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Journal articles on the topic 'Cashew nut industry'
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Witjaksono, Julian, Rusdin, Dahya, Entis Sutisna, Rita Indrasti, Siti Sehat Tan, Chandra Indrawanto, et al. "A REVIEW OF THE SMALLHOLDER CASHEW NUT PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA AND ITS SUSTAINABILITY." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 4 (August 29, 2022): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.4.5.
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Cashew nut production in Indonesia is largely limited to the eastern region. The harvesting time varies according to the production region during the dry season, ranging from July to November. Most cashews are sold in the shells to traders who frequent farmers’ villages. However, the price of cashews in the shell is considerably lower than that of fresh or processed cashew nuts, which are mainly processed by smallholder farmers. Cashews are a potential export commodity because of their high economic value in the global market and as an added value for income generation in the smallholder farming system. This study is a systematic review of the economic impact of the cashew nut home industry focused on Southeast Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, and West Nusa Tenggara as the three largest provinces producing cashew kernels in Indonesia. The metadata suggest that processing cashew nuts is a key element in enhancing farmers’ welfare, particularly for those in eastern regions, which are affected by drought. Four measures were identified to improve the home cashew nut industry sustainability: (1) develop local cashew enterprise processing; (2) facilitate linkages to business and financial institutions; (3) increase income via a farmer’s-group-managed processing unit; and (4) strengthen cooperation between farmer’s groups and companies.
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Nogueira Diógenes, Maria José, Fabíola D. E. Oliveira Ramos, Adriana D. E. Alencar Oliveira, and Pedro Coelho Nogueira Diógenes. "Paronychia in cashew nut industry workers." Contact Dermatitis 47, no. 2 (August 2002): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470210_13.x.
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Mang'ana, Kulwa, Revelian Ngaiza, and Michael Paul. "Unlocking the potential of Tanzania's cashew processing industry: A comparative analysis with Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique." F1000Research 13 (February 16, 2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.143364.1.
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Cashew processing is a vital contributor to economic growth in Tanzania, renowned for its cashew nut production. However, despite the country’s historical prominence in cashew production, only 5% of raw cashews undergo local processing, resulting in substantial economic losses. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities within Tanzania’s cashew processing industry, focusing on limited local processing capacity, inefficient tools, raw material availability, market access, and government support. Comparative insights from Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique further enrich our understanding of the cashew sector. It recommends increasing local processing capacity, enhancing technical expertise through training, ensuring a reliable supply of high-quality raw materials, improving market access via information systems, and strengthening government support with tailored policy frameworks. Notably, the paper emphasizes regional collaboration among African cashew-producing nations as a crucial strategy for collective growth and knowledge exchange. By drawing upon their experiences, this study aims to provide guidance for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and investors to revitalize and sustain Tanzania’s cashew processing sector.
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Borah, Swapnali, Ashok Kumar, Darshana Chetia, and Dipak Nath. "Manual Shelling of Preconditioned Cashew Nut Using Handtool and Its Impact on Occupational Health of Workers." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 7 (April 29, 2023): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i71860.
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India is the second-leading country in production of cashew nut. Cashew nut are roasted or steamed before shelling. The study was conducted in cashew nut processing industries situated in Selsella and Mankachar blocks of Meghalaya and Assam. The purpose of this study was to compare the cutting strength of cashew nut shells influenced by roasting and steaming. The impact of manual shelling of cashew nut on occupational health of workers was also assessed by using ergonomic tools. The moisture content, colour, and hardness of cashew nut shell were measured. The processing of cashew nut influenced the cutting strength of cashew nut significantly. Steamed cashew nut shell was stronger than the roasted cashew nut shell. Hence, manually shelling of steamed cashew nut shell required more force compared to with that of roasted cashew nut shell. Four cashew nut processing industries, two each from Selsella and Mankachar block of Meghalaya and Assam, respectively were selected purposively. A group of 10 female workers from each industry were selected randomly as sample for this study. Ergonomic parameters: working Heart Rate, energy expenditure, rated perceived exertion, hand grip measurements, RULA and REBA analysis were used to assess occupational health of workers. The results of the study showed that the workers of cashew nut industries were exposed to high occupational health and safety risk due to poor working environment, awkward working posture, repetitive and tedious job.
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Mohod, Atul, Sudhir Jain, and Ashok Powar. "Cashew Nut Shell Waste: Availability in Small-Scale Cashew Processing Industries and Its Fuel Properties for Gasification." ISRN Renewable Energy 2011 (September 11, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/346191.
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The energy and mass flow of the steam cooking operation of three readily defined small-scale cashew processing industries was studied to estimate the availability of cashew nut shell. The proximate analysis of cashew shell waste was carried out using ASTMD 73–75 method. The calorific value of the cashew shell was carried out using bomb calorimeter (ASTME 711). The thermogravimetric analysis of the cashew shell was carried out using TG-FTIR with 10∘C/minute heating rate. The study revealed that, the small-scale cashew processing industries followed steam-cooking process with average energy consumption accounted to be 2969.7 MJ per 1000 kg of raw cashew seed. The cashew shell waste generated in small-scale cashew processing industries was found to be 67.5% of total weight of cashew seed, which can be utilized as fuel for thermal energy supply. The average higher calorific value of the cashew nut shell was found to be 4890 kcal/kg. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that 85% weight of cashew nut shell has been degraded at 500∘C and in 13 minutes. The availability and fuel analysis of the cashew shell as a fuel revealed its suitability as a supplementary fuel for thermal application through pyrolysis in the industry.
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Brzezinski, Jennifer L. "Detection of Cashew Nut DNA in Spiked Baked Goods Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1035.
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Abstract The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as tree nuts, in food products is a major concern for the food processing industry. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was designed to determine the presence of cashew DNA in food products. The PCR amplifies a 67 bp fragment of the cashew 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a cashew-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as 4 varieties of peanut. This assay was sensitive enough to detect 5 pg purified cashew DNA as well as cashew DNA in a spiked chocolate cookie sample containing 0.01% (100 mg/kg) cashew.
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Mubofu, Egid B. "From cashew nut shell wastes to high value chemicals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 88, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2016): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0603.
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AbstractThe amount of waste generated in cashew nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, cashew nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how cashew nut shells (an agro waste from cashew nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.
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R. Valli, T. Malathi. "Examining marketing approaches and overcoming challenges in the cashew nut processing sector of tamil nadu: a comprehensive review." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 2 (October 20, 2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2023566.
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Tamil Nadu stands as one of India's leading cashew nut producers and processors, driven by robust export potential and domestic demand. In Cuddalore district alone, approximately 675 cashew nut processing units are scattered across the region. These mills predominantly rely on manual labor, offering substantial employment prospects for rural communities. However, the well-being and health of the workers in these processing units are often bargained for the old-style tools and paraphernalia. Remarkably, research regarding occupational health and the ergonomic aspects of work equipment within these SM (Small & Medium) cashew nut dispensation units in Cuddalore district has been conspicuously scarce. This study seeks to evaluate the existing working conditions concerning the musculoskeletal health of cashew workers in these units, shedding light on an underexplored area. The researcher has meticulously gathered and analyzed 92 reviews pertaining to cashew nut processing units, categorizing 35 of them into seven key themes: the concept of cashew processing units, the cost associated with processing units, perceived industry pressures and challenges, compatibility and customer influence, digital marketing strategies and mediums, financial performance within cashew nut processing units, and the acceptance of technology models.
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Lengari, Cristiany Gunu, Stevanie Aurelia Lifindra, Martinus Edy Sianto, and Suratno Lourentius. "Optimasi Ekstraksi Minyak Kulit Biji Mete Dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)." Widya Teknik 5, no. 2 (November 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33508/wt.v21i2.4205.
