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J, Binu B., and Abdul Salim A. "PERFORMANCE OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CASHEW IN INDIA AND KERALA IN THE GLOBALISED SCENARIO." Journal of Global Economy 14, no. 4 (January 2, 2019): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v14i4.509.
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Cashew industry is a prominent agro based, export oriented and traditional industry which provides employment and income for the economic development of Kerala. There are lakhs of workers engaged in the cashew processing industry; about ninety four percent are women workers. The performance of cashew in the international scenario reveals the position with which the cashew holds among the agricultural commodities. India is the first country which commercialized cashew as a horticultural crop. India’s raw nut production is not sufficient to sustain the processing capacity established in the country. The low yielding cashew plants of senile and non-descript origin need to be replaced with cashew grafts of high yielding varieties along with adoption of improved production technologies. Higher productivity as well as production is the urgent need for all the major producers of cashew across the globe. The scrutiny of cashew productivity data in India over the last few years indicated stagnation and there was a wide gap existing between the actual and potential yields. It is essential that India should keep pace and meet the requirement of raw cashew nuts for cashew processing industries and achieve self sufficiency. The present paper examines the performance of cashew sector in terms of area, production and productivity in India and Kerala.
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Dhanushkodi, Saravanan, Vincent H. Wilson, and Kumarasamy Sudhakar. "Life Cycle Cost of Solar Biomass Hybrid Dryer Systems for Cashew Drying of Nuts in India." Environmental and Climate Technologies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2015-0003.
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Abstract Cashew nut farming in India is mostly carried out in small and marginal holdings. Energy consumption in the small scale cashew nut processing industry is very high and is mainly due to the high energy consumption of the drying process. The drying operation provides a lot of scope for energy saving and substitutions of other renewable energy sources. Renewable energy-based drying systems with loading capacity of 40 kg were proposed for application in small scale cashew nut processing industries. The main objective of this work is to perform economic feasibility of substituting solar, biomass and hybrid dryer in place of conventional steam drying for cashew drying. Four economic indicators were used to assess the feasibility of three renewable based drying technologies. The payback time was 1.58 yr. for solar, 1.32 for biomass and 1.99 for the hybrid drying system, whereas as the cost-benefit estimates were 5.23 for solar, 4.15 for biomass and 3.32 for the hybrid system. It was found that it is of paramount importance to develop solar biomass hybrid dryer for small scale processing industries.
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Viana, F. M. P., J. E. Cardoso, H. A. O. Saraiva, M. A. S. V. Ferreira, R. L. R. Mariano, and L. C. Trindade. "First Report of a Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1361c.
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In 2003 and 2004, leaves and young fruits of cashew nut plants showing an undescribed disease symptom were observed on plants of an early-dwarf clone in a commercial orchard in Ceará and Piauí states in northeastern Brazil. Initial symptoms consisted of angular, water-soaked, dark-to-black spots on the leaf and at the mid-rib vein surrounding the leaf veins. Eventually, lesions also extended from the mid-rib to the secondary veins, delineating the vein system of the leaf. In young, green fruits, symptoms were large, dark, oily spots surrounded by conspicuous water-soaked areas. A yellow-pigmented colony was consistently recovered from the lesions on nutrient yeast-extract dextrose agar medium (3 g of meat extract, 5 g of peptone, 10 g of dextrose, 5 g of yeast extract, and 18 g of agar per liter). Physiological tests revealed colonies that were gram negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, lacking fluorescent pigmentation on King's B medium, urea hydrolase negative, and able to grow on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate medium yielding yellow colonies. These tests indicated that the bacterium belonged to the genus Xanthomonas. PCR amplification of bacterial DNA using RST2 (1) and Xcv3R (3) primers resulted in identical band patterns to mango isolates Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified products of six isolates of X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was conducted with HaeIII and showed different profile patterns on agarose gel, indicating genetic variability among these isolates. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently piercing and misting cashew leaves with a bacterial suspension adjusted to 106 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (29 ± 1°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 8 days, foliar symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated bacteria were characterized and found to be X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first description of commercially grown cashew plants as host to X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil. This disease may pose a serious problem to the cashew-growing industry in Brazil. This bacterial pathogen has been reported on mangoes (Mangifera indica) and cashew in India (2) under the former name of Pseudomonas mangiferae-indicae. References: (1) R. P. Leite, Jr. et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1068, 1994. (2) M. K. Patel et al. Curr. Sci. 17:189, 1948. (3) L. C. Trindade et al. Summa Phytopathol. 33:16, 2007.
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Nogueira Diógenes, Maria José, Fabíola D. E. Oliveira Ramos, Adriana D. E. Alencar Oliveira, and Pedro Coelho Nogueira Diógenes. "Paronychia in cashew nut industry workers." Contact Dermatitis 47, no. 2 (August 2002): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470210_13.x.
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Muthu Kumar, S., V. Ponnuswami, and K. Padmadevi. "CASHEW INDUSTRY IN INDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.10.
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Banerjee, Soumitra, and S. L. Shrivastava. "Economic Analysis of Cashew Nut Processing in India." Economic Affairs 59, no. 3 (2014): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4666.2014.00010.2.
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Oluwale, Billy Adegbola, Caleb Muyiwa Adelowo, Joel Ocheni, and Matthew Olugbemiga Ilori. "Technological capability building in Nigerian cashew nut processing industry." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 9, no. 4 (2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2017.088960.
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Ocheni, Joel, Matthew Olugbemiga Ilori, Billy Adegbola Oluwale, and Caleb Muyiwa Adelowo. "Technological capability building in Nigerian cashew nut processing industry." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 9, no. 4 (2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2017.10010041.
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Mohod, Atul, Sudhir Jain, and Ashok Powar. "Cashew Nut Shell Waste: Availability in Small-Scale Cashew Processing Industries and Its Fuel Properties for Gasification." ISRN Renewable Energy 2011 (September 11, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/346191.
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The energy and mass flow of the steam cooking operation of three readily defined small-scale cashew processing industries was studied to estimate the availability of cashew nut shell. The proximate analysis of cashew shell waste was carried out using ASTMD 73–75 method. The calorific value of the cashew shell was carried out using bomb calorimeter (ASTME 711). The thermogravimetric analysis of the cashew shell was carried out using TG-FTIR with 10∘C/minute heating rate. The study revealed that, the small-scale cashew processing industries followed steam-cooking process with average energy consumption accounted to be 2969.7 MJ per 1000 kg of raw cashew seed. The cashew shell waste generated in small-scale cashew processing industries was found to be 67.5% of total weight of cashew seed, which can be utilized as fuel for thermal energy supply. The average higher calorific value of the cashew nut shell was found to be 4890 kcal/kg. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that 85% weight of cashew nut shell has been degraded at 500∘C and in 13 minutes. The availability and fuel analysis of the cashew shell as a fuel revealed its suitability as a supplementary fuel for thermal application through pyrolysis in the industry.
