Dissertations / Theses: 'Cashew'

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Salisbury, Amelia Rose. "Hot cashew on a tin roof." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4743.

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Carvalho, Joelia Marques de. "Virgin cashew nut oil (VCNO) and extra virgin cashew nut oil (EVCNO): processing, characterization, sensory evaluation and bioactivity." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15334.

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A amÃndoa de castanha de caju (ACC) Ã um dos principais produtos do agronegÃcio cearense, mas tambÃm Ã fonte de renda para pequenos produtores rurais, principalmente nos perÃodos de estiagem. A amÃndoa de castanha de caju de maior valor para comercializaÃÃo Ã que aquela se classifica como inteira de primeira qualidade. As amÃndoas de castanha de caju de qualidade inferior, por cor ou quebradas durante o processamento, chegam a perder 80% do seu valor comercial. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um Ãleo a partir da amÃndoa de castanha de caju de classes inferiores, avaliando os mÃtodos de extraÃÃo a frio (extra virgem - OEV) e com aquecimento prÃvio em micro-ondas (virgem - OV), sua composiÃÃo e caracterÃsticas quÃmicas e fÃsicas, sua estabilidade, caracterÃsticas sensoriais e bioatividade. Na seleÃÃo das amÃndoas para extraÃÃo, considerou-se as caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas e de qualidade oxidativa, utilizaram-se seis classes inferiores: B1, S1, W4, SP1, SP2, P1 e uma classe de amÃndoa inteira de primeira qualidade (W240) como referÃncia. Considerando os parÃmetros avaliados, optou-se pelo uso das amÃndoas SP2, de menor preÃo de mercado, visto que todas as classes avaliadas apresentaram boa qualidade fÃsico-quÃmica e oxidativa, com potencial para extraÃÃo do Ãleo (lipÃdios totais superiores a 50%). Na avaliaÃÃo dos processos de extraÃÃo, observou-se maior rendimento da amostra com aquecimento prÃvio em micro-ondas. A amostra OV tambÃm apresentou maior estabilidade oxidativa com tempo de induÃÃo mÃdio de 46,25 horas, contra 39,03 horas da amostra OEV. Possivelmente a maior estabilidade se deu pela maior presenÃa de fenÃlicos totais na amostra OV (316,4 mg/100g) do que na amostra OEV (202,17 mg/100g). Ambos os Ãleos apresentaram aÃÃo antioxidante, possivelmente pela presenÃa de compostos como tocoferÃis, Ãcidos graxos mono e poli-insaturados, fitosterÃis e fenÃlicos identificados nas amostras. Na avaliaÃÃo antimicrobiana, o Ãleo OV possivelmente pelo maior teor de fenÃlicos, apresentou aÃÃo mais efetiva contra microrganismos patogÃnicos, em especial Listeria mocytogenes. Os Ãleos de amÃndoa de castanha de caju OV e OEV apresentaram aÃÃo antiproliferativa contra cÃlulas de cÃncer de mama (MCF7), pulmÃo (A549) e fÃgado (HepG2) somente em altas concentraÃÃes, superiores a 200 Âg/mL. Nos testes sensoriais com consumidores (grupos focais) e na AnÃlise Descritiva Quantitativa Otimizada percebeu-se interesse em consumir o produto caso estivesse disponÃvel no mercado, tanto por seus atributos sensoriais como pelo apelo regional do produto. Os principais atributos das amostras foram brilho, cor amarela, odor e sabor de castanha. Dentro dos aspectos avaliados, o aquecimento prÃvio com micro-ondas pode oferecer um maior rendimento de extraÃÃo, sem perdas significativas dos compostos bioativos ou diminuiÃÃo da aceitaÃÃo sensorial.
The cashew nut (CN) is a major agribusiness product of CearÃ, but it is also an income source for small farmers, especially in drought periods. The cashew nut with greater value to market is standardized as whole-grade. The cashew nut inferior grades by color or broken during processing, lose 80% of their market value. This study aimed to develop an oil from the inferior grades cashew nut, evaluating the cold extraction methods (extra virgin - EVCNO) and preheating in microwave (virgin - VCNO), its composition and chemical and physical characteristics, stability, sensory characteristics and bioactivity. In the selection of kernels for extraction, considered the physical and chemical characteristics and oxidative quality, we used lower six grades and qualities: B1, S1, W4, SP1, SP2, P1 and a whole nut-grade grade (W240) as reference. Considering the evaluated parameters, we opted for the use of SP2 kernel, due to the lower market price, since all grades and qualities evaluated showed good physical and chemical quality and oxidative, with potential for oil extraction (total lipids of over 50%). In the assessment of extraction processes, there was a higher yield of the sample with pre-heating in a microwave. The OV sample also showed greater oxidative stability with average induction time of 46.25 hours, 39.03 hours against the OEV sample, possibly given by the greater presence of phenolic compounds in sample VCNO (316.4 mg / 100g) than the sample EVCNO (202.17 mg / 100g). Both oils showed antioxidant activity, possibly due to the presence of compounds such as tocopherols, fatty acids mono and polyunsaturated, phytosterols and phenolic identified in the samples. In antimicrobial evaluation, the VCNO oil possibly due to increased phenolic content, made more effective action against pathogenic microorganisms especially Listeria mocytogenes. VCNO and EVCNO showed antiproliferative action against breast cancer cells (MCF7), lung cancer cells (A549) and liver cancer cells (HepG2) only at high concentrations greater than 200 mg/mL. In sensory tests with consumers (focus groups) and Optimized Descriptive Profile perceived interest in consuming the product if it was available in the market, both for their sensory attributes as the regional appeal of the product. The main attributes of the samples: shining, yellow color, odor and taste of nuts. Considering the evaluated aspects, preheating with microwave can offer a higher yield of extraction, without significant loss of bioactive compounds or decreased sensory acceptance.

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Pell, Susan Katherine. "Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae) /." View online version of this work, 2004. http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/.

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De, Braganza Radek Messias. "Fine chemicals from cashew nut shell liquid." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409441.

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Flamengo, Bianca Carvalho Voss Wahnon. "Venturing into cashew business in Guinea - Bissau." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10042.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This project consists of a business plan for a cashew processing factory in Guinea-Bissau. A company will be created to implement the project with the objective to sell whole white cashews to the general cashew market of the Netherland. To do so the company will have to acquire the ISO 22000 certification and fulfill the Dutch importers quality and quantity standards. In the second year the company will either sell the cashews as certified organic products or expand the factory capacity. The financial projections were made and both strategies (enter organic niche market or expand) will result in a positive NPV project with an IRR of 61% and 63% respectively. In terms of long run objectives the company will continue to expand. Besides implementing a sustainable and profitable project this new company will surely have a social-economic impact.

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Neto, Victor. "Yield variability of cashew trees in East Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387772.

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Samamad, Nancy Taera Ibraimo. "Cashew apple quality by near infrared spectroscopy technique." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8350.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) é uma planta de grande importância econômica para o Nordeste brasileiro, pela diversidade de produtos e quantidade de empregos gerados. A crescente demanda por produtos saudáveis associados ao aumento no consumo do caju de mesa incentivou o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para monitorar os critérios de qualidade. Esses critérios são determinados por meio de análises destrutivas, que são normalmente demoradas, com custos altos e não leva em consideração a variabilidade individual do caju. Visando substituir essas análises, a espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIRS) permite a determinação simultânea e não destrutiva de vários atributos de qualidade. NIRS é uma técnica rápida que correlaciona as propriedades de absorção de energia em regiões do espectro electromagnético com a composição e concentração de moléculas através de modelos de regressão desenvolvidos por meio da quimiometria. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver modelos preditivos em NIRS para o dispositivo de bancada e portátil visando estimar propriedades físico-químicas tais como firmeza, pH, sólidos solúveis totais (TSS), açúcares solúveis (SSC), acidez titulável (TA), sabor, ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), carotenóides, flavonóides totais, polifenóis extraíveis totais (TEP) e atividade antioxidante para o monitoramento da qualidade do pedúnculo de caju. Para o dispositivo de bancada, os modelos foram construídos com 34 amostras de 17 genótipos a partir de espectros coletados no modo de refletância. Os modelos preditivos obtidos para firmeza e pH apresentaram valores de coeficiente de determinação para validação cruzada (R2CV) de 0.92 e 0.84, respectivamente, enquanto que para os coeficientes de determinação para a validação externa (R2P) foram de 0.87 para firmeza e 0.78 para pH. A relação do desempenho do desvio para validação cruzada (RPDCV) apresentaram valores de 3.0 e 2.4 e, para a validação externa (RPDP) se obtiveram valores de 2.4 e 2.2 para firmeza e pH, respectivamente, indicando boa capacidade de predição. Para as variáveis do metabolismo primário, os valores obtidos para o R2CV foram de 0.86 para SSC, 0.83 para TSS, 0.90 para TA e de 0.80 para sabor, sendo que os valores de R2P foram de 0.78, 0.75, 0.85 e 0.73, respectivamente. Os valores apresentados para RPDCV foram, respectivamente, de 2.6, 2.4, 3.1 e 2.1 para SSC, TSS, TA e sabor, enquanto que os valores de RPDP foram de 2.0 para SSC e TSS, 3.0 para TA e 1.8 para sabor. No metabolismo secundário, foram obtidos modelos com valores de 0.87 para R2CV e de 0.85 R2P para vitamina C, apresentando boa capacidade de predição tanto para validação cruzada como para validação externa, com valores de RPDCV e de RPDP de 2.6 e 2.8. Para carotenoides, modelos com R2CV e R2P de 0.89 e 0.79 foram obtidos, com RPDCV e de RPDP 2.9 e 2.0, respectivamente, enquanto que para flavonóides totais, foram obtidos valores de 0.86 para ambos R2CV e R2P e, valores de RPDCV de 2.6 e de 2.0 para RPDP. Modelos obtidos para TEP tiveram valores 0.90 para R2CV e de 0.89 para R2P, bem como valores de RPDCV de 3.2 e 2.5 de RPDP, sendo que para atividade antioxidante foram obtidos modelos com valores de R2CV e R2P de 0.87 e de 0.81, respectivamente, com valores de RPDCV de 2.7 e 2.2 para RPDP. Para o dispositivo portátil, foram obtidos modelos preditivos de 75 amostras provenientes de 21 diferentes genótipos sendo que para firmeza, pH, TSS, TA, sabor e vitamina C os valores de R2CV foram de 0.77, 0.75, 0.90, 0.85, 0.80 e 0.89, respectivamente com a média do erro relativo de -1.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, -1.3%, 2.6% e 4.9%. Para essas variáveis, foram obtidos valores de coeficientes de determinação para previsão (R2P) de 0.76, 0.72, 0.88, 0.85, 0.82 e 0.83 com os coeficientes de variabilidade do erro padrão de previsão (SEP) de 18.2%, 3.0%, 5.6%, 19.6%, 15.4% e 12.1%. Além destes, realizou-se um experimento de monitoramento de qualidade do caju de mesa refrigerado por NIRS ao longo de nove dias. Foram utilizados quatro genótipos com três repetições onde se avaliou TSS, vitamina C e pH analisados em parcelas subdividida no tempo.
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a plant with great economic importance for the Brazilian Northeast, due to diversity of products and the amount of jobs generated. Growing demand for healthy products associated an increase in table cashew consumption encouraged the development of technologies to monitor quality criteria. These criteria are determined by destructive analyses, which are usually time-consuming, with high costs and do not take into account the individual cashew variability. Aiming to replace these analyses, the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows simultaneous and nondestructive determination of multiple quality attributes. NIRS is a rapid technique that correlates the energy absorption properties in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with the composition and concentration of molecules through regression models developed by chemometrics. The aim of this study was to develop predictive models in NIRS for bench top and portable device to estimate physical-chemical properties such as firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugars (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), flavor, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids, total flavonoids, total extractable polyphenols (TEP) and antioxidant activity for monitoring cashew apple quality. For the bench device, the models were constructed with 34 genotypes of 17 samples collected from the reflectance spectra mode. The predictive models obtained for firmness and pH showed determination coefficient values for cross-validation (R2CV) of 0.92 and 0.84, respectively, while for external validation or prediction, coefficients of determination (R2P) were 0.87 for firmness and 0.78 for pH. The residual prediction deviation of cross-validation (RPDCV) have presented values of 3.0 e 2.4 and for external validation values of 2.4 and 2.2 were obtained for firmness and pH, respectively, indicating a good predictive ability. For variables of primary metabolism, the obtained values for R2CV were 0.86 for SSC, 0.83 for TSS, 0.90 for TA and 0.80 for flavor and the R2P values were respectively of 0.78, 0.75, 0.85 and 0.73. The presented RPDCV values were 2.6, 2.4, 3.1 and 2.1 for SSC, TSS, TA and flavor, while RPDP obtained values were 2.0 for SSC and TSS, 3.0 for TA and 1.8 for flavor. In secondary metabolism, models with 0.87 values for R2CV were obtained with R2P of 0.85 for vitamin C. These models presented good ability to predict both cross-validation and external validation with RPDCV and RPDP values of 2.6 and 2.8, respectively. Carotenoids models presented R2CV and R2P values of 0.89 and 0.79, with RPDCV and RPDP of 2.9 and 2.0, respectively, while for total flavonóides, models were obtained with values of 0.86 for both R2CV and R2P as well as RPDCV values of 2.6 and 2.0 to RPDP. Models obtained for TEP has presented values of 0.90 for R2CV and 0.89 to R2P and RPDCV values of 3.2 as well as 2.5 for RPDP. Antioxidant activity models were obtained with R2CV and R2P values of 0.87 and 0.81, respectively, and RPDCV values of 2.7 and 2.2 for RPDP. For portable device predictive models, 75 samples from 21 different genotypes were collected and evaluated of which firmness, pH, TSS, TA, flavor and vitamin C presented R2CV values of 0.77, 0.75, 0.90, 0.85, 0.80 and 0.89, respectively, with the average relative error of -1.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, -1.3%, 2.6% and 4.9%. For these variables were obtained coefficients of determination values for prediction (R2P) of 0.76, 0.72, 0.88, 0.85, 0.82 and 0.83 with standard error of prediction (SEP) coefficient of variability of 18.2%, 3.0%, 5.6%, 19.6%, 15.4% and 12.1%. Besides these, a quality monitoring experiment in cold storage was evaluated by NIRS over nine days. Four genotypes were used with tree repetitions for TSS, vitamin C and pH assessment evaluated in split plot in time.