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In the processing of cashew nuts (Anacardium Occidentale L.) cashew seeds will be produced and the by-product is cashew nut shell. Cashew nut shells contain oil or cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Cashew nut shell oil is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an anti-cancer agent and also in the industrial sector as a raw material for car brake oil. The purpose of this study was to study the optimum conditions for extracting cashew nut shell oil using microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Optimization is determined by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method to see the relationship between the influential variables, namely temperature (50, 63, 75oC) and time (2, 6, 10 minutes). Anarchic acid contained in cashew seed oil at optimum conditions was analyzed using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC – MS). From the optimization of the yield of cashew seed shell oil extraction, it was found that the optimum conditions were at extraction time of 31.7 minutes and temperature of 68.50C with cashew seed oil yield of 41.27%. Analysis of cashew seed oil at optimum yield using GC-MS found that the anarchic acid content was 30.11%.
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Oluwale, Billy Adegbola, Caleb Muyiwa Adelowo, Joel Ocheni, and Matthew Olugbemiga Ilori. "Technological capability building in Nigerian cashew nut processing industry." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 9, no. 4 (2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2017.088960.
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Ocheni, Joel, Matthew Olugbemiga Ilori, Billy Adegbola Oluwale, and Caleb Muyiwa Adelowo. "Technological capability building in Nigerian cashew nut processing industry." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 9, no. 4 (2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2017.10010041.
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J, Binu B., and Abdul Salim A. "PERFORMANCE OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CASHEW IN INDIA AND KERALA IN THE GLOBALISED SCENARIO." Journal of Global Economy 14, no. 4 (January 2, 2019): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v14i4.509.
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Cashew industry is a prominent agro based, export oriented and traditional industry which provides employment and income for the economic development of Kerala. There are lakhs of workers engaged in the cashew processing industry; about ninety four percent are women workers. The performance of cashew in the international scenario reveals the position with which the cashew holds among the agricultural commodities. India is the first country which commercialized cashew as a horticultural crop. India’s raw nut production is not sufficient to sustain the processing capacity established in the country. The low yielding cashew plants of senile and non-descript origin need to be replaced with cashew grafts of high yielding varieties along with adoption of improved production technologies. Higher productivity as well as production is the urgent need for all the major producers of cashew across the globe. The scrutiny of cashew productivity data in India over the last few years indicated stagnation and there was a wide gap existing between the actual and potential yields. It is essential that India should keep pace and meet the requirement of raw cashew nuts for cashew processing industries and achieve self sufficiency. The present paper examines the performance of cashew sector in terms of area, production and productivity in India and Kerala.
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Silva Filho, Luis, Patrick Santos, and Priscila Silva. "Vantagens comparativas e competividade reveladas no comércio de castanha de caju, estado do Ceará, 1997-2016." Revista de Economia Agrícola 63, no. 1 (2016): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56468/1983-7747.erea092017.
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This article aims to analyze Ceará state’s international cashew nut commercialization between 1997 and 2016 and determine whether there is a competitive advantage in the exchange ratio. It also seeks to understand the main factors affecting cashew nut imports and exports. The explanatory qualitative and quantitative research method is used method, with the revealed comparative advantage and revealed competitiveness (CRV) indices. Indices were built based on secondary data from the the System of Analysis of Foreign Trade Information (ALICEWEB), and the Brazilian Foreign Trade Secretariat (SECEX), and Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC). The results show that Brazil, as well as Ceará - the largest national producer of cashew nuts-, continues to lose space in the global cashew nut market due to both external and internal factors. Furthermore, although almost all the production of cashew nuts is exported, there is great potential to commercialize the product in the domestic market.
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Ifa, La. "TECHNO ECONOMIC STUDY OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM CASHEW NUT SHELL WASTE." Journal of Industrial Engineering Management 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jiem.v6i1.879.
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Liquid smoke has a very large use, it is a result of condensation or condensation of pyrolysis vapor, directly or indirectly from wood materials such as cashew nut shells. Cashew nut shell is an abundant biomass of cashew nut processing industry but its utilization is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to make liquid smoke from cashew nut shell waste (technological aspect) and conduct economic analysis (economic aspect) to determine economic feasibility. Liquid smoke is made by pyrolysis at a temperature of 150-450oC in a simple batch type reactor. The results obtained were analyzed for its chemical components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MC) spectrophotometer analysis. The largest liquid smoke production was obtained at a temperature of 450oC and a time of 2.5 hours with a yield of 19.46%. The main chemical components contained in liquid smoke are phenol (36.310%), acid (12.947%) and carbonyl (16.715%) respectively. With a liquid smoke production capacity of 200 tons per year, liquid smoke products can be sold at a price of IDR 3,620,137,785/years. Total Production cost 2,572,976,800/years. Annual net profit 733,012,689. Investigation of the economic feasibility of liquid smoke production, seen from the Rate of Rate on Investment, is 15.65%, Pay Out Time is 2.99 years and Break Event Point is 49.05%
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Mani, Syifa Al, and Eka Purna Yudha. "The Competitiveness of Indonesian Cashew Nuts in The Global Market." JEJAK 14, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v14i1.26067.
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Indonesia is one of the best quality cashew nut producers and exporters with a 1.2% share in the global market. This is very far from being compared to Vietnam as the world's main exporter of cashew nut controlling 34.07% of the global export market. This study aims to determine the competitive and comparative advantages of cashew nuts from Indonesia and Vietnam in the international market at 2009-2018. The various differences between the two countries make the products produced and distributed vary in quality and quantity. Competitive advantage is analyzed using Porter's diamond theory which consists of four factors to see the competitive advantage of an industry/country. Meanwhile, to determine the comparative advantage of cashew nut trading activities, the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (ISP) were calculated. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that Indonesia has an advantage in producing cashew nuts, but has not been able to process it optimally, such as Vietnam which applies special technology and standards in producing cashew nuts. The RCA calculation shows that Vietnam's cashew nut exports have much greater competitiveness than Indonesia, and the ISP calculation results show that both exporters are still importing to maintain the economy and ensure the availability of industrial raw materials in the global market. Trade-related policies need to be considered in order to increase export profits and benefit domestic business actors
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Castro, Ana Cecília Ribeiro de, Eulália Romão Barbosa, Antônia Caricielle Amaro da Cruz, Vanessa Claudia Vasconcelos Segundo, Matheus Araújo Pereira, Antônio Calixto Lima, Claudio Rogerio B. Torres, and Fernando Antonio Souza de Aragão. "Characterization of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) Germplasm for Kernel Quality Attributes." International Journal of Plant Biology 14, no. 4 (November 28, 2023): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14040079.
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Ensuring the quality attributes of cashew kernels is essential for selecting superior genotypes with agro-industrial potential. Therefore, this study characterized cashew nut accessions from the Cashew Germplasm Bank regarding kernel quality standards and identified genotypes with optimal characteristics for the industry. The characterization included key industrial indicators such as peeling efficiency, average kernel mass, class, type, and industrial yield, evaluated in 47 different accessions. Through multivariate cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the accessions revealed four distinct groups, exposing correlations among various industrial indicators. The analysis revealed a diverse genetic profile within the Cashew Germplasm Bank. A notable finding is that 80.85% of the accessions group together, displaying predominant features—easy peeling, an average mass exceeding 2.5 g, categorized as super large (SLW) and large (LW), and uniformly white-colored kernels. Correlations found include a negative relationship between kernel mass and class and positive associations between class and industrial yield, as well as between industrial yield and peeling efficiency. The study reveals substantial variability in cashew nut germplasm with respect to quality traits, highlighting its invaluable potential for identifying and selecting superior genotypes adapted for agro-industrial purposes. Particularly promising are Group 4 accessions, such as BGC632, BGC589 and BGC127, presenting attributes indicative of high-quality kernels.
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Uaciquete, Americo, and Jacinto Raul Nicurrupo. "Direct Effect of cashew Nut Scarification Associated with Powdery Mildew in the Processing Industry." Journal of Agricultural Studies 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v4i3.9881.
