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CARR, M. K. V. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000392.
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SUMMARYThe centre of origin of cashew is believed to be Brazil, from where it has spread since the 16th century throughout the tropics. In recent years, Vietnam has surpassed India to become the world's largest producer of cashew nut. Most of the research on the water relations of cashew has been done in Brazil, where it is both a large-scale commercial and a smallholder crop, and in Australia, where cashew is a possible emerging new crop. There are two ‘types’ of cashew: ‘talls’ and ‘dwarfs’. Both are evergreen trees in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Flowers form annually on the end of branches in the dry season, and flowering continues for two to four months. It then takes about two months from pollination for the nut to mature. Roots can extend to great depths (>5 m), while cashew's wide-spreading rooting habit is critical to its successful adaptation to semi-arid/dry conditions. The optimum temperature for CO2 assimilation is in the range 25–35 °C. Progressive closure of the stomata occurs at saturation deficits of the air >1.5 kPa. In the field, differences in rates of gas exchange between irrigated and unirrigated cashew trees only become apparent three or four months after the end of the rains, the stomata playing an important role in maintaining a favourable leaf water status in dry conditions. Sap flow measurements indicate transpiration rates of 20–28 L d−1 tree−1. Irrigation can be beneficial during the period from flowering to the start of harvest, but reliable estimates of water productivity have yet to be established. The best/only estimate is 0.26 kg (nut in shell) m−3 (irrigation water). There is a continuing need to develop a method to estimate the water requirements of cashew, to identify where and when irrigation of cashew is likely to be justified and to develop a practical irrigation schedule.
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Porto, Bruna Castro, and Marcelo Cristianini. "Evaluation of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) emulsifying properties." LWT - Food Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (December 2014): 1325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.033.
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Aliyu, O. M., and J. A. Awopetu. "Multivariate Analysis of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Germplasm in Nigeria." Silvae Genetica 56, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2007): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0026.
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Abstract Multivariate analyses were carried out on fifty-nine germplasm accessions of cashew derived from both local and exotic populations established at the research plots of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, to assess the extent of variability and pattern of genetic diversity among these cashew populations. Data collected on 36 quantitative and 33 qualitative plant characters were subjected to taximetric tools of Euclidean distance of complete linkage (furthest neighbour) and principal component analysis (PCA). The multivariate analyses tentatively grouped the selections into four distinct morphogenetically diverse clusters. The groupings appear to be a function of origin, eco-geographical distribution, genetic and/or agronomic affinity of the selections. Brazilian populations distinctly clustered together in two major groups while local clones and Indian selections dominated the other two major clusters with each group having its unique fruiting and tree growth habits. The clustering pattern at sub-cluster levels clearly reflects affinity of each genetic population. The principal component analysis and the potency indices showed that fruit characters are the most discriminating parameters for delineating cashew at the varietal level.
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da Silveira Nogueira Lima, Raquel, Jacira Rabelo Lima, Celio Ribeiro de Salis, and Renato de Azevedo Moreira. "Cashew-tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) exudate gum: a novel bioligand tool." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ba20010024.
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Freitas, B. M., and R. J. Paxton. "The role of wind and insects in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) pollination in NE Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 1996): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074876.
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SUMMARYThe pollination requirements of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), an andromonoecious tree, were studied in NE Brazil, where cashew is indigenous. It was shown through the use of bagging and caging experiments, controlled hand-pollination and emasculation of flowers, that the wind plays little role in cashew pollination and that cashew is self-fertile, although only pollen from the large stamen, either male or hermaphrodite-derived, can effect pollination. Insects appear to be the major pollinators of cashew, in agreement with the pollination syndrome suggested by the morphology of its flowers. Direct observations of insects visiting flowers and counts of pollen grains adhering to such insects suggest that the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), although a non-native insect, is the major pollinator of commercially grown cashew in NE Brazil.
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Salehi, Gültekin-Özgüven, Kırkın, Özçelik, Morais-Braga, Carneiro, Bezerra, et al. "Anacardium Plants: Chemical,Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090465.
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Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.
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Dooh, Jules Patrice Ngoh, Christine Baba Djoumba Asta, Bouba Djile, Dany Brice Tsouala Tchoupou, Alain Heu, Serge Bertrand Mboussi, William Norbert Tueguem Kuate, and Zachee Ambang. "Major Fungi Diseases of Cashew Trees (Anacardium occidental L.) in Cameroon." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n3p124.
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The culture of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is increasing in the Far North Cameroon. But, the productivity is threatened by the development of diseases in orchads. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify diseases and pathogens involved in cashew cultivation. The diseases were identified under the basis of the identification keys. The fungal structures were characterized using an optical microscope and the pathogenicity test were carried out. Incidence, severity and prevalence of diseases were assessed in the dry season and the rainy season. Seven diseases and seven pathogens have been identified: anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz), pestalotia leaf spot (Pestalotia heterocornis), alternaria (Alternaria solani), drying of buds (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phomopsus anacardii and Curvularia lunata), dieback (Colletotrichum sp. and Lasiodiplodia sp.), blight of leaves (Pestalotia heterocornis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack). Whatever the season; anthracnose, pestalotia leaf spot an drying of buds are diseases with higher incidence (more than 85, 60 and 75% respectively) and higher prevalence. The severity of the diseases varied according to the location and season. Pathogenicity test revealed that all the test fungi were pathogenic to their respective host parts except cashew powder mildew and alternaria. The results of this study represent database for implementation of integrated disease management approaches in Cameroon.
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Djolosse Kouami, N., Azonkpin Adolphe, Adoukonou-Sagbadja Hubert, Worou Barnabas, Maliki Raphiou, Bello Saliou, and Vinou Yemalin Alfred. "YIELD AND NUT QUALITY OF 29 CASHEW MOTHER TREES (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L) ESTABLISHED AT THE GERMPLASM OF OUOGHI IN CENTRAL REGION OF BENIN." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11946.
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Description of subject: One of the main constraints to cashew crop development in Benin and Africa is the unavailability of efficient planting material for the plantations establishment. This constraint is largely responsible for the low level of nut yieldsobtained in cashew plantations. Objective: This study aimed to assess the agronomic performances of 29 different cashew mother trees established in the germplasm of the Central Agricultural Research Center (CRA-Centre) of the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin located in Save, Central region, in sightof selecting high-performance clones to be distributed in rural areas. Materials and Methods: Nuts production, unit nuts weight and the kernelrate data were collected on 29 cashew mother trees during the harvest seasons from 2017 to 2020. These data were submitted to the analysis of variance and comparison of the means tests with software R. Results: The average nut yields of the 29 cashew mother trees varied from 0.85 to 11.98 kg / tree with a general average of 3.57 kg / tree at the age of 7 years old. Average unit nut weights ranged from 4.61 to 8.28 g with an overall average of 6.40 g. The average kernel ratio of nuts ranged from 24.08% to 32.46% with an overall average of 27.18%. The average weight of akernel varied from 1.43 to 2.15g with an average of 1.71g. At the end of the fouryears assessment, five of the 29 cashew mother trees with a minimum nut yield of 5 kg / tree were preselected as the first efficient cashew clones from Benin. Conclusion: These preliminary results are very important for the cashew breeding program in Benin. Furtherstudieswill plan to assess the cashew mother trees performance at 10, 15, 20 and 25 years old.