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Mubofu, Egid B. "From cashew nut shell wastes to high value chemicals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 88, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2016): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0603.
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AbstractThe amount of waste generated in cashew nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, cashew nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how cashew nut shells (an agro waste from cashew nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.
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Brzezinski, Jennifer L. "Detection of Cashew Nut DNA in Spiked Baked Goods Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1035.
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Abstract The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as tree nuts, in food products is a major concern for the food processing industry. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was designed to determine the presence of cashew DNA in food products. The PCR amplifies a 67 bp fragment of the cashew 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a cashew-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as 4 varieties of peanut. This assay was sensitive enough to detect 5 pg purified cashew DNA as well as cashew DNA in a spiked chocolate cookie sample containing 0.01% (100 mg/kg) cashew.
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Verma, Praveen Kumar, SK Nag, and SK Patil. "Comparative economics of cashew nut kernel processing technology in Bastar region of India." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 1 (August 25, 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20166.
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The paper has studied the economic viability of improved technology (Introduced under NAIP component-3) for extraction of cashew kernel from cashew nut in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. Cost concept has been used to calculate economics of cashew kernel. The technology (Boiling, steaming, cutting, drying, and peeling) has been found viable over conventional practices (Traditional manual separation by stone or hammer) on account of higher recovery of 40 percent and cost reduction by 29.71 percent. Overall net profit per unit (One unit includes one boiler, one steamer, two cutter, one dryer, six peelers and cost of land, depreciation and interest on working capital) in the case of improved technology has been estimated to be Rs 7.32 lakh. Cost of production in machine extraction practices was 202.80 Rupees per kilogram of cashew in spite of traditionally practiced 288.56 Rupees per kilogram. The cost benefit ratio was found higher in machine extraction (1.57) as compare to traditionally practiced (0.169). The mechanical decortications and separation could not only save time and money, also reduced women drudgery (due to manual breaking by stone or hammer to separate kernel). The technology has been found suitable for promotion of entrepreneurship on the processing of cashew kernel from cashew nut in the production catchments which otherwise is not properly utilized. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20166 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(1): 165-172, March 2014
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Uaciquete, Americo, and Jacinto Raul Nicurrupo. "Direct Effect of cashew Nut Scarification Associated with Powdery Mildew in the Processing Industry." Journal of Agricultural Studies 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v4i3.9881.
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Cashew powdery mildew disease can reduce on field yield by 100% depending on flowers’ susceptibility. Surviving flowers may still produce nuts that are severely damaged. The impact of this, post-harvest, damage to the processing industry is unknown. Therefore the objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of powdery mildew nut scarification on biometric and industrial processing variables: nut size, weight, nut count, outturn, cutting and peeling time and finally analyze the financial implication of the effect. Thus, raw cashew nuts were randomly sampled and categorized in to five disease score levels (treatments). Ten nuts (replicates) were used for each disease category. Length, thickness, width and weight were measured. Furthermore, from each disease level, two sets of nuts were established. One set for nut count and outturn assessment by cutting test. The other set, for steam boiling, cutting, peeling and other processes quantitatively assessed. A completely randomized experimental design was followed for data analysis. The summary effect was assessed as relative loss in percentage to non diseased nuts. The relative maximum loss due to powdery mildew attack was 41.2% for nut length, 42.9% for nut width, 31.3% for nut thickness and 50% for nut weight. The disease severity increased relative nut count (18.9%) and reduced the total percentage of kernels (20.3%), outturn (21.1%), the industrial yield of white wholes (88.1%), amount of peels (27.6%) and the outturn and nut count based projected income by 9.6%. Three disease based nut categories are proposed for processing improvements. Nut scarification effect on kernel deterioration, seed germination and others is under investigation.
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Mohod. "Energy Option for Small Scale Cashew Nut Processing in India." Energy Research Journal 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/erjsp.2010.47.50.
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Bragoni, Valentina, Raja K. Rit, Robin Kirchmann, A. Stefania Trita, and Lukas J. Gooßen. "Synthesis of bio-based surfactants from cashew nutshell liquid in water." Green Chemistry 20, no. 14 (2018): 3210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01686k.
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Oza, Heli S., and Hitesh Solanki. "Impact of Climate Condition on Flowering, Fruiting, Kernel and Nut-yield In Newly Added Potential Growing Areas of Cashewnut in India- A Review." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i3.003.
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Cashew is now an important Horticulture plant for India and now India is exporting cashew at a good scale. Traditional Indian growing area comprises the parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states. However, now new areas are coming up with good potential for cultivation such as Gujarat, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andaman and Nicobar island, North Earsten Hilly States. Cashew cultivars are recommended based on geographical distribution, climate, soil based on these flowering and fruiting time. Cashew nut yield and kernel weight can be different for different varieties and so on its quality with shelling can vary. Flowering and fruiting is greatly influenced by rain because it starts flowering after monsoon, which is greatly influenced by the onset and offset of Indian monsoon that India varies from state to state as India has north-east monsoon and south-west monsoon. Moreover, soil characteristics across India varies widely. Integrated effect of soil, rainfall and temperature drives the optimum growth of cashew trees, which resulted in the change in yield and quality of cashew nuts. The present review paper addresses many of these drivers and their impact on cashew produce in India.
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D. M., Damasia, Patel Z. P., and Thesia N. M. "Influence of abiotic factors on incidence of apple and nut borer, Thylocoptila panrosema Meyrick of cashew." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.1218.
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A research was carried out on cashew variety Vengurla-4 at farmer’s field in hilly area of the Dangs district, Gujarat, India during 2018 and 2019 to study the association between the incidence of apple and nut borer of cashew and abiotic factors. Regular weekly observations were recorded on the per cent damage of the pest. Apple and nut borer incidence was confined during January to May with maximum damage during April and was negatively influenced by evening and mean relative humidity as well as bright sunshine hours.
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Ifa, La. "TECHNO ECONOMIC STUDY OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM CASHEW NUT SHELL WASTE." Journal of Industrial Engineering Management 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jiem.v6i1.879.
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Liquid smoke has a very large use, it is a result of condensation or condensation of pyrolysis vapor, directly or indirectly from wood materials such as cashew nut shells. Cashew nut shell is an abundant biomass of cashew nut processing industry but its utilization is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to make liquid smoke from cashew nut shell waste (technological aspect) and conduct economic analysis (economic aspect) to determine economic feasibility. Liquid smoke is made by pyrolysis at a temperature of 150-450oC in a simple batch type reactor. The results obtained were analyzed for its chemical components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MC) spectrophotometer analysis. The largest liquid smoke production was obtained at a temperature of 450oC and a time of 2.5 hours with a yield of 19.46%. The main chemical components contained in liquid smoke are phenol (36.310%), acid (12.947%) and carbonyl (16.715%) respectively. With a liquid smoke production capacity of 200 tons per year, liquid smoke products can be sold at a price of IDR 3,620,137,785/years. Total Production cost 2,572,976,800/years. Annual net profit 733,012,689. Investigation of the economic feasibility of liquid smoke production, seen from the Rate of Rate on Investment, is 15.65%, Pay Out Time is 2.99 years and Break Event Point is 49.05%
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Maruthadurai, Ramasamy, and Narendra Pratap Singh. "A report on occurrence of aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae (van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cashew ecosystem from Goa, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 2 (February 26, 2017): 9858. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2435.9.2.9858-9861.
