Academic literature on the topic 'Cashew Kernel Oil'

Biodiesel (GA1) was produced by the transesterification reaction of palm kernel oil (PKO) and methanol catalysed by crushed cashew nut shaft. Biodiesel samples GA2 – GA4 were also produced from the palm kernel oil using conventional base catalysis by NaOH and crushed cashew nut shaft combined with NaOH. The physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data of the four samples were found to be similar and compared favourably to those of standard biodiesel. Keywords: Transesterification, palm kernel oil, cashew nut shell, methanolysis, biodiesel.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of roasting conditions on some physicochemical and nutritional properties of cashew nut lipid fractions at different temperature (100–160ᵒC) and time (20–60 min). Raw and roasted cashew nuts were also analyzed for their composition in fatty acid by GC-FID. Physicochemical properties of the oil showed that the oil yield of roasted cashew nut oil (56.67-31.67%) was significantly higher compared to unroasted oil (47.43%). Also, cashew nut oil with mean values revealed that acid (12-0.86 mg KOH/g of oil); saponification value (138.10-169.06 mgKOH/g of oil), iodine value (55.50-36.19 mg of I/100g of oil); TBA(0.012-0.18mg); p-anisidine value (0.55-0.66); peroxide value (7.26-3.05 meq/kg) and free fatty acid (1.07-1.50 % oleic acid) which indicated that cashew nut oil is edible, non-drying and may not be suitable for soap making. Results of GC-FID analysis of the ethyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid of raw and roasted cashew nut showed that unsaturated fatty acids represented 60.57% for unroasted samples with roasted samples (79.67–83.67%) while saturated fatty acids recorded (16.11–37.65%). The fatty acid composition of the oils shows the presence of four main fatty acids: palmitic (9.25–29.50%); stearic (4.4–9.34%); oleic (34.75–65.60%); and linoleic (1.35–20.66%) with high oleic to linoleic ratio associated with high oil stability. The order of increase is oleic > linoleic > palmitic > stearic in all the samples irrespective of roasting conditions. The result showed that minor changes occur in the fatty acids composition as the roasting temperature and time increased. It was concluded that the heat treatment used does not significantly affect the fatty acid profile content of cashew nuts preserving its antioxidant activity along with other bioactive compounds contained therein.