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Pham, Toan D. "Analysis of genetic diversity of 100 cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) cultivars screened in Binh Phuoc based on nut yield and ISSR markers." Journal of Agriculture and Development 19, no. 02 (April 29, 2020): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.3.02.2020.
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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical tree, belonging to Anacardiaceae family and has high economic value growing in Vietnam. The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity of cashew distributed in Binh Phuoc province for breeding development and conservation. A total of 100 cashew samples of over 10 years age distributed in Binh Phuoc province were divided into eight main groups based on nut yield. In contrast, the cluster analysis was divided 100 cashew samples into 12 groups based on 11 ISSR markers. The genetic diversity of 100 cashew samples ranged from 0.04 to 0.26, with a mean of 0.19. The results showed that cashew samples were high levels of polymorphism based on nut yield, as well as the ISSR markers. The results of this research would be one of the important information in the genetic evaluation of cashew trees and useful information for cashew breeding development in future.
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Aliyaman, Aliyaman, and Didik Indradewa. "Growth and Yield Characters of Two Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Cultivars at Different Ages in Baubau City, South-East Sulawesi Province." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.40216.
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Baubau City is one of the cashew (Anarcadium occidentale L.) producer area in Southeast Sulawesi with area of 820 ha. This large area of cashew cultivation was not compensated with the productivity caused of low production. An effort to overcome this problem is identifying the growth and yield characters of cashew to apply the good agricultural practices for cashew plantation. The objective of this research was to determine the growth and yield of two cashew varieties at different tree ages; and to identify the relationship between the characters and the productivity of cashew trees in Baubau City. This research was arranged by oversite design with 2 varieties (the cashew with red pseudo-fruit and the cashew with yellow pseudo-fruit), 4 ages of cashew plant (5 years old, 17 years old, 26 years old, 37 years old) and 5 replications. The results showed that both varieties had no significantly different on growth and yield characters. At 37 years old, cashew trees still demonstrated the increasing of the productivity due to the increasing of growth and yield component i.e. plant biomass, the number of flower, the number of cashew nut per plant and cashew nut weight per kernel.
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Aliyu, Olawe Mashood. "Analysis of absolute nuclear DNA content reveals a small genome and intra-specific variation in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), Anacardiaceae." Silvae Genetica 63, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2014): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2014-0036.
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Abstract There are scanty data on genome size of Anacardiaceae, and none has been reported for cashew, Anacardium occidentale till date. This study aimed at determining the absolute nuclear DNA content (genome size) that could facilitate research into bio-systematics, genomics and genetic improvement of this important tropical tree crop species. Here, isolated nuclei of preparations from 43 cashew accessions selected across five growing regions were flow cytometrically analyzed for genome size determination using Solanum lycopersicum var. Stupicke with a genome size of 1.96 pg/2C as an internal reference standard. Mean genome size was significantly different (P<0.01) across the 43 cashew accessions suggesting intra-specific variation (about 3.6% coefficient of variation) for absolute nuclear DNA content in this species, but with no evidence of endopolyploidy or endoreduplication. Flow cytometric analysis data presented here showed that absolute genome size of cashew is about 0.857 pg/2C (419 Mb/1C). However, there was a slight gradual increment in genome size from south to north gradient across sampled populations. The data also showed significant correlation (r=0.368, P<0.01) between nuclear DNA content (genome size) and phenotypic trait, nut weight. The results obtained here confirmed relatively small genome size in this tree species, almost twice genome size of diploid Arabidopsis thaliana but slightly lower than mango, Mangifera indica, a close relative in Anacardiaceae. Similarity in genome size between Mangifera indica and Anacardium occidentale could be a further proof of genetic relatedness between these two important species of Anacardiaceae.
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Sena, José Ozinaldo Alves de, Humberto Actis Zaidan, and Paulo Roberto de Camargo e. Castro. "Transpiration and stomatal resistance variations of perennial tropical crops under soil water availability conditions and water deficit." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 2 (March 2007): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000200007.
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During the dry and rainy seasons, determinations of stomatal resistance and transpiration of five tropical crops were carried out: guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth), coffee (Coffea arabica L.), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. - Arg.) trees. Experimental design was done at randomized complete blocks with five replications. During the dry season there was a decrease in values of stomatal resistance in the following order: guarana > coffee> cashew> guava > rubber, with values from 2.5 to 30.0 s.cm-1. During the rainy season the stomatal resistance values varied from 1.5 to 3.0 s.cm-1. The guarana and coffee crops showed higher resistance to water transpiration when compared to other crops. During the rainy season, the rubber tree continued to present lower stomatal resistance and, consequently, higher transpiration.
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N'djolosse, Kouami, Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja, Raphiou Maliki, Siaka Kodjo, Antoine Badou, and René Nestor Ahoyo Adjovi. "Performances agronomiques des arbres-mères d’anacardiers (Anacardium occidentale L.) sélectionnés dans les plantations paysannes au Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.4.
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L'une des contraintes majeures au développement de la culture de l'anacardier au Bénin est la non disponibilité de matériel végétal de plantation performant. L’objectif de cette étude était de sélectionner des arbres-mères d'anacardiers phénotypiquement supérieurs dans les plantations paysannes qui fourniront des greffons pour la production des plants greffés recommandés actuellement pour l’installation des vergers. Ainsi, une prospection a été réalisée dans 23 communes des 4 régions productrices de l’anacarde et appartenant aux zones agro-écologiques III, IV et V. Les arbres-mères potentiels identifiés ont été évalués entre 2013 et 2015 et les arbres performants ont été sélectionnés suivant trois principaux critères agronomiques : productivité en noix, poids des noix et taux d'amandes. Afin d’apprécier les performances des différentes catégories d’arbres-mères d’anacardiers par rapport à chaque paramètre mesuré, les données collectées ont été soumises à des analyses de la variance et à des comparaisons de moyennes. Au total, 357 arbres-mères d'anacardiers ont été sélectionnés sur les 1.868 arbres identifiés. Les productivités moyennes en noix des arbres-mères d'anacardiers sélectionnés ont été respectivement de 27,36 kg, 35,47 kg et 42,14 kg pour les tranches d'âges 5-9 ans, 10-15 ans et plus de 15 ans. Toutefois, on note une similarité entre les zones agro-écologiques quant aux trois paramètres évalués. Les résultats de cette étude constituent le point de départ d’un programme d'amélioration variétale de l'anacardier au Bénin.Mots clés : Amélioration variétale, anacardier, matériel végétal de plantation, productivité, Bénin.
English title: Agronomic performance of selected cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) mother trees in Benin farmer's plantationsOne of the major constraints to the cashew growing development in Benin is the unavailability of efficient planting material. The objective of this study was to select phenotypically efficient cashew mother trees in farmer's plantations which will provide scions for the production of grafted seedling currently recommended for orchards installation. Thus, a prospecting survey was carried out in 23 districts, in the 4 major cashew producing regions and belonging to agro-ecological zones III, IV and V. The potentials cashew mother trees which were identified were evaluated between 2013 and 2015 and the efficient mother trees were selected according to three main agronomic criteria: nut productivity, nut weight and kernel rate. In order to assess the performance of the different cashew mother tree categories in relation to each measured parameter, collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparisons of means. A total of 357 cashew mother trees were selected from 1,868 identified potentials mother trees. The average nut productivity of the selected cashew mother trees were 27.36 kg, 35.47 kg and 42.14 kg, respectively, for the age groups 5-9 years, 10-15 years and over 15 years. However, there is a similarity between agro-ecological zones with regard to the three evaluated parameters. The results of this study are the starting point for a cashew breeding program in Benin.Keywords: Breeding, cashew, planting material, productivity, Benin.