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The aphid, Aphis odinae (Van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous, occasional insect pest of cashew. A field survey was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in cashew plantations to record the incidence of aphid and its predators. Periodical sampling revealed, the occurrence of six species of aphidophagous predators comprising three species of coccinellids, viz., Scymnus castaneus Sicard, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) and Pseudaspidimerus flaviceps (Walker) and three species of syrphids, viz., Paragus serratus (Fabricius), Dideopsis aegrota (Fabricius) and Ischidon scutellaris (Fabricius) were found predating on A. odinae. All the immature stages of predators were found predating on first, second, third and fourth instars of the aphid. Among the coccinellids, the dominant species were S. castaneus (4.26 grubs/nut) followed by C. sexmaculata (0.42 grubs/leaf) and P. flaviceps (0.14 grubs/nut). Of the syrphids, P. serratus 2.39 larvae/nut was the major predator. The species D. aegrota (1.2 larvae/leaf) and I. scutellaris (0.5 larvae/nut) were recorded as minor predators. Seasonal abundance of predators was synchronized with the aphid with a maximum occurrence during February 2015. The aphid population gradually reduced from April onwards due to the voracious feeding activity of the predators. The study concluded that the aphidophagous predators, viz., coccinellids and syrphids play a major role in managing the aphid A. odinae in cashew and could be encouraged for augmentation and conservation of these predators in a cashew based ecosystem.
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Elakkiya, E., P. Sivaraj, and A. Vijayaprabhakar. "Growth and Performance of Cashew Nut Production in India- An Analysis." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 6 (June 10, 2017): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.211.
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Sunija, A. J., S. Siva Ilango, and K. P. Vinod Kumar. "Electrical studies on biopolyurethane from cashew nut husk tannin." Circuit World 41, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-07-2014-0030.
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Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the evaluation of the electrical properties of bio-based polyurethane material derived from cashew nut husk tannin and also the effect of temperature and frequency on the dielectric values and alternate current (AC) conductivity. Design/methodology/approach – Bio-based polyurethane is prepared from cashew nut husk tannin as polyol, their dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor are measured using an inductance capacitance resistance (LCR) metre, and the AC conductivity is determined using dielectric constant and loss values. Findings – The dielectric constant values are high, and the values decrease with an increase in frequency but increase with an increase in temperature. The AC conductivity values are low; hence, the material can be categorized as insulators or semi-conductors. Because the polyurethanes have a good dielectric value and are cost-effective, as they are derived from renewable biomaterial waste, they have promising applications for the future. Research limitations/implications – The experiment is carried out up to the frequency of 200 KHz because of the limitation in the instrument. But for the institute of printed circuits (IPC) and other specifications, the values of dielectric loss and dielectric constant will be generally coated for 1 MHz. Practical implications – The high dielectric constant and loss values show that the polyurethane can be opted for use as capacitors in electronic devices, and the values are comparable to the requirements of IPC4101A/24IPC; hence, they are suitable for the application as printed circuit board (PCB) laminate. Social implications – The use of biomaterial waste in the production of polyurethane will bring down the dependence of polyurethane industry on fossil fuel reserve, reduce carbon dioxide foot print and reduce the cost of production. Originality/value – The motivation of the work was its ecological aspect and also aims on the use of an alternative bio-based material in the PCB industry.
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Veeranjaneya Kumar Polisetty, V., and Krishna Banana. "An Economic Analysis of Cashew Industry in India." International Journal of Management Studies V, no. 4(4) (October 1, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i4(4)/11.
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CARR, M. K. V. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000392.
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SUMMARYThe centre of origin of cashew is believed to be Brazil, from where it has spread since the 16th century throughout the tropics. In recent years, Vietnam has surpassed India to become the world's largest producer of cashew nut. Most of the research on the water relations of cashew has been done in Brazil, where it is both a large-scale commercial and a smallholder crop, and in Australia, where cashew is a possible emerging new crop. There are two ‘types’ of cashew: ‘talls’ and ‘dwarfs’. Both are evergreen trees in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Flowers form annually on the end of branches in the dry season, and flowering continues for two to four months. It then takes about two months from pollination for the nut to mature. Roots can extend to great depths (>5 m), while cashew's wide-spreading rooting habit is critical to its successful adaptation to semi-arid/dry conditions. The optimum temperature for CO2 assimilation is in the range 25–35 °C. Progressive closure of the stomata occurs at saturation deficits of the air >1.5 kPa. In the field, differences in rates of gas exchange between irrigated and unirrigated cashew trees only become apparent three or four months after the end of the rains, the stomata playing an important role in maintaining a favourable leaf water status in dry conditions. Sap flow measurements indicate transpiration rates of 20–28 L d−1 tree−1. Irrigation can be beneficial during the period from flowering to the start of harvest, but reliable estimates of water productivity have yet to be established. The best/only estimate is 0.26 kg (nut in shell) m−3 (irrigation water). There is a continuing need to develop a method to estimate the water requirements of cashew, to identify where and when irrigation of cashew is likely to be justified and to develop a practical irrigation schedule.
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Madhura, K., B. Raghavendra, and B. M. Ramakrishna. "An Empirical Study on Issues and Challenges in Working Conditions of Feminine Labours Engaged in Cashew Industries." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i3.2312.
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Recent Socio-cultural evolution in India shows that feminine workers play a major role in the economy. The cashew processing industry is a labor intensive industry, which provides employment opportunities mainly to women, among which most of them belong to socially backward community.Purpose: A research model was established to analyze the various issues and challenges faced by women labor’s in cashew industries To identify suitable measures to safeguard their work-life or work environment provided by cashew industries in Dakshina Kannada (DK) district.Findings: The research finding shows the socioeconomic conditions and health issues, mainly challenging the women labours in cashew industries. The cashew processing industry mainly depends on expensive imported raw cashew nuts due to the reduction in yield of nuts in India. It results in an increase in the cost of processing and difficult to sustain the quality of nuts, which directly effects the earnings, health, and welfare of women labours.This paper focuses on suggesting provisions on social security incentives for improving the women’s labor welfares.
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Prabakaran, K., C. Sivapragasam, and U. Arulanandu. "FORECASTING CULTIVATED AREAS AND PRODUCTION OF CASHEW NUT IN INDIA USING ARIMA MODEL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.36.