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Magnusson, Sophia, and Anna-Karin Luvö. "Chasing Markets : A Study of the Mozambican Cashew Industry." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5835.

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In the spring of 2009 we spent five weeks in Mozambique performing a field study. Four of the weeks were spent in Nampula province in the northern part of the country, where most of the Mozambican cashew is produced. In the 1970s Mozambique was world leading in cashew kernel export, however, today the industry is a shadow of its former self. Since the end of the 1990s, the government along with other stakeholders, are trying to recuperate the industry. There are a great deal of obstacles to overcome to be able to compete with other large exporting countries such as India, Vietnam and Brazil. The main issue is the conditions of the trees; the majority of the trees are over forty years old and therefore have a low cashew yield. In addition, poor maintenance of the trees further decreases the production. Other problems are the infrastructure, in particular roads in poor condition, difficulties in locating markets and the income gap between the producer and end retailer.

During our research we have thought of a few recommendations which we feel would be worth looking into. We feel cheaper seedling should be available for the producers and nurseries should be put more locally for easier access. We also recommend spraying of the trees to be done more frequently. Furthermore a prerequisite for an expansion of the cashew industry is an investment in the infrastructure, to be able to transport the cashew from producer to processor and exporter. This would also improve life quality of the people in general. In addition, an investment in the poorest is necessary for the development of the country, a tool for achieving this could be better access to micro credits and village banks. To increase the income generated from Mozambican cashew kernels we recommend focusing the export on Fair Trade and possibly the organic market since they provide higher prices. A possibility to locating new markets would be an office, possibly in Europe, in order to be closer to the costumers. Another income generating market could be the market for by-products such as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, cashew oil and juice and jam from the fruit.

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Kozarev, Kamen A., Alisdair Davey, Alexander Kendrick, Michael Hammer, and Celeste Keith. "The Coronal Analysis of SHocks and Waves (CASHeW) framework." EDP SCIENCES S A, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626293.

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Coronal bright fronts (CBF) are large-scale wavelike disturbances in the solar corona, related to solar eruptions. They are observed (mostly in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light) as transient bright fronts of finite width, propagating away from the eruption source location. Recent studies of individual solar eruptive events have used EUVobservations of CBFs and metric radio type II burst observations to show the intimate connection between waves in the low corona and coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shocks. EUVimaging with the atmospheric imaging assembly instrument on the solar dynamics observatory has proven particularly useful for detecting large-scale short-lived CBFs, which, combined with radio and in situ observations, holds great promise for early CME-driven shock characterization capability. This characterization can further be automated, and related to models of particle acceleration to produce estimates of particle fluxes in the corona and in the near Earth environment early in events. We present a framework for the coronal analysis of shocks and waves (CASHeW). It combines analysis of NASA Heliophysics System Observatory data products and relevant data-driven models, into an automated system for the characterization of off-limb coronal waves and shocks and the evaluation of their capability to accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs). The system utilizes EUVobservations and models written in the interactive data language. In addition, it leverages analysis tools from the SolarSoft package of libraries, as well as third party libraries. We have tested the CASHeW framework on a representative list of coronal bright front events. Here we present its features, as well as initial results. With this framework, we hope to contribute to the overall understanding of coronal shock waves, their importance for energetic particle acceleration, as well as to the better ability to forecast SEP events fluxes.

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Holanda-Neto, J. P. "The pollination of Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale) in Northest Brazil." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517347.

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Barbosa, Manuella MacÃdo. "Purification process of cashew gum: technical and environmental aspcts." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15184.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
The cashew gum is a heteropolysaccharide, exudate of cashew tree, which presents with an innovative alternative to the better utilization of cashew crop. This study is pioneering and innovative because it uses the combined ethanol precipitation and application of ultrasound to increase yields and improve technological characteristics of cashew gum.The exudate cashew has attracted attention due to its characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. The objective of this work was to study the influence of grain size, temperature, time, alcohol ration and application of ultrasound parameters in the purification of cashew gum. The reduction in color of the cashew gum by adsorption on amberlite resins, thermogravimetric characteristics of this polysaccharide and the environmental impact caused by the purification of cashew gum in laboratory scale were evaluated also. For purification of cashew gum, nodules were first crushed and dried at 60 Â C. For the selection of purification parameters exudates smaller size of particles than 2 mm, 1 mm , 500 and 250 microns in increments temperature 20-70 Â C and time 15 to 120 minutes were studied . After selecting the parameters, the particles were milled, sieved, solubilized, filtered, decanted and dried, producing a purified gum. It was observed that the temperature does not significantly influence the solubility of the cashew gum. It has been found that the use of ultrasound in the purification process of the cashew gum accelerates the nucleation, resulting in better yields, in shorter rest time for the precipitation. The best conditions for the purification of gum were as follows: size of particle of 500 microns, time of agitation of 30 minutes, temperature at 30 Â C, the proportion of the solution cashew gum/ ethanol (v / v) of 1:4.5, application of ultrasound for 2 minutes and precipitation time of 90 minutes. Amberlite resins which showed better performance in discoloration of cashew gum were the FPA- 54, SP - 850 and XAD - 4. It was observed that the glass transition temperature of cashew gum was similar to that of arabic gum, being around 50 Â C, and the temperature of onset of thermal decomposition of this polysaccharide ( 241.5 Â C) is higher than the arabic gum ( 210.3 Â C ) , thus the cashew gum is being promising as the encapsulating agent for food and pharmaceutical industry. It was found that the steps that generated the highest percentage of environmental impacts for obtaining the gum in laboratory scale were grinding/sieving and sedimentation.
A goma de caju Ã um heteropolissacarÃdeo, exsudado da Ãrvore do cajueiro, que se apresenta com uma alternativa inovadora para o melhor aproveitamento da cultura do caju. Este estudo Ã pioneiro e inovador, pois utiliza a precipitaÃÃo em etanol combinada Ã aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom para aumentar o rendimento e melhorar caracterÃsticas tecnolÃgicas da goma de cajueiro. O exsudado de cajueiro tem atraÃdo atenÃÃo devido Ãs suas caracterÃsticas de sustentabilidade, biodegradabilidade e bioseguranÃa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influÃncia dos parÃmetros granulometria, temperatura, tempo, proporÃÃo de Ãlcool e aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom na purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro. TambÃm avaliou-se a reduÃÃo da coloraÃÃo da goma de cajueiro, atravÃs da adsorÃÃo em resinas de amberlite, caracterÃsticas termogravimÃtricas deste polissacarÃdeo e o impacto ambiental ocasionado pela purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro em escala laboratorial. Para a purificaÃÃo da goma, os nÃdulos foram inicialmente triturados e secos em estufa a 60 ÂC. Para a seleÃÃo dos parÃmetros de purificaÃÃo foram estudadas partÃculas de exsudados com granulometria menor que 2 mm, 1 mm, 500 Âm e 250 Âm em intervalos de temperatura de 20-70 ÂC e de tempo de 15 a 120 minutos. ApÃs a seleÃÃo dos parÃmetros, as partÃculas passaram por um processo de moagem, peneiramento, solubilizaÃÃo, filtraÃÃo, decantaÃÃo e secagem, dando origem Ã goma purificada. Observou-se que a temperatura nÃo exerceu influÃncia significativa na solubilidade da goma de cajueiro. Verificou-se que a utilizaÃÃo do ultrassom no processo de purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro acelera a nucleaÃÃo, resultando em melhores rendimentos, em menor tempo de descanso para a precipitaÃÃo. As melhores condiÃÃes para a purificaÃÃo da goma foram as seguintes: tamanho da partÃcula de 500 Âm, tempo de agitaÃÃo de 30 minutos, temperatura de 30 ÂC, proporÃÃo de soluÃÃo de goma/ Ãlcool (v/v) de 1:4,5, aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom por 2 minutos e tempo de precipitaÃÃo de 90 minutos. As resinas de amberlite que apresentaram melhor desempenho na descoloraÃÃo da goma de cajueiro foram a FPA-54, SP-850 e XAD-4. Observou-se que a temperatura de transiÃÃo vÃtrea da goma de cajueiro foi semelhante Ã da goma arÃbica, ficando em torno de 50ÂC, e que a temperatura do inÃcio da decomposiÃÃo tÃrmica desse polissacarÃdeo (241,5 ÂC) Ã superior Ã da goma arÃbica (210,3 ÂC), dessa forma, a goma de cajueiro mostra-se promissora como agente encapsulante para a indÃstria de alimentos e farmacÃutica. Verificou-se que as etapas que geraram os maiores percentuais dos impactos ambientais, durante a obtenÃÃo da goma, foram a moagem/peneiramento e a decantaÃÃo.

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Cavalcanti, JoseÌ Jaime Vasconcelos. "Genetic mapping and QTL identification in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412181.

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Alves, Edson Souza. "OCCURRENCE OF CASHEW GUMMOSIS AFFECTED BY SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9166.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The cashew plant is an anacardeaceae commonly found all over tropical regions of the world. The cashew crop is a highly important source of income and social development in northeast Brazil. Cashew nut production have been oscillating in recent years mainly due to heterogeneity of population, climatic variations and the lack of inadequate cropping practices. Disease epidemics also play a very important role in this scenery. The cashew gummosis, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is recognized as the most important disease of cashew plant in northeast Brazil, which may bring about the complete decline of orchards within few years. The knowledge of environmental conditions associated with gummosis occurrence will surely contribute to the understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Based on that, this work aimed to establish the relationship among the environmental factors in regions characterized by different levels of gummosis with disease incidence. Data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, temperature range, soil, and altitude of 13 regions characterized by four different levels of gummosis incidence (0 = no report, 1 = rare, 2 = frequent, 3 = always present) were used in this study. The Mann-Whitney test was used in addition to correlation analyses, admitting 5% significance level. Maximum, minimum, temperature range, altitude, and deep and well-drained soils were associated with high incidence of gummosis.
O cajueiro Ã uma anacardiÃcea encontrado em praticamente todo o mundo tropical. A cajucultura Ã de enorme relevÃncia social para o Nordeste brasileiro jÃ que Ã responsÃvel pela geraÃÃo de renda para a populaÃÃo. A produÃÃo vem oscilando muito nos Ãltimos anos devido Ã heterogeneidade dos pomares antigos e a ausÃncia de manejo adequado para a cultura. As doenÃas acabam por desempenharem importante papel nesse cenÃrio. A resinose do cajueiro causada pelo fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae Ã tida como a principal doenÃa no semiÃrido nordestino e caracteriza-se pela inviabilizaÃÃo do pomar em poucos anos. O conhecimento das condiÃÃes de ambiente que possam ser associados a processos infecciosos poderÃ contribuir para elucidaÃÃo da interaÃÃo patÃgeno-hospedeiro. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer associaÃÃes de fatores edafoclimÃticos a diferentes zonas de severidade para o patossistema da resinose do cajueiro. Foram comparados dados climÃticos, tais como, precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica, temperatura mÃxima, mÃnima, amplitude tÃrmica, como tambÃm caracterÃsticas de solo, clima e altitude, de 13 municÃpios nordestinos classificadas em quatro zonas de severidade para a resinose: 0 (sem observaÃÃo), 1 (observaÃÃo rara), 2 (observaÃÃo frequente) e 3 (ocorrÃncia generaliza). Para tanto, utilizou-se do teste de Mann-Whitney alÃm de correlaÃÃes sendo admitidos 5% de nÃvel de significÃncia. A temperatura mÃxima, mÃnima, amplitude tÃrmica, a altitude, alÃm de solos profundos e bem drenados foram associadas Ãs diferentes Ãreas de ocorrÃncia da resinose.