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Aliyu, O. M. "Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Nut Yield and Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Silvae Genetica 55, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2006-0004.
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Abstract Relationships between cashew nut yield and nine agronomic traits comprising seven reproductive (nut and floral) and two vegetative characters were studied in 59 selected cashew genotypes over three production seasons. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that nuts per panicle (r = 0.844), number of nuts per tree (r = 0.988) and number of hermaphrodite flowers per panicle (r = 0.863) were positively correlated with nut yield and could be used as primary components for improving yield. Although correlation analysis showed insignificant association between nut weight and nut yield, path analysis revealed that the trait had significant positive direct effect (0.317) on nut yield. The subtle indirect effects of nut weight and leaf size on nut yield were more important than their direct effects and could be classified as secondary components. Both the direct and indirect effects of weight of the whole fruit and tree canopy on nut yield were negative and appeared detrimental.
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Bhadra, T., AZM Obaidullah, Mst Sabiha Sultana, M. Ahmed, and MM Islam. "Genetic diversity analysis in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) germplasm using RAPD marker." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i4.44606.
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Anacardium occidentale L., commonly known as cashew nut, belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is regarded as a high valued fruit nut crop world-wide. Potential of this economically important nut is under-utilized in Bangladesh in spite of having all favorable agro-climatic conditions. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize six cashew accessions using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Four random primers viz. OPE-02, OPE-18, OPK-03 and OPB-15 were used to amplify DNA segments. A total of 33 reproducible bands were obtained, out of which 11 were monomorphic and 22 were polymorphic. On average 74.12% polymorphism was observed. . Primers OPB-15 and OPK-03 yielded 100% polymorphism and OPE 02 and OPE 18 produced 33.33% and 63.16 % polymorphism, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed two main distinct groups, first group included GP-1 and the second consisted of five genotypes viz. GP-2, GP-3, GP-4, GP-5and GP-6 The major cluster- II was further subdivided into two minor clusters i.e. minor cluster- III and IV. Minor cluster- III contained only one genotype GP-4. Minor cluster- IV consists of four rest genotypes. The genetic distance between the groups was found low and varied from 0.002 to 0.0308. Maximum genetic distance was observed between GP-1 and GP-2cashew germplasm and minimum between GP-5 and GP-6. The low genetic distance which is unusual for this out crossing long-lived tree species, indicates the probability of having common ancestry among the germplasm or may be due to the use of a narrow range of populations for the investigation.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 461–465, 2019
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Yeboah, J., A. M. Dadzie, M. A. D. Segbefia, S. T. Lowor, V. N. Agene, S. Osei-Akoto, F. Owusu-Ansah, B. K. B. Banful, and L. Atuah. "Vegetative Propagation of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by Softwood Grafting in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p257.
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An investigation was done to assess the graft success on seedlings and canopy substitution using grafting techniques, retention of basal leaves on the rootstock, age of rootstock and period of grafting in a randomize complete block design with twenty plants per treatment and replicated three times. Young vigorously growing cashew seedlings were used for grafting whilst poor performing cashew trees (in yield and young trees) were stumped to produce shoots for the top working. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher grafting success was obtained for softwood grafting technique in the month of July with October recording the lowest for canopy substitution. Grafting on 60 days old seedlings with the retention of four (4) matured basal leaves on the rootstocks significantly (p < 0.05) gave high success in graft union whilst the root stocks without basal leaves recorded low graft successes. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) off-shoots development below the graft union of the rootstock. Softwood grafting was the best technique for high graft success with the month of July being suitable period for grafting in canopy substitution. Retaining four (4) matured leaves at the base of 60 days old rootstock was the best for achieving high graft success with reduction of infection. An investigation was done to assess the graft success on seedlings and canopy substitution using grafting techniques, retention of basal leaves on the rootstock, age of rootstock and period of grafting in a randomize complete block design with twenty plants per treatment and replicated three times. Young vigorously growing cashew seedlings were used for grafting whilst poor performing cashew trees (in yield and young trees) were stumped to produce shoots for the top working. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher grafting success was obtained for softwood grafting technique in the month of July with October recording the lowest for canopy substitution. Grafting on 60 days old seedlings with the retention of four (4) matured basal leaves on the rootstocks significantly (p < 0.05) gave high success in graft union whilst the root stocks without basal leaves recorded low graft successes. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) off-shoots development below the graft union of the rootstock. Softwood grafting was the best technique for high graft success with the month of July being suitable period for grafting in canopy substitution. Retaining four (4) matured leaves at the base of 60 days old rootstock was the best for achieving high graft success with reduction of infection.
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Mohana, G. S., and M. G. Nayak. "Development of the core collection through advanced maximization strategy with heuristic approach in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 4 (March 6, 2018): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000035.
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AbstractICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research is the nodal agency for conducting cashew research and manages the largest field gene bank in India. Cashew is a perennial tree and needs more land and other resources to maintain accessions. Conservation through seeds is not feasible because of cross-pollination. Tissue culture efforts to regenerate plants from mature explants are not successful. Therefore, efficient management of the filed gene bank particularly utilization requires designation of the core collection representing the spectrum of diversity present in the entire collection. In this study, a relatively new technique, the advanced M strategy with heuristic approach was deployed to develop the core collection. Sixty-eight morphometric characters of 478 accessions were subjected to analysis resulting in the core collection of 49 accessions. Further, another core collection of same number was constituted by K-Means clustering to compare the efficiency of two approaches. The validation parameters like mean difference, variance difference, coincidence rate, variable rate and class coverage among others were employed for comparative analysis. The results of these parameters revealed that the core collection designated by heuristic approach was better able to efficiently represent and retain the diversity of the entire collection compared with the core identified by clustering approach. Future conservation and breeding efforts will be focused on establishing a separate block in the field gene bank having 49 accessions of cashew core collection.
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Porto, Bruna Castro, Pedro E. D. Augusto, Anton Terekhov, Bruce R. Hamaker, and Marcelo Cristianini. "Effect of dynamic high pressure on technological properties of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Carbohydrate Polymers 129 (September 2015): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.052.
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de Paula, R. C. M., and J. F. Rodrigues. "Composition and rheological properties of cashew tree gum, the exudate polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale L." Carbohydrate Polymers 26, no. 3 (January 1995): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00006-s.
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Alaba Olaitan Adeji and Adefoyeke Olufunmilayo Aduramigba-Modupe. "Botanical alternatives in management of fungal pathogens of seedling blight of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.1.0274.