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Cashew powdery mildew disease can reduce on field yield by 100% depending on flowers’ susceptibility. Surviving flowers may still produce nuts that are severely damaged. The impact of this, post-harvest, damage to the processing industry is unknown. Therefore the objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of powdery mildew nut scarification on biometric and industrial processing variables: nut size, weight, nut count, outturn, cutting and peeling time and finally analyze the financial implication of the effect. Thus, raw cashew nuts were randomly sampled and categorized in to five disease score levels (treatments). Ten nuts (replicates) were used for each disease category. Length, thickness, width and weight were measured. Furthermore, from each disease level, two sets of nuts were established. One set for nut count and outturn assessment by cutting test. The other set, for steam boiling, cutting, peeling and other processes quantitatively assessed. A completely randomized experimental design was followed for data analysis. The summary effect was assessed as relative loss in percentage to non diseased nuts. The relative maximum loss due to powdery mildew attack was 41.2% for nut length, 42.9% for nut width, 31.3% for nut thickness and 50% for nut weight. The disease severity increased relative nut count (18.9%) and reduced the total percentage of kernels (20.3%), outturn (21.1%), the industrial yield of white wholes (88.1%), amount of peels (27.6%) and the outturn and nut count based projected income by 9.6%. Three disease based nut categories are proposed for processing improvements. Nut scarification effect on kernel deterioration, seed germination and others is under investigation.
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Akyereko, Yaw Gyau, Faustina Dufie Wireko-Manu, Francis Alemawor, and Mary Adzanyo. "Cashew Apples in Ghana: Stakeholders’ Knowledge, Perception, and Utilization." International Journal of Food Science 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2749234.
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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), a crop projecting Ghana internationally beside cocoa, is usually cultivated for its nut, for both local and international markets. The cashew apple is underutilized in many African countries. This study is aimed at determining the knowledge, perception, and utilization of cashew apples in Ghana among stakeholders in the cashew value chain. Results from the study showed that the cashew industry consisted of farmers (89.1%), nut buyers (6.8%), extension officers (3.5%), and processors (0.6%) with uneven distribution of males (66.2%) and females (33.8%). Cashew apple utilization was low (<10%), though 84.37% had in-depth knowledge on the health benefits and value-added products made from the apples. Cashew apple is mainly utilized as fresh fruits or juice, with minor uses as an ingredient in food preparation, animal feed formulation, and production of mushroom, weedicide, ethanol, and manure. The cashew apple processors identified high cost of processing equipment, perishability of apples, lack of capital, market, technical know-how, and government support as challenges. Based on these findings, education of the stakeholders on value addition or processing of the apples at household and industrial levels and provision of stimulus packages to private processors are recommended to maximize cashew apple utilization in Ghana.
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Anayochukwu Victor, EZE, Macharia Ibrahim, and Ngare Lucy. "Factors influencing value addition to cashew products processed in the South-East Zone, Nigeria: A multinomial logistic regression approach." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815x.000146.
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Nigeria is a leading cashew producer, but this has not been reflected in the development of the downstream cashew value chain industry. The launch of the “Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016 – 2020)” document was designed to encourage value addition to export crops such as cashew as ways of creating jobs and wealth to value chain actors. However, it is still unclear why cashew processors are unable to exploit this opportunity to improve value addition to cashew. This makes it imperative that factors influencing value addition to cashew products in the South-East zone, Nigeria be analyzed. A cross-sectional survey design involving a structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 353 randomly selected respondents from the South-East zone, Nigeria. The study found that income, access to market, product characteristics, and cost of cashew processing technology significantly influence value addition to cashew products in the two models, whereas government policy on cashew processing and market facilities were significant in the second model. The relative risk ratios for age, educational level, income, processing experience, access to market, distance to market, government policy on cashew processing and market facilities were > 1, suggesting the likelihood of processor’s preferring to add value to cashew kernel, and both cashew products as against cashew nut for any unit increase in these variables. This study provided vital insights about how the relative significance of these factors will aid policy analysts and decision-makers to determine which of the factors to focus on while developing specific policies for the cashew value chain industry.
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Eze, Anayochukwu Victor, Ibrahim Macharia, and Lucy Ngare. "Factors Influencing Value Addition to Cashew Products Processed in the South-East Zone, Nigeria: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Approach." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.1.448.
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Nigeria is a leading cashew producer, but this has not been reflected in the development of the downstream cashew value chain industry. The launch of the “Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016 – 2020)” document was designed to encourage value addition to export crops such as cashew as ways of creating jobs and wealth to value chain actors. However, it is still unclear why cashew processors are unable to exploit this opportunity to improve value addition to cashew. This makes it imperative that factors influencing value addition to cashew products in the South-East zone, Nigeria be analysed. A cross-sectional survey design involving a structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 353 randomly selected respondents from the South-East zone, Nigeria. The findings from the multinomial logistic regression showed that income, access to market, product characteristics, and cost of cashew processing technology significantly influence value addition to cashew products in two models, whereas government policy on cashew processing and market facilities were significant in the second model. The relative risk ratios for age, educational level, income, processing experience, access to market, distance to market, government policy on cashew processing and market facilities were > 1, suggesting the likelihood of processor's preferring to add value to cashew kernel, and both cashew products as against cashew nut for any unit increase in these variables. This study provided vital insights about how the relative significance of these factors will aid policy analysts and decision-makers to determine which of the factors to focus on while developing specific policies for the cashew value chain industry.
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Bragoni, Valentina, Raja K. Rit, Robin Kirchmann, A. Stefania Trita, and Lukas J. Gooßen. "Synthesis of bio-based surfactants from cashew nutshell liquid in water." Green Chemistry 20, no. 14 (2018): 3210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01686k.
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Bloise, Ermelinda, Maria Rosaria Lazzoi, Lucia Mergola, Roberta Del Sole, and Giuseppe Mele. "Advances in Nanomaterials Based on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid." Nanomaterials 13, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13172486.
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Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), obtained as a byproduct of the cashew industry, represents an important natural source of phenolic compounds, with important environmental benefits due to the large availability and low cost of the unique renewable starting material, that can be used as an alternative to synthetic substances in many industrial applications. The peculiarity of the functional groups of CNSL components, such as phenolic hydroxyl, the aromatic ring, acid functionality, and unsaturation(s) in the C15 alkyl side chain, permitted the design of interesting nanostructures. Cardanol (CA), anacardic acid (AA), and cardol (CD), opportunely isolated from CNSL, served as building blocks for generating an amazing class of nanomaterials with chemical, physical, and morphological properties that can be tuned in view of their applications, particularly focused on their bioactive properties.
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Maharani, Navita. "Analisis Keuntungan Produk Olahan Kacang Mete Skala Rumah Tangga." JURNAL ILMIAH AGRINECA 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36728/afp.v23i1.2365.
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Cashew nuts are one of the agricultural commodities that is primarily consumed as a producer of raw materials for industry (Basuki, 2005). Cashew nut (Anancardium occidentalle L) is a long-lived crop with high economic value. Karangnongko Hamlet is a cashew production center in Sumberagung Plosloklaten Kediri Village. The cashew processing business ready for consumption is currently not widely developed in Sumberagung Village. Farmers only sell cashew logs (untreated and separated from the shell). Cashew can be processed on a small-scale basis at home to increase the product's value and selling price. The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits of processed cashew products on a household level. The methods used include cost analysis, Break Even Point, and R/C Ratio analysis. The results showed that household-scale cashew processed products are profitable and feasible to run with an R/C Ratio value 1.44. Product marketing is also carried out through online media and e-commerce. This effort was made to increase the added value and selling price of cashew products as well as the income of the local community.
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Dhanushkodi, Saravanan, Vincent H. Wilson, and Kumarasamy Sudhakar. "Life Cycle Cost of Solar Biomass Hybrid Dryer Systems for Cashew Drying of Nuts in India." Environmental and Climate Technologies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2015-0003.
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Abstract Cashew nut farming in India is mostly carried out in small and marginal holdings. Energy consumption in the small scale cashew nut processing industry is very high and is mainly due to the high energy consumption of the drying process. The drying operation provides a lot of scope for energy saving and substitutions of other renewable energy sources. Renewable energy-based drying systems with loading capacity of 40 kg were proposed for application in small scale cashew nut processing industries. The main objective of this work is to perform economic feasibility of substituting solar, biomass and hybrid dryer in place of conventional steam drying for cashew drying. Four economic indicators were used to assess the feasibility of three renewable based drying technologies. The payback time was 1.58 yr. for solar, 1.32 for biomass and 1.99 for the hybrid drying system, whereas as the cost-benefit estimates were 5.23 for solar, 4.15 for biomass and 3.32 for the hybrid system. It was found that it is of paramount importance to develop solar biomass hybrid dryer for small scale processing industries.
