
El objetivo de la presente tesis es analizar la contribución de los Centros de Innovación
Tecnológica - CITE al desarrollo de los sistemas locales y sectoriales de innovación,
generando estrategias que favorezcan su intervención. La investigación utiliza una
metodología de tipo descriptivo – cualitativo, que busca responder preguntas que
expliquen ¿cómo contribuyen los servicios tecnológicos de los CITE en el desarrollo de
los sistemas locales y sectoriales de innovación? y ¿cuáles son los servicios
tecnológicos de los CITE con un mayor nivel de influencia en los sistemas locales y
sectoriales de innovación?, para ello se desarrollaron entrevistas semi estructuradas y
observación directa de cada uno de los casos de estudio. A continuación, se realizó un
análisis cruzado, que evaluó contribución de los CITE a los sistemas de innovación, a
través de sus servicios tecnológicos de capacitación, asistencia técnica, proyectos de
I+D+i, acreditación y difusión tecnológica.
Los principales resultados de la investigación muestran la contribución positiva que
genera la labor de los CITE en los sistemas locales y sectoriales de innovación,
resaltando y ejerciendo una alta influencia los servicios de asistencia técnica y
promoción de proyectos de I+D+i en el desarrollo de condiciones favorables para el
desarrollo del sistema, como la capacidad innovadora de las empresas, el acceso a
nuevos mercados, el incremento de su competitividad y los mecanismos de interacción
e intercambio entre sus agentes, todo ello favoreciendo la gestión de la innovación en
sus respectivos ámbitos y sectores de intervención.<br>Tesis
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Santos, Patricia Isabel Mendonça dos. "Desigualdades de Género no Trabalho - Uma análise dos casos apresentados à CITE." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/34156.
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Liu, Ching-Lung, and 劉清榮. "International Environmental Law and the Participation of Non-Governmental Organizations: Using CITES As A Case Study." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04270223498637680771.
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碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>環境政策研究所<br>93<br>Environmental issue is one of the common concerns of humankind. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) grew rapidly since the 70’ in the history of environmental movement, and are now prominent and essential actors that can influence the process and operations of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). This dissertation focuses on the approach and model that NGOs participate in MEAs, and tries to find out the context and nature of NGOs’ participation by theoretical analysis and empirical inquiry.
The methodologies employed are literature review, in-depth interview and case study. The dissertation attempts to construct a model of NGOs participation by utilizing the following NGOs participation theories: position of traditional international law, the policy-making structure of policy-oriented international law and function-oriented NGOs participation theories.
In the case of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), NGOs can participate CITES conferences as observers and the Secretariat can also form partnership with NGOs. The purpose of such cooperation is to gather essential information provide by NGOs in order to strengthen the integrity of the CITES information system. In addition, the activitieis of NGOs promote the effectiveness of the convention directly or indirectly by influencing the policy-making process, assisting the implementation and enforcement of the Convention, and monitoring compliance of the contracting parties.
International NGOs such as IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC play a very important role in the CITES regime. TRAFFIC Taipei and SWAN International become a nexus between CITES and Taiwan, and advance the implementation and enforcement of CITES in a non-party country: Taiwan. Because governments are unwilling or unable to solve environmental issue, NGOs must penetrate into MEAs more actively, and must have sufficient resources and strategies to participate more effectively in order to enhance the effectiveness of MEAs.
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Liao, Yu-pei, and 廖育珮. "A Research on Dynamic Capability Development of Organization─A case study of Cite Publishing Holding Group." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74856973919569243277.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>傳播研究所<br>94<br>The competitiveness is one of the motive sources of firms to grows up continuously, core capability is essential for enterprise to survive in the environment of the competition. However, core capability has characteristic of organizing the special quality, it is only in organization under a specific environment that this capability could create the economic profit which other enterprises can't obtain. Organization’s capability often evolve with time, this evolution emerge in different ways depending on the specification of technique, the intension of external market competition, and the characteristics of internal organizational management. This means a firm cannot sustain its competition advantage with its primary capability; a continuous development of new capability is required.
In recent years, because Publishing industry in Taiwan faces changing with capitalization and globalization, and the impact of information technology, so this research on the case study to the Cite Publishing Holding Group will explore how organization creates and refines the capability , in order to maintain the competitiveness.
This research discover that the tactics goal of organization decide capability to develop; The formulation of the tactics goal is to detect the external environmental trend and threaten. Achievement of tactics goal of organization is that through deploy specific resource to obtain different capabilities.The capabilities of supporting the development of tactics is gradually and accumulated ; In addition, the leader play an important role to expand the company’s scale and gain financial resource; In moderately dynamic markets of publication, dynamic capability of organization are embedded in experience of running media. In high-velocity dynamic market, dynamic capabilities rely extensively on the ways of simple and experimental to accumulate the knowledge and experience of Internet.