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition of defatted cashew kernel cake (CKC) and cashew kernel oil (CKO), assess performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets containing two grades of CKC. In the study, 210, one-day old Arbor acre broiler chicks which were stabilized on commercial diets (23% CP and 2900kcal/kgME) for 2 weeks before introduced to the seven experimental diets were used. The experiment was laid out in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement which consisted of a control treatment without CKC while treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7consisted of 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% replacement of groundnut cake (GNC) with grade I and grade II CKC respectively. Digestibility trial was carried out at the end of eighth week of the study. Data on performance attributes and coefficient of nutrient digestibility were collected and analysed using a general linear model of SAS. The results of proximate composition showed no substantial difference in dry matter, crude protein, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate except ether extract. Caloric content in CKC was slightly higher than GNC. Both physical and chemical properties of the defatted cashew oil were similar to that of groundnut. The performance traits measured in terms of body weight gained, total feed intake and feed conversion were significantly (P<0.05) different across the treatments with birds on CKC showing superior performance than birds on GNC diet with 17.72% and 13.35% higher BWG in grade I and II respectively. Fat deposition was notably (P<0.05) higher in birds on CKC diets. Digestibility of nutrients indicated that the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibility were significantly (P<0.05) affected across the treatments by the inclusion of CKC in the diets, while the Ash and NFE digestibility were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced. Economically, the use of CKC reduced the heightened cost of production by 9.1%. It can be concluded that grade I CKC could completely and favourably replace GNC in diets of chicken to improve growth, feed efficiency and to reduce the cost of feed per unit egg.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T12:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERT KAREL KROSS - TESE (PPGEP) 2008.pdf: 3955130 bytes, checksum: c9e012fcb9cf328d9fcc8c525ea4436c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18
O alto índice de quebra de amêndoas no beneficiamento da castanha de caju resulta numa desvalorização significante do valor comercial no mercado internacional. Porém este material rejeitado ainda mantém preservado o seu valor nutritivo, principalmente na fração lipídica, fato este que motivou o estudo do aproveitamento destas amêndoas quebradas por meio do processamento, de forma a se agregar valor a este material além de contribuir no contexto social, pois uma vez aprovada a sua viabilidade, o beneficio se refletirá desde a cadeia produtiva da castanha até programas de agricultura familiar. Deste modo, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal explorar a fração lipídica da amêndoa, extraindo-se o azeite por prensagem mecânica e estudar a estabilidade oxidativa com ênfase na sua identidade e qualidade. Analisou-se se um pré-tratamento térmico (secagem numa estufa às temperaturas de 50 e 70 oC) das amêndoas e o efeito que a presença da luz causaria às características físico-químicas e nutricionais do azeite, durante um período de armazenagem de 120 dias à temperatura ambiente. Na secagem das amêndoas estudou-se a cinética de secagem, ajustando-se os modelos empíricos, semi-teóricos e o modelo matemático fundamentado na Lei de Fick aos dados experimentais, objetivando o melhor ajuste para descrever o fenômeno físico e estimar a energia de ativação envolvida na faixa de temperatura entre 50 e 80oC. Toda a caracterização do azeite foi de acordo com os métodos oficiais e recomendações técnicas da AOCS. A composição dos ácidos graxos do azeite foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa, utilizando-se o método oficial de AOCS. Na parte do tratamento estatístico, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso com o esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 5 e 2 repetições, considerando os fatores: 1) secagem com 3 níveis – sem secagem, secagem a 50 oC e secagem a 70 oC; 2) embalagem com 2 níveis – sem efeito da luz, com efeito da luz; 3) armazenagem com 5 níveis – t = 0, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90 e t = 120 dias. Foi utilizado o software Assitat 7.5 beta para realizar a análise estatística. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que dos modelos empíricos, o de Wang e um melhor ajuste; dos modelos semi-teóricos, o de Page foi que melhor representou o fenômeno físico. Da solução analítica da 2ª Lei de Fick, obteve-se os coeficientes de difusão variando entre 2788 e 4,2894 x10-13 m2/s. A energia de ativação para o processo de secagem de amêndoas de castanha de caju foi de 40,42 kJ/mol para a faixa de temperatura entre 50 e 80 oC. Com relação à parte do azeite pode se concluir que o tratamento prévio de secagem (T = 50 e 70 oC) das amêndoas não influenciou nas características físico-químicas do azeite.
During the cashew nut processing the high percentage of pieces, as being classified, results is a significant lower market price especially on the international market. Nevertheless this rejected part still has its nutrition value preserved, namely in the lipid fraction, reason why the main objective of this work was to use this fraction of pieces for further processing into high value-added final products. In this way its benefits will be reflected in the total supply chain. The challenge of this research was to extract the oil contained in the cashew nut kernels by means of mechanical extraction techniques and study the oxidative stability related to the identity and quality of the extracted oil. Before the oil extraction a thermal pretreatment (drying in a conventional dryer at 50 e 70 oC) of the kernels was analyzed and the effect of exposure to light on the physico-chemical and nutritional properties of the oil, while stored for 120 days at room temperature. Drying kinetics of the kernels were studied by fitting the empirical, semi-empirical and analytical solution of the Fick’s Law to the experimental data aiming to achieve the best fit describing the physical phenomena in the range of 50 and 80 oC. All the analyses were realized by recommended procedures of the AOCS, including the fatty acid determination by Gas Chromatography. The experimental design was totally randomized, with a factorial 3x2x5 e 2 repetitions, considering 1) drying at 3 levels – without drying, drying at 50 oC and at 70 oC; packaging with 2 levels without the exposure to light, with exposure to light; 3) storage with 5 levels - t = 0, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90 and t = 120 days. Hereby the Statistical Software Assistat 7.5 beta was used for the statistical calculations. At this work it was concluded the empirical models of Wang & Singh presented the best fitting; the semi-empirical model of Page represented the best physical phenomena. Diffusion coefficients estimated by the 2nd Law of Fick varied from 2788 to 4,2894 x10-13 m2/s. Within the range of 50 and 80 oC, the Activation energy for the cashew kernels was 40,42 kJ/mol. Finally it can be concluded that the physico-chemical properties of the cashew kernel oil were not affected by the thermal pretreatment (T = 50 and 70 oC).

This chapter considers estimation of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models using quasi-likelihood (QL) and asymptotic quasi-likelihood (AQL) approaches. The QL and AQL estimation methods for the estimation of unknown parameters in ARCH and GARCH models are developed. Distribution assumptions are not required of ARCH and GARCH processes by QL method. Nevertheless, the QL technique assumes knowing the first two moments of the process. However, the AQL estimation procedure is suggested when the conditional variance of process is unknown. The AQL estimation substitutes the variance and covariance by kernel estimation in QL. Reports of simulation outcomes, numerical cases, and applications of the methods to daily exchange rate series and weekly prices’ changes of crude oil are presented.