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Sunija, A. J., S. Siva Ilango, and K. P. Vinod Kumar. "Electrical studies on biopolyurethane from cashew nut husk tannin." Circuit World 41, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-07-2014-0030.
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Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the evaluation of the electrical properties of bio-based polyurethane material derived from cashew nut husk tannin and also the effect of temperature and frequency on the dielectric values and alternate current (AC) conductivity. Design/methodology/approach – Bio-based polyurethane is prepared from cashew nut husk tannin as polyol, their dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor are measured using an inductance capacitance resistance (LCR) metre, and the AC conductivity is determined using dielectric constant and loss values. Findings – The dielectric constant values are high, and the values decrease with an increase in frequency but increase with an increase in temperature. The AC conductivity values are low; hence, the material can be categorized as insulators or semi-conductors. Because the polyurethanes have a good dielectric value and are cost-effective, as they are derived from renewable biomaterial waste, they have promising applications for the future. Research limitations/implications – The experiment is carried out up to the frequency of 200 KHz because of the limitation in the instrument. But for the institute of printed circuits (IPC) and other specifications, the values of dielectric loss and dielectric constant will be generally coated for 1 MHz. Practical implications – The high dielectric constant and loss values show that the polyurethane can be opted for use as capacitors in electronic devices, and the values are comparable to the requirements of IPC4101A/24IPC; hence, they are suitable for the application as printed circuit board (PCB) laminate. Social implications – The use of biomaterial waste in the production of polyurethane will bring down the dependence of polyurethane industry on fossil fuel reserve, reduce carbon dioxide foot print and reduce the cost of production. Originality/value – The motivation of the work was its ecological aspect and also aims on the use of an alternative bio-based material in the PCB industry.
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Wina, Elizabeth, and Andi Saenab. "Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Anacardic acid as a Bioactive Compound and Its Application on Ruminant." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 32, no. 3 (November 24, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v32i3.3127.
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The use of bioactive compounds from plants is becoming a major interest to be used as feed additives to reduce the effect of greenhouse gases on climate changes and as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter. One of the compounds that have not been widely known and used is anacardic acid. In Indonesia, anacardic acid and its derivates are commonly found in the waste from the cashew nut industry, namely cashew nut shells. The purpose of this paper is to describe the chemical and biological characteristics of anacardic acid and its effects on rumen fermentation and ruminant production. Anacardic acid or cashew nut shell extract that contains anacardic acid have the ability to suppress methane produced in the rumen. In addition, this compound increases propionic acid in the rumen which is useful for ruminant. Up till now, the applications of anacardic acid for ruminants that described in published papers were mostly done in vitro, while its direct application to livestock has not been widely reported and most of its use is combined with other compounds. The utilization of anacardic acid in Indonesia as a feed additive for ruminants will contribute to reducing greenhouse gases and increasing the productivity of ruminants.
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INDRAWANTO, CHANDRA. "PENENTUAN POLA PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI JAMBU METE." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v14n2.2008.78-86.
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ABSTRAK<br />Sebagai produsen mete, agroindustri mete di Indonesia masih belum<br />berkembang. Sekitar 36% produksi masih diekspor dalam bentuk<br />gelondong. Pengembangan agroindustri mete yang mengandalkan industri<br />besar tidak berjalan baik. Untuk itu perlu dicari pola yang tepat untuk<br />pengembangan agroindustri mete. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan<br />system dengan menerapkan metode AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)<br />untuk menentukan skenario terbaik pengembangan industri mete nasional<br />yang kuat. Akuisisi pendapat pakar dilakukan dengan wawancara intensif<br />dan melalui FGD terhadap tujuh pakar di Bogor pada bulan Februari 2007.<br />Faktor penentu keberhasilan pengembangan agroindustri mete dengan<br />tingkat kepentingan relatif tertinggi adalah ketersediaan bahan baku.<br />Faktor ini sangat ditentukan oleh kinerja aktor petani dalam usahataninya,<br />sehingga aktor petani memiliki tingkat kepentingan relatif tertinggi di<br />antara ketiga aktor penentu. Kinerja usahatani ditentukan oleh<br />terpenuhinya obyektif dari aktor petani terutama obyektif pendapatan<br />usahatani yang baik. Dari ketiga skenario pola pengembangan industri<br />mete, pola industri dengan basis industri kecil skala rumah tangga untuk<br />pengacipan yang ditunjang industri pengolahan kulit mete ditingkat<br />kabupaten sentra produksi mete dipilih sebagai pola terbaik karena dapat<br />memenuhi seluruh obyektif petani dengan baik. Kebijakan yang perlu<br />diambil dalam membangun industri mete dengan pola terpilih adalah<br />dengan membentuk klaster industri mete di kabupaten sentra produksi<br />mete, meningkatkan pendapatan petani melalui pengenalan budidaya<br />anjuran, tanaman sela dan diversifikasi hasil, serta mendorong per-<br />dagangan kacang mete ke negara-negara terdekat pengimpor kacang mete<br />seperti Australia, Jepang, Uni Emirat Arab dan Arab Saudi.<br />Kata kunci : Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale, AHP, agroindustri,<br />klaster<br />ABSTRACT<br />Assortment of patrons of cashew agroindustry<br />development<br />As a cashew producer, Indonesia’s cashew agroindustry has not<br />been developed yet. Around 36% of cashew production is exported<br />without being processed. For that reason, a proper patron of cashew<br />agroindustry development should be found. This research used system<br />approach. AHP method had been applied to judge the best scenario of the<br />patron of cashew agroindustry development. Acquisition of expert<br />judgement had been done by intensive interview and FGD to seven expert<br />in Bogor in February 2007. The analysis showed that raw material of<br />cashew supply is the most important determinant factor in developing<br />cashew agroindustry. Performance of this factor is depend on the<br />performance of farmers in managing their farming. This condition put<br />farmers as the most important actor in developing cashew agroindustry.<br />The performance of the farmers depends on how the scenario can fulfill<br />the objectives of the farmers. From three scenarios judged, cashew<br />agroindustry based on home industry in cashew central production<br />regencies is the best scenario that can fulfil all objectives of the farmer.<br />Policies should be taken in developing cashew agroindustry using this<br />scenario are: building clusters of the cashew industry in cashew central<br />production regencies, Increasing farmers income from their farming by<br />introducing good farming systems, intercropping, product diversification<br />of cashew and increasing cashew nut export to importer countries such as<br />Australia, Japan, Uni Emirate Arab and Saudi Arabia.<br />Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, AHP, agroindustry, cluster
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Witjaksono, Julian. "STRATEGI AKSELERASI PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI KACANG METE DI SULAWESI TENGGARA / Acceleration Strategy for Developing Cashew Nuts Agriculture Industry in Southeast Sulawesi." Perspektif 17, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/psp.v17n1.2018.67-75.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Tanaman perkebunan mampu memberikan kontribusi yang besar bagi Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB) nasional. Di Sulawesi Tenggara, selain kakao, jambu mete merupakan tanaman yang telah lama menjadi tumpuan hidup masyarakat khususnya di lahan-lahan kering marginal. Namun, kondisi pertanaman pada saat ini cukup merisaukan dilihat dari umur tanaman yang sudah sangat tua yang mengakibatkan penurunan produktivitas tanaman. Rendahnya produktivitas berdampak pada ekonomi masyarakat petani khususnya di sisi hilir akibat dari kurangnya suplai gelondongan untuk industri olahan kacang mete. Agroindustri kacang mete di Sulawesi Tenggara berkembang cukup pesat selama beberapa puluh tahun terakhir namun saat ini usaha pengolahan kacang mete tersebut menunjukan kelesuan akibat tidak adanya upaya untuk pengembangan industri rumah tangga tersebut. Oleh sebab itu strategi percepatan sangat dibutuhkan agar usaha pengolahan kacang mete yang merupakan industri rumah tangga dan tersebar di beberapa kabupaten sentra produksi agar dapat terus berkembang sebagai sumber ekonomi masyarakat. Akselerasi tersebut dapat dimulai dari sisi hulu, yaitu 1) introduksi paket teknologi pada lahan tanaman yang belum menghasilkan untuk, 2) peremajaan tanaman pada lahan tanaman yang tidak menghasilkan, dan 3) penyediaan bibit tanaman unggul lokal yang bersertifikat. Kemudian dari sisi hilir, program akselerasi meliputi 1) penyediaan skim kredit tanpa agunan bagi industry pengolahan kacang mete, dan 2) dukungan mekanisasi yaitu alat kacip semi otomatis skala rumah tangga. Selanjutnya, yang tidak kalah penting adalah dukungan kelembagaan ekonomi. Model LEM (Lembaga Ekonomi Masyarakat) sejahtera seperti yang telah berkembang di Sulawesi Tenggara untuk petani kakao dapat diintroduksi pada masyarakat petani jambu mete.