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1
Showstack, Randy. "Carbon cash crop." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 81, no. 20 (2000): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00eo00158.
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Tweed, Katherine. "Sewage’s Cash Crop." Scientific American 301, no. 5 (November 2009): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1109-28.
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Fajemisin, Adegboyega, Alexis Racelis, and Rupesh Kariyat. "Cascading Effects of Cover Crops on the Subsequent Cash Crop Defense against the Polyphagous Herbivore Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)." Insects 14, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020177.
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Recent studies have started to show that the benefits of cover crops can cascade to the cash crop growing seasons. However, the impact of cover crops on the subsequent cash crop defense against herbivores is not well understood. To test this, we conducted a field and laboratory study to assess the possible cascading effects of cover crops such as Vigna unguiculata, Sorghum drummondii, Raphanus sativus, and Crotalaria juncea on the subsequent cash crop (Sorghum bicolor) defense against the notorious polyphagous herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) across three farms in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Our field and laboratory studies showed that the cash crop planted in the cover crop treatment differentially affected S. frugiperda. More specifically, we found that cover crops have positive effects on the growth and development of S. frugiperda on the subsequent cash crop, including both larval and pupal parameters. However, our experiments on physical and chemical defenses in cash crops failed to show any significant differences between cover and control. Collectively, our results add an additional line of evidence on the effects of cover crops on pest dynamics outside the cash crop season, a key consideration for the selection and management of cover crops and cash crops, whose underlying mechanisms need to be examined further.
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Rubhara, Theresa Tendai, Maxwell Mudhara, Oluwaseun Samuel Oduniyi, and Michael Akwasi Antwi. "Impacts of Cash Crop Production on Household Food Security for Smallholder Farmers: A Case of Shamva District, Zimbabwe." Agriculture 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050188.
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Zimbabwe has recently experienced a considerable shift towards the production of more cash crops, such as tobacco, at the expense of food crops. Although cash cropping has been associated with increased income, the question is whether the income gained from cash crops would be enough to provide the food needs of farming households. This research was conducted to analyse the impact of cash crops on household food security. A cross-sectional survey consisting of 281 randomly selected smallholder farmers in Shamva District was used for primary data collection. Data were analysed using the Tobit regression model and Propensity score matching (PSM). The household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was used to measure food security. The PSM results showed a positive impact of cash crop production on the HDDS. This could be attributed to the income effect of cash cropping. Furthermore, Tobit regression results showed that cash crop production (p < 0.1), non-farm income (p < 0.01), total arable land (p < 0.05) and access to draft power (p < 0.05) positively influenced household food security. Household size negatively impacted food security (p < 0.05). While the results from this study suggest the need to promote cash crop production, it should not be regarded as the panacea for addressing food insecurity. There is a need for further research to derive optimum combinations of cash and food crops in the crop mixture for smallholder farmers to achieve food security. Furthermore, opportunities for off-farm livelihood options should be developed, since non-farm income had a positive effect on food security.
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Muzhinji, K., and N. Ndou. "A cash crop combination for maximum net income: A case study of a small-scale cash crop farmer in Vhembe, Limpopo province, South Africa." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 112 (October 5, 2022): 21056–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.112.21640.
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This paper investigates the optimal cash crop combination at a small-scale cash crop farm in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa in which green maize, cabbages, tomatoes, spinach, mustard, butternut and sweet potatoes are grown. To get optimum farm outputs, decisions on crop combination and operational activities in crop production are crucial. Proper farm planning and resource allocation play a significant role in optimising farm revenues. It was observed that the farmer used traditional methods of allocating resources, which lead to a less profitable crop mix. In view of this, in this study, linear programming model was formulated using data collected from a farm concerning the past crop combinations and allocation of resources in crop planning and production to determine the best crop combination that maximizes net income given limited resources such as land, labour, capital, and others. The simplex method of linear programming works by first locating a feasible solution and then relocating to any vertex of the feasible set that improves the cost function. Eventually, a point is reached beyond which no further movement improves the cost function. The results of the developed linear programming model were compared to past farming practices based on experience, leading to the conclusion that crops and limited resources were not optimally allocated. The results clearly demonstrate the optimal crop combination and allocation of scarce resources that the farm could have considered to yield maximum returns. It is observed that the proposed linear programming model is appropriate for finding the optimal land allocation criteria for the cash crops in the study area. The optimal crop mix from the linear programming two phase simplex method show that the farmer should grow the following crop mix, 1.16 ha of green mealies, 2.64 ha of cabbages, 0.8 ha of tomatoes, 1.2 ha of mustard, 0.4 ha spinach, 0.4 ha of butternut and 0.4 ha of sweet potatoes with the gross income of R 740 800. The linear programming model resulted in a 37.8 percent increase in profit margin. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended that the small-scale cash crop farmer should invest more in producing crops that give maximum profit. MATLAB software was used to determine the optimal values of the decision variables. Key words: Cash crops allocation, crop combination, net income, linear programming (LP), resource allocation.
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Shrestha, Binita, Deborah L. Finke, and Jaime C. Piñero. "The ‘Botanical Triad’: The Presence of Insectary Plants Enhances Natural Enemy Abundance on Trap Crop Plants in an Organic Cabbage Agro-Ecosystem." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060181.
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Habitat manipulation through the incorporation of non-crop plants such as trap crops (to lure pests away from the cash crop) and insectary plants (to provide resources for natural enemies) into agro-ecosystems is an ecological approach to pest management. In a field-scale study, we quantified the effects of integrating the use of trap crops with insectary plants as a novel method to control pest herbivores in an organic cabbage agro-ecosystem. We hypothesized that pests would be concentrated in the trap crop habitat and suppressed by insectary-subsidized natural enemies in situ. We documented arthropod abundance (both adults and immature stages) associated with (1) two insectary plant species (sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima, and buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum) either alone or in combination; (2) a trap crop mixture of mighty mustard (Brassica juncea), red Russian kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), and glossy collards (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and (3) cabbage cash crop (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Trap crops were more attractive to pests than the cash crop. On a per-plant basis, densities of the herbivores Evergestis rimosalis, Trichoplusia ni, and Plutella xylostella were 154, 37, and 161× greater on the kale trap crop than on the cabbage cash crop, and 54, 18, and 89× greater on the collards trap crop than on the cash crop. Insectary plants contributed to the consumption of pests that aggregated on the trap crop. Parasitism of E. rimosalis by the braconid wasp Cotesia orobenae was significantly increased, and the abundance of eggs and larvae of the predatory coccinellid beetle Coleomegilla maculata was greater on the trap crop in the presence of insectary plants compared to trap crops that lacked insectary plants. The ‘Botanical Triad’ of cash crop, trap crop, and insectary plants represents a new type of agro-ecosystem manipulation that integrates ecosystem service providers (e.g., predators and parasitoids) within the cropping system.
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Martinez, Lili, Pushpa Soti, Jasleen Kaur, Alexis Racelis, and Rupesh R. Kariyat. "Impact of Cover Crops on Insect Community Dynamics in Organic Farming." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060209.