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14

Guimarães, Callado Sandra Maria. "Environmental sustainability analysis of cashew systems in north-east Brazil." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993315216/04.

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15

Gogate, S. S. "Studies on in vitro morphogenetic response of horticultural crop-cashew." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2003. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2885.

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16

Masawe, Peter A. L. "Aspects of breeding and selecting improved cashew genotypes (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386973.

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17

Costa, Joaquim Bezerra. "CASHEW NUT MEAL USED AS FEED SUPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR LAMBS." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8751.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The effects of supplementation with cashew nut meal (CNM) for sheep fed Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) grass hay as exclusive forage were evaluated on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior of these animals. For this, we used twenty four male sheep, non-castrated, without defined breed and with an initial body weight (BW) of 16.2 + 3.1 kg and they were housed in metabolic cages. The animals received a control diet consisting basically of Tifton 85 hay. The CNM was used as supplementation to diets at three different levels, representing 6, 12 and 18% of the total feed supplied, with six replicates per supplementation level evaluated. The experimental variables were subjected to variance analysis and regression using SAS version 9.1 by the PROC GLM routine. We observed the linear, quadratic and cubic effects from the variance analysis. The regression equations were adjusted when there was a significance level of P<0.05, using SAS PROC REG (9.1). The CNM supplementation did not cause influence on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake expressed in g/day (P> 0.05), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TC) intake expressed in g/day and g/kg BW0,75 (P> 0.05). As for crude protein (CP) intake (P = 0.0137) and ether extract (EE) (P <0.0001) expressed in g/day, and the DM (P = 0.0180) and OM (P = 0.0122) expressed in g/kg BW0,75, was observed influence of CNM supplementation, with increasing linear effect. The digestibility of DM, OM, EE, NDF and CT showed a quadratic effect with the CNM supplementation (P<0.0001). The CP digestibility showed an increasing linear effect with the CNM supplementation to diets (P<0.0001). The CNM supplementation also promoted influence on nitrogen (N) intake (P=0.0137), N retention (P<0.0001) and on the N balance (P=0.0002). The N intake, N retention and N balance showed an increased linear effect with the increasing in the CNM supplementation. For the ingestive behavior, CNM supplementation did not cause significant differences for time spent on eating, ruminating, total chewing time and leisure time (in hours), eating and ruminating efficiency expressed as grams of DM/h grams of NDF/h, number of ruminal bolus per day and number of chews (P>0.05). The number of ruminal bolus per day, was observe an increased linear effect with the CNM supplementation (P=0.0398). However, the time spent for chews per day it was observed a decreased linear effect with the CNM supplementation (P=0.0072). The CNM Supplementation up to 18% of the total diet for sheep fed Tifton 85 hay as roughage exclusive cause an increase for CP and EE intake, and increased the digestibility coefficients of these dietary nutrients. However, for the level of 18% of CNM supplementation there is reduction in digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and TC. Growing sheep fed with grass hay Tifton 85 as only forage source and supplemented with CNM up to 18% of the total diet do not show marked changes in ingestive behavior
O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influÃncia da suplementaÃÃo com o farelo de castanha de caju (FCC) para ovinos, recebendo feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) como volumoso exclusivo. Foram avaliadas variÃveis de consumo, digestibilidade, balanÃo de nitrogÃnio e o comportamento ingestivo destes animais. Para isso, utilizou-se vinte e quatro ovinos machos, nÃo-castrados, sem padrÃo racial definido (SPRD) e com peso corporal (PC) mÃdio de 16,2 + 3,1 kg que foram alojados em gaiolas metabÃlicas. Os animais receberam uma raÃÃo controle, constituÃda exclusivamente por feno de capim Tifton 85. Utilizou-se a suplementaÃÃo com FCC em trÃs diferentes nÃveis, representando 6, 12 e 18% do total da raÃÃo fornecida, com seis repetiÃÃes por nÃvel de suplementaÃÃo avaliada. As variÃveis experimentais foram submetidas Ã anÃlise de variÃncia e regressÃo utilizando-se o SAS versÃo 9.1 por meio da rotina PROC GLM. Foram observados os efeitos lineares, quadrÃticos e cÃbicos a partir da anÃlise de variÃncia. As equaÃÃes de regressÃo foram ajustadas quando se observou um nÃvel de significÃncia P<0,05, utilizando-se o PROC REG SAS (9.1). A suplementaÃÃo com o FCC nÃo promoveu influÃncia sobre os consumos de MS e MO expressos em g/dia (P>0,05). TambÃm nÃo foi detectado efeito da suplementaÃÃo com FCC sobre os consumos de FDN e CT expressos em g/dia e g/kg PC0,75 (P>0,05). JÃ para o consumo de PB (P=0,0137) e EE (P<0,0001) expressos em g/dia, bem como os consumos de MS (P=0,0180) e MO (P=0,0122) em g/kg PC0,75, foi observado influÃncia da suplementaÃÃo com FCC, apresentando efeito linear crescente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, EE, FDN e CT sofreram efeito quadrÃtico com a suplementaÃÃo do FCC (P<0,0001). JÃ a digestibilidade da PB sofreu efeito linear ascendente com a suplementaÃÃo de referido subproduto Ãs raÃÃes (P<0,0001). A suplementaÃÃo com o FCC tambÃm promoveu influÃncia sobre o consumo de N (P=0,0137), N retido (P<0,0001) e sobre o BalanÃo de N (P=0,0002). O consumo e a retenÃÃo de N sofreram efeito linear crescente com o aumento da suplementaÃÃo de FCC. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para o balanÃo de nitrogÃnio. Para o comportamento ingestivo dos ovinos, a suplementaÃÃo com o FCC nÃo promoveu diferenÃas significativas entre os tratamentos experimentais para os tempos despendidos com alimentaÃÃo, ruminaÃÃo, tempo de mastigaÃÃo total e Ãcio (em horas), eficiÃncia de alimentaÃÃo e ruminaÃÃo, expressas em gramas de MS/h e gramas de FDN/h, nÃmero de bolos ruminais por dia e no nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por dia (P>0,05). JÃ para o nÃmero de bolos ruminais por dia, houve efeito linear crescente com a suplementaÃÃo de FCC (P=0,0398). Todavia, para tempo despendido em mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por dia houve efeito linear decrescente com a suplementaÃÃo do FCC (P=0,0072). A suplementaÃÃo com FCC em atÃ 18% do total da raÃÃo, para ovinos recebendo feno de Tifton 85 como volumoso exclusivo, eleva o consumo de PB e EE, alÃm de aumentar os coeficientes de digestibilidades destes nutrientes dietÃticos. Entretanto, com o nÃvel de suplementaÃÃo de 18% de FCC, hÃ reduÃÃo na digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e CT. Ovinos em crescimento, recebendo feno de capim Tifton 85 como volumoso exclusivo e suplementados com FCC em atÃ 18% do total da raÃÃo, nÃo apresentam mudanÃas no comportamento ingestivo

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Lopez, Ana Maria Queijeiro. "The interaction between anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., and cashew, Anacardium occidentale (L.)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299333.

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Nascimento, AntÃnio Henrique Cardoso do. "Physiological aspects of productive and clones dwarf cashew tho grown under schemes." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8282.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of the clones CCP 76 and BRS 189 of dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) that were subjected to two water regimes: irrigated and rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Field Curu, Embrapa Tropical in Paraipaba - CearÃ, from January to December 2009. Plants of the experiment were in full productive age (5 years). Monthly, we investigated the leaf water content, stomatal conductance to water vapor, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, foliar concentrations of inorganic ions and the concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates. In addition, we analyzed the nut productivity and postharvest quality of peduncle. In general, there were no significant differences between plants of the two water regimes for most variables, except foliar concentrations of some ions. This small change was probably due to excess precipitation occurred in the year of the study. Thus, under the conditions studied, the practice of irrigation did not influence the two clones of cashew evaluated. Regarding the two clones: BRS 189 and CCP 76, overall, no significant differences were found, except foliar concentrations of ions K and Ca in the clone CCP 76 when grown under rainfed conditions showed higher content these nutrients in the leaves during the months September to December and staining in the clone CCP 76 showed higher brightness and less red color than plants of the clone BRS 189.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas dos clones CCP 76 e BRS 189 de cajueiro anÃo precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.), submetidos a dois regimes hÃdricos: irrigado e sequeiro. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, da Embrapa AgroindÃstria tropical, em Paraipaba - CearÃ, de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. As plantas do experimento estavam em plena idade produtiva (5 anos). Mensalmente, foram investigados o teor de umidade foliar, a condutÃncia estomÃtica ao vapor dÂÃgua, a taxa transpiratÃria, a taxa fotossintÃtica, os teores foliares de Ãons inorgÃnicos e os teores de carboidratos solÃveis totais. AlÃm disso, foram analisadas a produtividade das castanhas e a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos. Em geral, nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre as plantas dos dois regimes hÃdricos para a maioria das variÃveis, com exceÃÃo dos teores foliares de alguns Ãons. Essa pequena variaÃÃo provavelmente se deveu ao excesso de precipitaÃÃo ocorrida no ano do estudo. Dessa forma, nas condiÃÃes estudadas, a prÃtica da irrigaÃÃo praticamente nÃo influenciou os dois clones de cajueiro avaliados e em termos globais tambÃm nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre os dois clones avaliados: BRS 189 e CCP 76, com exceÃÃo dos teores foliares dos Ãons K e Ca, em que o clone CCP 76, quando cultivado sob condiÃÃes de sequeiro apresentou maiores teor desses nutrientes nas folhas durante os meses setembro Ã dezembro e para a coloraÃÃo do pedÃnculo, em que o clone CCP 76 apresentou maior luminosidade e coloraÃÃo menos avermelhada do que as plantas do clone BRS 189.