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p>Crop estate in Indonesia has contributed highly to the Gross Domestic Bruto (GDP). In Southeast Sulawesi, after cocoa, cashew nuts domestically as the supporting live for farmers in the marginal dry land. However, current condition of cashew nuts plantation is getting worrying due to aging crop with consequently decreasing plant productivity. This is will have impact of low economy of farmers live particulary for people who work in the downstream industry due to the low supplay of shell nuts. In the past few years cashew nuts agroindustry<strong> </strong>in Southeast Sulawesi is growing fastly but now this industry is getting down<strong>. </strong>This is because there is no supporting program to help people who work in the home industry. Therefore, acceleration strategies are needed to support this industry which has spread out across the county producer in Southeast Sulawesi in order to grow the economic household. Acceleration program should be implemented firstly in the upstream side, Viz. 1) Introduction of technological package of cashew nut crop in the plant area of not produce yet, 2) Plant rehabilitation program in the area of old crop, and 3) providing certification nurseries program by using local high yield variety. Moreover, in the downstream side acceleration strategies are 1) providing loan program with low interest without collateral guarantee, and 2) mechanization program by providing semi authomatic machine of peeling shell for home industry. Another which is important about strengthening program of local economic institutional. LEM sejahtera which has been implemented for cocoa farmers is a good model and successfully implemented across the county of cocoa farmers household in Southeast Sulawesi. This model could be introduced for cashew nut farmers.</p>
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Hoang, Son A., Khanh D. Pham, Nhung H. Nguyen, Ha T. Tran, Ngoc Hoang, and Chi M. Phan. "Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor." Molecules 28, no. 22 (November 16, 2023): 7624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227624.
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Thickener, also known as a gelling agent, is a critical component of lubricating greases. The most critical property of thickener, temperature resistance, is determined by the molecular structure of the compounds. Currently, all high-temperature-resistant thickeners are based on 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is exclusively produced from castor oil. Since castor oil is also an important reagent for other processes, finding a sustainable alternative to 12-hydroxystearic acid has significant economic implications. This study synthesises an alternative thickener from abundant agricultural waste, cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL). The synthesis and separation procedure contains three steps: (i) forming and separating calcium anacardate by precipitation, (ii) forming and separating anacardic acid (iii) forming lithium anacardate. The obtained lithium anacardate can be used as a thickener for lubricating grease. It was found that the recovery of anacardic acid was around 80%. The optimal reaction temperature and time conditions for lithium anacardate were 100 °C and 1 h, respectively. The method provides an economical alternative to castor and other vegetable oils. The procedure presents a simple pathway to produce the precursor for the lubricating grease from agricultural waste. The first reaction step can be combined with the existing distillation of cashew nut shell processing. An effective application can promote CNSL to a sustainable feedstock for green chemistry. The process can also be combined with recycled lithium from the spent batteries to improve the sustainability of the battery industry.
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Priasti, Grace Nanda, Sapja Anantanyu, and Putri Permatasari. "Strategi Pemberdayaan UMKM Produk Kacang Mete melalui Inbound Marketing Berbasis Internet di Kecamatan Jatisrono, Kabupaten Wonogiri (Studi Kasus di Klaster Giri Jaya Mete)." AGRITEXTS: Journal of Agricultural Extension 46, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agritexts.v46i1.61407.
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<em>Digital marketing innovation makes entrepreneurs try to implement product marketing through the internet. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) actors as agricultural business actors are expected to improve the quality of human resources and the quality of their products so that marketing can be managed independently and increase the product's selling value. This research discusses the determination of strategies for empowering MSME actors to take advantage of digital technology through internet-based inbound marketing. The purpose of the study was to formulate an alternative strategy for empowering MSMEs cashew nuts in the Giri Jaya Cashew Cluster in conducting inbound marketing. This research is a type of case study research. The basic research method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The research location is Tanjungsari Village, Jatisrono Sub-district, in the Giri Jaya Mete Cluster. Research informants are the secretary of FEDEP (Forum for Economic Development and Employment Promotion), field extension agents for Cooperatives, MSMEs, Industry and Trade, Head of Community Empowerment Division of the Jatisrono Sub-district Government and community entrepreneurs of MSMEs cashew nut products. The data analysis technique used is through three stages of determining informants, namely the input stage (environmental analysis and IFAS-EFAS analysis), the matching stage (SWOT matrix analysis) and decision making (QSPM matrix analysis). Cashew nut MSMEs in Jatisrono Sub-district are in quadrant I position, meaning that cashew nut MSMEs have a lot of internal strength and many opportunities from outside. The strategy that must be applied in this condition is to support an aggressive growth policy (growth oriented strategy). The right alternative strategy is to combine aspects of digital marketing such as content marketing, blogs, search engine optimization, social media marketing and branding with community empowerment such as training, demonstrations and mentoring.</em>
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Gandhi, Tejas S., Mayank R. Patel, and Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya. "Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0176.
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Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.
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Vicente, Fatima, Africa Sanchiz, Rosa Rodríguez-Pérez, Maria Pedrosa, Santiago Quirce, Joseph Haddad, Colette Besombes, Rosario Linacero, Karim Allaf, and Carmen Cuadrado. "Influence of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) on Allergenic Potential of Tree Nuts." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071742.
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Pistachio and cashew contain allergenic proteins, which causes them to be removed from the diet of allergic people. Previous studies have demonstrated that food processing (thermal and non-thermal) can produce structural and/or conformational changes in proteins by altering their allergenic capacity. In this study, the influence of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) on pistachio and cashew allergenic capacity has been studied. Western blot was carried out using IgG anti-11S and anti-2S and IgE antibodies from sera of patients sensitized to pistachio and cashew. DIC processing causes changes in the electrophoretic pattern, reducing the number and intensity of protein bands, as the pressure and temperature treatment increment, which results in a remarkable decrease in detection of potentially allergenic proteins. The harshest conditions of DIC (7 bar, 120 s) markedly reduce the immunodetection of allergenic proteins, not only by using IgG (anti 11S and anti 2S) but also when IgE sera from sensitized patients were used for Western blots. Such immunodetection is more affected in pistachio than in cashew nuts, but is not completely removed. Therefore, cashew proteins are possibly more resistant than pistachio proteins. According these findings, instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) can be considered a suitable technique in order to obtain hypoallergenic tree nut flour to be used in the food industry.
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de Sousa Leite, Kelson, Antônio Alves de Carvalho, Paulo Ronaldo Sousa Teixeira, and José Milton Elias de Matos. "Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as an Anticorrosive Agent in Ceramic Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 29, 2023): 8743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118743.
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One of the significant challenges of the ceramics industry is to increase the corrosion resistance of ceramic materials, and the study of this corrosion requires a detailed investigation using several characterization methods, such as the knowledge of technological properties including the absorption, apparent porosity, and mechanical resistance of these ceramic materials. This corrosion resistance can be further improved by using a protective coating on the surface of ceramic materials, such as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which has been used as a green, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor. This work investigated the inhibitory action of CNSL on the corrosion of ceramic materials. Clay from the Brazilian Northeast was used in a simulated seawater environment at room temperature for the immersion corrosion test. Sets of prismatic specimens bathed in CNSL were immersed in a corrosive solution and compared with other samples without CNSL immersed in a corrosive environment. At the end of 70 days in corrosive solution, the ceramic specimens without CNSL showed signs of wear on the surface, associated with an average mass loss of 20 mg and an average corrosive rate of 0.017 mm/year. On the other hand, the bodies bathed in CNSL showed no mass loss, reinforcing the potential of CNSL as a protective agent against corrosion.