Abstract Energy consumption prediction plays an important role in pipeline operation regulation and energy management. Accurate energy consumption prediction is helpful to make important decisions, including unit commitment, batch scheduling, load dispatching, energy consumption target setting, etc. The energy consumption of crude oil pipeline is mainly the electrical energy of pump unit. The average annual electrical energy consumption of China’s crude oil pipelines accounts for more than half of the annual operating cost of pipelines. Therefore, the prediction of electrical energy consumption of crude oil pipelines is critical. The energy consumption prediction of crude oil pipelines is very complicated. Firstly, it depends on the variables related to operation parameter, crude oil physical property parameter, environmental parameter and equipment parameter. Secondly, its nonlinearity is strong. Thirdly, the available samples are too little. Through the study on the monthly operation data collected by the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and energy consumption analysis, the turnover and the electrical energy consumption is selected as input variable and output variable, respectively. The support vector machines (SVM) is introduced to predict the monthly electric energy consumption of crude oil pipelines driving oil pumps. However, the generalization capability of SVM is highly dependent on appropriate parameter setting, such as penalty coefficient and kernel parameter. The selection of the optimal parameters is critical to achieving good performance in the learning process. Therefore, in order to improve the generalization ability, GridSearchCV was adopted to optimize the hyperparameters of SVM. Taking a crude oil pipeline from Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province to Fangshan District, Beijing as an example, the actual operation data for four consecutive years (48 months) are used for this study. The data are divided into training set and test set by stratified sampling method, which consist of 28 samples and 20 samples respectively. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) on the test set are 3.42, 21.64, 14.31 and 0.94 respectively. Compared with other five state-of-the-art prediction methods in predictive accuracy, the result shows that GSCV-SVM has the best performance in the case of small samples, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual data.

Abstract In complex and sensitive environments such as the northern Barents Sea, operations face multiple challenges, both technically and logistically. The use of logging while drilling (LWD) technology mitigates risks and assures acquisition of formation evaluation data in a complex trajectory. All data gathering was performed in LWD and provided the kernel for interpretation; alternate scenarios utilizing pipe conveyed wireline elevated risk factors as well as higher overall costs. Novel technology was required for this data acquisition, including fluid mapping while drilling (FMWD) that allows fluid identification with the use of downhole fluid analysis (DFA) using optical spectrometry as well as the retrieval of downhole fluid samples and a unique sourceless multifunction LWD tool delivering key data for the petrophysical evaluation. This paper presents a case study of the first application of a combination of FMWD and a petrophysical LWD toolstring in the Barents Sea. An excellent contribution to the operator of the PL229 that have pushed the boundaries of the formation sampling while drilling and set the basis to challenge the potentiality of this technique and improve the knowledge of the methodology that are the ultimate goals of this paper. Methods, procedures, process Hydrocarbon exploration, production, and transport in the Barents Sea are challenging. The shallow and complex reservoirs are at low temperature and pressure, potentially with gas caps. The Goliat field is the first offshore oil development in this environment, producing from two reservoirs: Realgrunnen and Kobbe. As part of the Goliat field infill drilling campaign with the aim of adding reserves and increase production, PL229 license operator drilled a highly deviated pilot hole to confirm hydrocarbons contacts in the undrained Snadd formation, which lie between two producing reservoirs. A successful data acquisition would not only provide information on the structure of the reservoir but would also assess the insitu movable fluid: type of hydrocarbon or water. FMWD allowed insitu fluid identification with the use of DFA, enabling RT evaluation of hydrocarbon composition as well as the filtrate contamination prior to filling the sampling bottles for further laboratory analysis. All data was acquired while drilling and using a comprehensive real-time visualization interface. Results, observation, conclusion Extensive prejob planning was conducted to optimize the operation. Dynamic fluid invasion simulations were used to estimate the required cleanup times to reach low contaminations. Simulations showed there was significant advantage in cleanup times when sampling soon after drilling. Honoring the natural environment, a unique sourceless multifunction LWD tool was used to acquire data for petrophysical evaluation-GR, resistivity, radioisotope-free density and neutron porosity, elemental capture spectroscopy, and sigma. Fluid mapping in a single run was key to efficiently resolve the insitu fluid type and composition. Critical hydrocarbon samples were collected soon after the formation was drilled to minimize mud filtrate invasion and reduce cleanup times. Multiple pressure measurements were acquired and six downhole fluid samples at low contamination (∼3% confirmed by laboratory) collected at several stations in variable mobilities. One scanning station was done at a zone were a physical sample was not required to confirm absence of gas cap. The DFA capabilities and ability to assess composition and control the fluid cleanup from surface allowed critical decisions to complete the acquisition program in this remote complex environment, all while drilling. In conclusion, FMWD results facilitated the placement decisions of the horizontal drain in this reservoir. This green BHA is unique in the LWD world. It eliminates radioactive source-handling and all related environmental risks to provide a comprehensive reservoir characterization. FMWD contributes formation pressure and fluid characterization and enables the physical capture of fluid samples in a single run. The combination of these two technologies completed the formation and fluid evaluation needs in this remote and environmentally sensitive area while drilling.