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Patil, D. Y., P. D. Yadav, A. M. Shete, J. Nuchina, R. Meti, D. Bhattad, S. Someshwar, and D. T. Mourya. "Occupational exposure of cashew nut workers to Kyasanur Forest disease in Goa, India." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 61 (August 2017): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.06.004.
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Anurudh, K. Singh. "Early History of Crop Presence/Introduction in India: III. Anacardium occidentale L., Cashew Nut." Asian Agri-History 22, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/aah/2018/v22i3/21389.
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Gandhi, Tejas S., Mayank R. Patel, and Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya. "Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0176.
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Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.
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de Araújo, Francisca Pereira, Josy Anteveli Osajima, João Sammy Nery de Souza, and Marcelo Barbosa Furtini. "Study on the Influence of the Wastes from Cashew Industry on Environmentally Friendly Bricks." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.120.
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Soil-cement bricks are sustainable and economically viable alternatives due to the possibility of residue utilization. CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid ) is an example of residue from the cashew industry that can be reused in many applications. Therefore, the present work had as its objective to produce soil-cement bricks having CNSL as a constituent of the formulation. The samples were obtained from the mixture of pure CNSL, soil and cement (1:10). The soils used in the research were extracted from the south of the state and the mixture was pressed in a modular manual press. The samples were submitted to resistance and permeability tests and the results related to resistance and compression showed that the bricks presented an average of 2,3 MPa and were in accordance with what is suggested by NBR 8491/12. The presence of CNSL also altered the permeability of the material which was obtained. Hence, one may conclude that the presence of CNSL satisfactorily influences upon the properties of soil-cement bricks.
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Ghadage, V. R., T. R. Ahlawat, S. L. Chawla, N. I. Shah, and Nitesh Ghadage. "Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering behavior of cashew cv. Vengurla-4 grown in the hilly tracts of South Gujarat." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.739.
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A trial was conducted at Subhir and Chikhalda locations in Dang district of South Gujarat, India to assess the effect of Ethrel, NAA and GA3 on the flowering behavior of cashew cultivar Vengurla-4 during 2013-14. Three concentrations each of GA3 (50, 75, 100 ppm), Ethrel (10, 30, 50 ppm) and NAA (50, 75, 100ppm) were applied as foliar sprays 20 days before blossoming and 20 days after full bloom in twenty year old trees of cashew cultivar Vengurla-4. Trees sprayed with 50 ppm Ethrel had significantly the highest number of flowering panicles per squaremeter (13.09), number of perfect flowers per panicle (87.11) and sex ratio (0.24) across locations and in pooled data. However, this was at par with 10 ppm Ethrel which emerged as the second best treatment of the trial. This study demonstrated the potential of Ethrel in improving various flowering parameters of cashew which are important determinations in increasing nut production.
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Bhaumik, Shubrajit, Viorel Paleu, Rajan Pathak, Rishabh Maggirwar, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, and Anuj Kumar Sharma. "Tribological investigation of r-GO additived biodegradable cashew nut shells liquid as an alternative industry lubricant." Tribology International 135 (July 2019): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.007.
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Ray, D. P. "GENETIC RESOURCES AND VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT OF CASHEW NUT WITH RELATION TO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF INDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.13.
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Borah, Swapnali. "Ergonomic Assessment of Drudgery of Women Worker Involved in Cashew nut Processing Factory in Meghalaya, India." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 4665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.557.
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Vicente, Fatima, Africa Sanchiz, Rosa Rodríguez-Pérez, Maria Pedrosa, Santiago Quirce, Joseph Haddad, Colette Besombes, Rosario Linacero, Karim Allaf, and Carmen Cuadrado. "Influence of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) on Allergenic Potential of Tree Nuts." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071742.
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Pistachio and cashew contain allergenic proteins, which causes them to be removed from the diet of allergic people. Previous studies have demonstrated that food processing (thermal and non-thermal) can produce structural and/or conformational changes in proteins by altering their allergenic capacity. In this study, the influence of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) on pistachio and cashew allergenic capacity has been studied. Western blot was carried out using IgG anti-11S and anti-2S and IgE antibodies from sera of patients sensitized to pistachio and cashew. DIC processing causes changes in the electrophoretic pattern, reducing the number and intensity of protein bands, as the pressure and temperature treatment increment, which results in a remarkable decrease in detection of potentially allergenic proteins. The harshest conditions of DIC (7 bar, 120 s) markedly reduce the immunodetection of allergenic proteins, not only by using IgG (anti 11S and anti 2S) but also when IgE sera from sensitized patients were used for Western blots. Such immunodetection is more affected in pistachio than in cashew nuts, but is not completely removed. Therefore, cashew proteins are possibly more resistant than pistachio proteins. According these findings, instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) can be considered a suitable technique in order to obtain hypoallergenic tree nut flour to be used in the food industry.
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BRZEZINSKI, JENNIFER L. "Detection of Sesame Seed DNA in Foods Using Real-Time PCR." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.1033.
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The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as sesame seeds, in food products is a major concern for the food-processing industry. A real-time PCR method was designed to determine if sesame seed DNA is present in food products. The PCR reaction amplifies a 66-bp fragment of the sesame seed 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a sesame-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other seeds present in baked goods, such as pumpkin, poppy, and sunflower seeds. Additionally, this assay will not cross-react with DNA from several tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, cashew, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as four varieties of peanut. This assay is sensitive enough to detect 5 pg of purified sesame seed DNA, as well as sesame seed DNA in a spiked wheat cracker sample.
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Oliveira, Edna M. S., Francisco R. Silva, Crislânia C. O. Morais, Thiago Mielle B. F. Oliveira, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, Artur J. Motheo, Cynthia C. Albuquerque, and Suely S. L. Castro. "Performance of (in)active anodic materials for the electrooxidation of phenolic wastewaters from cashew-nut processing industry." Chemosphere 201 (June 2018): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.037.