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Jayamohan, Lekshmi, and Vijayakumar Sadasivan Nair. "Nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline doped with cardanol based dye." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2357, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2357/1/012012.
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We report the third-order nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline doped with an azo dye synthesized using cardanol. Cardanol, which is distilled from CSNL (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid), is a renewable resource since it is a byproduct of the Cashew nut industry. The linear absorption spectrum of the sample was determined in the wavelength range 100 – 800 nm. FTIR spectroscopic data of undoped and azo dye-doped polyaniline samples were compared. The morphology and structure of the azo dye-doped polyaniline are studied using SEM images and XRD. Nonlinear absorption studies were carried out using the single beam z scan technique. A Q-switched Nd: Yag laser operating at 532 nm wavelength with a pulse width of 7 ns was used as the source of light. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear susceptibility were determined to be of the order of 10−11 m/W and 10−11 esu respectively. The results indicate that the material is a good candidate for optoelectronic applications.
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Hanh, Nguyen Thi, Nguyen Thi Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh Anh, Nguyen Thi Huong, Nguyen Van Hung, and Vu Thu Trang. "Removal of Tannins from Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale l.) Apple Juice in Binh Phuoc (Viet Nam) by Using Enzymatic Method." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 8 (October 5, 2023): e840. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i8.840.
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Objective: The study was conducted to identify the optimum condition for maximum tannin removal in cashew apple juice by enzymes. Tannin is the cause of astringency and reduces sensory value, which lead to underestimating the by-product of the cashew nut industry. The result of the study will help to utilize and convert cashew apples into a nutritious juice product, contributing to zero waste life and sustainable food production. Method: The study was conducted by examining the parameters of the detannying process by tannase enzyme and tannase combined with pectinase. The parameters for tannase adding are juice pH (4 – 6), incubation time (40 min – 160 min), temperature (25 – 45oC) and enzyme concentration (0.1 – 0.4%). Regarding combinations of tannase and pectinase, pectinase concentration was examined in the range of 0.6 – 1.2%. Result: The combination of pectinase 0.8% and tannase 0.2%, 80 minutes of incubation, 35oC at juice pH (4.61) can remove tannin up to 56.09%. Conclusion: Using the combination of pectinase and tannase in tannin removal from cashew apple juice has shown high efficiency, which can reduce the astringency in this fruit and apply in juice processing, contributing to zero waste agricultural production.
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de Araújo, Francisca Pereira, Josy Anteveli Osajima, João Sammy Nery de Souza, and Marcelo Barbosa Furtini. "Study on the Influence of the Wastes from Cashew Industry on Environmentally Friendly Bricks." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.120.
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Soil-cement bricks are sustainable and economically viable alternatives due to the possibility of residue utilization. CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid ) is an example of residue from the cashew industry that can be reused in many applications. Therefore, the present work had as its objective to produce soil-cement bricks having CNSL as a constituent of the formulation. The samples were obtained from the mixture of pure CNSL, soil and cement (1:10). The soils used in the research were extracted from the south of the state and the mixture was pressed in a modular manual press. The samples were submitted to resistance and permeability tests and the results related to resistance and compression showed that the bricks presented an average of 2,3 MPa and were in accordance with what is suggested by NBR 8491/12. The presence of CNSL also altered the permeability of the material which was obtained. Hence, one may conclude that the presence of CNSL satisfactorily influences upon the properties of soil-cement bricks.
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Gaitán-Jiménez, Sandra-Yaneth, Luz-Patricia Restrepo-Sánchez, Fabián Parada-Alfonso, and Carlos-Eduardo Narváez-Cuenca. "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut-Shell Liquid as Antioxidant in Bulk Soybean Oil." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248733.
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Recently, natural antioxidants for the food industry have become an important focus. Cashew nut-shell liquid (CNSL) is composed of compounds that can act as natural antioxidants in food systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CNSL and its components to act as natural antioxidants in a bulk oil system. CNSL was treated with calcium hydroxide to obtain two fractions [cardol/cardanols acid fraction (CCF) and anacardic acid fraction (AF)]. CNSL, FF and AF were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The protective effects of CNSL, CCF and AF were tested in terms of the peroxide value of bulk soybean oil in accelerated assays and were compared against controls with and without synthetic antioxidants (CSA and CWA). CNLS, CCF, AF and CSA were tested at 200 mg/kg soybean oil by incubation at 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C for five days. The activation energy (Ea) for the production of peroxides was calculated by using the linearized Arrhenius equation. Thin-layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that (i) CNSL contained cardanols, anacardic acids, and cardols; (ii) CCF contained cardanols and cardols; and (iii) AF contained anacardic acids. CSA (Ea 35,355 J/mol) was the most effective antioxidant, followed by CCF (Ea 31,498 J/mol) and by CNSL (Ea 26,351 J/mol). AF exhibited pro-oxidant activity (Ea 8339 J/mol) compared with that of CWA (Ea 15,684 J/mol). Therefore, cardols and cardanols from CNSL can be used as a natural antioxidant in soybean oil.
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Bhaumik, Shubrajit, Viorel Paleu, Rajan Pathak, Rishabh Maggirwar, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, and Anuj Kumar Sharma. "Tribological investigation of r-GO additived biodegradable cashew nut shells liquid as an alternative industry lubricant." Tribology International 135 (July 2019): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.007.
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Patel, Zarana, Jinal Patel, and Ashish Nagar. "EVALUATION OF CNSL DERIVATIVE AS ECO-FRIENDLY FLOW IMPROVER FOR INDIAN CRUDE OIL." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738881.
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Paraffin deposition is a serious flow assurance issue faced by the Petroleum industry which can be mitigated by different techniques among which chemical treatment is the most practical solution to reduce the pour point and improve the cold flow properties of crude oil. However, the utilization of environmentally hazardous chemicals for mitigation of this severe issue also causes additional threats. Thus, motivated by such a problem, current research endeavor to synthesize and application of ecofriendly products for the mitigation of paraffin deposition. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) collected from cashew nut shells was esterified with ethanol amine. The CNSL derivative (CD) was tested as a pour point depressant and cold flow improver for paraffinic crude oils. The pour point of doped crude oil was significantly reduced reaching a maximum of 120C and viscosity was tremendously dropped up to 90%. CD demonstrated remarkable paraffin inhibition efficacy of up to 56%. Photomicrographs of treated crude oil were inspected, revealing changes to the wax shape and microstructure. Thus, CNSL can be utilized as a flow improver for waxy crude oil and it has potential as a renewable chemical feedstock for the manufacturing of pour point depressants and other oilfield chemicals.
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Viana, F. M. P., J. E. Cardoso, H. A. O. Saraiva, M. A. S. V. Ferreira, R. L. R. Mariano, and L. C. Trindade. "First Report of a Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1361c.
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In 2003 and 2004, leaves and young fruits of cashew nut plants showing an undescribed disease symptom were observed on plants of an early-dwarf clone in a commercial orchard in Ceará and Piauí states in northeastern Brazil. Initial symptoms consisted of angular, water-soaked, dark-to-black spots on the leaf and at the mid-rib vein surrounding the leaf veins. Eventually, lesions also extended from the mid-rib to the secondary veins, delineating the vein system of the leaf. In young, green fruits, symptoms were large, dark, oily spots surrounded by conspicuous water-soaked areas. A yellow-pigmented colony was consistently recovered from the lesions on nutrient yeast-extract dextrose agar medium (3 g of meat extract, 5 g of peptone, 10 g of dextrose, 5 g of yeast extract, and 18 g of agar per liter). Physiological tests revealed colonies that were gram negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, lacking fluorescent pigmentation on King's B medium, urea hydrolase negative, and able to grow on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate medium yielding yellow colonies. These tests indicated that the bacterium belonged to the genus Xanthomonas. PCR amplification of bacterial DNA using RST2 (1) and Xcv3R (3) primers resulted in identical band patterns to mango isolates Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified products of six isolates of X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was conducted with HaeIII and showed different profile patterns on agarose gel, indicating genetic variability among these isolates. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently piercing and misting cashew leaves with a bacterial suspension adjusted to 106 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (29 ± 1°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 8 days, foliar symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated bacteria were characterized and found to be X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first description of commercially grown cashew plants as host to X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil. This disease may pose a serious problem to the cashew-growing industry in Brazil. This bacterial pathogen has been reported on mangoes (Mangifera indica) and cashew in India (2) under the former name of Pseudomonas mangiferae-indicae. References: (1) R. P. Leite, Jr. et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1068, 1994. (2) M. K. Patel et al. Curr. Sci. 17:189, 1948. (3) L. C. Trindade et al. Summa Phytopathol. 33:16, 2007.