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Manipulating cover crops as an integrated pest management strategy has recently gained popularity in both traditional and organic agroecosystems. However, little information is available for producers to make informed decisions about cover crop selection, management, and their potential use as a pest management tool. To address this, we conducted a two-year, four-season field experiment on the potential of various cover crops during the summer seasons of both years, followed by monocultures of cash crops during winters. We hypothesized that the cover crop treatments would attract beneficial insects and repel damaging herbivores in a species-specific manner, and the insect community dynamics would be bridged to the cash crops in the subsequent season. In addition, we hypothesized that cash crops would suffer lower herbivory damage following specific cover crop treatments. Our design comprised of three cover crops. Our results indicate that cover crops support beneficial insects during the early summer season, while the time of growing season doesnot affect herbivore abundance. Crop-specific effects were found for herbivore abundance with possible cascading effects on insect community as well as damage levels on the subsequent cash crop, but without any impact on the growth traits of the cash crop. Together, our data suggest that cover crops, when carefully selected, can be an integral part of a pest management strategy for sustainable agriculture.
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Rodcha, Rujee, Nitin K. Tripathi, and Rajendra Prasad Shrestha. "Comparison of Cash Crop Suitability Assessment Using Parametric, AHP, and FAHP Methods." Land 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8050079.
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Cash crops, which include eucalyptus, play an important role in Thailand in wood utilization. Consequently, cash crops have become a significant driving force in land use changes and low crop yield; thus, the development of an accurate cash crop suitability model is needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the land suitability of cash crops, such as eucalyptus, which is based on Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) in Nakhon Ratchasima Province in Thailand. Parametric, classical Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and fuzzy AHP (FAHP) approaches integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are compared to accomplish this. Parametric approaches equally allocate importance to all factors. AHP assigns the distribution of important factors using expert opinions. FAHP accounts for the uncertainty in expert opinions, and the triangular (Tri) and trapezoidal (Tra) approaches are compared. The results demonstrated that Trapezoidal Fuzzy AHP (TraFAHP) could classify and map cash crop suitability with 90.16% accuracy, which is a higher overall accuracy than the other approaches that are based on reference map validation. Therefore, we recommend the TraFAHP method for accurately identifying cash crop suitability.
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Cai, Zhen, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Clark J. Gantzer, Shibu Jose, Larry Godsey, and Lauren Cartwright. "Economic Impacts of Cover Crops for a Missouri Wheat–Corn–Soybean Rotation." Agriculture 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040083.
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In the United States, agricultural production using row-crop farming has reduced crop diversity. Repeated growing of the same crop in a field reduces soil productivity and increases pests, disease infestations, and weed growth. These negative effects can be mitigated by rotating cash crops with cover crops. Cover crops can improve soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, provide ground cover, and sequester soil carbon. This study examines the economic profitability for a four-year wheat–corn–soybean study with cover crops by conducting a field experiment involving a control (without cover crops) at the Soil Health Farm in Chariton County, MO, USA. Our findings suggested that economic profitability of the cash crop is negatively affected by the cover crop during the first two years but were positive in the fourth year. The rotation with cover crops obtained the same profit as in the control group if revenue from the cash crop increased by 35% or the cost of the cover crop decreased by 26% in the first year, depending on the cost of seeding the cover crop and terminating it. This study provides insights for policymakers on ways to improve the economic efficiency of cost-share conservation programs.
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Garba, Ismail Ibrahim, and Alwyn Williams. "Integrating Diverse Cover Crops for Fallow Replacement in a Subtropical Dryland: Implications on Subsequent Cash Crop Yield, Grain Quality, and Gross Margins." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010271.
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Integrating cover cropping into crop–fallow rotation has been considered a key component of ecological intensification that could mitigate negative productivity and sustainability challenges associated with conventional fallow practices. However, the adoption of cover crops in water-limited environments has been limited by potential soil water and nitrogen (N) costs and resulting yield penalties. We examined the impacts of diverse cover crops on fallow soil water and mineral N dynamics and the legacy impacts on subsequent cash crop productivity and profitability. The cover crops used (forage oat—Avena sativa L. [grass], common vetch—Vicia sativa subsp. sativa L.)/fababean—Vicia faba L. [legume], forage rape—Brassica napus L. [brassica]) differed in functional traits related to growth, phenology, and soil water and N acquisition and use strategies. We found that grass-associated cover crops generally supported higher cash crop grain yield and profit than brassica- or legume-associated cover crops, mainly due to moderate biomass accumulation and water use and persistent groundcover. Cash crop grain yields increased by +19% and +23% following forage oat cover crop, with concomitant gains in gross margins of +96$ ha−1 and +318$ ha−1 for maize and winter wheat compared to conventional fallow. In contrast, maize grain yield following brassica-associated cover crops ranged from +8 to −21% and reduced gross margins by −229 to −686$ ha−1 relative to conventional fallow. Legume- and brassica-associated cover crops had the lowest mungbean and winter wheat grain yield and gross margins compared to conventional fallow and the added stubble. Cash crop yields were related to cover crop biomass production, biomass N accumulation, residue carbon to N ratio, and legacy impacts through effects on soil water availability at cash crop sowing. Given the additional grain yield and gross margin benefits following grass-associated cover crops, they may provide a potential alternative fallow soil water and N management option that could improve crop productivity and cropping system resilience in water-limited environments.
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Coe, Andrew J. "North Korea's new cash crop." Washington Quarterly 28, no. 3 (June 2005): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0163660054026434.
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Sudiana, Eming, Edy Yani, Lucky Prayoga, Darsono Darsono, Edy Riwidiharso, and Slamet Santoso. "Adaptations of Three Cash Crops to Climate Change." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2020): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i2.23489.
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Climate change is likely to lead to adaptations among important crop species. Elevational gradients can be used to illustrate the effects of climate change on crop adaptation patterns. The research aimed to determine adaptation patterns in crop species across an elevational (and therefore temperature and humidity) gradient. A factorial design was applied with two factors within a simple Randomized Complete Block Design, wherein the primary factor was elevation (10 – 1,000 m). Three crop species (long bean, common bean, and winged bean) were used as test species. Growth rate and flower number were used as adaptation parameters. The results indicated that these three cash crop species showed different adaptation patterns. Common bean showed the greatest vegetative growth at approximately 600 m in elevation, long bean at 400 m in elevation, and winged bean at 10 m in elevation. The results of this study indicate that the three tested agricultural crops have different adaptation patterns, and these results was the first finding to be published in Indonesia. For agriculture practices, it can be recommended that planting of these cash crops be adapted to the elevation of the planting area.
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McKenzie, Sean C., Hayes B. Goosey, Kevin M. O'Neill, and Fabian D. Menalled. "Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000326.
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AbstractCover crops are suites of non-marketable plants grown to improve soil tilth and reduce erosion. Despite these agronomic benefits, the use of cover crops is often limited because they do not provide a direct source of revenue for producers. Integrating livestock to graze cover crops could provide both an expeditious method for cover crop termination and an alternative source of revenue. However, there has been little research on the agronomic impacts of grazing for cover crop termination, especially in horticultural market-gardens. We conducted a 3-year study comparing the effects of sheep grazing to terminate a four species cover crop (buckwheat, sweetclover, peas and beets) with those of mowing on soil quality indicators, cover crop termination efficacy, and subsequent cash-crop yields. In addition, we tested the nutritional quality of the cover crop as forage. Compared with mowing, sheep grazing did not affect soil chemistry, temperature or moisture. Our study demonstrates that sheep grazing removed more cover crop biomass than mowing at termination. The assessment of nutritional indices suggests that the four-species cover crop mixture could provide high-quality forage with a potential value of US$144.00–481.80 ha−1of direct revenue as a grazing lease. Cash-crop yields did not differ between previously grazed and previously mowed plots in the subsequent growing season. We conclude that integrating sheep grazing into market vegetable garden operations could make cover crops more economically viable without having adverse effects on subsequent cash crops.