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20

Lima, Sergiany da Silva. "NÃvel tecnolÃgico e Fatores de DecisÃo para adoÃÃo de tecnologia na ProduÃÃo de caju no Estado do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2310.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
O emprego de tecnologias adequadas na atividade agrÃcola Ã essencial para o melhor aproveitamento do potencial produtivo das culturas. A cajucultura representa uma importante fonte de geraÃÃo de emprego e renda para o semi-Ãrido nordestino, em especial para o Estado do CearÃ. Entretanto, a exploraÃÃo da cultura nessa regiÃo ainda Ã realizada com o baixo emprego de tecnologias, com reflexos negativos sobre a produtividade e no aproveitamento da produÃÃo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica na cajucultura do CearÃ, mediante a anÃlise das condiÃÃes socioeconÃmicas dos produtores e do nÃvel tecnolÃgico empregado na cajucultura. Para tanto, foi realizada tabulaÃÃo das informaÃÃes relativas Ã condiÃÃo econÃmica e social dos produtores rurais, enquanto a adoÃÃo de tecnologia foi avaliada com base nos Ãndices IGM e IGMs . Em adiÃÃo, foram estimados os coeficientes das variÃveis de influÃncia sobre a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica por meio da regressÃo FunÃÃo DistribuiÃÃo Acumulada LogÃstica PadrÃo (Logit). Os Ãndices tecnolÃgicos ilustram como principal deficiÃncia do sistema de produÃÃo a inexistÃncia de mÃtodos de irrigaÃÃo e controles preventivos e/ou curativos de pragas e doenÃas, exibindo Ãndices considerados insuficientes para o desenvolvimento da cajucultura. As tecnologias com maior nÃvel de adoÃÃo foram: colheita e manejo no segmento do caju para suco, colheita e seleÃÃo de mudas no segmento caju de mesa, e cultivo e manejo na exploraÃÃo da castanha. O IGM apontou as propriedades ocupadas com o caju de mesa como as de melhor tecnologia de produÃÃo, utilizando 46,7% do recomendado, enquanto aquelas ocupadas com caju para suco e castanha utilizam apenas 36,4 e 30,1%, respectivamente, da tecnologia recomendada. Com base no s IGM o nÃvel tecnolÃgico da cajucultura empregado nos trÃs segmentos de mercado analisados (mesa, suco e castanha) foi de 35,4%, considerado regular para a atividade. O tamanho das Ãreas plantadas com caju gigante e precoce, o acesso ao crÃdito, a cajucultura como principal atividade, a existÃncia de associaÃÃes e o preÃo da castanha e do pedÃnculo foram os principais fatores de decisÃo para adoÃÃo de tecnologias na cajucultura no CearÃ. Destes fatores apenas a Ãrea plantada com caju gigante afeta negativamente a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica, enquanto os preÃos da castanha e do pedÃnculo foram definidos como aqueles de maior influÃncia positiva sobre a probabilidade de adoÃÃo tecnolÃgica.
The use of appropriate technology in agricultural activity is essential for better utilization of the productive potential of crops. The cashew represents an important source of employment generation and income for the semi-arid northeastern especially for the CearÃ state. However, the exploitation of this crop there is still performed with little technology, what causes a negative effect on productivity and the utilization of production. Thus, this study aimed to describe the process of technological adoption in crop cashew of CearÃ, by the analysis of the socioeconomic conditions of producers, and the technological level employee in cajucultura. To that, it was realized a tabulation of the information concerning the farmersâ economic and social conditions, while the adoption of technology was based on indexes IGM and IGMs. In addition, were estimated the coefficients of the variables of influence on the probability of the technological adoption by the regression function Combined Logistics Distribution Pattern (Logit). The results indicated as the main deficiency of the production system the lack of irrigation methods, as well preventives controls and treatments of pests and diseases, showing indices considered insufficient for the development of crop cashew. The technologies with the highest levels of adoption were: harvest and management in the segment cashew for juice, harvest and selection of seedlings in the segment in nature cashew, and management in the nut exploration. The IGM showed that the areas occupied by the in nature cashew has the best technology level, using the recommended 46.7%, while those occupied with cashew for nuts and juice use only 36.4% and 30.1%, respectively, of the technology recommended.Based on s IGM the technological level of crop cashew employee in the three segments analyzed (in nature, juice and nuts) was 35.4%, considered compatible to the activity. The size of the areas planted with giant and dwarf cashew, the access to credit, the crop cashew as the main activity, farmers associations and the price of nuts and the peduncle were the main factors decision of for adoption of technologies in crop cashew in CearÃ. Of these factors,only the area planted with giant cashew affects negatively the probability of technology adoption, while prices of nut and the peduncle were defined as those with greater influence on the probability of technology adoption.

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21

Chatterjee, D. "Utilisation of cashew nut shell liquid as a starting material for the synthesis of difunctional monomers useful in the preparation of high performance polymers." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2018. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/4495.

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22

Kasuga, Louis John Francis. "Adoption of improved cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by smallholders in south eastern Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270278.

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23

Lima, Diego Duarte. "A study of demand forecasting cashew trade in CearÃ through multivariate time series." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12185.

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nÃo hÃ
The application of time series in varius areas such as engineering, logistics, operations research and economics, aims to provide the knowledge of the dependency between observations, trends, seasonality and forecasts. Considering the lack of effective supporting methods od logistics planning in the area of foreign trade, the multivariate models habe been presented and used in this work, in the area of time series: vector autoregression (VAR), vector autoregression moving-average (VARMA) and state-space integral equation (SS). These models were used for the analysis of demand forecast, the the bivariate series of value and volume of cashew nut exports from CearÃ from 1996 to 2012. The results showed that the model state space was more successful in predicting the variables value and volume over the period that goes from january to march 2013, when compared to other models by the method of root mean squared error, getting the lowest values for those criteria.
A aplicaÃÃo de sÃries temporais em diversas Ãreas como engenharia, logÃstica, pesquisa operacional e economia, tem como objetivo o conhecimento da dependÃncia entre dados, suas possÃveis tendÃncias, sazonalidades e a previsÃo de dados futuros. Considerando a carÃncia de mÃtodos eficazes de suporte ao planejamento logÃstico na Ãrea de comÃrcio exterior, neste trabalho foram apresentados e utilizados os modelos multivariados, na Ãrea de sÃries temporais: auto-regressivo vetorial (VAR), auto-regressivomÃdias mÃveis vetorial (ARMAV) e espaÃo de estados (EES). Estes modelos foram empregados para a anÃlise de previsÃo de demanda, da sÃrie bivaria de valor e volume das exportaÃÃes cearenses de castanha de caju no perÃodo de 1996 Ã 2012. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo espaÃo de estados foi mais eficiente na previsÃo das variÃveis valor e volume ao longo do perÃodo janeiro Ã marÃo de 2013, quando comparado aos demais modelos pelo mÃtodo da raiz quadrada do erro mÃdio quadrÃtico, obtendo os menores valores para o referido critÃrio.

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24

Wunnachit, Wijit. "Floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set." Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21622.

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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991

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25

Tsamba, Alberto Júlio. "Fundamental Study of two Selected Tropical Biomasses for Energy : coconut and cashew nut shells." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9138.

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Cashew nut and coconut shells are two potential renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources that are commonly found as agro-industrial wastes in tropical countries. Despite this fact, they are not yet widely studied as such. Given this lack of specific technical and reliable data, technologies for their conversion into energy cannot be designed with confidence as it happens with other commonly studied biomass feedstock. Thus, the need to generate these data guided this research in order to provide technical information for the designing of appropriate thermochemical conversion technologies for energy generation, particularly, in remote areas, where electricity grid is neither a feasible nor an affordable solution.Among thermochemical processes, pyrolysis plays a key role as it is found in both combustion and gasification at their earlier stages. In both technologies, pyrolysis products are generated and later submitted to further transformations according to the process in use.Hence, pyrolysis was selected for thermal characterisation of cashew nut and coconut shells. The main characteristics envisaged are i) pyrolysis profiles; ii) global, semi-global and individual kinetics; iii) pyrolysis global and individual yields; iv) modelled pyrolysis yields at high heating rates; and, v)char combustion kinetics and reactivity. The main technique used for experimental data generation is thermogravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Data experimentally generated from TG and TG-FTIR experiments were processed through different methods and codes, such as the Coats and Redfern model-fitting method, the modelfree methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Friedman and ASTM E698, for semi-global and global kinetics; DAEM and FG-Biomass were used for pyrolysis individual kinetics and yields determination. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed as well.The study revealed peculiar characteristics compared to the commonly known lignocellulosic biomass. The volatiles content was above 66%w/w; hemicelluloses DTG peak did not overlap with the cellulose peak; the global pyrolysis activation energies were around 200 and 120 kJ/mol for coconut and cashew nut shells, respectively. Hemicelluloses and cellulose showed varying activation energies as 130-216 and 155-208 kJ/mol, respectively. Char combustion showed two steps with activation energies of 135 and 121 kJ/mol (cashew nut shells); 105 and 190kJ/mol (coconut shells). Individual yields and kinetics were determined for 17 compounds, including tars. These data are of key importance for modelling and the consequent data generation for the designing of appropriate thermochemical energy for these biomasses.
QC 20100914

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26

Croxford, Adam Earl. "A molecular study of the breeding system of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415512.

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27

Filho, Rivadavia Tavares Martins. "Biosorbents - water hyacinth biomass and spheres alginate / cashew gum - for adsorption of methylene blue." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8326.

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nÃo hÃ
In this work was carried out an extensive investigation of the adsorption properties of synthetic dyes on different parts (rhizome, root, stolon and petiole) of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and a comparison with the adsorption capacity of the biopolymer alginate beads doped with water hyacinth biomass. The biomasses and spheres were structurally characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy - SEM and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis - TGA and Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC). The kinetics of adsorption processes were monitored by UV and visible spectroscopy - UV / VIS and the data applied to the models of Freundlich and Languimir. Synthetic anionic dyes (methyl orange), cationic (methylene blue) and azo (indigo carmine) were used in the investigation. Adsorption studies was obtained, under controlled agitation of 70 rpm and temperature ranging between 25ÂC and 45ÂC at concentrations of dye in the range 10-250 mg/L and pH 2-12. The best results were achieved with a dye initial concentration of 100 mg/g, an initial quantity of 60 mg biosorbent, at temperature of 45 ÂC and at basic pH. Among the tested dyes, methylene blue exhibited the best adsorption capacity. The study of adsorption kinetics showed a better fit to the model of pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion is involved in the mechanism of adsorption. In the study of the isotherms, the result shows best fit to data by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations, with a maximum capacity of adsorption of methylene blue dye from 819.7 mg/g at 25 ÂC, to the root. A temperature increase caused an increase in system adsorption capacity and also led to an increase in time to the system reach equilibrium. The values of the rate constant for pseudo-second order increased with increasing temperature. An increase in initial dye concentration caused an increase in the amount of dye adsorbed. The activation energy for all biosorbents are in the range 20-40 kJ.mol-1 demonstrated that the adsorption processes are physical. The thermodynamic parameters ∆HÂ, ∆SÂ and ΔGÂ, for most biosorbents indicate that the process is exothermic in nature, spontaneous and favorable, except for the sphere of ALG/GC/Biomass where values obtained showed endothermic nature. The desorption study showed that the biosorbents can be reused.
Neste trabalho foi realizada uma investigaÃÃo extensiva das propriedades de adsorÃÃo do corante azul de metileno em diferentes partes (rizoma, raiz, estolÃo e pecÃolo) de Eichhornia Crassipes (aguapÃ), bem como uma comparaÃÃo com a adsorÃÃo em esferas do biopolÃmero alginato dopadas com biomassa de aguapÃ. As biomassas e esferas foram caracterizadas estruturalmente atravÃs de tÃcnicas de espectroscopia de infravermelho, microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura â MEV e anÃlises tÃrmicas (anÃlise termogravimÃtrica â TGA e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura â DSC). As cinÃticas dos processos de adsorÃÃo foram monitoradas por espectroscopia de ultravioleta e visÃvel â UV/VIS e os dados obtidos aplicados nos modelos de Languimir, Freundlich, Temkin e BET. Foram utilizados corantes sintÃticos aniÃnico (alaranjado de metila), catiÃnico (azul de metileno) e azo (Ãndigo carmin). Os estudos de adsorÃÃo foram obtidos, sob agitaÃÃo controlada de 70 rpm e temperatura variando entre 25ÂC e 45ÂC, e concentraÃÃes de corante na faixa de 10 a 250 mg/L, em pH de 2 a 12. Os melhores resultados foram alcanÃados utilizando uma concentraÃÃo inicial de corante de 100 mg/g, uma massa inicial de biosorvente de 60 mg a temperatura de 45 ÂC e em pH bÃsico. Dentre os corantes testados o azul de metileno foi o que apresentou melhores resultados de adsorÃÃo. O estudo da cinÃtica de adsorÃÃo apresentou um melhor ajuste ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e a difusÃo intrapartÃcula estÃ envolvida no mecanismo de adsorÃÃo. No estudo das isotermas de equilÃbrio, o resultado mostra melhor ajuste das equaÃÃes de Langmuir e Freundlich pelos dados, com capacidade mÃxima de adsorÃÃo do corante azul de metileno de 819,7 mg/g a 25 ÂC, para a raiz do aguapÃ. A elevaÃÃo na temperatura do sistema provocou aumento na capacidade mÃxima adsorvida e tambÃm provocou um aumento no tempo para o sistema atingir o equilÃbrio. Os valores da constante de velocidade de pseudo-segunda ordem aumentaram com o aumento da temperatura. Um aumento na concentraÃÃo inicial do corante provocou um aumento na quantidade de corante adsorvida. A energia de ativaÃÃo para todos os biosorventes, da ordem de 20 â 40 kJ.mol-1, demonstrou que o processo Ã de natureza fÃsica. Os parÃmetros termodinÃmicos ∆HÂ, ∆SÂ e ∆GÂ, para a maioria dos biosorventes indicam que o processo Ã de natureza exotÃrmica, espontÃnea e favorÃvel, com exceÃÃo da esfera de ALG/GC/Biomassa que mostrou valores de natureza endotÃrmica. O estudo de dessorÃÃo demonstrou que os biosorventes podem ser reutilizados.