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Hau, Yi-Ching, and 郝逸清. "The study of the relationship between selling performance and publishing strategies: a case study of cite publishing." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qe57pk.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>經濟學研究所<br>107<br>In Taiwan, open information of domestic publishing house is absent due to its nature of being unlisted company: private interview and questionnaire were the two major data sources of the related research. In this paper, we collect information about a selected publisher, cite publishing holding group, from the open data of “ Book Your Life” to analyze each publishing house’s publishing strategy to understand the relationship between selling performance and publishing strategies. We employ bestselling index to measure selling performance of publishing house and use HHI index to observe the publishing concentration of each publishing house. Our evidence demonstrates the improvement of selling performance caused by the decentralization of book types. Moreover, the popularity of the main type of published book affects selling performance of the publishing house.
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Huang, Ya-ling, and 黃雅菱. "A Study of Businesses Acquiring Government R&D Subsidies: A Case Study of Conventional Industry Technology Development (CITD)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53738205100887434290.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>人力資源管理研究所<br>99<br>To improve Taiwan''s competitiveness, Taiwan''s government actively encourages businesses to commit to innovative R&D activities by implementing R&D subsidies and incentives. They hope to accumulate intellectual capitals and nurture enough technical professionals to promote industrial upgrades and stimulate economic development. When applying for R&D subsidy, the application must go through the proper approval process. Approved applications will be awarded with substantial financial assistance to fuel further innovations such that R&D subsidy has become critical to many companies.
This study used the "Conventional Industry Technology Development"(CITD) as an example and classifies the R&D subsidy applications for analysis based on the 5 variables: company''s basic information, program type, commitment to R&D, past experience in applying for R&D subsidy, and strategic alliance with other institutions. Logistic regression is expected to sum up factors that are significant in obtaining R&D subsidies and formulate a predictive model. This enables the government to re-examine its policies and understand the conventional manufacturers'' commitment to R&D. Furthermore, the study may assist the companies to assess their chances in obtaining R&D subsidies and serve as a reference for future endeavors.
The study suggests that the factors most critical for companies to obtain R&D subsidies are the number of employees, capital size, number of government subsidies already obtained, number of companies non-R&D outsourced to, whether R&D intensity has increased for the past 2 years, and whether R&D funding has increased for the past 2 years. Although plan''s duration and non-R&D outsourced dollar amount may have some influence, their impact was not obvious in the model.
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Ting, Lin-An, and 林安定. "The study of the entry strategy for investment in Mainland China and cites options －The case study of Suzhou Sanyo semiconductor company." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95834992459774044334.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>企業管理系碩士班<br>92<br>The industrial environment in Taiwan changes tremendously, including the increase of land and labor cost, as well as the elevation of environmental awareness. Enterprises are getting more difficulties to do business. Simultaneously, Mainland China is taking more open economic policies which make China market has a deep domestic market that attract Taiwan enterprises to invest in the new market. There’re many IT enterprises transfer investments to Mainland China with different entry modes. Some are with perfect performance but others aren’t. Most Japanese enterprises close the subsidiary in Taiwan, and enter the new market in Mainland China directly by parent company in Japan.
This research emphasizes how Japan Sanyo semiconductor company takes the subsidiary in Taichung as the stepping-stone to the Mainland China market. Because the short culture distance, shared language and race between the two countries. We investigate the performance from three production sites in Mainland China. Also we use Sanyo in Taichung to exemplify how could the subsidiary become the parent factory of the China market. In the aspect of assessing the investment environment, the author uses personal experience to record the whole process truly and detailed in order to externalize the tacit knowledge.
This study analyzes how the Sanyo semiconductor company takes offshore subsidiaries and subsidiary in Taichung as the stepping-stones to the Mainland China market in the cause of shortening the culture distance, decreasing cost, and entering the market quickly. Otherwise, we discuss the distinctions between different entry modes and location options in the Mainland China market. The objects of the study include Shekou Sanyo, Dongguan Sanyo, Suzhou Sanyo, and Taichung Sanyo.
In the first stage has been cited the related literatures Among FDI theories. Secondly, we use case study to consider how the strategy changes in order to transform from offshore subsidiary, assess the Mainland China market, choose location, and make decisions. Thirdly, we use in-depth interview to explore the different decision factors between locations options and environment assessing
Books on the topic "Cases cited"
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Beam, Robert E. Selected cases: Cases cited in Introduction to federal income taxation in Canada, 1990-91 edition. CCH Canadian, 1990.