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Carr, Patrick M., Randy L. Anderson, Yvonne E. Lawley, Perry R. Miller, and Steve F. Zwinger. "Organic zero-till in the northern US Great Plains Region: Opportunities and obstacles." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27, no. 1 (October 19, 2011): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051100041x.
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AbstractThe use of killed cover crop mulch for weed suppression, soil erosion prevention and many other soil and crop benefits has been demonstrated in organic no-till or zero-till farming systems in eastern US regions and in Canada. Implements have been developed to make this system possible by terminating cover crops mechanically with little, if any, soil disturbance. Ongoing research in the US northern Great Plains is being conducted to identify cover crop species and termination methods for use in organic zero-till (OZ) systems that are adapted to the crop rotations and climate of this semi-arid region. Current termination strategies must be improved so that cover crop species are killed consistently and early enough in the growing season so that subsequent cash crops can be grown and harvested successfully. Delaying termination until advanced growth stages improves killing efficacy of cover crops and may provide weed-suppressive mulch for the remainder of the growing season, allowing no-till spring seeding of cash crops during the next growing season. Excessive water use by cover crops, inability of legume cover crops to supply adequate amounts of N for subsequent cash crops and failure of cover crops to suppress perennial weeds are additional obstacles that must be overcome before the use of killed cover crop mulch can be promoted as a weed control alternative to tillage in the US northern Great Plains. Use of vegetative mulch produced by killed cover crops will not be a panacea for the weed control challenges faced by organic growers, but rather one tool along with crop rotation, novel grazing strategies, the judicious use of high-residue cultivation equipment, such as the blade plow, and the use of approved herbicides with systemic activity in some instances, to provide organic farmers with new opportunities to incorporate OZ practices into their cropping systems. Emerging crop rotation designs for organic no-till systems may provide for more efficient use of nutrient and water resources, opportunities for livestock grazing before, during or after cash crop phases and improved integrated weed management strategies on organic farms.
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Jagannath, Patil Sanjaykumar, and Dr Pandit Yashwant Mali. "Is Cotton a Real Cash Crop ? Cotton Growing Frmer’s Perspectives." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2013/46.
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Reberg-Horton, S. Chris, Julie M. Grossman, Ted S. Kornecki, Alan D. Meijer, Andrew J. Price, George T. Place, and Theodore M. Webster. "Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27, no. 1 (December 8, 2011): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000469.
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AbstractOrganic systems in the southeastern USA offer unique challenges and solutions to crop production due to regional soil and climate characterized by highly weathered soil types, high precipitation and the capacity to grow cover crops in the winter. Recently, the interest of producers and researchers in high-residue cover crops and conservation tillage systems has increased. Various designs of the roller–crimper to manage cover crops have been invented and demonstrated to growers in the southeastern region of the USA over the past 17 years. The impacts of high-residue cover crop mulches on the agronomic systems in the region are diverse. Legume cover crops assist with meeting N demand from cash crops though they decompose rapidly and are seldom sufficient for N demanding crops such as corn. Cereal cover crop mulches can have the opposite effect by immobilizing N and have a longer impact on soil moisture and weed dynamics. While undesirable for many crops, N immobilization is one possible mechanism for weed suppression in legume cash crops planted into cereal residues. Other cover crop weed suppression mechanisms include physical impedance, light availability, allelopathy and microclimate effects. Regardless of the cause, successful weed control by mulches is highly dependent on having substantial biomass. The southeastern region is capable of producing cover crop biomass in excess of 9000 kg ha−1, which is sufficient for weed control in many cash crops, although supplementary weed control is sometimes necessary. Long-term data are needed to predict when farmers should add supplementary weed control. More work is also needed on how much additional N is required for the cash crops and how best to deliver that N in a high-residue environment using organic sources.
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Matt Blois. "Groundwork raises cash for crop boosters." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 30 (August 29, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10030-buscon11.
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Schlautman, Brandon, Cynthia Bartel, Luis Diaz-Garcia, Shuizhang Fei, Scott Flynn, Erin Haramoto, Ken Moore, and D. Raj Raman. "Perennial groundcovers: an emerging technology for soil conservation and the sustainable intensification of agriculture." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200318.
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Integrating perennial groundcovers (PGC) — sometimes referred to as living mulches or perennial cover crops — into annual cash-crop systems could address root causes of bare-soil practices that lead to negative impacts on soil and water quality. Perennial groundcovers bring otherwise absent functional traits — namely perenniality — into cash-crop systems to preserve soil and regenerate water, carbon, and nutrient cycles. However, if not optimized, they can also cause competitive interactions and yield loss. When designing PGC systems, the goal is to maximize complementarity — spatial and temporal separation of growth and resource acquisition — between PGC and cash crops through both breeding and management. Traits of interest include complementary root and shoot systems, reduced shade avoidance response in the cash-crop, and PGC summer dormancy. Successful deployment of PGC systems could increase both productivity and profitability by improving water- and nutrient-use-efficiency, improving weed and pest control, and creating additional value-added opportunities like stover harvest. Many scientific questions about the inherent interactions at the cell, plant, and ecosystem levels in PGC systems are waiting to be explored. Their answers could enable innovation and refinement of PGC system design for multiple geographies, crops, and food systems, creating a practical and scalable pathway towards resiliency, crop diversification, and sustainable intensification in agriculture.
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Pradhan, Urbashi, and M. Soubadra Devy. "Pollinators of Sikkim Mandarin Orange Citrus reticulata (Sapindales: Rutaceae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 13625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4528.11.5.13625-13628.
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Sikkim Mandarin Orange is a major cash crop of Sikkim with more than 12,000 farming families dependent upon it directly. With increasing scientific records of positive contribution of pollinators in crop yield, an understanding of major pollinators of cash crops has become important. In this paper, we present a comprehensive list of insect pollinators (24 species) for Sikkim Mandarin Orange.
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Yang, Xi, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021.
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Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the production-based WF (PWF) and derives the economic value-based WF (EWF) of 14 major crops in 31 provinces for each year over 2001–2016. The synergy evaluation index (SI) of PWF and EWF is proposed to reveal the synergies and trade-offs of crop water productivity and its economic value from the WF perspective. Results show that both the PWF and EWF of most considered crops in China decreased with the increase in crop yield and prices. The high (low) values of both the PWF and EWF of grain crops tended to cluster obviously in space and there existed a huge difference between blue and green water in economic value creation. Moreover, the SI revealed a serious incongruity between PWFs and EWFs both in grain and cash crops. Negative SI values occurred mostly in north-west China for grain crops, and overall more often and with lower values for cash crops. Unreasonable regional planting structure and crop prices resulted in this incongruity, suggesting the need to promote regional coordinated development to adjust the planting structure according to local conditions and to regulate crop prices rationally.