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28

Braz, NÃdia de Melo. "Cashew nut shell liquid as a source of anacardic acid in feeds laying hens." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15398.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
The objective of this study was to evaluate the blood biochemical parameters, the enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation of liver and tissues of the reproductive system (ovary, magnum, and uterus), as well as the effects of adding the cashew nut shell (CNSL) in the diet of laying hens on performance, quality and stability of lipid eggs. A total of 216 Hisex White commercial laying hens were distributed randomly into six treatments, with six replicates of six birds. Treatments consisted of a diet without performance promoter (PP); a diet with PP; and diets without PP, with addition of increasing levels of CNSL (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00%). Addition of CNSL to the diet did not affect the blood biochemical parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), in the enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase and non-protein sulfhydryl groups) in the organs (liver, ovary, magnum and uterus), in the peroxidation of lipids from the blood serum, liver, magnum and uterus, in the performance variables and characteristics of eggs. However, the levels of 0.75% and 1.00% CNSL provided a lower TBARS content in the birdsâ ovary, whereas the treatment without the growth promoter provided a higher value. The color of the yolk was superior to treatment with and without PP CNSL 0.75% in the feed in the bottom and PP treatment. Regression analysis showed a significant quadratic effect of dietary inclusion of CNSL on yolk color measured color fan, with the best estimated level to 0.62%. The color component a* was superior level of 0.50% CNSL, while treatment with PP had the lowest value. Quadratic effect was observed in lipid oxidation in the yolk of the egg station recently, reaching a minimum of 0.58% in the feed LCC. Comparing the average level of 0.75% of CNSL showed the lowest TBARS, while treatments with PP, without PP and the level of 1.00% of LCC had higher TBARS. Addition of up to 1% of the CNSL as a source of anacardic acid in the laying hen diets does not influence their blood biochemical parameters, the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in the liver, ovary, magnum, and uterus, but improves the color of egg yolk and that the level of 0.75% of CNSL is effective in reducing lipid oxidation in the ovary and fresh gems.
A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue, a atividade enzimÃtica, a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica do fÃgado e de tecidos do sistema reprodutor (ovÃrio, magno e Ãtero), assim como o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com raÃÃo contendo o lÃquido da castanha de caju (LCC). Um total de 216 poedeiras comerciais Hisex White foi distribuÃdo ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com seis repetiÃÃes de seis aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: raÃÃo sem promotor de desempenho (PD); raÃÃo com PD e raÃÃes sem PD e adiÃÃo de nÃveis crescente de LCC (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00%). A adiÃÃo de LCC na raÃÃo nÃo influenciou nos parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue (Ãcido Ãrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerÃdeos), na atividade enzimÃtica (superÃxido dismutase e grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos) nos ÃrgÃos (fÃgado, ovÃrio, magno e Ãtero), na peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdeos do soro sanguÃneo, fÃgado, magno e Ãtero, nas variÃveis de desempenho e nas caracterÃsticas dos ovos. No entanto, os nÃveis de 0,75% e 1,00% de LCC proporcionaram menor valor de TBARS no ovÃrio das aves, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de desempenho proporcionou maior valor. A cor da gema pelo leque colorimÃtrico foi superior para os tratamentos sem o PD e com 0,75% de LCC na raÃÃo e inferior no tratamento com PD. Pela anÃlise de regressÃo, houve efeito quadrÃtico significativo dos nÃveis de inclusÃo de LCC sobre a coloraÃÃo da gema medida pelo leque colorimÃtrico da DSM, com o melhor nÃvel estimado para 0,62%. O componente de cor a* foi superior no nÃvel de 0,50% de LCC, enquanto o tratamento com o PD obteve o menor valor. Foi observado efeito quadrÃtico na oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica na gema do ovo recÃm-posto, atingindo o mÃnimo de 0,58% de LCC na raÃÃo. Na comparaÃÃo entre as mÃdias o nÃvel de 0,75% de LCC apresentou menor valor de TBARS, enquanto os tratamentos com PD, sem PD e com o nÃvel de 1,00% de LCC apresentaram maiores valores de TBARS. A adiÃÃo de atÃ 1% do LCC, como fonte de Ãcido anacÃrdico na raÃÃo das poedeiras, nÃo influencia os parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue, a atividade das enzimas superÃxido dismutase (SOD) e grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos (NP-SH) no fÃgado, ovÃrio magno e Ãtero, o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos, mas melhora a cor da gema e, a partir da inclusÃo de 0,75% de LCC, reduz a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica no ovÃrio, sendo o nÃvel de 0,75% de LCC efetivo em reduzir a oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica das gemas frescas.

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29

Wunnachit, Wijit. "Floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set." Thesis, Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21622.

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30

Sadavarte, N. V. "Difunctional monomers starting from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and high performance polymers therefrom." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2012. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2252.

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31

Pereira, Ana Lucia Fernandes. "Production and spray drying of probiotic beverage made from the fermentation of cashew apple juice." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9268.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The objective of this study was to develop a probiotic cashew apple juice ready to drink and in the dehydrated form through spray drying. The first stage of the study was the optimization of Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 cultivation in cashew apple juice, to optimize the proper inoculum amount and the fermentation time. The optimum conditions for probiotic cashew apple juice production were: initial pH 6.4, fermentation temperature of 30ÂC, inoculation level of 7.48 log CFU/mL (L. casei) and 16 h of fermentation process. Cashew apple juice showed to be as efficient as dairy products for L. casei growth. In a second stage, the stability of probiotic cashew apple juice stored for 42 days at 4ÂC was evaluated. Analyses were conducted in the non fermented cashew apple juice (control), and in the fermented juices with L. casei NRRL B-442, with 8% (w/v) of sucrose (sugar table), after fermentation, and without the addition of sugar. The viability of the probiotic bacteria, sugars and organic acids content, color, antioxidant and enzymatic activity, and sensory characteristics were evaluated during the storage. Viable cell counts increased in the probiotic cashew apple containing sucrose along the storage period. Moreover, the fermentation lead to the preservation of the ascorbic acid content, which had a less intense reduction in the fermented cashew apple juices compared to the non fermented sample. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic compounds of cashew apple juice had a similar trend. Browning reactions and nutritional breakdown caused by enzymes were minimized in the fermented samples during storage. In these samples, a higher reduction of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity was observed. During the storage, the increase in the chroma values indicated that yellowness was reinforced, being well accepted by consumers. The sensory attributes (aroma, flavor, acidity and color) of probiotic cashew apple juice were positively influenced by storage under refrigeration for 42 days. In the third stage of the research, the effects of dehydration by spray drying in cashew apple juice containing L. casei NRRL B-442 was assessed and the influence of storage temperature on the viability of L. casei NRRL B-442 and physical properties of the powder were evaluated during 35 days of storage. The drying agents used were: 20% (w/v) maltodextrin or 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum. The powder of probiotic cashew apple juice showed satisfactory levels of L. casei survival, during drying. During storage, the addition of 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum kept microbial viability within satisfactory levels when the powder was subjected to cooling at 4ÂC. However, greater differences in the reconstituted powder color and higher rehydration time were obtained in this condition. On the other hand, the addition of 20% (w/v) maltodextrin provided better yield. In conclusion, cashew apple juice is a good substrate for the probiotic beverage production, and the condition of drying agents 10% maltodextrin + 10% arabic gum is adequate to maintain satisfactory levels of L. casei NRRL B-442 survival for 35 days, in the powder of probiotic cashew juice stored at 4ÂC.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar um produto probiÃtico Ã base de suco de caju pronto para beber, como tambÃm, na forma desidratada obtida pela secagem por aspersÃo (spray drying). A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu em otimizar as condiÃÃes de crescimento do Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 em suco de caju, a quantidade adequada de inÃculo e o tempo de fermentaÃÃo. As condiÃÃes Ãtimas para produÃÃo do suco de caju probiÃtico foram: pH inicial de 6,4, temperatura de fermentaÃÃo de 30ÂC, quantidade de inÃculo de 7,48 log UFC/mL (L. casei) e 16 h de fermentaÃÃo. O suco de caju mostrou ser tÃo eficiente quanto os produtos lÃcteos para o crescimento de L. casei. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliada a estabilidade da bebida probiÃtica de caju estocada por 42 dias a 4ÂC. Foram realizadas anÃlises no suco de caju nÃo fermentado (controle) e nos sucos fermentados com L. casei NRRL B-442, adicionado ou nÃo de 8% (p/v) de sacarose depois da fermentaÃÃo. Durante a estocagem, foram realizadas as determinaÃÃes de viabilidade de L. casei NRRL B-442, conteÃdo de aÃÃcares e Ãcidos orgÃnicos, cor, atividade antioxidante e enzimÃtica e aceitaÃÃo sensorial. Foi observado que o nÃmero de cÃlulas viÃveis aumentou no suco de caju contendo sacarose ao longo da estocagem. AlÃm disso, a fermentaÃÃo proporcionou um efeito conservante no conteÃdo de Ãcido ascÃrbico que teve uma reduÃÃo menos intensa, com a estocagem, nos sucos fermentados, quando comparados com o controle. A atividade antioxidante e o conteÃdo de polifenÃis apresentaram similar tendÃncia. ReaÃÃes que reduzem o valor nutricional causadas por enzimas foram minimizadas nas amostras fermentadas durante a estocagem. Nessas amostras foi observada maior reduÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Durante a estocagem, o aumento do croma indicou que a cor amarela foi intensificada, sendo bem aceita pelos consumidores. Os atributos sensoriais (aroma, sabor, acidez e cor) do suco de caju probiÃtico foram positivamente influenciados pela estocagem sob refrigeraÃÃo por 42 dias. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, foi avaliado o efeito da desidrataÃÃo por spray drying no suco de caju contendo L. casei NRRL B-442, alÃm de avaliar a influÃncia da temperatura de estocagem sobre a viabilidade de L. casei e nas propriedades fÃsicas do pÃ, durante 35 dias de estocagem. Os agentes de secagem usados foram: 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina ou 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arÃbica. O suco de caju probiÃtico desidratado por spray drying apresentou nÃveis satisfatÃrios de sobrevivÃncia de L. casei NRRL B-442, durante a secagem. Durante a estocagem, a adiÃÃo de 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arÃbica manteve a viabilidade microbiana dentro de nÃveis satisfatÃrios quando o pÃ foi submetido Ã refrigeraÃÃo a 4ÂC. Entretanto, maiores diferenÃas na coloraÃÃo do pÃ reconstituÃdo e maior tempo de reidrataÃÃo foram obtidos nesta condiÃÃo. JÃ a adiÃÃo de 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina proporcionou melhor rendimento. Em conclusÃo, o suco de caju pode ser utilizado como substrato para o desenvolvimento de bebida probiÃtica, e a condiÃÃo dos agentes de secagem de 10% de maltodextrina + 10% de goma arÃbica mostra-se adequada para manter os nÃveis satisfatÃrios de L. casei NRRL B-442 por atÃ 35 dias, no suco de caju probiÃtico desidratado estocado a 4ÂC.

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32

Pinheiro, Ãlvaro Daniel Teles. "Technical and economic feasibility of ethanol production in cashew apple juice from Saccharomyces cerevisiae flocculant." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15056.