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Introduction: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tree crop and seedling survival is pertinent to successful establishment. Cashew seedling is infected by blight pathogens causing more than 60% seedling lost, however pesticides residues related issues and high cost of chemical necessitate efficacy trials of aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens evaluated in-vitro on associated pathogens. Methods: Flora of blight-infected cashew seedlings was randomly collected from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) nursery between July and October, 2019. Mycoflora analysis was carried out in the plant pathology (Mycology) laboratory of CRIN. Antifungal assay of powdered Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens were screened using aqueous extracts at 1:4 (w/v). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with 1ml of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the extracts and Mancozeb (synthetic fungicide) as standard, 5mm mycelia mat disc of 10day old each of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium pallidoroseum and Macrophomina sp. were placed at the centre of the amended media in triplicate and incubated 5-7days using complete randomized design (CRD). Mycelia extension inhibition and percentage growth inhibition (R) obtained. Results: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, F. pallidoroseum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae., Pythium sp., Rhizopus sp., Macrophomina sp. and Rhizotonia sp. were isolated. Fusarium pallidoroseum, L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp. screened with the varied concentrations of botanicals showed reduction in mycelia diameter; Mangifera indica (31.50%), A. indica (48.70%) and H. suaveolens (25.86%) on F. pallidoroseum favorably competed with mancozeb (39%) at 25% concentration while only M. indica was significant on L.theobromae(64.12%)and Macrophomina sp.(40.29%) and significantly different from control (0%). Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of M. indica, A. indica and H. suaveolens showed fungicidal potential on F. pallidoroseum and M. indica was significant on L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp.
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Adiga, Jamboor D., Bommanahalli M. Muralidhara, Palpandian Preethi, and Siddanna Savadi. "Phenological growth stages of the cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale L.) according to the extended BBCH scale." Annals of Applied Biology 175, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12526.
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D. Kalaivanan and G.K. Halesh, Lakshmipathi, J. D. Adiga. "Effect of plant growth regulators on leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stomatal count and yield of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) var. Bhaskara." Journal of Plantation Crops 45, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2017.v45.i2.3309.
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<p>An experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous application of growth regulators at three important growth stages<br />(flushing, flowering and fruiting) on leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stomatal count and yield of cashew var. Bhaskara.<br />Irrespective of growth stages, foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm and ethrel @ 50 ppm was found to be superior in all the<br />parameters and on par with each other compared to other growth regulators. Out of nine treatments of different growth regulators;<br />the highest leaf area was recorded in trees sprayed with GA3 @ 50 ppm and ethrel @ 50 ppm. At flushing stage, spraying with GA3<br />@ 50 ppm resulted in highest stomatal number (21.9) and carotenoids (0.41) whereas unsprayed (control) trees recorded least<br />stomatal number (11.6) and carotenoids (0.19). Thus, leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoids and stomatal count increased in<br />trees sprayed with growth regulators than unsprayed trees. Spraying of ethrel @ 50 ppm recorded highest nut yield<br />(14.3 kg tree-1) followed by NAA @ 25 ppm + GA3 50 ppm (12.9 kg tree-1). This study demonstrated the potential of ethrel as well<br />as GA3 in improving various biochemical parameters viz., chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoids and leaf area in cashew<br />which are important determinants in increasing nut production.</p>
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Azevedo, Diógenes Manoel Pedroza de, João Ribeiro Crisóstomo, Francisco Célio Guedes Almeida, and Adroaldo Guimarães Rossetti. "Estimates of genetic correlations and correlated responses to selection in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, no. 3 (September 1998): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000300019.
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The present study estimates variances and genetic and phenotypic correlations for five traits in 27 progenies of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L.). Data were obtained from a trial conducted in 1992 at Pacajus, Ceará, experimental station of Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. The characters studied were plant height (PH), North-South and East-West canopy spreads (NSS, EWS), and primary and secondary branch numbers (PBN, SBN). All genetic and phenotypic correlations presented positive and significant values. Selection to increase or decrease the average of any one of the five characteristics of cashew plants in the progenies studied affected the average of the others. The 16-month-old canopy spread can be predicted from NSS or EWS since correlations between them were high. Correlations between PH and SBN were low, indicating that there is a good possibility of obtaining smaller plants without causing drastic reductions in SBN. PH and SBN showed, respectively, the lowest and highest genetic variance estimates relative to the corresponding population means.
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Rao, Hulluru Surya Prakash, and Mani Kamalraj. "Synthesis and Characterization of 4-Aryl-4H-chromenes from H-Cardanol." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 9 (September 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900929.
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We have synthesized and characterized a variety of fat-soluble, low-melting and medicinally useful 4-aryl-4 H-chromenes from H-cardanol (side-chain perhydrogenated cardanol, 3-pentadecylphenol), a renewable and low-cost product from locally grown cashew nut trees ( Anacardium occidentale L.). We incorporated H-cardanol into the aromatic rings of either 4 H-chromene or phenol, or both. Substitution of C4SMe in N-methyl-4-(methylthio)-3-nitro-4 H-chromene-2-amines with H-cardanol was regio-specific at the C6 position.
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Blaikie, S. J., and E. K. Chacko. "Sap flow, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of container-grown cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) trees subjected to repeated cycles of soil drying." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 3 (1998): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97124.
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Summary. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an emerging horticultural crop in tropical northern Australia. Supplementary watering is required during the dry season to achieve high yields but irrigation guidelines are not well defined. As an introduction to large-scale field experiments which will aim to define the irrigation requirements for cashew, this experiment was conducted on small, container-grown cashew trees to examine their response to drying soil and to evaluate a range of techniques for measuring tree water use and photosynthesis with possible application in the proposed field experiments. Measurements of sap flow, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf gas exchange were made on all trees throughout the experimental period. The water use of trees in drying soil was measured using Granier’s sap flow system. Sap flux density (L/dm2 sapwood area . h) of drying trees declined progressively over a 4-day period to a minimum level that was only 10% of the sap flow in the well watered trees. Measurements of leaf gas exchange showed similarly large reductions in photosynthesis and transpiration which were associated with a low (0.05 mol/m2 . s) stomatal conductance in the drying trees. After rewatering, sap flow and leaf gas exchange recovered to the high levels of the well watered trees over 3–4 days. Similar behaviour was observed during the second drying period. Measurements of the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv : Fm, an indicator of photoinhibition, were made on dark-adapted leaves before dawn and during the day. Fv : Fm was in the range 0.65–0.80 with no large or sustained differences between drying and well watered trees. When stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate progressively declined during the period following irrigation, the quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II, ΦPSII, remained almost constant. It is possible that by providing a pathway for electron flow as an alternative to CO2 assimilation during this period, photorespiration played an important role in avoiding photoinhibition.
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Y. A, Tchétangni, Assogbadjo A. E, Houéhanou T, and Bello D. O. "Perception Paysanne Des Effets Du Changement Climatique Sur La Production Des Noix D’anacardier (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Dans La Commune De Savalou Au Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 14 (May 29, 2016): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n14p220.