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Canada. Annotated Criminal Code, 1919, Canada: Supplement : including subsequent statutes and cases to March, 1920, and a table of cases cited. Burrough, 1995.
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Group, West. Corpus juris secundum: A contemporary statement of American law as derived from reported cases and legislation : state and federal ... table of statutes, rules, and regulations cited. West Group, 1998.
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Bastelaer, Béatrice van. Villes virtuelles: Entre communauté et cité : analyse de cas. Harmattan, 2000.
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Laé, Jean-François. L' argent des pauvres: La vie quotidienne en cité de transit. Editions du Seuil, 1985.
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Numa, Murard, ed. L' argent des pauvres: La vie qoutidienne en cité de transit. Éditions du Seuil, 1985.
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Cros, Françoise. Brouillon de culture, desseins d'école: Partenariat culturel entre l'école et la cité : un exemple, la ville d'Oullins (Rhône). Syros/Alternatives, 1989.
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Saussy, Frederick Tupper. American and English Cases Cited by the Appellate Courts of Georgia: Including a List of Reports Cited, Where Names of Cases Not Given. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Desty, Robert. California Citations: An Alphabetical Table of all the Cases Cited in the Opinions of the California Reports, and of the California Cases Cited in the ... are Cited, Approved, Affirmed, Criticised, D. Arkose Press, 2015.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cases cited"
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Hunt, D. J. "Appendix - plant parasitic nematode genera and species cited." In Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391247.0839.
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Abstract In this Appendix section, all genera and species of plant parasitic nematodes cited in the book are listed alphabetically. The genera and species are followed by their 'authorities', i.e. the name(s) of the author(s) of the original description, in some cases followed by the name(s) of the author(s) who have published the more recent valid taxonomic name, that is, by placing the species in another genus. In such cases, the original authorities are placed in parentheses. Both authorities are followed by their respective year of publication. The most common synonyms are also listed alphabetically as 'cf.'. For each genus, the group to which it is currently assigned is indicated in square brackets as follows: Tyl., Tylenchina (Tylenchomorpha); A., Aphelenchoididae (Tylenchomorpha); L., Longidoridae (Dorylaimina); P., Panagrolaimidae (Rhabditida); T., Tylencholaimidae (Dorylaimina); Tri., Trichodoridae (Diphtherophorina).
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"Cases Cited." In Electronic Media Law and Regulation. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-240-80841-3.50002-8.
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"Cases Cited." In The Chemist's Companion Guide to Patent Law. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470636916.oth1.
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"Cases Cited." In Inferno. Harvard University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674369931.c11.
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"Cases Cited." In Assisted Reproduction Policy in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487515300-010.
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"Cases Cited." In Forensic Psychiatry. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15462-34.
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"Cases Cited." In First to File. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118933169.oth2.
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"CASES CITED." In Property Rights. Princeton University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691190365-018.
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"Cases Cited." In The Failed Promise of Originalism. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804784696-011.
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"Cases cited." In Spacing (in) Diaspora. De Gruyter, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110544251-007.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Cases cited"
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Binder, Michael. "The Fraudulent Claim of One’s Own Fundus (D. 21.2.73)." In Mezinárodní konference doktorských studentů oboru právní historie a římského práva. Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0156-2022-1.
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The title 50.17 of Justinian’s Digest lists many juristic rules (regulae iuris). One of these juristic rules, which can be found in D. 50.17.173.3, reads as follows: dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est. An application of this rule is described in D. 44.4.8.1, which deals with a problem in the context of the law of succession. Due to the rule’s character as a general rule, there must have been more cases in which an exceptio doli was granted because of dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est. However, it is difficult to find other cases of dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est, as no further direct evidence was cited in the Digest of Justinian. In this paper, I examine whether or not the exceptio doli referred to in D. 21.2.73 is a consequence of dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est.
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Balkey, Kenneth R., and William C. Holston. "Developments on ASME Code Cases to Risk-Inform Repair/Replacement Activities in Support of Risk-Informed Regulation Initiatives." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22733.