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nÃo hÃ
Given the current situation in which it is the global energy sector, biofuels have been gaining more space, earning special attention the ethanol, which has shown growing demands. From this scenario, the objective of this work was to develop a bioprocess technically and economically practicable for ethanol production from cashew apple juice, using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCA008) genetically modified containing a flocculent gene (FLO5α). The work was divided in 4 four stages that are linked throughout the study. In the first stage was evaluated the temperature influence (26, 30, 34, 38 and 42ÂC), the inoculum concentration (3, 5, 8 and 10 g.L-1) and the stirring speed (80, 150, 300, 490, 650 and 800 rpm), so it could be determined the best conditions to maximize ethanol production. It was observed that the temperature operating parameter, the initial cellular concentration, substrate concentration and stirring exerted influence on the alcoholic fermentation of the cashew apple juice. The best performance to the fermentative process (98,8 %) happened when the process was conducted at 34 ÂC, under 150 rpm stirring and 5 g.L-1 of initially cell concentration. The second stage was intended to describe the process efficiency in face of the operation parameters evaluated in fermentation. To this end, it was successfully used statistic models to describe the interaction between the initial substrate concentration, temperature, initial cell concentration, stirring and their possible effects on the yield. The model that best fit the experimental data was used to obtain the optimum conditions from the operating variables, indicating the following conditions as great: substrate concentration (S0) of 102 g.L-1, temperature (T) at 34ÂC, inoculum concentration (X0) of 5 g.L-1 and stirring (Agit) of 140 rpm, predicting a 98,80 % of efficiency. In the third stage was studied ethanol production in optimum conditions, being used to implement the scale up process, in which the data obtained in a 1L bioreactor batch were used to predict the fermentation behavior in a 14L bioreactor batch, using the volumetric power consumption as a parameter to scale-up. Using this factor as being of 10,67 kW/m3, it was possible to calculate the fermenter stirring power in a 14 times bigger volume, as well as foresee which stirring would be necessary so the fermentation can occur, similarly as in the lower volume fermenter. Results showed that yield from the 14L bioreactor were satisfactory, having a small difference (96,56 % Â 0,3 %) between yield from the 1L bioreactor (98,80 % Â 1,6 %). The fourth and last stage was rated the technical and economic viability of the process. Analyzing results, it is possible to say the industrial process here proponed has shown technical viability, since the value obtained for the process yield (68 L/ton), was close to sugar cane fermentation (61 â 72 L/ton). However, it did not show economic viability since the industrial unity provides negative cash flow (- R$ 93.840.874) in the end of 10 years that was analyzed. So, new studies must be conducted in order to make this process economically viable, this possibility being observed in various scenarios generated in analyzing the sensibility of process, which presents possible economically viable settings.
Diante da conjuntura atual em que se encontra o setor energÃtico mundial, os biocombustÃveis vÃm ganhando cada vez mais espaÃo, merecendo atenÃÃo especial o etanol, o qual apresenta demanda crescente. A partir desse cenÃrio, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um bioprocesso tecnicamente e economicamente viÃvel para produÃÃo de etanol a partir do suco de caju, utilizando levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCA008) geneticamente modificada contendo gene floculante (FLO5α). O trabalho foi dividido em 4 quatro etapas que se interligam durante todo o estudo. Na primeira etapa foi avaliada a influÃncia da temperatura (26, 30, 34, 38 e 42ÂC), da concentraÃÃo de inÃculo (3, 5, 8 e 10 g.L-1) e da velocidade de agitaÃÃo (80, 150, 300, 490, 650 e 800 rpm) para que as condiÃÃes Ãtimas que maximizam a produÃÃo de etanol, fossem determinadas. Observou-se que os parÃmetros operacionais de temperatura, concentraÃÃo celular inicial, concentraÃÃo de substrato e agitaÃÃo exerceram influÃncia na fermentaÃÃo alcoÃlica do suco de caju. O melhor rendimento para o processo fermentativo (98,8 %) ocorreu quando o processo foi conduzido a 34 ÂC, sob agitaÃÃo de 150 rpm e contendo incialmente 5 g.L-1 de cÃlulas. Na segunda etapa, pretendeu-se descrever o rendimento do processo em funÃÃo dos parÃmetros operacionais avaliados na fermentaÃÃo. Para tanto, utilizaram-se, com sucesso, modelos estatÃsticos para descrever a interaÃÃo entre a concentraÃÃo inicial de substrato, temperatura, concentraÃÃo celular inicial, agitaÃÃo e seus possÃveis efeitos no rendimento. O modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi utilizado na obtenÃÃo das condiÃÃes Ãtimas das variÃveis operacionais, indicando as seguintes condiÃÃes como Ãtimas: concentraÃÃo de substrato (S0) de 100 g.L-1, temperatura (T) igual a 34 ÂC, concentraÃÃo de inÃculo (X0) igual a 5 g.L-1 e agitaÃÃo (Agit) de 140 rpm, predizendo um rendimento de 98,80 %. Na terceira etapa, realizou-se o estudo da produÃÃo de etanol nas condiÃÃes Ãtimas, sendo as mesmas utilizadas para implementar a ampliaÃÃo de escala do processo, na qual os dados obtidos em biorreator batelada de 1L foram utilizados para predizer o comportamento da fermentaÃÃo em biorreator batelada de 14L, utilizando a potÃncia por unidade de volume como parÃmetro de scale-up. Utilizando tal fator como sendo de 10,67 kW/m3, foi possÃvel calcular a potÃncia de agitaÃÃo do fermentador de volume 14 vezes maior, assim como prever qual agitaÃÃo seria necessÃria para que a fermentaÃÃo ocorresse de forma semelhante Ã ocorrida no fermentador de menor volume. Os resultados mostraram que o rendimento obtido no biorreator de 14L foi satisfatÃrio, apresentando uma pequena diferenÃa (96,56 % Â 0,3 %) para o biorreator de 14L em relaÃÃo ao rendimento obtido para o de 1L (98,80 % Â 1,6 %). Como quarta e ultima etapa, avaliou-se a viabilidade tÃcnica e econÃmica do processo. Analisando os resultados obtidos, Ã possÃvel afirmar que o processo industrial proposto apresentou viabilidade tÃcnica, uma vez que o valor obtido para o rendimento do processo (68 L/ton), foi prÃximo ao da fermentaÃÃo da cana-de-aÃÃcar (61 â 72 L/ton). Contudo, o mesmo nÃo apresentou viabilidade econÃmica, uma vez que a unidade industrial proporciona um fluxo de caixa negativo (- R$ 93.840.874) ao final dos 10 anos em que foi analisado. Assim, novos estudos devem ser realizados com o intuito de tornar tal processo economicamente viÃvel, sendo esta possibilidade observada nos vÃrios cenÃrios gerados na anÃlise de sensibilidade do processo, o qual apresenta possÃveis configuraÃÃes economicamente viÃveis.

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Sousa, Sanyelle Lima. "Aplicação do processo de secagem em leito de jorro para obtenção de suco de caju em pó." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19970.

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SOUSA, Sanyelle Lima. Aplicação do processo de secagem em leito de jorro para obtenção de suco de caju em pó. 2015. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.
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This study aimed to obtain cashew juice powder through drying process in a spouted bed, as well as to determine the physical-chemical characteristics, morphological and hygroscopic powder, investigating the stability of the packaged product stored in two types of packaging (plastic and laminated) vacuum for a period of 90 days and also determine the adsorption isotherms. It was used in this work cashew juice, such as maltodextrin glidant (≤20 DE) and used as the spouted bed dryer. Initially, one central composite design was carried rotational 23, which were considered as independent variables: temperature, drying air flow and concentration of maltodextrin and how response variables: moisture, yield, hygroscopic and ascorbic acid. The best experimental answer to drying cashew juice was 80 ° C, concentration of 12% maltodextrin and drying air flow 1.5 m3 / min. The powder cashew juice showed low pH and acidity, high soluble solids content and reducing and total sugars in relation to the whole juice. The product has high ascorbic acid content, however, low in carotenoids and phenolic compounds through electron microscopy analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed amorphous aspect, by the fluorescence analysis X-ray (XRF) the compound with the highest concentration given in the cashew juice powder was 87.46% with K2O mass. For studying the stability of the powder cashew juice was found that the vacuum packaging laminate proved to be more efficient in preserving the powder to the vacuum packaging of plastic, ascorbic acid parameter did not vary significantly between the two packages until 30 days storage, the carotenoids content of not statistically varied until the period of 75 days in the vacuum packaging laminate. The humidity did not vary significantly between the packages, since the water activity showed statistical significance after 15 days of storage in which noted a rise in plastic packing due to a lower barrier capability. The adsorption isotherm, BET model showed a good fit for all studied isotherms, followed by GAB model. Thus, cashew juice powder stored in vacuum packaging laminate showed better stability with the maintenance of the physico-chemical characteristics and hygroscopic for a period of 90 days.
Este estudo objetivou a obtenção do suco de caju em pó por meio do processo de secagem em leito de jorro, assim como determinar as características físicas-químicas, higroscópicas e morfológicas do pó, estudar a estabilidade do produto acondicionado e armazenado em dois tipos de embalagens (plástica e laminada) a vácuo por um período de 90 dias e ainda determinar as isotermas de adsorção. Foi utilizado neste trabalho o suco de caju, como adjuvante de secagem a maltodextrina, (DE ≤20) e utilizado como secador o leito de jorro. Inicialmente, foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional 23, no qual foram consideradas como variáveis independentes: a temperatura, vazão de ar de secagem e concentração de maltodextrina e como variáveis respostas: a umidade, rendimento, higroscopicidade e ácido ascórbico. A melhor resposta experimental para a secagem do suco de caju foi a temperatura de 80 °C, concentração de maltodextrina de 12% e vazão de ar de secagem de 1,5 m3/min. O suco de caju em pó apresentou baixo pH e acidez, elevado conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e açúcares redutores e totais em relação ao suco integral. O produto apresentou elevado teor de ácido ascórbico, porém, baixo conteúdo de carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, por meio das análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX) apresentou aspecto amorfo, pela a análise de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) o composto de maior concentração determinado no suco de caju em pó foi o K2O com 87,46% em massa. Por meio do estudo da estabilidade do suco de caju em pó foi constatado que a embalagem laminada a vácuo mostrou-se mais eficiente na preservação do pó do que a embalagem de plástica a vácuo, o parâmetro de ácido ascórbico não variou estatisticamente entre as duas embalagens até o período de 30 dias de armazenamento, o teor de carotenoides não variou estatisticamente até o período de 75 dias na embalagem laminada a vácuo. A umidade não variou estatisticamente entre as embalagens, já a atividade de água apresentou diferença estatística a partir dos 15 dias de armazenamento no qual foi notado uma elevação na embalagem plástica em decorrência da menor capacidade de barreira. Na isoterma de adsorção, modelo de BET apresentou um bom ajuste para todas as isotermas estudadas, seguido do modelo de GAB. Desta forma, o suco de caju em pó armazenado em embalagem laminada a vácuo apresentou melhor estabilidade com a manutenção das características físico-químicas e higroscópicas por um período de 90 dias.

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Dawson, Nevin Scott. "Counting Down To Change: Identifying Early Adopters and Effective Extension Multipliers of Cashew Agroforestry in Senegal." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12292005-193348/.

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Soil degradation, persistent drought, and a continuous decline in peanut market prices combine to put Senegalese farmers in a difficult position. To avoid a complete system collapse, many have called for a paradigm shift from production to resource conservation and regeneration with the participation of rural populations (Advisory Committee on the Sahel et al., 1986; Cook, 1989; Rodale Institute, 1989; Chemonics International Inc., 2000; Franzel and Scherr, 2002). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) alley-cropping represents an ideal opportunity for restoring soils while maintaining productivity, but farmers take time to adopt such new technologies. Some farmers are naturally more receptive to these new ideas than others (?early adopters?), and some farmers are more likely to encourage others to try new ideas (?effective advisors?). This thesis defines and identifies observable characteristics of these two types of farmers, arguing that they are the best extension multipliers and therefore good points of contact for extension agents to effect quick diffusion of the innovation through the village. This thesis contributes to the literature first, by considering time of adoption using quantitative methods that have typically been applied only to the decision whether or not to adopt at a particular point in time, and second, by incorporating into the model spatial and social relationships that are often ignored in adoption literature. The study was conducted in two small farming villages in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal?Mamouda and Simong. I lived with a family in Simong for nine months and learned about the local culture and environment (June 2003-February 2004), and returned for three months of interviews and spatial data collection (February-April 2005). Qualitative and spatial data were analyzed, and quantitative data were used to estimate survival and probit regression models for time until cashew adoption, and OLS models for advisor effectiveness in cashew promotion. It was found that an effective extension multiplier will have assets and land with which to absorb any possible costs of failure, will have fields that are highly visible and centrally located in an area appropriate for cashew production, will be in the elder age class (more than 60 years old), and will be socially well-placed as an advisor to many and an advisee to none. Understanding the characteristics of early adopters and effective advisors will allow extension agents to quickly identify the few farmers who are most likely to adopt on the advice of an outsider and without the prior sanction of their peers, and who will then demonstrate and extend the innovation with little outside assistance. Focusing efforts on these key players should increase the effectiveness of the agent?s time spent in the village, and after a successful training and trial, the new technology should then spread with little further intervention through farmer to farmer contacts (Advisory Committee on the Sahel et al., 1986; Bunch, 1982; Rodale Institute, 1989). This should result in a quicker and more effective impact of extension on the welfare of these poor farming communities.