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This study aims to analyze the perception of farmers from the effects of climate change on the production of cashew nuts in the town of Savalou. Thus 210 farmers were surveyed in the Municipality of Savalou based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The data collected relate to the socio-cultural characteristics of the planters, their perception of the causes and weather events affecting the performance of the cashew tree and adaptation strategies. The results show that the majority of farmers have age less than 50 years. The age of the plantations, the average yield, density and performance achieved in 2014 varied significantly (P <0.05) from one district to another. Adults and youth sociocultural groups Nago, Mahi, and Ife have seen that climate change is the major constraint in the production of cashew nuts. As for the main climatic parameter affecting the production of cashew, the majority of farmers (80%) in this case, old Ife, Mahi and youth Idaatcha think it is rather the rainfall deficit. Regarding the causes of decline in yield, the analysis shows that the old Mahi and Ife have the perception that the prolonged drought, high winds and wildfires are the main while Idaatcha adults perceived that harmattan and wandering animals are the causes of yield loss. Ploughing followed by mowing in the late rainy season is the main coping strategy to mitigate the effects of climate change on the plantations of cashew. The contribution of research would be to put at the disposal of farmers planting material adapted to climate change.
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Gonçalves, G. A. S., F. S. Barbosa, and M. Paluch. "Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L." Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 1 (February 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.203025.
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Abstract The genus Dirphia Hübner, [1819] presents Neotropical distribution. This genus, besides causing accidents of interest in public health, is a potential defoliator pest of cultivated plants, among them the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), a crop of great economic importance. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 including the first instar larva chaetotaxy. The egg stage had an average duration of 15 days, larval stage 45 days and pupa 60 days, totaling 120 days in average temperature of 28.8 °C and 59.5% relative humidity. Six instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of cephalic capsule K = 1.4 times per ínstar. The results found in the first ínstar chaetotaxy follow the general pattern known for Hemileucinae.
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Famurewa, Ademola C., Funmilayo A. Showunmi, Abiola M. Folawiyo, Patience N. Ogbu, Michael A. Epete, and Emeka C. Igwe. "Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Stem-Bark of Cashew Tree (Anacardium occidentale L) in Rats." Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology) 22, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22506/ti/2015/v22/i3/137634.
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Costa, Adrielle Rodrigues, Jailson Renato de Lima Silva, Thalyta Julyanne Silva de Oliveira, Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva, Pedro Silvino Pereira, Elizabeth Fernanda de Oliveira Borba, Edy Sousa de Brito, et al. "Phytochemical profile of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) and the cytotoxic and toxicological evaluation of its bark and leaf extracts." South African Journal of Botany 135 (December 2020): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.09.017.
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Ndiaye, Seydou, Pape Ibrahima Djighaly, Amadou Mbarrick Diarra, and Fodé Amata Dramé. "Comparative study of the carbon stock of a cashew tree plantation (Anacardium occidentale L.) and secondary forest in Casamance, Senegal." Nippon Journal of Environmental Science 1, no. 9 (December 1, 2020): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46266/njes.1022.
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Ngoh Dooh, Jules Patrice, Pavel Rony Mbou Tadzo, Placide Deurnaye, Gabriel Djongnang, and Zachee Ambang. "Effect of Aqueous Neem Extract on Development of Pestalotia heterocornis Agent of Pestalotia Leaf Blight of Cashew in Far North Cameroon." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 3 (May 3, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.3.231.
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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) trees are threatened by my many fungal diseases, among which pestaliotiopsis occupies an important place in terms of damage created in Cameroon. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of neem seed (AENS) on the development of Pestalotia heterocornis, the causative agent of pestalotiopsis of cashew. Isolates of P. heterocornis were obtained from diseased cashew leaves collected in the orchads. The concentrations of AENS were C1 = 500 μg/ml, C2 = 50 μg/ml and C3 = 5 μg/ml. Mancozeb 80 WP (Mz) was used as positive control. Effect of Mancobeb 80WP on the growth and spore germination of isolates were performed. The effect of AENS on the plants was evaluated in vivo. Four (4) isolates of P. heterocornis were used. AENS C1 concentration reduced the growth of all isolates. The percentage of inhibition was ranged from 45 to 90 % with the other concentrations. AENS did not inhibited spore germination (0.0 %). But Mz totally inhibited conidia germination of all isolates. In vivo, AENS protected plants against P. heterocornis. AENS can be integrated in management of cashew plants against P. heterocornis.
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Fadini, Rodrigo Ferreira, Danielly Caroline Miléo Gonçalves, and Rúbia Patrícia Fernandes Reis. "Consistency in seed-deposition patterns and the distribution of mistletoes among its host trees in an Amazonian savanna." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 8 (2009): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09013.
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The present paper describes the spatial distribution of the mistletoe Psittacanthus plagiophyllus Eichl. (Loranthaceae) on its host, the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale L., in a Brazilian Amazonian savanna. Our aim was to understand the roles of bird-seed dispersers and host quality in determining the mistletoe distribution among its host trees. In 2006, we marked 118 cashews in a 4.5-ha plot and counted the number of mistletoes and the presence of seeds attached to host branches in 2006, 2007 and 2008. On average, 36% of the hosts were infected each year. The infection load and the probability of being infected increased significantly with host crown diameter. On average, 25% of the hosts received at least one mistletoe seed in each year, being taller and previously infected hosts more prone to receive seeds in all 3 years. Elaenia cristata was the main seed disperser, visiting P. plagiophyllus 48 times in 35 h of focal records. Additionally, in a field experiment, we used the presence of an infection and the host size as surrogates for host quality and tested their effect on mistletoe survivorship. After 9 months, 16.5% of seeds survived and 14% had established, but neither host conditions nor host size influenced seed survivorship. Therefore, we suggest that mistletoe distribution is a consequence of a consistent dispersal of seeds onto larger and previously parasitised hosts across years.
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Cardoso, J. E., J. C. Vidal, A. A. dos Santos, F. C. O. Freire, and F. M. P. Viana. "First Report of Black Branch Dieback of Cashew Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Brazil." Plant Disease 86, no. 5 (May 2002): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.558b.
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Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is one of the most important cash crops of northeastern Brazil. A new disease, named here as black branch dieback, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was observed causing serious damage on as many as 30% of the trees in some orchards in both coastal and inland semiarid cashew-growing areas of Ceará and Piauí states of Brazil, respectively. The disease symptoms are first observed as darkened, elongated lesions on stems near the branch apexes of herbaceous tissues. Gum exudation is common from lesions, which expand rapidly to affect the entire branch, leading to branch death. Diseased plants were collected, and L. theobromae was consistently isolated from canker tissues. Fresh mycelial disks of the fungus were used for artificial inoculation of healthy plants. Shoots of young cashew plants were inoculated on the apex by inserting a 3-mm plug taken from actively growing colonies on potato dextrose agar into an incision made with a sterile scalpel. Agar plugs with no mycelium were placed into incised plant shoots to serve as controls. Plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 28°C. Symptoms developed within 15 days after inoculation. Artificially inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those that were naturally infected. L. theobromae was consistently reisolated from inoculated plants. The disease seems to occur throughout the year, but it spreads faster during the rainy season. A contagious disease pattern within the orchard was observed with a decreasing gradient from the orchard perimeter to the interior of the field, suggesting an external source of primary inoculum. All improved dwarf cashew clones were susceptible, but the newly released clone END-189 was the most susceptible. Black branch dieback may reduce tree growth, nut yield, and eventually cause plant death. Plant susceptibility is not related to its age however; only herbaceous tissues are vulnerable to natural infection. A similar disease on floral shoots of cashew caused by L. theobromae was reported by Olunloyo and Esuruoso in Nigeria (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing branch dieback in cashew orchards in Brazil. Reference: (1) O. A. Olunloyo and O. F. Esuruoso. Plant Dis. 59:176, 1975.