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Pigawati, Bitta, and Reinhart Christopher Junjungan. "Pengaruh Cash Crops Terhadap Temperatur Permukaan Lahan Kawasan Perkotaan Kabupaten Temanggung." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.23.1.22-27.
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Kabupaten Temanggung merupakan daerah penghasil tembakau dengan mutu dan harga tinggi Tembakau merupakan salah satu cash crops yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Sebagian besar penghasilan petani di Kabupaten Temanggung berasal dari tanaman perkebunan tembakau. Beberapa dekade terakhir terjadi kegagalan panen tembakau akibat adanya variabilitas iklim. Keberadaan lahan bervegetasi berpengaruh terhadap temperature permukaan lahan. Temperatur permukaan lahan yang tinggi berdampak pada kenyaman dan kesehatan manusia. Kawasan perkebunan di Kabupaten Temanggung sebagian besar digunakan untuk tanaman cash crop. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh cash crop yang merupakan sumber pedapatan utama petani dengan perubahan temperature permukaan lahan Kawasan Perkotaan Kabupaten Temanggung. Menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan spsial dan Citra satelit Landsat 5, 7, 8 sebagai sumber data utama. Kualitas cash crop dideteksi dari tingkat kehijauan tanaman menggunakan Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Hasil penelitian. menunjukkan bahwa cash crop mempunyai pengaruh kuat terhadap temperatur permukaan lahan wilayah studi (R = 1) Temperature permukaan lahan meningkat dari 25.04 oC menjadi 25.01 oC dalam kurun waktu Tahun 1999-2019. Meskipun terjadi peningkatan temperatur di Kawasan Perkotaan Kabupaten Temanggung namun masih dalam kondisi aman berdasarkan acuan Paris Agreement.
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SUN, S. K., P. T. WU, Y. B. WANG, and X. N. ZHAO. "Impact of changing cropping pattern on the regional agricultural water productivity." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 5 (September 24, 2014): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000938.
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SUMMARYWater scarcity is a major constraint of agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas. In the face of future water scarcity, one possible way the agricultural sector could be adapted is to change cropping patterns and make adjustments for available water resources for irrigation. The present paper analyses the temporal evolution of cropping pattern from 1960 to 2008 in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. The impact of changing cropping patterns on regional agricultural water productivity is evaluated from the water footprint (WF) perspective. Results show that the area under cash crops (e.g. sunflower and melon) has risen phenomenally over the study period because of increased economic returns pursued by farmers. Most of these cash crops have a smaller WF (high water productivity) than grain crops in HID. With the increase of area sown to cash crops, water productivity in HID increased substantially. Changing the cropping pattern has significant effects on regional crop water productivity: in this way, HID has increased the total crop production without increasing significantly the regional water consumption. The results of this case study indicate that regional agricultural water can be used effectively by properly planning crop areas and patterns under irrigation water limitations. However, there is a need to foster a cropping pattern that is multifunctional and sustainable, which can guarantee food security, enhance natural resource use and provide stable and high returns to farmers.
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Mallory, Ellen B., Joshua L. Posner, and Jon O. Baldock. "Performance, economics, and adoption of cover crops in Wisconsin cash grain rotations: On-farm trials." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007578.
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AbstractCover crop performance depends largely on management factors that must be customized to particular farm situations and, therefore, is suited for on-farm research, with farmers involved in both management and evaluation. Cover crop sequences that were successful in a research station study were tested over a variety of soils and management strategies in collaboration withfarmers. The two-year cover crop sequences consisted of a short-season crop followed by a cover crop in year one and corn in year two. The cover crops themselves were evaluated by their agronomic and economic performance and their acceptance by farmers. Four cover crop systems (companionseeded red clover, sequentially seeded hairy vetch, sequentially seeded oat, and fallow) were compared for ground cover, above-ground biomass and above-ground nitrogen yield, subsequent corn grain yield, and N fertilizer replacement value (N-FRV). Cover crops were essential for erosion control following vegetable crops and tillage, but were not necessary following small grains. Companion-seeded red clover produced the most ground cover, yielded up to 133 kg N/ha, and had a higher average N-FRV than sequentially seeded hairy vetch on sandy loam soils, but was not preferred by farmers who harvested small grain straw as well as grain. Sequentially seeded hairy vetch gave excellent cover when no-till seeded, produced more than 125 kg N/ha in half the siteyears, and had a higher average N-FRV than companion-seeded red clover on silt loam soils. First-year N-FRV for the legume cover crops averaged 67 kg N/ha over both soil types. The participating farmers indicated that their decisions to adopt cover crops would be based primarily on their need for ground cover, and secondarily on the profitability of using cover crops as an N source. However, when valued solely as an N source for the next year's crop (and not for any potential long-term benefits), cover crops were not an economical alternative to N fertilizer. We suggest focusing future cover crop research and extension efforts on outreach to farmers growing crops that do not provide sufficient ground cover, such as short-season vegetable crops, and optimizing the cover crop system to maximize its erosion control benefits and increase its profitability over N fertilizer.
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Bier, Alexander D., Anna K. Wallingford, Ariela I. Haber, Megan V. Herlihy-Adams, and Donald C. Weber. "Trap Cropping Harlequin Bug: Distance of Separation Influences Female Movement and Oviposition." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab022.
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Abstract To evaluate perimeter trap crops for management of harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), we undertook greenhouse and field experiments with mustard greens as trap crop for a collard cash crop. We confirmed that harlequin bugs prefer to immigrate to and reside on mustard. Females, however, in greenhouse cage experiments, ‘commuted’ to collards to lay their eggs. In separate spring and fall field plantings, using replicated 12 m by 12 m collard plots in 1-ha fields, we tested mustard planted as an adjacent perimeter trap crop, or a perimeter trap crop separated by 2 unplanted rows (2.3 m), or with no trap crop. Adults accumulated on the spring mustard crop but overall numbers remained low, with all collards sustaining <1% leaves damaged. In the fall, the separation of 2.3 m reduced oviposition on collards fourfold, and feeding damage approximately 2.5-fold, compared to collards with an adjacent trap crop. Fall control plots with no border trap crop showed even lower foliar damage; likely result of preferential immigration of harlequin bugs to mustard at the field scale, resulting in fewer bugs near the control treatment plots. Thus, the spatial arrangement of the mustard trap crop, and its separation from the cash crop, influences pest abundance and damage. A separated mustard border can reduce bug movement including female commuting and egg-laying, thus better protecting the collard cash crop. Future research should address reduction in area of trap crops, deployment of semiochemicals, and possible changes in timing, to promote trap cropping that is practical for grower implementation.
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Yusuf Dogara, Ja,afaru, and Hamidin Abd Hamid. "A Systematic Literature Review on Cash Crop Production." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v6i1.1256.
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Works of literature have clearly attested to the fact that cash crop production as a global phenomenon has a track of history. Past and contemporary scholars on economics, agriculture, and history show little commitment to the subject matter of cash crop production globally. Related studies are reviewed in order to develop sensible solutions and add value to the limited sources on the area (finding). Thus, this research aims at a systematic literature review of relevant literature on cash crop production. Literature that relates to the subject matter is assembled, examined, and incorporated according to the need of this systematic literature review. We focus on the studies that encompass cash crop sustainability, cash crop smallholders/small-scale/households, cash crop farming/farmers, cash crop and food production, groundnut production, sustainable groundnut production, groundnut seed production, groundnut small-holders farmers, and contribution, impact, and the role of groundnut production on the economy.