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Oliveira, Edna M. S., Francisco R. Silva, Crislânia C. O. Morais, Thiago Mielle B. F. Oliveira, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, Artur J. Motheo, Cynthia C. Albuquerque, and Suely S. L. Castro. "Performance of (in)active anodic materials for the electrooxidation of phenolic wastewaters from cashew-nut processing industry." Chemosphere 201 (June 2018): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.037.
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BRZEZINSKI, JENNIFER L. "Detection of Sesame Seed DNA in Foods Using Real-Time PCR." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.1033.
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The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as sesame seeds, in food products is a major concern for the food-processing industry. A real-time PCR method was designed to determine if sesame seed DNA is present in food products. The PCR reaction amplifies a 66-bp fragment of the sesame seed 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a sesame-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other seeds present in baked goods, such as pumpkin, poppy, and sunflower seeds. Additionally, this assay will not cross-react with DNA from several tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, cashew, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as four varieties of peanut. This assay is sensitive enough to detect 5 pg of purified sesame seed DNA, as well as sesame seed DNA in a spiked wheat cracker sample.
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R, Sathish, and Debtosh Patra. "Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: a review of the process, products, and applications." Synthesis, Characterization and Processing of New Materials for Innovative Applications 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.61577/scpnmia.2023.100003.
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Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is a promising and environmentally conscious technology for converting residual biomass into valuable products. The unique attributes of cashew nut shells (CNS), often overlooked in the processing industry, have been unveiled as an attractive feedstock for MAP, showcasing its adeptness in generating high-quality biochar, bio-oil, and syngas. This review article explores the intricacies of MAP of CNS, highlighting the latest scientific advancements and empirical insights into the process, products, and applications, ranging from soil amendment to bioenergy sources and liquid fuels. The studies highlight CNS’s potential in producing value-added materials and extend the discourse to the synthesis of activated carbon, exemplifying its versatility and practical applicability. The review concludes by urging investigations into the untapped potential of CNS products, encouraging research into their adsorption and catalytic properties, and envisioning novel applications that resonate with sustainability and environmental care principles.
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Ojediran, Taiwo Kayode, Olajide Samuel Olofintuyi, Blessing Ruth Fasola, and Isiak Adewale Emiola. "Slaughter yield, organ weight, abdominal fat, and consumer preference of noiler chicken on a diet with cashew kernel waste meal." Brazilian Journal of Science 3, no. 7 (June 12, 2024): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v3i7.615.
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The cashew nut industry produces cashew kernel waste meal (CKWM), a nutrient-rich by-product high in protein. CKWM has shown promise as a feed component for laying hens and broiler chickens. This study aimed at determining the slaughter yield, organ weight, abdominal fat, and consumer preference of noiler chicken on diets with cashew kernel waste meals. 270-day-old noiler chicks were randomly separated into five groups, with six replicates of 9 birds each. The treatment groups (W2, W3, W4, and W5) were fed diets with 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, and 20.0% inclusion of cashew kernel waste meal, while the control group (W1) received a diet devoid of CKWM. The boilers were slaughtered on the 56th (last) day of the study, and their slaughter yield, organ weight, abdominal fat, and organoleptic attributes were assessed. The outcome revealed that the CKWM in the diets of noiler birds significantly affected (p < 0.05) their slaughter yield, organ weight, abdominal fat, and overall acceptability. Except for live weight, eviscerated weight, neck, and shank, the results of the slaughter yield showed significant differences (p < 0.05). All organ weights differ significantly (p < 0.05) except the pancreas. All the organoleptic properties except the overall acceptability were not influenced (p > 0.05). Comparing the results obtained with the different inclusion levels, diets with 5.0% CKWM inclusion had higher bled weight, dressing weight, drumstick, breast, and back weight, while up to 20.0% was tolerable for gizzard and spleen weight, abdominal fat, and acceptance. Thus 5.00% CKWM is recommended for improved slaughter yield and while up to 20.0% is acceptable for abdominal fat and consumer acceptance.
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Pandian, Sivakumar, Patel Chintan Dahyalal, Shanker Krishna, S. Hari, and Deepalakshmi Subramanian. "A study on cashew nut shell liquid as a bio-based flow improver for heavy crude oil." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 5 (April 17, 2021): 2287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01162-w.
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AbstractTransportation of heavy crude oil through pipelines poses a great challenge in oil and gas industry. Crude oil chokes the pipelines when the temperature drops below the pour-point temperature. In the present study, a bio-based additive, i.e., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been tested as a flow improver for heavy crude. CNSL was obtained from waste cashew nut shell by means of mechanical extraction, and it was completely characterized. Similarly, the crude oil used in the study was characterized for its physio-chemical properties. Also, the crude oil was subjected to Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The raw and additive-treated crude oil with different CNSL dosages were subjected to pour-point and rheology measurements and optical micro-imaging analysis which indicated a remarkable improvement in flow whereby an optimum dose of 2000 ppm was observed. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters like shear rate, concentration of the flow improver and the effect of temperature on the crude oil flowability were studied. The process variables were optimized by means of Taguchi method, and the percentage contribution of each parameter was identified with the help of ANOVA table. The results indicate that a remarkable improvement in flow was observed at an optimum dose of 2000 ppm. The contribution of the concentration was found to be around 53%, whereas the contributions of the shear rate and the temperature were only 18.08 and 28.91%, respectively. Therefore, it has been observed that CNSL flow improvers extracted from cheap reasonable resources are more effective as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to conventional additives.
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Arrieta, Alvaro Angel, Jorge Alberto Ducuara, and Enrique Miguel Combatt. "Valorization of cashew nut processing by-product: development of a cardol/starch biopolymer composite with electrochemical properties and technological potential." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 6 (123) (June 30, 2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.282208.
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The problem of food agro-industry residues represents a growing concern in our society, therefore its use as a raw material to obtain biopolymers of technological interest is an attractive alternative. The objective of this work was to assess the viability of utilizing cardol, derived from cashew nut shell liquid, in the production of a biopolymer composite by combining it with cassava starch. The biopolymer composite was prepared by thermochemical method using different cardol concentrations and varying the synthesis pH. The results allowed us to demonstrate the formation of cardol/starch biopolymeric films. The infrared spectra showed possible interactions by hydrogen bonds between the cardol and the glucose units of the starch. The impedance behavior showed a similar conduction mechanism in all cases, allowing the establishment of a single equivalent circuit. The electrochemical parameters showed that the presence of cardol and the lower pH increased the values of the electrical resistance and the double layer capacitance in the biopolymers. In addition, the values of the CPE/Rre system, related to the electractivity, were not affected by the pH, but by the presence of cardol. The biodegradability tests showed a complete decomposition of the biopolymer composite films in three stages in a period of 17 to 19 days. It could be concluded that it is possible to use the cardol extracted from the cashew nut shell liquid to elaborate a biopolymer composite with electrochemical properties when combined with cassava starch. The electrical properties of the biopolymer can be modulated by varying the synthesis pH and the amount of cardol used. The composite cardol/starch biopolymer could be used as a biopolymeric solid electrolyte in the manufacture of batteries, capacitors, etc
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Zusrina, Laili Mufli, Bambang Retnoaji, and Nastiti Wijayanti. "The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cashew Fruit Peel on The Liver Histological Structure in Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.39275.