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Witjaksono, Julian. "STRATEGI AKSELERASI PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI KACANG METE DI SULAWESI TENGGARA / Acceleration Strategy for Developing Cashew Nuts Agriculture Industry in Southeast Sulawesi." Perspektif 17, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/psp.v17n1.2018.67-75.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Tanaman perkebunan mampu memberikan kontribusi yang besar bagi Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB) nasional. Di Sulawesi Tenggara, selain kakao, jambu mete merupakan tanaman yang telah lama menjadi tumpuan hidup masyarakat khususnya di lahan-lahan kering marginal. Namun, kondisi pertanaman pada saat ini cukup merisaukan dilihat dari umur tanaman yang sudah sangat tua yang mengakibatkan penurunan produktivitas tanaman. Rendahnya produktivitas berdampak pada ekonomi masyarakat petani khususnya di sisi hilir akibat dari kurangnya suplai gelondongan untuk industri olahan kacang mete. Agroindustri kacang mete di Sulawesi Tenggara berkembang cukup pesat selama beberapa puluh tahun terakhir namun saat ini usaha pengolahan kacang mete tersebut menunjukan kelesuan akibat tidak adanya upaya untuk pengembangan industri rumah tangga tersebut. Oleh sebab itu strategi percepatan sangat dibutuhkan agar usaha pengolahan kacang mete yang merupakan industri rumah tangga dan tersebar di beberapa kabupaten sentra produksi agar dapat terus berkembang sebagai sumber ekonomi masyarakat. Akselerasi tersebut dapat dimulai dari sisi hulu, yaitu 1) introduksi paket teknologi pada lahan tanaman yang belum menghasilkan untuk, 2) peremajaan tanaman pada lahan tanaman yang tidak menghasilkan, dan 3) penyediaan bibit tanaman unggul lokal yang bersertifikat. Kemudian dari sisi hilir, program akselerasi meliputi 1) penyediaan skim kredit tanpa agunan bagi industry pengolahan kacang mete, dan 2) dukungan mekanisasi yaitu alat kacip semi otomatis skala rumah tangga. Selanjutnya, yang tidak kalah penting adalah dukungan kelembagaan ekonomi. Model LEM (Lembaga Ekonomi Masyarakat) sejahtera seperti yang telah berkembang di Sulawesi Tenggara untuk petani kakao dapat diintroduksi pada masyarakat petani jambu mete.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p>Crop estate in Indonesia has contributed highly to the Gross Domestic Bruto (GDP). In Southeast Sulawesi, after cocoa, cashew nuts domestically as the supporting live for farmers in the marginal dry land. However, current condition of cashew nuts plantation is getting worrying due to aging crop with consequently decreasing plant productivity. This is will have impact of low economy of farmers live particulary for people who work in the downstream industry due to the low supplay of shell nuts. In the past few years cashew nuts agroindustry<strong> </strong>in Southeast Sulawesi is growing fastly but now this industry is getting down<strong>. </strong>This is because there is no supporting program to help people who work in the home industry. Therefore, acceleration strategies are needed to support this industry which has spread out across the county producer in Southeast Sulawesi in order to grow the economic household. Acceleration program should be implemented firstly in the upstream side, Viz. 1) Introduction of technological package of cashew nut crop in the plant area of not produce yet, 2) Plant rehabilitation program in the area of old crop, and 3) providing certification nurseries program by using local high yield variety. Moreover, in the downstream side acceleration strategies are 1) providing loan program with low interest without collateral guarantee, and 2) mechanization program by providing semi authomatic machine of peeling shell for home industry. Another which is important about strengthening program of local economic institutional. LEM sejahtera which has been implemented for cocoa farmers is a good model and successfully implemented across the county of cocoa farmers household in Southeast Sulawesi. This model could be introduced for cashew nut farmers.</p>
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Pandian, Sivakumar, Patel Chintan Dahyalal, Shanker Krishna, S. Hari, and Deepalakshmi Subramanian. "A study on cashew nut shell liquid as a bio-based flow improver for heavy crude oil." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 5 (April 17, 2021): 2287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01162-w.
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AbstractTransportation of heavy crude oil through pipelines poses a great challenge in oil and gas industry. Crude oil chokes the pipelines when the temperature drops below the pour-point temperature. In the present study, a bio-based additive, i.e., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been tested as a flow improver for heavy crude. CNSL was obtained from waste cashew nut shell by means of mechanical extraction, and it was completely characterized. Similarly, the crude oil used in the study was characterized for its physio-chemical properties. Also, the crude oil was subjected to Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The raw and additive-treated crude oil with different CNSL dosages were subjected to pour-point and rheology measurements and optical micro-imaging analysis which indicated a remarkable improvement in flow whereby an optimum dose of 2000 ppm was observed. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters like shear rate, concentration of the flow improver and the effect of temperature on the crude oil flowability were studied. The process variables were optimized by means of Taguchi method, and the percentage contribution of each parameter was identified with the help of ANOVA table. The results indicate that a remarkable improvement in flow was observed at an optimum dose of 2000 ppm. The contribution of the concentration was found to be around 53%, whereas the contributions of the shear rate and the temperature were only 18.08 and 28.91%, respectively. Therefore, it has been observed that CNSL flow improvers extracted from cheap reasonable resources are more effective as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to conventional additives.
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INDRAWANTO, CHANDRA. "PENENTUAN POLA PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI JAMBU METE." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v14n2.2008.78-86.
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ABSTRAK<br />Sebagai produsen mete, agroindustri mete di Indonesia masih belum<br />berkembang. Sekitar 36% produksi masih diekspor dalam bentuk<br />gelondong. Pengembangan agroindustri mete yang mengandalkan industri<br />besar tidak berjalan baik. Untuk itu perlu dicari pola yang tepat untuk<br />pengembangan agroindustri mete. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan<br />system dengan menerapkan metode AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)<br />untuk menentukan skenario terbaik pengembangan industri mete nasional<br />yang kuat. Akuisisi pendapat pakar dilakukan dengan wawancara intensif<br />dan melalui FGD terhadap tujuh pakar di Bogor pada bulan Februari 2007.<br />Faktor penentu keberhasilan pengembangan agroindustri mete dengan<br />tingkat kepentingan relatif tertinggi adalah ketersediaan bahan baku.<br />Faktor ini sangat ditentukan oleh kinerja aktor petani dalam usahataninya,<br />sehingga aktor petani memiliki tingkat kepentingan relatif tertinggi di<br />antara ketiga aktor penentu. Kinerja usahatani ditentukan oleh<br />terpenuhinya obyektif dari aktor petani terutama obyektif pendapatan<br />usahatani yang baik. Dari ketiga skenario pola pengembangan industri<br />mete, pola industri dengan basis industri kecil skala rumah tangga untuk<br />pengacipan yang ditunjang industri pengolahan kulit mete ditingkat<br />kabupaten sentra produksi mete dipilih sebagai pola terbaik karena dapat<br />memenuhi seluruh obyektif petani dengan baik. Kebijakan yang perlu<br />diambil dalam membangun industri mete dengan pola terpilih adalah<br />dengan membentuk klaster industri mete di kabupaten sentra produksi<br />mete, meningkatkan pendapatan petani melalui pengenalan budidaya<br />anjuran, tanaman sela dan diversifikasi hasil, serta mendorong per-<br />dagangan kacang mete ke negara-negara terdekat pengimpor kacang mete<br />seperti Australia, Jepang, Uni Emirat Arab dan Arab Saudi.<br />Kata kunci : Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale, AHP, agroindustri,<br />klaster<br />ABSTRACT<br />Assortment of patrons of cashew agroindustry<br />development<br />As a cashew producer, Indonesia’s cashew agroindustry has not<br />been developed yet. Around 36% of cashew production is exported<br />without being processed. For that reason, a proper patron of cashew<br />agroindustry development should be found. This research used system<br />approach. AHP method had been applied to judge the best scenario of the<br />patron of cashew agroindustry development. Acquisition of expert<br />judgement had been done by intensive interview and FGD to seven expert<br />in Bogor in February 2007. The analysis showed that raw material of<br />cashew supply is the most important determinant factor in developing<br />cashew agroindustry. Performance of this factor is depend on the<br />performance of farmers in managing their farming. This condition put<br />farmers as the most important actor in developing cashew agroindustry.<br />The performance of the farmers depends on how the scenario can fulfill<br />the objectives of the farmers. From three scenarios judged, cashew<br />agroindustry based on home industry in cashew central production<br />regencies is the best scenario that can fulfil all objectives of the farmer.<br />Policies should be taken in developing cashew agroindustry using this<br />scenario are: building clusters of the cashew industry in cashew central<br />production regencies, Increasing farmers income from their farming by<br />introducing good farming systems, intercropping, product diversification<br />of cashew and increasing cashew nut export to importer countries such as<br />Australia, Japan, Uni Emirate Arab and Saudi Arabia.<br />Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, AHP, agroindustry, cluster
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Onunkwo, D. N., G. Daniel-Igwe, V. Odoemelam, C. A. Agida, and B. N. Ezenyilimba. "Growth performance and feed cost benefit of broiler chickens fed Acha grain-based diet supplemented with different plant protein sources." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 6 (February 28, 2021): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i6.2916.