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Lima, Michella de Albuquerque. "Physiological and metabolic effects of irrigation and drought regimen in two clones early dwarf cashew tress." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1999.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria
Os efeitos dos regimes irrigado e de sequeiro foram avaliados em folhas sombreadas e a pleno sol nos clones de cajueiro anÃo precoce (Anacardium occidentale L) CCP 76 e BRS 189. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na EstaÃÃo Experimental da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical, em Paraipaba, CearÃ, entre setembro de 2006 e agosto de 2007. Mensalmente, foram investigados a condutÃncia estomÃtica, a taxa transpiratÃria, a taxa fotossintÃtica, a relaÃÃo entre a concentraÃÃo interna e externa de CO2, o potencial osmÃtico. O teor de Ãgua, de proteÃnas solÃveis, de prolina, de N-aminossolÃveis, de carboidratos (aÃÃcares totais, redutores e nÃo redutores e de amido), a atividade das enzimas do metabolismo do carbono, sintase da sacarose fostato (SPS), sintase da sacarose (SuSy), pirofosforilase do ADP glicose (AGPase) e das amilases (alfa, beta e total) foram determinados nas folhas das plantas bi-mensalmente.AlÃm disso, foram analisadas a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos dos clones em ambos os tratamentos. Em geral, nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre os dois tipos de cultivos para os dois clones e tipos de folha em relaÃÃo aos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, tais como, fotossÃntese, transpiraÃÃo e condutÃncia estomÃtica. Essas variÃveis foram afetadas apenas em funÃÃo da Ãpoca do ano. Carboidratos, tais como amido e aÃÃcares redutores, tiveram uma tendÃncia de acÃmulo nas folhas de sol e de sombra no mÃs de maio, exibindo teores menores no mÃs de setembro, Ãpoca em que os teores de aÃÃcares nÃo-redutores (sacarose) aumentaram para suprir a formaÃÃo de frutos. Sob o regime nÃo irrigado, as enzimas SPS, SuSy e AGPase tiveram suas atividades justificadas parcialmente quando relacionadas com as variaÃÃes nos teores de aÃÃcares totais e amido. A atividade amilÃsica total variou para os regimes de irrigaÃÃo, clone e folhas em relaÃÃo ao perÃodo do ano. A supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo para os clones CCP 76 e BRS 189 durante o experimento nÃo foi capaz de modificar a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos de caju. As variaÃÃes ao longo do experimento comprovam o efeito da forÃa dos drenos nas diversas fases fenolÃgicas e para os ÃrgÃos reprodutivos das plantas de cajueiro. As plantas de cajueiro anÃo precoce possuem, portanto, uma plasticidade, quando cultivadas em condiÃÃes de sequeiro, conseguindo manter suas atividades metabÃlica e fisiolÃgica vitais sem maiores danos Ã planta como um todo.
Effects of irrigation and drought regimen were evaluated on shaded and sunny leaves in clones of early dwarf cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L) CCP 76 and BRS 189. The experiments were conducted at the Embrapa Agro indÃstria Tropical experimental station in Paraipaba, CearÃ, between Setember of 2006 and August of 2007. The means for the obtained data were statistically analysed at a 5% level of significance. Stomatal conductance(gs), respiratory rate(E), photosynthetic rate (A), relation between inner and outer concentration of CO2 (Ci/Car), osmotic potential (Ψs) and water usage efficiency were accessed monthly. The relative water cont ent, of soluble proteins, prolin, N-amino soluble, of sugars (soluble, reductants, non- reductants, starch) and activity of carbon metabolism enzymes, sucrose-phosphate synt hase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP phosphorylase, glucose and amylases (alfa, beta and total) were determined on leaves each two months. Beyond that, the postharvest qual ity of pseudofruits of the clones on both treatments was accessed. In general, no significant differences were found among cultivations for both clones in relation to physiological parameters, like photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. These variants were affected only in function of the time of year. Independently of irrigation regimen, wate r usage efficiency was lower during the drought (from June to December) in relation to the months with higher pluviometric precipitation (from January to May). Carbohydr ates such as starch and reductant sugars tend to accumulate on both sunny and shaded leaves on May, while their contents are smaller on September, a time when non-reductant sugars (sucrose) increase in order to supply fruit formation. Under a drought regimen, enzymes SPS, SuSy and ADP correlate partially with the variations of contents of soluble sugars and starch. Total amylasic activity varied for irrigation regimens, clones and kind of leaves in relation to the period of the year. The supression of the hydric regimen for the clones CCP 76 and BRS 189 during the experiment wasn't able to chan ge the postharvest quality of the cashew pseudofruits. The variations shown during the experiment confirm the effect of drainage strength on several phenological phases and for the reprodutive or gans of the cashew trees. The trees of early dwarf cashew have, therefore, some plasticity when exposed to drought conditions, being able to maintain metaboli cal and physiological activity without major damage to the individual as a whole.

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36

PerdigÃo, Paulo de Cairo Nunes. "Effects of water levels and potassium fertilization in the development of dwarf-cashew, clone BRS-189." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5237.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The main goal of this work was to analyze the effect of water and potassium and interaction between these factors parameters which are related with vegetative growth (height of the plant, diameter of trunk below of the coastal and the diameter of trunk above of the coastal) and the parameters related with nutritional situation (potassium, iron and sodium) of the precocious dwarfish cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) variety BRS 189. A field experiment was carried out in the parcel of ground D in at Curu-Pentecoste Irrigation District, CearÃ, Brazil, from september/2005 to february/2007. The statistical design was completely randomized blocks in split-plots, with four primary treatments, four secondary and four blocks. The main treatments corresponded to four water depths (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) with four levels of potassium (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O. plant-1.year-1). The crop was installed at 7.0m 7.0 m spacing, irrigated by a microsprinkle irrigation system with 50 L.h-1 emitters. The results showed that the water and interaction water and potassium were significant to none parameters analyzed. Potassium influenced significantly height of the plant and diameter of trunk below of the coastal. The height of plant presented significant influence on water level only on the treatment were none potassium was applied. As to total nutrients in the plants: potassium, iron and sodium in a plant, only potassium presented compatible significant (8.1%) to water. To crop in studies water deficit didnât limited growing of dwarfish cashew tree.
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito das lÃminas de Ãgua, dos nÃveis de potÃssio e sua interaÃÃo sobre as variÃveis relacionadas ao crescimento vegetativo (altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule abaixo e acima do enxerto) e ao estado nutricional (potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio) do cajueiro anÃo-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) variedade BRS 189. Para isto foi realizado um experimento no nÃcleo D do PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, no perÃodo de setembro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, composto de quatro tratamentos primÃrios nas parcelas, quatro tratamentos secundÃrios nas subparcelas e quatro blocos. Os tratamentos primÃrios constituÃram-se da combinaÃÃo de quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) com quatro nÃveis de adubaÃÃo potÃssica (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O.planta-1.ano-1) localizados nas subparcelas. A cultura foi instalada no espaÃamento de 7,0 m x 7,0 m, irrigada por um sistema de irrigaÃÃo localizada tipo microaspersÃo, com microaspersores autocompensantes de 50 L.h-1 de vazÃo. ApÃs anÃlise dos resultados verificou-se que o fator Ãgua e sua interaÃÃo nÃo apresentaram efeitos significativos em nÃvel de 5% sobre nenhuma das variÃveis analisadas. O fator potÃssio influenciou significativamente a altura de plantas e o diÃmetro do caule abaixo do enxerto em nÃveis de 5%. A altura das plantas foi significativamente influenciada em nÃvel inferior a 5%, pelo fator Ãgua, apenas para o tratamento em que nÃo ocorreu aplicaÃÃo de potÃssio. Quanto Ã concentraÃÃo dos nutrientes: potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio nas folhas, apenas o teor de potÃssio se apresentou com nÃveis de significÃncia compatÃveis (8,1%) em relaÃÃo ao fator Ãgua. Com base nas variÃveis analisadas, o dÃficit hÃdrico nÃo se apresentou limitante ao desenvolvimento da cultura do cajueiro anÃo-precoce.

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37

Costa, Vanderson da Silva. "Development of new product based gelled soluble almond extract of cashew nuts: study of sensory parameters." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13076.

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Considerando a importÃncia econÃmica das amÃndoas da castanha de caju para o estado do CearÃ, o principal exportador brasileiro deste produto e o elevado percentual de amÃndoas quebradas durante o beneficiamento da castanha que diminui consideravelmente a obtenÃÃo de lucro desse setor, faz-se necessÃria a busca por novas alternativas de aproveitamento desta matÃria-prima como forma de agregaÃÃo de valor a mesma. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa objetivou desenvolver um produto Ã base de extrato hidrossolÃvel da amÃndoa da castanha de caju (EHACC) e blenda de goma guar/carragena (GC) usando o delineamento ortogonal fatorial 22 com trÃs pontos centrais e a tÃcnica de superfÃcie de resposta para otimizaÃÃo de caracterÃsticas sensoriais. AtravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de testes sensoriais afetivos de escala relativa ao ideal e escala hedÃnica estruturada de nove pontos, as formulaÃÃes do ponto central com diferentes porcentagens de sacarose foram avaliadas para a seleÃÃo da concentraÃÃo ideal de sacarose atravÃs anÃlise de regressÃo linear, anÃlise da idealidade da firmeza e aceitaÃÃo dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e impressÃo global. As formulaÃÃes do planejamento experimental com adiÃÃo da porcentagem ideal de sacarose foram analisadas em relaÃÃo Ã aceitaÃÃo hedÃnica global e idealidade de textura visual, textura manual e textura oral. A concentraÃÃo ideal de doÃura ficou em 22% de sacarose. Observou-se uma tendÃncia de aceitaÃÃo crescente no ponto central do delineamento experimental correspondente a 0,3g/100mL de guar/carragena na proporÃÃo 50:50. A avaliaÃÃo de textura visual mostrou que quanto maior a concentraÃÃo de hidrocolÃides, maior a idealidade. Na avaliaÃÃo de textura manual e oral nenhuma das amostras alcanÃou 70% de idealidade. Assim, a combinaÃÃo quantidade e proporÃÃo de blenda no ponto central contribuiu para uma maior aceitaÃÃo do produto gelificado e a boa aceitabilidade das caracterÃsticas testadas revelaram um potencial de sucesso comercial para uma futura comercializaÃÃo do produto.
Considering the economic importance of cashews nuts for the state of CearÃ, Brazil's main exporter of this product and the high percentage of broken kernels during processing Chestnut considerably decreases the profit-making in this sector, it is necessary to search for new alternatives for utilization of this raw material as a way of adding value to it. Thus , this research aimed to develop a product based on watersoluble extract of almond cashew (EHACC) and blend of guar gum/carrageenan (CG) using the orthogonal factorial design 2Â with three central points and the technique of response surface for optimization of sensory characteristics. By applying affective sensory testing scale relative to the ideal and structured hedonic scale of nine points , the center point of the formulations with different percentages of sucrose were evaluated for selecting the optimal sucrose concentration by linear regression analysis , analysis of the ideality firmness and acceptance of attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and overall impression . The formulations of the experimental design with the addition of the ideal percentage of sucrose were analyzed in relation to global hedonic acceptance and ideality of visual texture, manual and oral texture texture. The optimal concentration was 22 % sweetness of sucrose. There was a trend of increasing acceptance at the midpoint of a 0,3g/100mL guar/carrageenan in 50:50 experimental design. The visual texture evaluation showed that the higher the concentration of hydrocolloids, most ideality. In the evaluation of manual and oral texture none of the samples reached 70 % of ideality. Thus, the combination of quantity and proportion of the blend midpoint contributed to greater acceptance of gelled product features and good acceptance tested showed a potential for commercial success for future marketing of the product.