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Cashew fruit peel is a waste produced from the cashew nut industry, and it has not been utilized optimally yet. Cashew peel extract has the potential to be used as a contraceptive agent, which capable of reducing reproductive capacity. However, its side effects on other tissue and organ such as liver not clearly studied yet. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanolic extracts of cashew peel on the histological structure of the white rat liver. In this study, 21 female white rats were used and be grouped for control (6 mice) which were treated with CMCMa 0.5% and 15 mice were treated with peel extract of 500 mg/kg body every day for one month. Liver for examination was collected sequentially at 3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, and 14th of the estrous cycle. The liver was processed for histological observation and stained with Hematoxylin Eosin and Mallory Acid Fuchsin staining solution. The liver hepatocyte was observed for it abnormality and be scored to calculate the number of cell damage or abnormality. The result showed that peel extract-treated mouse liver was similar to control ones; we did not witness any evidence of fibrosis, pyknosis and cellular necrosis on either control or treated mouse. Statistical analysis by SPSS showed that the p-value between the control and treatment groups was 0.078 (> 0.05) so there was no significant difference between control and treatment. It could be concluded that ethanolic extracts of cashew nuts peel with a concentration of 500 mg/kg body weight caused no effect on the mouse liver histological structure. application with reduced-dosages of NPK fertilizers were arranged in a random block design with three replicates. The results show that large quantities of silica bodies attached to the surface of EFB fibers and amounting to 0.44% soluble Si. The FFB data indicated that the application of 75% NPK + 500 kg composted EFB + 2 L BioSilAc/ha/year on a five-year-old plant resulted in higher yield than that obtained from 100% standard dosage of NPK. The study also revealed that the application of EFB compost reduced 50% of BioSilAc dosage.
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Nevaditha, N. T., S. Gopalakrishnan, and C. V. Mythili. "THERMAL DEGRADATION AND XRD STUDIES OF VEGETABLE OIL BASED NOVOLAC SCAFFOLDS FOR THE FORMULATION OF RESINS." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.221.
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Biomaterials, chemicals and energy from renewable resources have been the object of considerable interest in recent years. Vegetable oils are one of the cheapest and most abundant biological sources available in large quantities and their use as starting materials has numerous advantages such as low toxicity, inherent biodegradability and high purity. They are considered to be one of the most important classes of renewable resources for the production of bio-based thermosets. As a substitute to the use of conventional reinforcing synthetic resins, biobased resins were synthesized from cardanol, renewable and low cost industrial grade oil obtained by vacuum distillation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), an abundant agricultural byproduct of cashew industry. On the other hand to further expand the field of application, cardanol-based novolac scaffolds, used in the formulation of thermosetting resins by blending with a conventional epoxy resin, especially designed to be compatible with conventional bisphenol- A epoxy resins. In the present study resins have been synthesized by condensing diazotized p-anisidine cardanol dye with urea, resorcinol and furfural as condensing agent.. The resins have been characterised by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and XRD studies. Thermal behavior of the resins has been studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The DTA, SEM and XRD data indicated the percentage of crystallinity associated with the thermal stability of the resins.
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Vasconcelos, Larruama, Marthyna de Souza, Juliana de Oliveira, Edson Silva Filho, André Silva, Selma Elaine Mazzetto, Elzânia Sales Pereira, Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira, and Leilson Bezerra. "Elaboration and Characterization of Bioactive Films Obtained from the Incorporation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid into a Matrix of Sodium Alginate." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091378.
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The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize sodium alginate-based biopolymer films with the addition of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The study employed a completely randomized design, including 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% inclusion of CNSL. Uniform formation of the films was observed, and the addition of CNSL provided better thermal resistance than did the treatment without inclusion, while the addition of CNSL reduced the homogeneity of the microstructure, especially for the 1.5% inclusion level. The permeability of the film increased as the level of CNSL increased, especially in response to the concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, and no significant difference in permeability was observed between these treatments. The tensile strength decreased proportionally as a function of the addition of CNSL, as its inclusion increased the elasticity and elongation of the films. In addition, the films with CNSL demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and discrete antimicrobial activity, and ecotoxicity analysis showed that the levels of CNSL tested and the films produced were nontoxic. Thus, these films are promising and self-sustainable alternatives for the agrifood industry.
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Onunkwo, D. N., G. Daniel-Igwe, V. Odoemelam, C. A. Agida, and B. N. Ezenyilimba. "Growth performance and feed cost benefit of broiler chickens fed Acha grain-based diet supplemented with different plant protein sources." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 6 (February 28, 2021): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i6.2916.
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Conventional energy sources for poultry feed are scarce, expensive and highly competed for by man and industry in Nigeria which has resulted to subsequent high cost of feed and at times, poor quality of feed sold to farmers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and feed cost benefit of broiler chickens fed various plant protein sources in acha grain based diet. A total of 120, one day-old Abor acre broiler chicks were procured and assigned in a Completely Randomized Design to four dietary treatments of three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. The four diets comprise soybean meal (full fat), soybean cake, groundnut cake and cashew nut meal at 28% inclusion level each in an acha based diet. Data on growth parameters (Daily feed intake, Final Weight Gain, Total Weight Gain, Feed-to-gain ratio and mortality) were collected daily and weekly. The results showed that the birds fed diet 3 having soyabean meal as the main plant protein source with 2700 Kcal/kg ME gave the best growth performance. It is also important to note that, the growth performance of birds fed diet 4 which had 28% cashew nut (full fat) had the poorest feed-togain ratio. The findings from this study further showed that using cashew nut (T4) as plant protein source in poultry (broiler chicken) ration is rather too expensive and production of cashew nut may have to increase so as to bring down the cost of production of broiler chicken. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in all the variables of feed cost benefit analysis. It is concluded that soyabean, whether used as meal/cake or full-fat confirmed its superiority over groundnut cake and cashew nut meal in this study. It is therefore recommended that farmers or poultry feed producers should use acha based diet with either soyabean meal or full-fat soyabean
Les sources d'énergie conventionnelles pour l'alimentation de la volaille sont rares, coûteuses et très concurrencées par l'homme et l'industrie au Nigéria, ce qui a résulté en un coût élevé des aliments et parfois, une mauvaise qualité des aliments vendus aux agriculteurs. Par conséquent, cette étude a été réalisée pour évaluer les performances de croissance et les avantages en termes de coûts d'alimentation des poulets de chair nourris avec diverses sources de protéines végétales dans un régime à base de céréales acha. Un total de 120 poussins de chair Abor acre d'un jour ont été achetés et assignés dans une conception complètement aléatoire à quatre traitements diététiques de trois répétitions et dix poussins par répétition. Les quatre régimes comprennent la farine de soja (pleine matière grasse), le tourteau de soja, le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou à un taux d'inclusion de 28% chacun dans un régime alimentaire classique. Les données sur les paramètres de croissance (ingestion journalière, gain de poids final, gain de poids total, rapport alimentation / gain et mortalité) ont été collectées quotidiennement et hebdomadairement. Les résultats ont montré que les oiseaux nourris avec le régime 3 contenant de la farine de soja comme principale source de protéines végétales avec 2700 Kcal / kg ME ont donné les meilleures performances de croissance. Il est également important de noter que les performances de croissance des oiseaux nourris avec un régime alimentaire 4 contenant 28% de noix de cajou (gras) présentaient le rapport alimentation / gain le plus faible. Les résultats de cette étude ont en outre montré que l'utilisation de la noix de cajou (T4) comme source de protéines végétales dans la ration de volaille (poulet à griller) est plutôt trop coûteuse et que la production de noix de cajou peut devoir augmenter afin de réduire le coût de production du poulet à griller. . Il y avait une différence significative (P <0,05) dans toutes les variables de l'analyse coûts-avantages des aliments. Il est conclu que le soja, qu'il soit utilisé comme farine / tourteau ou gras entier, a confirmé sa supériorité sur le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou dans cette étude. Il est donc recommandé que les agriculteurs ou les producteurs d'aliments pour volaille utilisent un régime à base d'acha avec du tourteau de soja ou du soja entier.