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ASME Code Case N-658, “Risk-Informed Safety Classification for Use in Risk-Informed Repair/Replacement Activities” and Code Case N-660, “Alternative Repair/Replacement Requirements For Items Classified In Accordance With Risk-Informed Processes” are being completed to expand the breadth of risk-informed requirements for pressure-retaining items. This initiative, which is built from prior ASME Section XI risk-informed inservice inspection developments over the past decade, has been undertaken in conjunction with U.S. risk-informed regulation efforts. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is working with the industry on risk informing Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 50 (10CFR50). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s basic proposal is to allow modification of some of the special treatment requirements of 10CFR50. Their effort is proceeding via an Advanced Notice of Public Rulemaking, March 3, 2000, and an announcement of Availability of Draft Rule Wording, November 29, 2001, to add 10 CFR 50.69, “Risk-Informed Treatment of Structures, Systems and Components.” A parallel task by the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) to develop a guideline on how to implement the results of the rulemaking is also well underway via NEI 00-04 (Draft Revision B), “Option 2 Implementation Guideline,” May 2001. This paper summarizes the content and status of approval of the proposed ASME Code Cases, including how they relate to the above NRC and NEI efforts. Some initial results from trial application of the Code Cases will also be cited.
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Prabhudharwadkar, Deoras M., Kannan N. Iyer, Nalini Mohan, S. S. Bajaj, and S. G. Markandeya. "Hydrogen Distribution in a Nuclear Reactor Containment." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48943.
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The management of hydrogen in nuclear reactor containment after LOCA is of practical importance to preserve the structural integrity of the containment. This paper presents the results of systematic work carried out using the commercial software FLUENT to assess the concentration distribution of hydrogen in a typical Indian Nuclear Reactor Containment. Accurate turbulence modelling is important to predict the concentration distribution correctly. The turbulence models which were most commonly cited in the literature for modelling buoyancy driven flows were assessed for their suitability and it was found that the buoyancy modified Standard k-ε model is adequate for the purpose by comparing with some experimental data available in the literature. Subsequently, unstructured meshes were generated to represent the containment of a typical Indian nuclear reactor. Analyses were carried out to quantify the hydrogen distribution for three cases. These were (1) Uniform injection of hydrogen for a given period of time at room temperature, (2) Time varying injection as has been computed from an accident analysis code, (3) Time varying injection (as used in case (2)) at a high temperature. A parametric exercise was also carried out in case (1) where the effect of various inlet orientations and locations on hydrogen distribution was studied. Results of all these cases have been presented in this paper.
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Chua, Leok Poh, Junmei Zhang, Simon Ching Man Yu, and Tongming Zhou. "A Numerical Simulation of a Bypass Conduit With Steady and Pulsatile Flow." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45300.
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Intimal hyperplasia (IH) has been cited as a major cause of vascular graft failure, which is associated with the hemodynamic conditions [1, 2]. Most of the earlier studies were concentrated at the distal anastomosis, therefore in this study computational methods were used to describe the blood motion in the proximal anastomosis models. Both steady and pulsatile flow conditions have been investigated. For steady flow cases, low velocity regions were found to appear on both the heels and the toes of the junction. The spatial extent of these low velocity regions was dependent on the graft Reynolds number as well as on the grafting angle and the flow rate ratio of the graft and aorta. For the pulsatile flow, a low velocity recirculating region was formed during the peak flow phase and the flow was reverted from the graft back to the aorta during the deceleration phase of the cycle. Wall shear stress distributions for various cases were also computed. A reasonable good agreement was found between the present results and the previous PIV measurements.
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Kolp, Donald A., Harold A. Guidotti, and William M. Flye. "Advantages of Air Conditioning and Supercharging an LM6000 Gas Turbine Inlet." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-425.
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Of all the external factors affecting a gas turbine, inlet pressure and temperature have the greatest impact on performance. The effect of inlet temperature variations is especially pronounced in the new generation of high-efficiency gas turbines typified by the 40 MW GE LM6000. A reduction of 50 F (28 C) in inlet temperature can result in a 30% increase in power and a 4.5% improvement in heat rate. An elevation increase to 5000 feet (1524 meters) above sea level decreases turbine output 17%; conversely supercharging can increase output more than 20%. This paper addresses various means of heating, cooling and supercharging LM6000 inlet air. An economic model is developed and sample cases are cited to illustrate the optimization of gas turbine inlet systems, taking into account site conditions, incremental equipment cost and subsequent performance enhancement.
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Piazza, Andrea, and Gabriele Bellino. "Analysis of Tooth Surface Distress Using AGMA 925 and Numerical Load Distribution Methods." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48013.