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PITONO, JOKO, and TSUDA MAKOTO. "SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY OF XYLEM WATER TRANSPORT IN TWO CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) STRAINS AT THE SEEDLING STAGE." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 18, no. 4 (June 19, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v18n4.2012.156-161.
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<p>ABSTRACT<br />As cashew trees are grown by transplanting seedlings, the seedling<br />often suffers from drought damaged due to prolonged dry season. Previous<br />study found that the ability to maintain water transport in xylem related to<br />drought resistant character. To determine whether there was trade-off<br />between the ability to maintain water transport in xylem and an efficiency<br />of water transport, differences in xylem vulnerability to dysfunction,<br />hydraulic conductance, and the relationship to xylem vessel diameter were<br />examined in two cashew strains. The xylem vulnerability to dysfunction<br />was evaluated by the applied pressure which induced 50% loss of stem<br />hydraulic conductivity (P 50 ). The hydraulic conductance on root, stem, and<br />leaf were determined with High Pressure Flow Meter (HPFM). Variations<br />in the P 50 values were found between A3-1 and Pangkep, whereas the<br />values were 1.75 and 0.50 MPa, respectively. However, since there was no<br />difference in the hydraulic conductance and the vessel diameter, the trade-<br />off between the ability to maintain water transport in xylem and an<br />efficiency of water transport did not occur in cashew. It was suggested that<br />good combination of efficiency and safety of water transport enables A3-1<br />to strongly uptake soil water either in dry or wet season resulting in good<br />adaptation to drought prone environment, and the P 50 value would be<br />suitable parameter for evaluating drought tolerance of cashew at the<br />seedling stage.<br />Key words: cashew strain, vessel, xylem dysfunction, hydraulic<br />conductance, drought</p><p>ABSTRAK<br />Pengembangan jambu mete secara transplanting sering diikuti<br />cekaman kekeringan pada bibit akibat musim kering yang berkepanjangan.<br />Studi awal memperlihatkan bahwa kemampuan xylem mempertahankan<br />fungsi transportasi air merupakan karakter pertahanan penting terhadap<br />cekaman kekeringan. Untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi kompensasi antara<br />kemampuan pertahanan fungsi xylem dan tingkat efisiensi transportasi<br />airnya dilakukan pengujian pada aspek kepekaan fungsi xylem, hantaran<br />hidraulik, dan ukuran vesselnya. Kepekaan fungsi xylem ditentukan dari<br />nilai tekanan udara yang menyebabkan kehilangan 50% hydraulic<br />conductance (P 50 ). Nilai hydraulic conductance pada akar, batang, dan<br />daun ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode High Pressure Flow Meter<br />(HPFM). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nilai P 50<br />diantara dua strain jambu mete yang diuji, yakni secara berturut-turut 1,75<br />dan 0,50 MPa pada strain A3-1 dan Pangkep. Karena tidak disertai<br />perbedaan pada hydraulic conductance dan ukuran vesselnya, maka<br />disimpulkan tidak ditemukan nilai adanya mekanisme kompensasi antara<br />kemampuan pertahanan fungsi xylem dan tingkat efisiensi pengangkutan<br />air. Hal ini memungkinkan A3-1 tetap dapat menyerap air tanah secara<br />cukup, baik pada musim kering maupun musim basah, dan mampu<br />beradaptasi dengan baik di daerah rawan kekeringan. Dan nilai P 50 dapat<br />dijadikan sebagai parameter representatif untuk evaluasi toleransi bibit<br />jambu mete terhadap cekaman kekeringan.<br />Kata kunci: strain jambu mete, vessel, fungsi xylem, hydraulic<br />conductance, cekaman kekeringan</p>
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Ramos, Glenda Quaresma, Marta Duarte da Fonseca de Albuquerque, José Luiz Pinto Ferreira, Eduardo Adriano Cotta, and Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho. "Wettability and morphology of the leaf surface in cashew tree from the Amazon, Northern Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 38, no. 2 (October 24, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v38i2.30806.
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Leaves surfaces, which represent an interface with plants and the environment, have several structures with specific functions. Some foliar properties, including wettability and mechanical containment, are inferred in terms of cellular adaptation and the presence or absence of cuticular wax. Various morphological parameters, ranging from macro- to nano scales, are analyzed and contribute to the study of taxonomy, pharmacognosy, and ecology of plants. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect and influence of epicuticular wax granules on the hydrophobicity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaf surfaces. Leaf specimens were directly examined with an environmental scanning electron microscope without metal coating. Images revealed epidermis ornament, stomata type, was, and trichomes. Static contact angle between water and the surface was also measured on both sides. On the adaxial side, an angle of 104.09° ± 0.95° was found, suggesting that adaxial surface is hydrophobic. On the abaxial side, the angle was 62.20° ± 1.60°, which indicates a hydrophilic nature, probably because of the greater amount of epicuticular wax on the adaxial leaf surface. The present investigation provided an important contribution to morphological and ultrastructural characterization of leaves of cashew tree, which is a plant of great medicinal and economic importance.
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Nicolau, Lucas D., Francisco Batista de Lima, Ana Paula M. Santana, Philip J. Woodland, Chung Lee, Jand Venes R. Medeiros, Durcilene A. Silva, et al. "Topical Protection of Human Oesophageal Mucosal Integrity By the Cashew Gum, a Natural Polymer Obtained from a Brazilian Northeastern Tree (Anacardium Occidentale L.)." Gastroenterology 152, no. 5 (April 2017): S460—S461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(17)31739-0.
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Swart, W. J. "First Report of Powdery Mildew of Cashew Caused by Oidium anacardii in South Africa." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (November 2004): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1284a.
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The cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale L.) (family Anacardiaceae) is native to Brazil. It was introduced in East Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century where it is now widely cultivated, especially in Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique. The processed kernels are the most important product derived from the plant, although in Brazil and India, juices, jam, and alcoholic and soft drinks are also made from the pear-shaped edible receptacle. The plant is currently being evaluated in South Africa for commercial production. During May 2002, at least 25% of 5-year-old cashew trees grown from seed in the northern KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa were infected with powdery mildew. Signs included extensive growth of white, superficial mycelium bearing upright conidiophores on young shoots with tender leaves, inflorescences, and young receptacles. In severely affected trees, approximately 35% of young shoots and 45% of young receptacles displayed signs of powdery mildew. Severely infected young leaves were brown and deformed in contrast to older leaves that were unaffected. Microscopic examination of diseased tissue revealed hyaline, cylindrical-to-slightly doliform, single-celled conidia (10 to 17.5 × 2.5 to 5 μm) borne in chains. The pathogen was subsequently identified as Oidium anacardii Noack on the basis of morphology (1). No other species of powdery mildew fungi have been reported on cashew. A pathogenicity test was conducted by gently pressing a heavily diseased leaf onto two healthy leaves of each of 10 cashew plants maintained in pots on open benches in the glasshouse at 22 to 25°C and mean relative humidity of 65%. Control treatments entailed pressing an asymptomatic leaf onto each of two healthy leaves per plant. The experiment was conducted three times. After 14 days, at least one powdery mildew colony had developed on 80% of inoculated leaves but were absent from all replications of the control treatment. The source of inoculum for this reported outbreak is unknown, although O. anacardii is known to occur in southern Mozambique less than 100 km from the infected site. Cashew powdery mildew was first officially reported in Tanzania in 1979 where significant crop losses, partially attributable to the pathogen, have been recorded since (3). No significant damage to production has been recorded in Brazil (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. anacardii occurring on cashew in South Africa. References: (1) E. Castellani and F. Casulli. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale 75:211, 1981. (2) F. C. O. Freire et al. Crop Prot. 21:489, 2002. (3) P. J. Martin et al. Crop Prot. 16:5, 1996.