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Conventional energy sources for poultry feed are scarce, expensive and highly competed for by man and industry in Nigeria which has resulted to subsequent high cost of feed and at times, poor quality of feed sold to farmers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and feed cost benefit of broiler chickens fed various plant protein sources in acha grain based diet. A total of 120, one day-old Abor acre broiler chicks were procured and assigned in a Completely Randomized Design to four dietary treatments of three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. The four diets comprise soybean meal (full fat), soybean cake, groundnut cake and cashew nut meal at 28% inclusion level each in an acha based diet. Data on growth parameters (Daily feed intake, Final Weight Gain, Total Weight Gain, Feed-to-gain ratio and mortality) were collected daily and weekly. The results showed that the birds fed diet 3 having soyabean meal as the main plant protein source with 2700 Kcal/kg ME gave the best growth performance. It is also important to note that, the growth performance of birds fed diet 4 which had 28% cashew nut (full fat) had the poorest feed-togain ratio. The findings from this study further showed that using cashew nut (T4) as plant protein source in poultry (broiler chicken) ration is rather too expensive and production of cashew nut may have to increase so as to bring down the cost of production of broiler chicken. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in all the variables of feed cost benefit analysis. It is concluded that soyabean, whether used as meal/cake or full-fat confirmed its superiority over groundnut cake and cashew nut meal in this study. It is therefore recommended that farmers or poultry feed producers should use acha based diet with either soyabean meal or full-fat soyabean
Les sources d'énergie conventionnelles pour l'alimentation de la volaille sont rares, coûteuses et très concurrencées par l'homme et l'industrie au Nigéria, ce qui a résulté en un coût élevé des aliments et parfois, une mauvaise qualité des aliments vendus aux agriculteurs. Par conséquent, cette étude a été réalisée pour évaluer les performances de croissance et les avantages en termes de coûts d'alimentation des poulets de chair nourris avec diverses sources de protéines végétales dans un régime à base de céréales acha. Un total de 120 poussins de chair Abor acre d'un jour ont été achetés et assignés dans une conception complètement aléatoire à quatre traitements diététiques de trois répétitions et dix poussins par répétition. Les quatre régimes comprennent la farine de soja (pleine matière grasse), le tourteau de soja, le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou à un taux d'inclusion de 28% chacun dans un régime alimentaire classique. Les données sur les paramètres de croissance (ingestion journalière, gain de poids final, gain de poids total, rapport alimentation / gain et mortalité) ont été collectées quotidiennement et hebdomadairement. Les résultats ont montré que les oiseaux nourris avec le régime 3 contenant de la farine de soja comme principale source de protéines végétales avec 2700 Kcal / kg ME ont donné les meilleures performances de croissance. Il est également important de noter que les performances de croissance des oiseaux nourris avec un régime alimentaire 4 contenant 28% de noix de cajou (gras) présentaient le rapport alimentation / gain le plus faible. Les résultats de cette étude ont en outre montré que l'utilisation de la noix de cajou (T4) comme source de protéines végétales dans la ration de volaille (poulet à griller) est plutôt trop coûteuse et que la production de noix de cajou peut devoir augmenter afin de réduire le coût de production du poulet à griller. . Il y avait une différence significative (P <0,05) dans toutes les variables de l'analyse coûts-avantages des aliments. Il est conclu que le soja, qu'il soit utilisé comme farine / tourteau ou gras entier, a confirmé sa supériorité sur le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou dans cette étude. Il est donc recommandé que les agriculteurs ou les producteurs d'aliments pour volaille utilisent un régime à base d'acha avec du tourteau de soja ou du soja entier.
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S, KANAKA, and CHINADURAI M. "A study of comparative advantage of indian agricultural exports." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2012): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2012.19.
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Recent developments in the international trade scenario and corresponding alterations in India’s foreign trade policies have depicted far reaching implications for India’s agricultural sector in general and agricultural exports in particular. The present study has ascertained the changes in comparative advantage status of India’s major agricultural exports during the postreforms period (1994-95 to 2008-09). India had enjoyed a comparative advantage in tea exports but had depicted a declining trend over the years. A similar pattern had been observed in coffee exports also, where India had been found losing its comparative advantage to other world coffee exporters. An unstable pattern of comparative advantage had been observed in the case of rice exports with intermittent ups and downs in the status. A gradual decline in India’s comparative advantage had been depicted for exports of sugar and cashew also.As opposed to other commodities, India had strengthened its position in the global markets in exports of Ground nut. But as far as the exports of fresh fruits and fresh vegetables are concerned, India cannot boast to have a comparative advantage. India has been found losing out its comparative advantage in export of some of the agricultural commodities to world during the period after economic reforms.
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Mitra, Surabhi, Prasenjit Debnath, Amar Bahadur, Suken Chandra Das, Kiran Kirdat, Amit Yadav, and G. P. Rao. "First Report of an Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’ with Cashew Nut Inflorescence Decline in Tripura, a Northeastern State of India." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-19-1715-pdn.
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Buxton, Thomas, E. O. Owusu, and Chul-Sa Kim. "Bioactivity of cardanol against the rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 04 (September 24, 2018): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758418000176.