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The AGMA document 925 is an important step toward the standardisation of the present knowledge of the surface distress mechanisms; specifically it provides a careful look onto two important phenomena as scuffing and wear on gears employing a wide set of experimental data provided by literature and AGMA members; but since the load distribution is calculated using simplified methods the obtained results may be limited to gear designs whose load distribution is similar to the one(s) of the test gearset(s) where the above data was collected, i.e. spur gears, mostly accurately designed to scuff and to test lubricants. The work summarizes the different effects of applying the cited document methodology using simplified load distribution and most sophisticated one(s) on classical test gears for lubricants and on helical designs. It is shown that using more sophisticated load distribution methods the results on helical gears may be strongly different with respect of simplified methods and may suggest, in some cases, a design review.
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Brillert, D., D. Lieser, A. W. Reichert, and H. Simon. "Total Pressure Losses in Rotor Systems With Radial Inflow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0283.
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Gas turbines with a splined-disc rotor design allow the compressor bleed pressure to be adapted precisely to the requirements of rotor cooling air systems in which the cooling air is routed through the spaced between the rotating discs. Calculation of such flows is extremely difficult; particularly so if the flow is directed radially inward. In such cases the circumferential component of the absolute velocity can be very high and can thus lead to pronounced total pressure losses. The paper gives a brief description of the flow phenomena, and details in the calculation methods cited in the literature. Navier–Stokes calculations were carried out for the flow through a model test bed engine. The results are compared with experimental data. A simple calculation model is discussed and its result compared with test data. The model predicts the flow pattern more accurately than the Navier-Stokes calculations, and this paper shows that the simple model can be improved further.
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Abrantes, Maely Moreira de. "Predictive factors in the prognosis of victims of trauma crisis in brain." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.315.
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Background: Among mechanical traumas, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main determinant of deaths and sequelae in polytrauma patients. TBI is defined as any traumatic injury to the brain that results in anatomical injury such as skull fracture or scalp injury, functional impairment of the meninges, brain and its vessels or momentary or permanent brain changes, of a cognitive or physical nature. Objective: The present work aims to conduct a literature review on the factors that are predictive in the prognosis of victims of traumatic brain injury. Methods: This is a literature review based on the medical literature and scientific articles indexed in the Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO) and VHL-Brazil. Results: Several factors are related to a worse prognosis in patients suffering from TBI, and the most cited are: score equal to or less than 8 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (ECG) on admission; age over 60 years; tomographic changes showing diffuse axonal lesion or cerebral edema; pupils with abolished photomotor reflexes; arterial hypotension at admission; hyperthermia and male sex. Studies address that the initial clinical-neurological severity, measured by ECG, has the greatest significant influence on the evolution of patients, showing that the initial clinical manifestation points out the severity of primary and secondary injuries associated with TBI. As well as ECG, several other factors such as the brain’s susceptibility to injury, the extent and severity of the injuries, the presence of global or focal injuries, associated injuries and the initial response to treatment are also cited as useful in determining the evolution of cases of victims of TCE. Conclusions: It was found that the TBI is the main responsible for high lethality rates in polytrauma patients worldwide and from obtaining these data in recent years, studies have been deepened in order to search for the prognostic factors for TBI. The identification of these indicators has represented a major advance in the search for alternatives to guide the treatment of the patient and estimate the final result.
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Abid, C., M. Medale, F. Koffi, F. Papini, and A. Benderradji. "Characterisation of Flow and Heat Transfer Regimes in Various Horizontal Ducts Submitted to Mixed Convection." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98254.
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The emphasis of this communication is to make a synthesis of several results we have obtained in various mixed convection configurations. This study has been conducted for circular or rectangular ducts submitted to different ways of heating (vertical or horizontal thermal gradient in the rectangular case and combined vertical and horizontal in the circular case). The bibliography is rather poor for mixed convection in liquids, so the chosen working fluid used here is water. Moreover, a wide range of forced fluid flow and heat flux rates has been considered spreading from laminar to turbulent flow. The characterization of fluid flow and heat transfer regimes is based on temporal recording of temperature measurements obtained in several locations by means of thermocouples or infrared thermography. The analysis of these temperature signals highlights several regimes depending on control parameters. The flow structure in the cases of uniformly heated circular duct and the rectangular one heated from below is constituted of two longitudinal rolls and we notice only one roll in the case of the rectangular duct submitted to the horizontal thermal gradient. For low Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers, the behavior of all these configurations is stable, however the increasing of these parameters induces thermal instability in the case of circular and rectangular ducts heated from below. That means that the thermal vertical gradient is responsible of the occurring of the thermal instability. This result shows that the horizontal thermal gradient is a stabilizing gradient while the vertical one is a destabilizing one. As this instability enhances heat transfer, it will be very helpful to characterize and to identify the domain where it is occurring in order to prevent or to provoke it depending on the expected performance of the heat exchanger. In this paper, we propose to establish a diagram showing the domain of occurrence of this instability for the various cases cited above and to describe the fluid flow and heat transfer associated to these configurations.