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Peltonen-Sainio, Pirjo, Lauri Jauhiainen, Juuso Joona, Tuomas Mattila, Tony Hydén, and Hannu Känkänen. "Sowing and Harvesting Measures to Cope with Challenges of Cover Crops Experienced by Finnish Farmers." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020499.
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Farmers may promote the cultivation of under-sown cover crops (CCs) in various ways without jeopardizing the yield of a cash crop. With this survey, we aimed to understand how Finnish farmers manage possible challenges with under-sown CCs. A farmer survey was carried out in 2021. We invited 6493 farmers who had selected CCs as a registered measure to answer a questionnaire with 20 statements (a Likert scale), and 1130 responded (17.4%). A Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used to measure the strength of the association between 11 farm/farmer characteristics of the respondents and 20 statements. Responses indicated that farmers often took under-sown CCs into account during the growing season. Sowing was considered an especially critical measure and the CC seeding rate was often assessed with a test run before sowing. Thirty-nine per cent of the respondents had made investments, most often to facilitate sowing. The farmers usually adjusted the fertilizer rate only according to the cash crop. Early harvesting of a cash crop was considered important by 58% of farmers to ensure that the CCs do not hamper the harvest. Farmers harvested cash crops as soon as they matured and were harvestable, though they had mixed views on whether CCs impacted the quality of the cash crop. Subsidized, investing farmers were likely to be oriented towards the benefits from the ecosystem services provided by CCs. Their experiences should be shared among the farming community to support the large-scale implementation of CCs.
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Amrouk, El Mamoun, Thomas Heckelei, and Stephanie-Carolin Grosche. "International Interdependence between Cash Crop and Staple Food Futures Price Indices: A Dynamic Assessment." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 450–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.12.
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Abstract:This study examines the price level and volatility interaction between international staple food and cash crop futures price indices. Understanding the relationship between these commodities bears significant implications for low-income food deficit countries that depend on cash crops to finance food import bills. We use a wavelet analysis to decompose the price indices and then apply a BEKK-MGARCH (Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner–multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) approach to analyze the relationship across timescales. Results indicate the level of correlation and volatility linkages are strongest at lower frequencies (longer run) than at higher timescales (short run), with information running from staple food to cash crop markets.
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Depalo, Laura, Giovanni Burgio, Serena Magagnoli, Daniele Sommaggio, Francesco Montemurro, Stefano Canali, and Antonio Masetti. "Influence of Cover Crop Termination on Ground Dwelling Arthropods in Organic Vegetable Systems." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070445.
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A key aspect in cover crop management is termination before the cash crop is planted. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of termination methods on ground-dwelling arthropods. The conventional mechanical termination method—i.e., green manuring by means of a disc harrow—was compared to flattening using a roller crimper. Two different crop systems were investigated for two growing seasons; cauliflower was grown in autumn after the termination of a mixture of cowpea, pearl millet, and radish, and tomato was cropped in spring and summer after the termination of a mixture of barley and vetch. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and spiders (Araneae) were sampled by means of standard pitfall traps throughout the growing season of both cash crops. The roller crimper increased the overall abundance of ground beetles in the first growing season of both cash crops, whereas in the second year, no significant effect could be detected. Rove beetles were more abundant in plots where the cover crops were terminated by the roller crimper. Finally, green manuring increased the abundance of spiders, especially on the first sampling date after cover crop termination. Albeit different taxa showed different responses, the termination of cover crops by a roller crimper generally increased the abundance of ground dwelling arthropods. Given that most of the sampled species were generalist predators, their increased abundance could possibly improve biological control.
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Higo, Masao, Yuya Tatewaki, Kento Gunji, Akari Kaseda, and Katsunori Isobe. "Cover cropping can be a stronger determinant than host crop identity for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities colonizing maize and soybean." PeerJ 7 (February 8, 2019): e6403. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6403.
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BackgroundUnderstanding the role of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agricultural systems is imperative for enhancing crop production. The key variables influencing change in AMF communities are the type of cover crop species or the type of subsequent host crop species. However, how maize and soybean performance is related to the diversity of AMF communities in cover cropping systems remains unclear. We therefore investigated which cover cropping or host identity is the most important factor in shaping AMF community structure in subsequent crop roots using an Illumina Miseq platform amplicon sequencing.MethodsIn this study, we established three cover crop systems (Italian ryegrass, hairy vetch, and brown mustard) or bare fallow prior to planting maize and soybean as cash crops. After cover cropping, we divided the cover crop experimental plots into two subsequent crop plots (maize and soybean) to understand which cover cropping or host crop identity is an important factor for determining the AMF communities and diversity both in maize and soybeans.ResultsWe found that most of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in root samples were common in both maize and soybean, and the proportion of common generalists in this experiment for maize and soybean roots was 79.5% according to the multinomial species classification method (CLAM test). The proportion of OTUs specifically detected in only maize and soybean was 9.6% and 10.8%, respectively. Additionally, the cover cropping noticeably altered the AMF community structure in the maize and soybean roots. However, the differentiation of AMF communities between maize and soybean was not significantly different.DiscussionOur results suggest cover cropping prior to planting maize and soybean may be a strong factor for shaping AMF community structure in subsequent maize and soybean roots rather than two host crop identities. Additionally, we could not determine the suitable rotational combination for cover crops and subsequent maize and soybean crops to improve the diversity of the AMF communities in their roots. However, our findings may have implications for understanding suitable rotational combinations between cover crops and subsequent cash crops and further research should investigate in-depth the benefit of AMF on cash crop performances in cover crop rotational systems.
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Canali, S., L. Ortolani, G. Campanelli, M. Robačer, P. von Fragstein, D. D'Oppido, and H. L. Kristensen. "Yield, product quality and energy use in organic vegetable living mulch cropping systems: research evidence and farmers’ perception." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 3 (September 9, 2016): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000314.
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AbstractThe effects of living mulch (LM) introduction and management strategies on cash crop yield, product quality and energy use were studied in a wide range of European vegetable cropping systems, climatic and soil conditions, as well as species of LM grown as agro-ecological service crops. Nine field experiments were carried out in research stations and commercial farms located in Denmark, Germany, Italy and Slovenia. Farmers’ perception of the feasibility and applicability of the LM technique was also assessed.The results demonstrated that the LM systems with a substitutive design can be effectively implemented in vegetable production if the value of the ecological services (positive externalities) delivered by LM can counterbalance the yield loss due to the cash crop density reduction. The crop density of the system and the length of the period in which the LM and cash crop coexist are oppositely related both for competition and yield. Moreover, if an additive design is used, the LM should be sown several weeks after the cash crop planting. Overall, different cash crop genotypes (i.e., open pollinated/local cultivars in comparison with the hybrids) performed similarly. Use of human labor (HL) and fossil fuel (FF) energy slightly increased in LM systems (7%), and there was a shift in the proportion of FF and human energy consumption. The farmers’ acceptance of the LM techniques was quite high (75% of the interviewed sample), even though their critical considerations about yield quality and quantity need consideration in future research and practical implementation of LM systems.