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AbstractCashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is an economically important by-product obtained from the cashew nut Anacardium occidentale L. The liquid has been found to be versatile with a wide range of uses, including as a raw material in the polymer industry, in the development of drugs (antioxidants) and in pest control. One important chemical component of CNSL known for its bioactivity is cardanol. We isolated (8Z,11Z)-3-(8,11,14-pentadecatrienyl)phenol, a cardanol from CNSL, and determined its insecticidal and progeny growth and development inhibition activities against Tribolium castaneum Hebst. We used a bioassay-guided approach for the isolation. Exposure to cardanol produced 80% mortality of adult T. castaneum in the insecticidal bioassay. In the progeny growth and development inhibition bioassay, 46.7% of larvae were killed, and only 20.7% of adults emerged without deformities after the cardanol treatment. The amount of isolated cardanol from the 1 g equivalent/ml extracted CNSL was found to be 36.55 mg with LC50 value of 47.88 mg/ml and 13.28 mg/ml against adult T. castaneum and its larvae, respectively. We conclude that cardanol can potentially be useful in managing stored product insect pests, especially T. castaneum, but with the prerequisite that one should take much care when handling and when applying the compound.
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Nevaditha, N. T., S. Gopalakrishnan, and C. V. Mythili. "THERMAL DEGRADATION AND XRD STUDIES OF VEGETABLE OIL BASED NOVOLAC SCAFFOLDS FOR THE FORMULATION OF RESINS." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.221.
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Biomaterials, chemicals and energy from renewable resources have been the object of considerable interest in recent years. Vegetable oils are one of the cheapest and most abundant biological sources available in large quantities and their use as starting materials has numerous advantages such as low toxicity, inherent biodegradability and high purity. They are considered to be one of the most important classes of renewable resources for the production of bio-based thermosets. As a substitute to the use of conventional reinforcing synthetic resins, biobased resins were synthesized from cardanol, renewable and low cost industrial grade oil obtained by vacuum distillation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), an abundant agricultural byproduct of cashew industry. On the other hand to further expand the field of application, cardanol-based novolac scaffolds, used in the formulation of thermosetting resins by blending with a conventional epoxy resin, especially designed to be compatible with conventional bisphenol- A epoxy resins. In the present study resins have been synthesized by condensing diazotized p-anisidine cardanol dye with urea, resorcinol and furfural as condensing agent.. The resins have been characterised by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and XRD studies. Thermal behavior of the resins has been studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The DTA, SEM and XRD data indicated the percentage of crystallinity associated with the thermal stability of the resins.
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Zusrina, Laili Mufli, Bambang Retnoaji, and Nastiti Wijayanti. "The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cashew Fruit Peel on The Liver Histological Structure in Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.39275.
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Cashew fruit peel is a waste produced from the cashew nut industry, and it has not been utilized optimally yet. Cashew peel extract has the potential to be used as a contraceptive agent, which capable of reducing reproductive capacity. However, its side effects on other tissue and organ such as liver not clearly studied yet. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanolic extracts of cashew peel on the histological structure of the white rat liver. In this study, 21 female white rats were used and be grouped for control (6 mice) which were treated with CMCMa 0.5% and 15 mice were treated with peel extract of 500 mg/kg body every day for one month. Liver for examination was collected sequentially at 3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, and 14th of the estrous cycle. The liver was processed for histological observation and stained with Hematoxylin Eosin and Mallory Acid Fuchsin staining solution. The liver hepatocyte was observed for it abnormality and be scored to calculate the number of cell damage or abnormality. The result showed that peel extract-treated mouse liver was similar to control ones; we did not witness any evidence of fibrosis, pyknosis and cellular necrosis on either control or treated mouse. Statistical analysis by SPSS showed that the p-value between the control and treatment groups was 0.078 (> 0.05) so there was no significant difference between control and treatment. It could be concluded that ethanolic extracts of cashew nuts peel with a concentration of 500 mg/kg body weight caused no effect on the mouse liver histological structure. application with reduced-dosages of NPK fertilizers were arranged in a random block design with three replicates. The results show that large quantities of silica bodies attached to the surface of EFB fibers and amounting to 0.44% soluble Si. The FFB data indicated that the application of 75% NPK + 500 kg composted EFB + 2 L BioSilAc/ha/year on a five-year-old plant resulted in higher yield than that obtained from 100% standard dosage of NPK. The study also revealed that the application of EFB compost reduced 50% of BioSilAc dosage.
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Vasconcelos, Larruama, Marthyna de Souza, Juliana de Oliveira, Edson Silva Filho, André Silva, Selma Elaine Mazzetto, Elzânia Sales Pereira, Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira, and Leilson Bezerra. "Elaboration and Characterization of Bioactive Films Obtained from the Incorporation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid into a Matrix of Sodium Alginate." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091378.
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The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize sodium alginate-based biopolymer films with the addition of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The study employed a completely randomized design, including 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% inclusion of CNSL. Uniform formation of the films was observed, and the addition of CNSL provided better thermal resistance than did the treatment without inclusion, while the addition of CNSL reduced the homogeneity of the microstructure, especially for the 1.5% inclusion level. The permeability of the film increased as the level of CNSL increased, especially in response to the concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, and no significant difference in permeability was observed between these treatments. The tensile strength decreased proportionally as a function of the addition of CNSL, as its inclusion increased the elasticity and elongation of the films. In addition, the films with CNSL demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and discrete antimicrobial activity, and ecotoxicity analysis showed that the levels of CNSL tested and the films produced were nontoxic. Thus, these films are promising and self-sustainable alternatives for the agrifood industry.
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K., Prabhu, Sophia Rani S., Priyatharsini S., and Bragadeeswaran S. "Antifouling potential of seaweed, sponge and cashew nut oil extracts against biofilm bacteria and green mussel Perna viridis from Vellar estuary, Southeast coast of India." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 27 (July 2, 2014): 2727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.1571.
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Dan M. Etherington. "A POLICY PERSPECTIVE ON COCONUT PROCESSING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS." CORD 4, no. 02 (December 1, 1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v4i02.213.
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For many island nations of the South Pacific the coconut palm is the most important smallholder tree crop. Most attempts to introduce processing; beyond the copra stage have failed. At the same time there is a declining trend in copra prices. Unlike most other major coconut producing countries (Philippines, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand), the South Pacific nations do not have significant expanding domestic urban markets. As a result they must look to alternative export markets and direct output to higher income, non‑traditional market niches.
This paper, part of an on‑going research project, presents arguments in favour of an export ‘demand‑pull’ strategy for the coconut industry based on a re‑examination of the coconut as a total resource rather than only as a source of a raw vegetable oil. The effective use of this resource requires that the fruit be processed as a mature fresh nut and that all parts of the nut are used. The strategy implies a switch in research priorities, away from plant breeding and disease control towards processing, domestic and international shipping, energy policies and market development. Improved markets would in turn give renewed impetus to the continuation of the excellent plant breeding work that has already been done.