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Fairchild, Doug P., Svetlana Shafrova, Huang Tang, Justin M. Crapps, and Wentao Cheng. "Full-Scale Testing for Strain-Based Design Pipelines: Lessons Learned and Recommendations." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33748.
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There are generally two reasons for conducting full-scale tests (FSTs) for the measurement of pipe or weld strain capacity, (1) to generate data useful in verifying the accuracy of a strain capacity prediction model, or (2) to test materials being considered for use. The former case involves exploring variables important to the scope of the model, while the latter involves project specific materials and girth weld procedures often combined with upper bound cases of weld misalignment. Because the challenge of strain-based design is relatively new, FSTs should be used for both reasons cited above. This paper provides observations, lessons learned, and recommendations regarding full-scale pipe strain capacity tests. This information has been developed through the conduct, witness, or review of 159 FSTs. One of the most important aspects of full-scale testing is the preparation of welded pipe test specimens. It is imperative that the specimens be fabricated with materials of known properties and that all possible measures be taken to limit variations from the intended specimen design. It has been observed that unexpected results are often due to irregularities in pipe material strength, weld strength, weld toughness, or the presence of unintended weld defects in a specimen designed to contain just man-made defects. Post-test fractography and metallurgical examination are very useful in explaining the performance of a FST; therefore, failure analysis is discussed.
Reports on the topic "Cases cited"
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Montgomery, Doug, Mark Carson, Timothy Winters, Michayla Newcombe, and Timothy Carlin. NIST IPv6 Profile. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.500-267ar1.
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This profile establishes a basic taxonomy of IPv6 capabilities, defined in terms of IETF specifications, resulting in specific capability labels for common network functions and usage scenarios. The profile maps each such labeled capability to one or more specific technical specifications, or parts of specifications. Each labeled capability adopts by reference the normative requirements of the cited specifications. In rare cases the profile may augment or modify the normative requirements of a base specification. The defined capability labels effectively form a vocabulary for expressing IPv6 requirements for, and documenting the IPv6 capabilities of, specific products. It is expected that, when combined with specific acquisition and product testing programs, this profile can facilitate the efficient adoption of IPv6 technologies in many industry sectors.
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Montgomery, Doug, Mark Carson, Timothy Winters, Michayla Newcombe, and Timothy Carlin. USGv6 Profile. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.500-267br1.
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This profile establishes a basic taxonomy of IPv6 capabilities, defined in terms of IETF specifications, resulting in specific capability labels for common network functions and usage scenarios. The profile maps each such labeled capability to one or more specific technical specifications, or parts of specifications. Each labeled capability adopts by reference the normative requirements of the cited specifications. In rare cases the profile may augment or modify the normative requirements of a base specification. The defined capability labels effectively form a vocabulary for expressing IPv6 requirements for, and documenting the IPv6 capabilities of, specific products. It is expected that this profile, when combined with the USGv6 Test Program, can facilitate the efficient adoption of IPv6 technologies in Federal information systems.
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Band, Jonathan. Justice Breyer, Copyright, and Libraries. Association of Research Libraries, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/breyercopyright2022.
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On the occasion of Associate Justice Stephen Breyer retiring at the end of this US Supreme Court term, Jonathan Band, who represents and advises the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) on copyright issues, wrote a reflection on Breyer’s impact on the application of copyright law to libraries. In this brief paper, Band reviews Breyer’s majority opinion in Kirtsaeng v. Wiley (2013), which clarified that the first-sale doctrine applied to copies manufactured abroad, and the dissenting opinion Breyer wrote in Golan v. Holder (2012), in which the associate justice drew heavily on amicus briefs filed by the library community and provided language on the important role of libraries in preserving cultural heritage that can be cited in future cases. These two opinions, Band concludes, “reflect a deep understanding of the impact of copyright on libraries, an appreciation for the historic mission of libraries in promoting cultural heritage and making information accessible to the public, and an effort to apply the copyright law in a manner that does not interfere with this mission.”
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Glick, Mark, Gabriel A. Lozada, and Darren Bush. Why Economists Should Support Populist Antitrust Goals. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp195.