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Asaleye, Abiola John, Philip O. Alege, Adedoyin Isola Lawal, Olabisi Popoola, and Adeyemi A. Ogundipe. "Cash crops financing, agricultural performance and sustainability: evidence from Nigeria." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2019-0110.
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PurposeOne of the challenging factors in achieving sustainable growth is the inability of the Nigerian government to diversify the country's revenue base. This study aims to investigate the relationship between cash crop financing and agricultural performance in Nigeria.Design/methodologyFour crops were considered, namely, cotton, cocoa, groundnut and palm oil. The impact of cash crop finance shock on agricultural performance was investigated using the vector error correction model (VECM), while the long-run relationship was examined through the identification of long-run restrictions on the VECM.FindingsThe variance decomposition showed that financing shock is more sensitive to cause variation in aggregate employment than aggregate agricultural output in palm oil, while for cocoa, cotton and groundnut showed otherwise. The long-run structural equations exert a positive relationship between cash crop financing and agricultural performance, except for oil palm and cocoa financing that has a negative connection with agrarian employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to the unavailability of data for agriculture sector capital utilisation, which was not used.Practical implicationsThese results show that long-run benefit can be maximised by appropriate funding in cotton and groundnut production to promote sustainable growth.Originality/valueThe study examines the impact of cash crop financing on agricultural performance with the aim to promote sustainable growth in Nigeria using identified VECM.
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Oluwayemisi Bukola, Omosuyi, Akinfisoye Emmanuel Oluwadunsin, and Funmilayo Olukemi Abimbola. "Assessing the impacts of inter-annual rainfall variability on cash crops’ yield in Ondo state, Nigeria." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (November 19, 2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v10i2.31749.
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The agriculture sector is of great importance to the development of any nation in Africa; hence, it is determined by the operating climatic mechanisms of such nation, especially rainfall. This study was carried out to assess the inter-annual rainfall variability impacts on cash crop yield in Ondo state for a period of twenty years (2000-2019). The study employed mainly secondary data which was analyzed using inferential statistics. Trend analysis was used to determine the pattern of rainfall and cash crops’ yield for the period under review. Also it was revealed that there were fluctuations in the trend of rainfall and the yield of cash crops. The correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between rainfall and cash crops yield; but an inverse relationship with rubber yield specifically. On the other hand the regression analysis showed little impact of rainfall variability on cash crop yield. However, it was recommended that in this era of dwindling economy due to over reliance on crude oil in Nigeria, the government through National Orientation Agency and Non-governmental Organizations should keep persuading and enlightening Nigerians to venture into agriculture to save the country’s economy and reduce poverty. Â
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Mohler, Charles L., Brian A. Caldwell, Caroline A. Marschner, Stephane Cordeau, Qaiser Maqsood, Matthew R. Ryan, and Antonio DiTommaso. "Weed Seedbank and Weed Biomass Dynamics in a Long-Term Organic Vegetable Cropping Systems Experiment." Weed Science 66, no. 5 (September 2018): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.52.
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AbstractMost previous research on changes in weed abundance and community composition in cropping systems has focused on field crops. The study presented here examined changes in the weed seedbank and aboveground biomass in four organic vegetable cropping systems over a 10-yr period. The systems included an Intensive system with six crops per 4-yr rotation, an Intermediate system with one cash crop per year, a Bio-extensive system with alternating cash crop and tilled fallow years plus prevention of seed rain, and a Ridge-tillage system with one cash crop per year. Systems also differed in the types and number of cover crops between cash crops. During the course of the experiment, the weed community shifted from one dominated by summer annual broadleaf species that reproduce at the end of their lives to a community dominated by summer and winter annuals that mature rapidly. This shift in community composition can be attributed to the change in land use from conventionally managed corn (Zea maysL.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) to organic vegetable production. In particular, crop rotations with diverse preplantings and postharvest tillage dates interrupted the life cycle of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) and pigweed species (Amaranthusspp.: mostly Powell amaranth [Amaranthus powelliiS. Watson], with small numbers of redroot pigweed [Amaranthus retroflexusL.] and smooth pigweed [Amaranthus hybridusL.]), while favoring a diverse assemblage of quickly maturing species. The study thus demonstrates that an appropriate crop rotation can control the seedbank of weeds likeC. albumthat potentially persist well in the soil. The Ridge-tillage system greatly reduced the frequency and depth of tillage relative to other systems while effectively suppressing perennial weeds. The early-reproducing annuals, however, became more abundant in the Ridge-tillage system than in the other systems, primarily due to escapes along the edge of the scraped ridges. The tilled fallow periods coupled with prevention of seed rain in the Bio-extensive system substantially reduced weed abundance through time and relative to the other systems.
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Goetz, Stephan J. "Economies of scope and the cash crop — Food crop debate in Senegal." World Development 20, no. 5 (May 1992): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(92)90148-o.
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Montemurro, Francesco, Mariangela Diacono, Corrado Ciaccia, Gabriele Campanelli, Fabio Tittarelli, Fabrizio Leteo, and Stefano Canali. "Effectiveness of living mulch strategies for winter organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) production in Central and Southern Italy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 3 (June 14, 2016): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000107.
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AbstractIn crop rotations, cover crops planted either before or concurrent with a main crop and maintained as a living ground cover (living mulch, LM) may provide many beneficial ecosystem services, and can be defined as ‘agro-ecological service crops’ (ASC). The objective of this research was to study the suitability of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L. var. anglona) as an LM for organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) production in a Mediterranean environment. Two LM sowing times (early sowing – sowing concurrent with cauliflower transplanting versus late sowing – 3 weeks later) compared with a no living mulch control (LM-CT) were investigated in central Italy (Experiment 1), along with a comparison between two local cauliflower cultivars and a hybrid. In Southern Italy (Experiment 2), crop performance under two LM sowing times [20 days before cauliflower transplanting versus concurrent sowing (CS)] compared with a no LM-CT , with organic fertilizers and amendments allowed in organic farming as subplots, was assessed. In Experiment 1, no competition was observed between the late-sown ASC and the cash crop. An increase in crop nitrogen (N) uptake and weed mitigation was also determined in this treatment. There was a mixed response when comparing cultivar and LM interactions, with the hybrid cultivar in the late-sown LM producing the greatest yield. In Experiment 2, weather conditions had the greatest effect on crop response. However, an inverse trend between growth of the cash crop and the LM crop was observed in the CS treatment. A positive effect of LM introduction was found, particularly in altering the competitive relationship for N between the cash crop and weeds. In addition, yield results showed that, in LM systems, commercial organic fertilizers could be replaced with locally available organic fertilizers and amendments without any yield penalty. The effectiveness of LM strategies will thus depend on several factors: type of LM, cultivar of vegetable, weather, soils, length of growing season and ability to plant the cash crop into the LM. Initial research suggests the potential for burr medic as a LM for Mediterranean winter vegetable systems, but additional research is needed to ensure the viability of LM systems for longer periods of time.
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Rector, Lucas S., Kara B. Pittman, Shawn C. Beam, Kevin W. Bamber, Charles W. Cahoon, William H. Frame, and Michael L. Flessner. "Herbicide carryover to various fall-planted cover crop species." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.79.