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RUSMIN, DEVI, SUKARMAN SUKARMAN, and MELATI MELATI. "PENGARUH BATANG ATAS DAN BAWAH TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYAMBUNGAN JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v12n1.2006.32-37.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRAK<br />Rata-rata produksi jambu mete Indonesia masih rendah (350 kg<br />gelondong/ha/tahun), dibandingkan dengan India dan Brazil (800 – 1000<br />kg gelondong/ha/tahun). Hal itu antara lain disebabkan oleh teknik<br />budidaya yang masih tradisional, rendahnya mutu bibit, dan kurang ter-<br />sedianya pohon induk sebagai sumber benih. Berdasarkan permasalahan<br />tersebut, telah dilakukan percobaan penyambungan 1 varietas dan 3 nomor<br />harapan jambu mete. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan bibit hasil<br />sambungan bermutu tinggi, sebagai dasar pendirian kebun benih jambu<br />mete. Percobaan dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Muktiharjo, Jawa Tengah,<br />bulan Januari - Desember tahun 2001. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan<br />petak terbagi (RPT) dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama adalah 4 jenis batang<br />atas yaitu: Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2. Anak petak adalah empat jenis batang bawah yaitu: Gunung<br />Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo 1 dan Muktiharjo 2. Parameter<br />yang diamati adalah keberhasilan penyambungan pada fase pembibitan,<br />data pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, diameter<br />kanopi, jumlah cabang primer, sekunder dan tersier). Hasil percobaan<br />menunjukkan bahwa penyambungan batang bawah Muktiharjo 1 dengan<br />batang atas Muktiharjo 1 dan Muktiharjo 2, menghasilkan persentase<br />keberhasilan penyambungan tertinggi (50%). Penyambungan dengan<br />Gunung Gangsir 1 sebagai batang bawah dan Muktiharjo 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2 sebagai batang atas, keberhasilan penyambungannya paling<br />rendah (38,89%). Tidak ada interaksi antara batang atas dan batang<br />bawah terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Batang atas berpengaruh nyata<br />terhadap jumlah daun, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman,<br />diameter batang, dan lebar kanopi. Penyambungan Gunung Gangsir 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2 sebagai batang atas, menghasilkan pertumbuhan tanaman<br />yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan batang atas Gunung Gangsir 2 dan<br />Muktiharjo 1. Penyambungan Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, dan<br />Muktiharjo 1 sebagai batang bawah menghasilkan diameter batang dan<br />tinggi tanaman lebih baik dibandingkan Muktiharjo 2. Setelah tanaman<br />mencapai umur 3 tahun, batang atas tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertum-<br />buhan tanaman, sedangkan batang bawah memberikan pengaruh terhadap<br />pertumbuhan tanaman. Pertumbuhan tanaman terbaik diperoleh pada<br />tanaman dengan batang bawah Gunung Gangsir 1.<br />Kata kunci : Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale L., klon, penyam-<br />bungan, batang bawah, batang atas, pertumbuhan, Jawa<br />Tengah<br />ABSTRACT<br />Effect of scion and root stock on successful grafting of<br />cashew plant<br />Cashew nut production of Indonesia is lower (350 kg/ha/year)<br />compared to India and Brazil (800 and 1000 kg/ha/year). There are many<br />factors causing low production of cashew in Indonesia such as low<br />cultivation technology, poor quality of seedlings and insufficient of mother<br />plants. The purpose of the research was to find out good quality seedlings<br />from grafting as a basic to establish cashew mother plants gardens. The<br />experiment was conducted in Muktiharjo Experimental Garden, Central<br />Java, in 2001. The experiment was arranged in split-plot design with 3<br />replications. The main plot was 4 kinds of scions namely Gunung Gangsir<br />1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo1 and Muktiharjo 2. The sub plot was 4<br />kinds of root stocks the same as the scions. Variables observed were<br />successful grafting at nursery phase and plant growth such as height of<br />plants, diameter of trunk, diameter of canopy, and number of primer,<br />secondary and tertiary branches. The results of experiment showed that<br />grafting by using clone Muktiharjo 1 as root stock, and Muktiharjo 1 and<br />Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced the highest percentage of successful<br />grafting (50%). Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1 as root stock and,<br />Muktiharjo 1 and Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced the lowest percentage<br />of successful grafting (38.89%). There were no significant interactions<br />between root stock and scion on the growth of cashew plant. Scion had<br />significant effect on the number of leaves, but, it did not have significant<br />effect on the plant height, diameters of trunk and diameters of canopy.<br />Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1 and Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced<br />better plant growth compared to those of Gunung Gangsir 2 and<br />Muktiharjo 1 as scions. Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung<br />Gangsir 2 and Muktiharjo 1 as root stocks produced diameter of trunk and<br />height of plants better than that of Muktiharjo 2 as rootstock. At 3 years<br />old after planting, scions did not significantly affect the plant growth<br />neither did their interaction. While rootstock significantly affected the<br />growth of cashew plant. As a rootstock, Gunung Gangsir 1, produced the<br />best cashew plant growth compared to other clones.<br />Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L, clones, grafting,<br />rootstock, scion, growth, Central Java
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Martel-Kennes, Yan, Caroline Decaux, and Carl Julien. "PSVI-17 The organic feed additive Calica+ improves growth performance and shows anticoccidial effects in broilers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.414.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Development of natural alternatives to drugs is necessary for the poultry industry not only for organic production, but also for limiting drug resistance and for complying with upcoming regulations. Two pen trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of Calica+, an activated vegetal oil from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), on broiler performance and on coccidiosis in different conditions. The first trial was conducted in Eimeria vaccination conditions with commercial Coccivac-B52. The second one was realized in Eimeria challenge conditions, induced by an oral administration of 200,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species harvested from field isolates. In Eimeria vaccination conditions trial, Calica+ improved average daily gain (ADG) (+4.5%, P < 0.05) during the overall growing period and decreased levels of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) (−44.1%, P < 0.05), at Eimeria excretion peak (days 17–20), compared to untreated broilers. However, no significant effect of Calica+ on Eimeria intestinal lesions was observed. Overall ADG in Calica+-treated birds was not significantly different compared to nicarbazin-monensin anticoccidial medication (P = 0.8362) but showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR; +6.0%, P < 0.05). In Eimeria challenge conditions trial, Calica+ feeding treatment improved ADG after infection, during the period from d20 to d36 of age (+4.4%, P < 0.05) compared to untreated birds. Compared with nicarbazin-monensin medication, Calica+-treated birds showed higher FCR (+3.5%, P < 0.05), but comparable ADG (P = 0.3145). Interestingly, birds fed the treatment with Calica+ showed a trend of increased plasmatic levels of IL-1ß compared to untreated broilers (+25.6%, P = 0.0676), suggesting an immune activation as a potential mechanism of action for Calica+. In summary, Calica+ showed beneficial growth performance and anticoccidial effects in these two different trial conditions. This feed additive could be involved in a strategy to reduce the use of anticoccidial medication in broiler production.