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Antitrust economists have generally supported the Consumer Welfare Standard as a guide to antitrust policy questions because of its origins in Marshall’s consumer surplus approach and the general economic surplus approach to welfare economics. But welfare economists no longer support the surplus approach because decades of research pertaining to the surplus approach have uncovered numerous inconsistencies and serious ethical challenges. However, the surplus approach to welfare survives in industrial organization textbooks and among industrial organization economists that specialize in antitrust. We argue in this paper that the Consumer Welfare Standard is not a reliable standard and should be abandoned. We cite several reasons: (1) it limits antitrust goals a priori without any defensible justification, (2) it considers all transfers of surplus between stakeholders in antitrust cases to be welfare neutral, (3) it is biased in favor of big business and the rich, and (4) the accumulation of inconsistencies and problems documented by welfare economists renders the theory completely unreliable. In a final section of the paper, we preliminarily contend that modern research in welfare economics concerning the factors that influence human welfare could be used to inform a more progressive standard for determining antitrust goals.
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Marshall, Katherine. Towards Enriching Understandings and Assessments of Freedom of Religion or Belief: Politics, Debates, Methodologies, and Practices. Institute of Development Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.001.
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Promoting the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is a foreign policy priority for several countries, their concerns accentuated by considerable evidence of rising levels of violations of this right worldwide. This puts a premium on solid evidence and on clear assessment criteria to serve as objective guides for policy. This paper reviews the complex landscape of approaches to assessing and measuring both the status of FoRB and the degree to which this human right is being violated or protected. It introduces and describes various transnational methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative, which focus, in differing ways, on violations. Several are widely cited and have express policy applications, while others have more indirect application to FoRB. The analysis highlights the diversity of approaches, which both reflect and contribute to a tendency to politicise FoRB issues. Challenges include differing understandings of the nature and relative significance of violations and their comparability. Country analysis is crucial because the specific context has vital importance for a granular appreciation for causes and impact of FoRB violations. This granularity, however, is poorly reflected in broader quantitative transnational and time series indices that highlight trends and comparative impact. The review highlights the limited degree to which FoRB issues, specifically violations and religiously related discrimination, are integrated in the policies and practice of development approaches (including social change and progress towards wellbeing) internationally and nationally. Effective approaches to addressing violations are few and far between, especially at the international level. The review notes strengths and weaknesses of specific approaches to assessment and reflects on possible improvements focused on development challenges and better integration among aspects of human rights.
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Price, Roz. Climate Adaptation: Lessons and Insights for Governance, Budgeting, and Accountability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.008.
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This rapid review draws on literature from academic, policy and non-governmental organisation sources. There is a huge literature on climate governance issues in general, but less is known about effective support and the political-economy of adaptation. A large literature base and case studies on climate finance accountability and budgeting in governments is nascent and growing. Section 2 of this report briefly discusses governance of climate change issues, with a focus on the complexity and cross-cutting nature of climate change compared to the often static organisational landscape of government structured along sectoral lines. Section 3 explores green public financial management (PFM). Section 4 then brings together several principles and lessons learned on green PFM highlighted in the guidance notes. Transparency and accountability lessons are then highlighted in Section 5. The Key findings are: 1) Engaging with the governance context and the political economy of climate governance and financing is crucial to climate objectives being realised. 2) More attention is needed on whether and how governments are prioritising adaptation and resilience in their own operations. 3) Countries in Africa further along in the green PFM agenda give accounts of reform approaches that are gradual, iterative and context-specific, building on existing PFM systems and their functionality. 4) A well-functioning “accountability ecosystem” is needed in which state and non-state accountability actors engage with one another. 5) Climate change finance accountability systems and ecosystems in countries are at best emerging. 6) Although case studies from Nepal, the Philippines and Bangladesh are commonly cited in the literature and are seen as some of the most advanced developing country examples of green PFM, none of the countries have had significant examples of collaboration and engagement between actors. 7) Lessons and guiding principles for green PFM reform include: use the existing budget cycle and legal frameworks; ensure that the basic elements of a functional PFM system are in place; strong leadership of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and clear linkages with the overall PFM reform agenda are needed; smart sequencing of reforms; real political ownership and clearly defined roles and responsibilities; and good communication to stakeholders).
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Delmer, Deborah P., and Prem S. Chourey. The Importance of the Enzyme Sucrose Synthase for Cell Wall Synthesis in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568771.bard.