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AbstractResidual herbicides applied to summer cash crops have the potential to injure subsequent winter annual cover crops, yet little information is available to guide growers’ choices. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Blacksburg and Suffolk, Virginia, to determine carryover of 30 herbicides commonly used in corn, soybean, or cotton on wheat, barley, cereal rye, oats, annual ryegrass, forage radish, Austrian winter pea, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and rapeseed cover crops. Herbicides were applied to bare ground either 14 wk before cover crop planting for a PRE timing or 10 wk for a POST timing. Visible injury was recorded 3 and 6 wk after planting (WAP), and cover crop biomass was collected 6 WAP. There were no differences observed in cover crop biomass among herbicide treatments, despite visible injury that suggested some residual herbicides have the potential to effect cover crop establishment. Visible injury on grass cover crop species did not exceed 20% from any herbicide. Fomesafen resulted in the greatest injury recorded on forage radish, with greater than 50% injury in 1 site-year. Trifloxysulfuron and atrazine resulted in greater than 20% visible injury on forage radish. Trifloxysulfuron resulted in the greatest injury (30%) observed on crimson clover in 1 site-year. Prosulfuron and isoxaflutole significantly injured rapeseed (17% to 21%). Results indicate that commonly used residual herbicides applied in the previous cash crop growing season result in little injury on grass cover crop species, and only a few residual herbicides could potentially affect the establishment of a forage radish, crimson clover, or rapeseed cover crop.
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Chavarría, Diego N., Romina A. Verdenelli, Emiliano J. Muñoz, Cinthia Conforto, Silvina B. Restovich, Adrián E. Andriulo, José M. Meriles, and Silvina Vargas-Gil. "Soil microbial functionality in response to the inclusion of cover crop mixtures in agricultural systems." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): e0304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016142-8395.
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Agricultural systems where monoculture prevails are characterized by fertility losses and reduced contribution to ecosystem services. Including cover crops (CC) as part of an agricultural system is a promising choice in sustainable intensification of those demanding systems. We evaluated soil microbial functionality in cash crops in response to the inclusion of CC by analyzing soil microbial functions at two different periods of the agricultural year (cash crop harvest and CC desiccation) during 2013 and 2014. Three plant species were used as CC: oat (Avena sativa L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) which were sown in two different mixtures of species: oat and radish mix (CC1) and oat, radish and vetch mix (CC2), with soybean monoculture and soybean/corn being the cash crops. The study of community level physiological profiles showed statistical differences in respiration of specific C sources indicating an improvement of catabolic diversity in CC treatments. Soil enzyme activities were also increased with the inclusion of CC mixtures, with values of dehydrogenase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis up to 38.1% and 35.3% higher than those of the control treatment, respectively. This research evidenced that CC inclusion promotes soil biological quality through a contribution of soil organic carbon, improving the sustainability of agrosystems. The use of a CC mixture of three plant species including the legume vetch increased soil biological processes and catabolic diversity, with no adverse effects on cash crop grain yield.
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Adhikari, Pradip, Nina Omani, Srinivasulu Ale, Paul B. DeLaune, Kelly R. Thorp, Edward M. Barnes, and Gerrit Hoogenboom. "Simulated Effects of Winter Wheat Cover Crop on Cotton Production Systems of the Texas Rolling Plains." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 6 (2017): 2083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12272.
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Abstract. Interest in cover crops has been increasing in the Texas Rolling Plains (TRP) region, mainly to improve soil health. However, there are concerns that cover crops could potentially reduce soil water and thereby affect the yield of subsequent cash crops. Previous field studies from this region have demonstrated mixed results, with some showing a reduction in cash crop yield due to cover crops and others indicating no significant impact of cover crops on subsequent cotton fiber yield. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the CROPGRO-Cotton and CERES-Wheat modules within the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for the TRP region, and (2) use the evaluated model to assess the long-term effects of growing winter wheat as a cover crop on water balances and seed cotton yield under irrigated and dryland conditions. The two DSSAT crop modules were calibrated using measured data on soil water and crop yield from four treatments: (1) irrigated cotton without a cover crop (CwoC-I), (2) irrigated cotton with winter wheat as a cover crop (CwC-I), (3) dryland cotton without a cover crop (CwoC-D), and (4) dryland cotton with a winter wheat cover crop (CwC-D) at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Station at Chillicothe from 2011 to 2015. The average percent error (PE) between the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton simulated and measured seed cotton yield was -10.1% and -1.0% during the calibration and evaluation periods, respectively, and the percent root mean square error (%RMSE) was 11.9% during calibration and 27.6% during evaluation. For simulation of aboveground biomass by the CSM-CERES-Wheat model, the PE and %RMSE were 8.9% and 9.1%, respectively, during calibration and -0.9% and 21.8%, respectively, during evaluation. Results from the long-term (2001-2015) simulations indicated that there was no substantial reduction in average seed cotton yield and soil water due to growing winter wheat as a cover crop. Keywords: CERES-Wheat, Cover crop, Crop simulation model, CROPGRO-Cotton, DSSAT, Seed cotton yield, Soil water.
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Nimir, M. N., and H. M. Ali-Dinar. "JOJOBA, A NEW CASH CROP IN MARGINAL LANDS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 270 (May 1991): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.270.45.
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Kilbourne, Carl G. "A New Sustainable Cash Crop for Mountain Farmers." Appalachian Heritage 28, no. 2 (2000): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2000.0089.
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Morvaridi, Behrooz. "Cash Crop Production and the Process of Transformation." Development and Change 21, no. 4 (October 1990): 693–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1990.tb00395.x.
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Zadoks, J. C. "Crop production and crop protection: Estimated losses in major food and cash crops." Agricultural Systems 51, no. 4 (August 1996): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(96)81487-9.
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Jones, Clain, Kathrin Olson‐Rutz, Perry Miller, and Cathy Zabinski. "Cover Crop Management in Semi‐Arid Regions: Effect on Soil and Cash Crop." Crops & Soils 53, no. 5 (September 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crso.20065.
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Cho, Alyssa H., Alan W. Hodges, and Carlene A. Chase. "Partial Budget Analysis of Summer Fallows for Organic Nutrient and Weed Management in Florida." HortTechnology 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.2.258.
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Partial budget analyses of five summer fallow treatments in Florida preceding a cash crop of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) were conducted. The five treatments were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense), and tillage. Costs were estimated for each summer fallow treatment, including the cost of seed, inoculant, implementation, management, and termination. Benefits were calculated in terms of contributions to the following cash crop of summer squash in the form of biologically fixed nitrogen and reduced weed pressure. Results showed that total production costs were minimized by cover crops, even though implementation costs were higher than for tillage.
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Page, JR, MN Hunter, and W. Easdown. "The economic evaluation of crop research proposals." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 6 (1991): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910825.
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This paper describes a simple evaluative procedure that scientists can use to measure the relative profitability of crop research proposals. The procedure used a series of questions about the expected benefits and costs of projects. The resultant cash flow budgets were then subjected to a standard investment evaluation procedure called discounted cash flow analysis. The measures of profitability used were the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR). An evaluation of 17 project proposals for legume research in central Queensland gave IRR values ranging from negative to 147%. The NPV ranged from -$A189000 to +$14.5 million. This range of profitability is probably typical of research proposals for rural industries. It demonstrates the worth of evaluating proposals so that only the most profitable projects are funded. This procedure was easy to use and was well accepted by most scientists. The inclusion of economic evaluations, as described here, with applications for rural research funds is expected to strengthen the case for and improve the chances of funding.