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Eiadthong, Wichan, Keizo Yonemori, Shinya Kanzaki, Akira Sugiura, Naoki Utsunomiya, and Suranant Subhadrabandhu. "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis for Studying Genetic Relationships among Mangifera Species in Thailand." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 2 (March 2000): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.2.160.
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The phylogenetic relationships among 14 Mangifera L. species including three economically important species, i.e., common mango (M. indica L.), horse mango (M. foetida Lour.) and kwini (M. odorata Griff.), were analyzed by comparing 217 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The unweighted pair grouping method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and neighbor-joining (NJ) method were used and two outgroup taxa, cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) and gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.), were added to both analyses. The common mango was closely related to banana mango (M. sylvatica Roxb.), M. laurina Bl., and M. oblongifolia Hook.f. Intraspecific variation among seven cultivars of common mango was much smaller than interspecific variation and these cultivars were classified into one M. indica group using both methods. Mangifera macrocarpa Bl., M. foetida, and M. odorata were also related to M. indica in both UPGMA and NJ trees, although these three species are classified into a different subgenus (subgenus Limus) from the subgenus Mangifera to which M. indica belongs. Also, in both UPGMA and NJ trees, M. gedebe Miq. and M. griffithii Hk.f. were placed in distant positions among the Mangifera species tested, indicating these two species are related distantly to M. indica. The AFLP technique was confirmed to be useful for phylogenetic analysis.
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Kolliesuah, N. P., J. L. Saysay, M. M. Zinnah, A. T. Freeman, and D. Chinenye. "Trend analysis of production, consumption and export of cashew crop in West Africa." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.14s.
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West Africa is a core producer of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), supplying 45% of the commodity on the global market. Despite this huge share of the international market, only 10% of the commodity is processed and consumed domestically. The low rate of consumption is reflected by low investment in the cashew industry, making the crop underutilised as a food and nutrition security crop in the region. The objective of this study was to analyse the trends in production, levels of consumption and export of the crop in West Africa, as a basis for informing strategic development interventions. This work utilised metadata from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation database, Nitidae and other relevant sources to explore the production, consumption and export patterns of cashew from the year 2000 up to 2017. The metadata used were analysed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that eleven (Cote D’Ivoire, Nigeria, Benin, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Guinea, The Gambia, Senegal, and Togo) of the sixteen countries in West Africa were actively engaged in cashew production. It was also projected that production will decline in the next five years in countries such as Nigeria, Togo, Senegal, and Burkina Faso due to a reduction in the land under cashew cultivation, an increase in pest and disease infestations, coupled with a decline in genetic improvement and poor extension services. Production will remain stable in The Gambia and Guinea Bissau because most trees there are yet to hit the peak of production; and of reduced investment in research and development. Cashew consumption locally is dismal (<10% across the region) due to limited attention given to the processing industry in the region. To boost local production and consumption, as well maintain the 45% share of the international market in the next five years and beyond, it is essential to invest in genetic improvement, modification of agronomic practices, and investment in the processing industry, as well as research and development of the crop.
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Tarpaga, Windpouiré Vianney, Larbouga Bourgou, Moussa Guira, and Albert Rouamba. "Agro morphological characterization of cashew trees (Anacardium occidental L.), in improvement for the high yield and high quality of raw nuts in Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 9 (March 25, 2021): 3188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i9.17.
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The cashew sector has taken a great economic interest, due to the strong global demand for raw nuts. However, in Burkina Faso, the productivity of orchards still remains low, a consequence of a lack of breeding program on the species. In order to increase yields and improve the quality of the raw nut, efficient clones must be developed. Surveys were carried out and a primary in situ collection was made from which a core collection of 15 trees was extracted. An agro-morphological description of the selected trees and an analysis of the structuration of the variability within them were carried out. The study revealed appreciable agro-morphological diversity through shape, size and color of apple, type of inflorescence, fruiting period and the health of trees. A structure of diversity based on agronomic criteria led to identify 5 groups of trees, characterized by an average weight of the nut between 6.64 and 8.32 g, a kernel rate between 28.10 and 31.26% and a yield per tree between 34.27 and 104.42 kg. Performing trees will be erected as heads of clones for the production of grafted plants.
La filière anacarde a pris un grand intérêt économique, suite à la forte demande mondiale en noix brutes. Cependant, au Burkina Faso, la productivité des vergers demeure encore faible, conséquence d’une absence de sélection variétale du matériel végétal. En vue d’accroître les rendements et d’améliorer la qualité de la noix brute, une recherche de clones performants était indispensable. Des prospections ont été conduites et une collection primaire in situ a été constituée dont une core collection de 15 arbres a été extraite. Une description agro-morphologique des arbres sélectionnés et une analyse de la structuration de la variabilité en son sein ont été conduites. L’étude a révélé une diversité agro morphologique appréciable à travers la forme, le calibre et la couleur de la pomme, le type d’inflorescence, la période de fructification et l’état sanitaire des arbres. Une structuration de la diversité basée sur les critères agronomiques a permis d’identifier 5 groupes d’arbres, caractérisés par un poids moyen de la noix compris entre 6,64 et 8,32 g, un taux d’amande compris entre 28,10 et 31,26% et un rendement par arbre compris entre 34,27 et 104,42 kg. Les arbres les plus performants constitueront des têtes de clones pour la production de plants par greffage.
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ZAUBIN, ROBBER, and RUDI SURYADI. "PENGARUH TOPPING, JUMLAH DAUN, DAN WAKTU PENYAMBUNGAN TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYAMBUNGAN JAMBU MENTE DI LAPANGAN." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v8n2.2002.55-60.