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The goal of this work was to understand the role of the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. The work resulting from the this grant leads to a number of conclusions. SuSy clearly plays diverse roles in carbon metabolism. It can associate with the plasma membrane of cells undergoing rapid cellulose deposition, such as cotton fibers, developing maize endosperm, gravistimulated pulvini, and transfer cells of the cotton seed. It is also concentrated at sites of high callose deposition (tapetal cells; cell plates). When SuSy levels are lowered by mutation or by anti-sense technology, cell walls undergo degeneration (maize endosperm) and show reduced levels of cellulose (potato tubers). In sum, our evidence has very much strengthened the concept that SuSy does function in the plasma membrane to channel carbon from sucrose via UDP-glucose to glucan synthase complexes. Soluble SuSy also clearly plays a role in providing carbon for starch synthesis and respiration. Surprisingly, we found that the cotton seed is one unique case where SuSy apparently does not play a role in starch synthesis. Current evidence in sum suggests that no specific SuSy gene encodes the membrane-associated form, although in maize the SS 1 form of SuSy may be most important for cell wall synthesis in the early stages of endosperm development. Work is still in progress to determine what does control membrane localization - and the current evidence we have favors a role for Ca2+, and possibly also protein phosphorylation by differentially regulated protein kinases. Finally, we have discovered for the first time, a major new family of genes that encode the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase of plants - a result that has been widely cited and opens many new approaches for the study of this important plant function.
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Fitzpatrick, Rachael, and Helen West. Improving Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation to Cimate Change Through Education in Low- and Lower-middle Income Countries. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.083.
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Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate (C2ES, 2022). Mitigation focuses on reducing the human impacts contributing to climate change (Burton, 2007, cited in Rousell & Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020). Adaptation is about increasing people’s adaptive capacity, reducing the vulnerability of communities and managing risks (Anderson, 2012). Anderson further defines adaptation as not just being able to adapt from one stable climate to another but having the skills to adapt to uncertainty and make informed decisions in a changing environment. While ‘climate change’ is the term used throughout these briefs, it should be read as a shorthand for a more inclusive approach, which also captures associated environmental degradation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned, in their latest report, that global surface temperatures will continue to increase until 2050 (IPCC, 2021, p. 17). This will take place regardless of human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The report also warns that the traditional technocratic approaches are insufficient to tackle the challenge of climate change, and that greater focus on the structural causes is needed. High- and upper-middle-income countries have been persistently shown to be the biggest contributors to the global carbon dioxide emissions, with lower income countries facing the most disruptive climate hazards, with Africa countries particularly vulnerable (CDP, 2020; IPCC, 2021). The vulnerability of low-income contexts exacerbates this risk, as there is often insufficient infrastructure and resources to ensure resilience to climate hazards (IPCC, 2021). For decades, advocates of climate change education have been highlighting the potential of education to help mitigate against climate change, and support adaptation efforts. However, implementation has been patchy, with inconsistent approaches and a lack of evidence to help determine the most effective way forward.This paper is divided into three sections, drawing together evidence on the key aspects of system reform,green and resilient infrastructure and Curriculum, pedagogy, assessment and teacher development.
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Barjum, Daniel. PDIA for Systems Change: Tackling the Learning Crisis in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/046.
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Indonesia is facing a learning crisis. While schooling has increased dramatically in the last 30 years, the quality of education has remained mediocre (Rosser et al., 2022). Teacher capability is an often cited weakness of the system, along with policies and system governance. Approaches focused primarily on adding resources to education have not yielded expected outcomes of increased quality. “It is a tragedy that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, some children in Indonesia are not completing primary school and are turned out into the workforce as functional illiterates.” (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013; Nihayah et al., 2020). In the early 2000s, Indonesia began a process of decentralising service delivery, including education, to the district level. Many responsibilities were transferred from the central government to districts, but some key authorities, such as hiring of civil service teachers, remained with the central government. The Indonesian system is complex and challenging to manage, with more than 300 ethnic groups and networks of authority spread over more than 500 administrative districts (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013). Niken Rarasati and Daniel Suryadarma researchers at SMERU, an Indonesian think tank and NGO, understood this context well. Their prior experience working in the education sector had shown them that improving the quality of education within the classroom required addressing issues at the systems level (Kleden, 2020). Rarasati noted the difference in knowledge between in-classroom teaching and the systems of education: “There are known-technologies, pedagogical theories, practices, etc. for teaching in the classroom. The context [for systems of education] is different for teacher development, recruitment, and student enrollment. Here, there is less known in the public and education sector.” Looking for ways to bring changes to policy implementation and develop capabilities at the district level, SMERU researchers began to apply a new approach they had learned in a free online course offered by the Building State Capability programme at the Center for International Development at Harvard University titled, “The Practice of PDIA: Building Capability by Delivering Results”. The course offered insights on how to implement public policy in complex settings, focused on using Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA). The researchers were interested in putting PDIA into practice and seeing if it could be an effective approach for their colleagues in government. This case study reviews Rarasati and Suryadarma’s journey and showcases how they used PDIA to foster relationships between local government and stakeholders, and bring positive changes to the education sector.