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Khakbazan, M., R. Henry, J. Haung, R. Mohr, R. Peters, S. Fillmore, V. Rodd, and A. Mills. "Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-050.
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Khakbazan, M., Henry, R., Haung, J., Mohr, R., Peters, R., Fillmore, S., Rodd, V. and Mills, A. 2015. Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 161–174. A rotation study was initiated in 2007 in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, to determine the economic effects of converting from conventional potato production to organically managed systems. Seven organically managed rotations, which used various crop combinations to help control pests and soil-borne diseases as well as maintain nutrient levels, were assessed for 2 yr before and 2 yr after organic certification requirements were met in 2009. Each rotation included potato as the main cash crop and at least one other cash crop in a 4-yr rotation and these rotations were compared to a 4-yr conventional rotation. Results indicated that without an organic price premium, significant net revenue losses are expected for most of the seven rotations because of lower yields and high costs. The rotation that included carrots (potato, carrots and mixed peas–oats grain as the cash crops) produced the highest net revenue amongst all rotations studied; however, carrot yield and the net revenue associated with it also showed the greatest variability among all the crops. Organically managed cash crops generated higher net revenues than the conventional potato system only if the average PEI organic price premium was applied. Conventional potato systems produced economic benefits similar to most of the organic rotations when a traditional potato–cereal–green manure rotation was evaluated. The comparison of seven possible rotations provides producers with options if growing organic potatoes.
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Mukai, Shiro. "Combined Agronomic and Economic Modeling in Farmers’ Determinants of Soil Fertility Management Practices: Case Study from the Semi-Arid Ethiopian Rift Valley." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020281.
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Studies on smallholders’ determinants of soil fertility management practices have become increasingly important for boosting agricultural productivity, particularly in cereal-based farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. In these parts of Africa, farmers preferentially apply organic and inorganic fertilizers to the fields close to their housing compounds (infields). In addition, they prefer to use more fertilizers to grow cash crops rather than food crops. Many researchers suggested that farmers use limited nutrient resources in their hot-spot fields, e.g., infields and/or cash-crop fields. Recent econometric case studies have suggested using a model that considers a complementarity or substitutability between organic and inorganic fertilizers use. This study employed bivariate probit models to analyze 524 plot data collected from the northern semi-arid Ethiopian Rift Valley. A K-means cluster analysis divided the sample data into two subdatasets, representing food-crop-based cropping system (FCCS) and cash-crop-based cropping system (CCCS). Based on narrative inquiry interviews and the cluster analysis, this study considered reflecting the structure of the local farming system in modeling: a data segmentation approach and dummy variable method. Bivariate and univariate probit analyses showed that, first, the farmers’ determinants differed between the FCCS and CCCS. Second, the correlation between organic and inorganic fertilizers use was independent. Farmers’ determinants were primarily governed by the biophysical features of the plots (commuting distance to the plot, plot size, type of the plot, etc.), which narrowed down the feasible soil fertility management options in the plot to one or two; farmers’ more specific decisions on soil fertility management practices depend on individual farmers’ socioeconomic endowments (farm holding, livestock ownership, etc.).
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Bergtold, Jason S., Steven Ramsey, Lucas Maddy, and Jeffery R. Williams. "A review of economic considerations for cover crops as a conservation practice." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000278.
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AbstractOver the past few decades, farmers have increasingly integrated cover crops into their cropping systems. Cover-crop benefits can help a farmer to achieve sustainability or reduce negative environmental externalities, such as soil erosion or chemical runoff. However, the impact on farm economics will likely be the strongest incentive to adopt cover crops. These impacts can include farm profits, cash crop yields or both. This paper provides a review of cover-crop adoption, production, risk and policy considerations from an economic perspective. These dimensions are examined through a review of cover-crop literature. This review was written to provide an overview of cover crops and their impacts on the farm business and the environment, especially with regard to economic considerations. Through increasing knowledge about cover crops, the intent here is to inform producers contemplating adoption and policy makers seeking to encourage adoption.
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Krstić, Đorđe, Svetlana Vujić, Goran Jaćimović, Paride D’Ottavio, Zoran Radanović, Pero Erić, and Branko Ćupina. "The Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Water Balance in Rain-Fed Conditions." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120492.
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Soil and water conservation benefits of cover crops have been hypothesized as a way to mitigate and adapt to changing climatic conditions, but they can also have detrimental effects if rainfall is limited. Our objective was to quantify effects of winter cover crops on soil water storage and yield of silage maize under the agro-ecological conditions within Vojvodina Province in Serbia. The experiment was conducted under rain-fed conditions at three locations and included a control (bare fallow) plus three cover crop and two N rate treatments. The cover crop treatments were common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) and a mixture of the two species. All were managed as green manure and subsequently fertilized with either 120 or 160 kg N ha−1 before planting silage maize (Zea mays L.). Cover crop effects on soil water storage were calculated for two periods, March–May and May–September/October. A Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) used to characterize drought severity for 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, showed values of 3 and 9, respectively, for the two periods. Soil water storage was reduced by all cover crop treatments, with the greatest deficiency occurring during the extremely dry year of 2012. Previous studies have shown cover crop growth reduced by soil water depletion during their growing season and negative effects on early-season growth and development of subsequent cash crops such as silage maize, but if rainfall is extremely low it can also reduce cash crop yield. This detrimental effect of cover crops on soil water balance was confirmed by correlations between soil water storage and maize silage yield.
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Wayman, Sandra, Lisa Kissing Kucek, Steven B. Mirsky, Victoria Ackroyd, Stéphane Cordeau, and Matthew R. Ryan. "Organic and conventional farmers differ in their perspectives on cover crop use and breeding." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000338.
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AbstractCover crops play an important role in agricultural sustainability. Unlike commodity cash crops, however, there has been relatively little cover crop breeding research and development. We conducted an online survey to evaluate: (a) the perspectives of organic and conventional farmers in the USA who use cover crops and (b) the specific cover crop traits that are important to farmers. We recruited participants from both organic and conventional agriculture networks and 69% of respondents reported that they farmed organic land. In addition to demographic data and information on management practices, we quantified farmer perspectives on four winter annual cover crops: (1) Austrian winter pea, (2) crimson clover, (3) hairy vetch and (4) cereal rye. Overall, respondents represented a wide range of states, farm sizes, plant hardiness zones and cash crops produced. Of the 417 full responses received, 87% of respondents reported that they used cover crops. The maximum amount farmers were willing to spend on cover crop seed varied by farmer type: 1% of conventional farmers versus 19% of organic farmers were willing to spend over US$185 ha−1 (US$75 acre−1). Organic and conventional farmers differed in terms of the reasons why they grew cover crops, with organic farmers placing greater value on the ecosystem services from cover crops. More organic (63%) than conventional (51%) farmers agreed that participatory breeding was important for cover crop variety development (P = 0.047). Both groups shared strong support for cover crop research and considered many of the same traits to be important for breeding. For the legume cover crops, nitrogen fixation was considered the most important trait, whereas winter hardiness, early vigor, biomass production and weed suppression were the most important traits for cereal rye. Our results illustrate common interests as well as differences in the perspectives between organic and conventional farmers on cover crops and can be used to inform nascent cover crop breeding efforts.