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<p>Rendahnya produktivitas perkebunan jambu mente di Indonesia, yaitu rata-rata hanya 350 kg gclondongha, disebabkan antara lain karena pohon- pohonnya berasal dari bibit (seedling) yang mutunya kurang baik. Untuk meningkatkan potensi produksinya, pertanaman jambu mente yang ada sebaiknya disambung dengan batang atas (entres) unggul.Teknik penyam- bungan dirumah atap sudah tersedia dengan hasil 90% - 95% sambungan hidup, sedangkan untuk penyambungan di lapangan baru dilakukan dengan metode sambung samping dengan keberhasilan 40%. Suatu penelitian telah dilakukan di Instalasi Penelitian Cikampek mulai Januari 2000 sampai dengan Januai 2001, dengan tujuan untuk menguji perlakuan topping, jumlah daun batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan penyambungan jambu mente di lapangan Rancangannya adalah petak tcrpisah dengan 2 ulangan dan 32 sambungan/ perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah (1) lopping (pembuangan pucuk batang bawah), sebagai petak utama, terdii atas (al) tanpa topping, dan (a2) topping; (2) jumlah daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan, sebagai anak petak, terdiri atas : (bl) 2 daun, disambungpukul 08.00-11.00, (b2) 2 daun, disambung pukul 1 1.00-13 00, (b3) 2 daun, disambung pukul 13.00-15.00, (M) 4 daun, disambung pukul 08.00-11.00, (b5) 4 daun, disambung pukul 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 daun, disambung, pukul 13.00-15.00. Topping dilakukan 7 hai sebelum penyambungan. Sebagai batang bawah digunakan tunas-tunas yang tumbuh dai pangkal batang mente jenis Pecangaan yang ditebang pada tinggi I m. Batang atas diambil dai pohon unggul jenis Balakrisnan-02. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sambungan yang hidup, pertumbuhan tunas, dan jumlah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi yang nyata dari perlakuan terhadap semua parameter. Interaksi terbaik diperoleh pada topping dengan 4 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 08.00 - 11.00, dengan jumlah sambungan hidup, pertumbuhan tunas dan jumlah daun tetinggi, masing-masing 86.36% ; 27 cm ; dan 14 daun, sedangkan hasil terendah ditunjukkan oleh interaksi tanpa topping dengan 2 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 1 3 00-15.00, dengan 10% sambungan hidup, petumbuhan tunas 12 cm, dan 5 helai daun.</p><p>Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale L, topping, teknik penyambungan, produktivitas</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Effect of topping, number of leaves and time of grafting on the success of cashew grafting at ield conditions</strong></p><p>The low productivity of cashew plantation in Indonesia, average 350 kg pods/ha, is among others caused by low quality of the cashew plants developed from seedlings. To increase the productivity, the existing trees should be grated with scions taken from high yielding vaieties. The grating technique of cashew at lath-house conditions is available with a success of 90-95%, however, grating technique for ield conditions using (he side grat succeded only 40%. The experiment was conducted at Cikampek Research Installation - Balittro, from January 2000 to January 2001, lo studs the efect of topping, number of leaves on rootstock, and the lime of grating on the success of cashew grating at ield conditions. The design was a split plot, with 2 replicates and 32 grats/treatment. The treatments were (1) topping of the rootstock, as the main plot, consisted of (al) without topping, (a2) topping, and (2) number of leaves on the rootstock and period of grating, as the subplot, consisted of (bl) 2 leaves at the rootstock/grated at 8.00 - 1 1.00, (b2) 2 leaves at the rootstock/graded at 11.00-13.00, (b3) 2 leaves al the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00, (b4) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 08.00- 11.00, (b5) 4 leaves at the rootstock/grafted at 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00. Topping was conducted 7 days before grating Shoots grown from the trunk of the Pecangaan type, coppiced at I m height, were used as the rootstock Scions were taken from high yielding vaiety Balakisnan 02 type. Parameters assessed were number of 'lakes" and growth of scion, consisted of length of scion and number of leaves. Results of the expeiment showed that there were significant interaction of the treatments on all of the parameters. The best interaction was shown by topping with 4 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 8.00-11.00 which resulted in a 86.3% of "takes", 27 cm length of scion with 14 leaves, while the lowest results were shown by without topping with 2 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 13.00- 15.00 with 10% of "takes". 12 cm lengOi of scion with 5 leaves.</p><p>Key words Anacardium occidentale L., grafting technique, topping, productivity</p>
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Ogeh, Joseph Sunday, and Rotimi Rofus Ipinmoroti. "Micronutrient Assessment of Cocoa, Kola, Cashew and Coffee Plantations for Sustainable Production at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.93-97.
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The micronutrient status of the soils and leaf of cocoa, kola, cashew and coffee plantations to study the soil-plant micronutrient content relationship in the plantation soils for proper management towards optimum production of the crops was investigated at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria. Soil and leaf samples were collected from these plantations and analyzed according to standard laboratory procedures. The soil samples were analyzed for the micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) and in addition pH, organic carbon, sand, silt and clay contents, while the leaves were analyzed for only the micronutrient contents. Results indicated that the soils were sandy loam, acidic, low in organic carbon, deficient in Cu and Mn but very high in Fe and Zn contents. This probably resulted in nutrient imbalance in the soils and the deficiency of the nutrients in the crops. The plantations therefore require application of organic manures and micronutrient fertilizers to rectify the inadequate soil organic matter and to supply sufficient amount of Cu and Mn in the soils, to obtain quality fruit yield at optimum level from the plantations.Keywords: Cashew, cocoa, coffee, kola, micronutrients, sustainable production [How to Cite: Ogeh JS and RR Ipinmoroti. 2013. Micronutrient Assessment of Cocoa, Kola, Cashew and Coffee Plantations for Sustainable Production at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 93-97. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.93] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.93] REFERENCESAdebiyi S, EO Uwagbue, EA Agbongiarhuoyi, I Ndagi and EO Aigbekaen. 2011. Assessment of agronomic practices among kola farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. World J Agric Sci 7: 400-403.Afolabi CA and NE Egbe. 1984. Yield response of kola to N, P and K fertilizer application: A case study of preliminary trial. Cafe Cacao The 28: 13-16. 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Borges, Juliano. "Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale): Possible applications in dermatology . ." Clinics in Dermatology 39, no. 3 (May 2021): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.11.014.
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SIVADASAN, M. "PRIMARY VASCULARIZATION IN CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 108 (November 1985): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.108.2.
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Sethi, Kabita, P. C. Lenka, P. Tripathy, S. K. Mukherjee, and A. K. Dash. "Studies of Heterosis in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 7, no. 3 (June 7, 2016): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2016.7.3.1342.
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Sankaranarayanan, R., H. Ahmad Shah, and V. Sekar. "CROP IMPROVEMENT STUDIES IN CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.26.
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Thimmappaiah, G. T. Puthra, and Shirly Raichal Anil. "In vitro grafting of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Scientia Horticulturae 92, no. 2 (January 2002): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(01)00288-6.
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Ramanayake, Shantha M. S. D., and A. Kovoor. "In vitro micrografting of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 74, no. 2 (January 1999): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511106.
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Bicalho, Beatriz, and Claudia M. Rezende. "Volatile Compounds of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2001): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-1-206.
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Abstract The volatile compounds of a largely consumed Brazilian cashew apple variety (Anacardium occidentale L. var. nanum , Anacardiaceae) were recovered by headspace extraction or simultaneous distillation-extraction. Several compounds including esters (29), terpenes (16), hydrocarbons (9), carboxylic acids (7), aldehydes (7), alcohols (3), ketones (2), lactones (2) and norisoprenoids ( 1 ) were characterized and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses.
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Michodjehoun-Mestres, Laetitia, Jean-Marc Souquet, Hélène Fulcrand, Claire Bouchut, Max Reynes, and Jean-Marc Brillouet. "Monomeric phenols of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Food Chemistry 112, no. 4 (February 15, 2009): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.056.
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