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Cunha, Aline Gonzaga. "Activity of phenolic synthesis pathway enzymes during the development of peduncles clones cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14463.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The dwarf cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical plant, originated in Brazil, which is fruit species with high potential for fresh consumption and for industrial processing. With the discovery of bioactive compounds in the cashew apple are necessary studies of the activity of enzymes of the synthesis of phenolic compounds, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), UDP-glucose: trans-cinnamate β-D-glycosyltransferase (UGT), flavonol synthase (FLS) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Soon, this study aimed to determine the activity of these enzymes in CCP 76 and BRS 189 dwarf cashew clones in three different stages of maturation, and to establish the phenolic profile in these stages. Reaction products were identified and quantified by LC-DAD. PAL activity decreases with maturation for dwarf cashew clones. UGT enzyme in the CCP 76 clone stage 4 showed the highest enzyme specific activity than in other stages of development for that clone. Whereas BRS 189 clone, the highest activity was in the mature cashew apple. Quercetin synthesis was evidenced in stage 4 for the two clones analyzed. The enzymes involved in the metabolism phenolic behave differently, showing the complexity of this biosynthetic pathway that varies between clones and during the development of cashew apple. Further studies, with mass spectrometer linked HPLC, will elucidate the profile of the compounds present in cashews apple lyophilized for chemical characterization of these in different stages of maturation. Therefore, the understanding of the enzymatic metabolism between the clones and during cashew apple development represent a real potential for the development of new products with functional properties and promotion of human health.
O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) Ã uma planta tropical, originÃria do Brasil, que se destaca como espÃcie frutÃfera com elevada potencialidade para o consumo in natura e para o processamento industrial. Com a descoberta de compostos bioativos presentes nos pedÃnculos, se fazem necessÃrios estudos da atividade de enzimas da sÃntese dos compostos fenÃlicos, tais como a fenilalanina amÃnia liase (PAL), UDP-glicose: trans-cinamato β-D- glicosiltransferase (UGT), flavonol sintase (FLS) e leucoantocianidina redutase (LAR). Logo, esse estudo objetivou determinar a atividade dessas enzimas, em pseudofrutos de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce dos clones CCP 76 e BRS 189 em trÃs diferentes estÃdios de maturaÃÃo, alÃm de estabelecer o perfil de fenÃlicos nestes referidos estÃdios. Os produtos resultantes das reaÃÃes enzimÃticas foram identificados e quantificados por LC-DAD. A atividade da PAL decresce com o amadurecimento dos pseudofrutos. A enzima UGT no estÃdio 4 do clone CCP 76 apresentou a maior atividade enzimÃtica especÃfica que nos outros estÃdios de desenvolvimento para o referido clone. Enquanto no clone BRS 189, a maior atividade deteve-se no caju maduro. A maior sÃntese de quercetina no caju foi evidenciada no estÃdio 4 para os dois clones estudados. As enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de fenÃlicos se comportam diferentemente, demonstrando a complexidade dessa rota biossintÃtica que varia entre os clones e durante o desenvolvimento dos pedÃnculos de cajueiro. Estudos posteriores, com CLAE acoplada a espectrÃmetro de massa, irÃo elucidar melhor o perfil dos compostos presentes em cajus liofilizados para caraterizaÃÃo quÃmica destes em diferentes estÃdios de maturaÃÃo. Portanto, o entendimento do metabolismo enzimÃtico entre os clones e durante o desenvolvimento do pedÃnculo representam um potencial real para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos com propriedades funcionais e promoÃÃo da saÃde humana.

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39

Barros, Emanuel Meneses. "Ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation from cashew apple bagasse pre-treated with acid-alkali." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15733.

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Neste trabalho foi estudadaaproduÃÃo de etanol por processos de SacarificaÃÃo e FermentaÃÃo SimultÃneas (SSF) usando o bagaÃo de caju prÃ-tratado com Ãcido-Ãlcali (CAB-OH) como matÃria-prima. Nos processos de SSF foi utilizada a levedura KluyveromycesmarxianusATCC36907e o complexo enzimÃtico Celluclast 1.5L (30 FPU.gcelulose-1). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Erlenmeyers de 250 mL com 100 mL de meio SSF (tampÃo citrato de sÃdio 50 mMapH 4,8; suplementado com 1 g/L de extrato de levedura e 1 g/L de sulfato de amÃnio, e a carga de CAB-OH desejada em %m/V), a concentraÃÃo inicial de cÃlulas de 5 g/L, temperatura de 40ÂC e rotaÃÃo de 150 rpm. Primeiramente, um processo em batelada foi realizado para avaliar a necessidade de suplementaÃÃo com a enzima celobiase (NS50010âNovozymes) com atividade de 60 CBU/gcelulose-1. O processo SSF conduzido com a suplementaÃÃo decelobiaseobteveuma maior produÃÃo mÃxima de etanol (30 g/L) e maior eficiÃncia (93%) em relaÃÃo ao nÃo-suplementado, sendo os estudos posteriores conduzidos com as enzimas celulases e celobiases. Em seguida, realizou-se o estudo da avaliaÃÃo da carga de CAB-OH (7,5, 10, 15 e 20 %m/V), em processos sem prÃ-sacarificaÃÃo (SSF) e comprÃ-sacarificaÃÃo(PSSF). A maiorconcentraÃÃo de etanol (58 g/L)ocorreu nos processos SSF com carga de 15%, sendo esse tambÃm o de maior produtividade, e PSSF com carga de 20%, nÃo apresentando diferenÃa significativa na produÃÃo mÃxima de etanol entre os dois processos. No entanto, osprocessos SSF e PSSFusando 10% CAB-OH apresentaram a maioreficiÃncia (98%)e rendimento global em etanol do estudo (40gEtanol/KgCAB).Posteriormente, foram realizadas estratÃgias de alimentaÃÃo, em conjunto com processos SSF, de forma a eliminar efeitos inibitÃrios presentes em processos em batelada com elevadas cargas de sÃlidos. Foram avaliadas estratÃgias de alimentaÃÃo de substrato: duas com carga inicial de 10% e atingindo 20% (uma com duas alimentaÃÃes e outra com quatro) e uma com carga inicial de 15% e final de 25% (quatro alimentaÃÃes). Todos os processos, exceto os de carga de 7,5%, apresentaram %Vetanol/VsoluÃÃo acima de 4% e os processos em batelada alimentada atingiram a maior produÃÃo de etanol do estudo(68g/L). Os processos com carga inicial de 10 % e final de 20 % apresentaram uma maior eficiÃncia (81 %), porÃm o processo que apresentou maior produtividade foi com carga inicial de 15% e final de 25% (2,4 g/L.h), e tambÃm rendimento global em etanol elevado (32 gEtanol/KgCAB), de forma que esse foi o processo com melhores resultados do presente estudo. Com isso, o CAB-OH se mostrou um substrato promissor para a produÃÃo de etanol por processos SSF e PSSF, conduzidosem batelada e batelada alimentada, utilizando elevadas cargas de sÃlidos.
In this work was studied ethanol production from cashew apple bagasse after acid followed by alkali pretreatment (CAB-OH) using theSimultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) processes. In SSF process was utilized the yeast Kluyveromycesmarxianus ATCC36907and the enzymatic complex Celluclast1.5L (30 FPU.gcellulose-1). The assays were conducted in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 100mL of culture medium (sodium citrate buffer 50mM pH 4.8, supplemented with yeast extract 1 g/L and ammonium sulfate 1 g/L and the desired bagasse concentration in %w/v), the initial cells concentration was 5 g/L, the temperature was 40ÂC and 150rpm of rotation. First, a batch process was performed to evaluate the enzymatic supplementation of culture medium with cellobiase (NS50010-Novozymes) with an activity of 60 CBU.gcellulose-1. The supplemented process with cellobiase had the highest ethanol production (30 g/L) and ethanol efficiency (93%) than the non-supplemented and the subsequent studies were performed with supplementation. After, was realized the evaluation of CAB-OH load (7.5, 10, 15 e 20%w/V) in processes with (PSSF) and without pre-saccharification (SSF). The highest ethanol production corresponded to SSF processes with bagasse load of 15%, this being also the highest productivity, and PSSF with bagasse concentration of 20% and these processes were statistic similar within the standard deviation of the samples in relation to ethanol production. However, the SSF and PSSF processes with 10% of dry matter had the highest efficiency (98%) and yield feedstock in ethanol of study (32gEthanol/KgCAB). After, feeding strategies with SSF processes have been made to eliminate inhibitory effects in batch processes with high loadings of solids. There were evaluated feeding strategies: two with initial CAB-OH load of 10% and 20% in the end (a strategy with two feeds and one with four) and another with initial load of 15% and final of 25% (with four feeds). All processes, with the exception of 7.5% load, had %VethanolVsolution-1 above 4% and the fed batch processes reached a similar ethanol production (68 g/L), towering in 17% the ethanol concentration compared to batch process with load of 20%. All processes, with the exception of 7.5 % load, had %Vethanol/Vsolution above 4% and the fed batch processes reached the highest ethanol production of study (68 g/L). The processes with initial load of 10 % and final of 20 % reached a higher efficiency (81 %), but the process that reached the highest productivity was the process with the initial load of 15 % and final of 25 % (2,4 g/L.h), and high ethanol global yield too (32 gEthanol/KgCAB), so this process achieved the best results of present study. Based on the results presented, CAB-OH showed a promising substrate for ethanol production by SSF and PSSF processes, conducted by batch and fed batch method, using high loadings of solids.

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Uaciquete, Americo. "Epidemiology and control of powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Mozambique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24486.

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For a successful and economical integrated control program aimed at a particular disease, pertinent information, regarding the environmental conditions prevailing in the growing area, the crop itself and the pathogen, must be available. Recently, the control of powdery mildew disease on cashew has moved from the use of non-systemic fungicides with a wide range of action, to highly specific systemic ones. Such a shift requires a more effective integrated control system, whereby tolerant varieties in combination with fungicide unaffected biocontrol agents are timely used to ensure disease control and reduce the hazards associated with excessive fungicide applications. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between the disease epidemic and some climatic factors over time. Appropriate periods for management interventions were determined. The cellular host reaction to infection by Oidium anacardii Noack was studied with a view to rapidly identify disease tolerant host types. Potential antagonists were isolated, screened and compared with commercial biocontrol products using in vivo techniques and chemical control programs were finally evaluated. Electron microscopy elucidated that the powdery mildew tolerant cashew variety (H1) had a relatively higher consistency of cytoplasmic aggregates upon infection by O. anacardii when compared to the susceptible clone. Based on conidia and conidiophore morphology, conidial germination and conidiogenesis processes observed indicated that O. anacardii belongs to the subgenus Pseudoidium (Y.S. Paul&J.N. Kapoor) comb.Et. Stat. Nov. (Holomorph Erysiphe Sect. Erysiphe U. Braun). There was no direct relationship between the progress of the cashew powdery mildew epidemic and temperature, relative humidity or dew point over time. However, the epidemic did not start until conditions of average temperatures under the tree canopy were below 30°C, relative humidity was 80% and dew point was above 15. In vivo screening of 72 isolates, amongst them bacteria and fungi, from cashew leaves and florets showed that none were effective against O. anacardii, the causal agent of cashew powdery mildew. However, commercial antagonists, Candida saitoana, Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis, significantly reduced the growth and branching of primary hyphae. One antagonist, B. licheniformis, was as effective as the commercial fungicide triadimenol 25% EC (Bayfidan). Chemical fungicides were found to be effective against powdery mildew; however, the currently prevailing economic environment in Mozambique was found inappropriate for the use of expensive organic fungicides. Additional gain from the use of fungicides was found to be solely qualitative and thus did not represent a fair investment return ratio in terms of cashew nut prices and production costs. The use of integrated cashew management was finally recommended. Further studies should focus on development of integrated and cost effective disease management strategies.
Dissertation (MSc(Plant Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2003.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Mendes, Luana Guabiraba. "Microencapsulation the natural dye annatto: an analysis of the efficiency of cashew gum as material wall." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17650.

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MENDES, Luana Guabiraba. Microencapsulação do corante natural de urucum: uma análise da eficiência da goma do cajueiro com material de parede. 2012. 130 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2012
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Na prática, alguns corantes naturais, como a bixina, apresentam dificuldades tecnológicas de utilização, dificultando sua aplicação na indústria de alimentos. A microencapsulação pode amenizar essa situação, aumentando sua estabilidade e tornando possível sua incorporação em sistemas alimentícios sem a perda de suas propriedades. Assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi microencapsular o corante natural de urucum, utilizando a goma de cajueiro como material de parede, aplicando os processos de liofilização e atomização, caracterizar as microcápsulas obtidas através de análises morfológicas, físico-quimicas, bem como determinar a eficiência da microencapsulação pela quantificação do teor de bixina total e superficial. Goma arábica foi utilizada como material de parede de referência, para efeito comparativo. Assim, foram preparadas três formulações, a saber: corante de urucum/ goma do cajueiro (U-GC) 4:1 m/m, corante de urucum /goma arábica (U-GA) 4:1 m/m e corante de urucum/ goma do cajueiro/ e goma arábica (1:1) 4:1 m/m (U-GCA). As suspensões, previamente preparadas também foram caracterizadas por análises físico-químicas. Na avaliação colorimétrica estudou-se a estabilidade do pigmento microencapsulado, em temperatura ambiente, a 25°C± 2°C na presença e na ausência de luz, durante 40 dias de armazenamento, em duas situações, ou seja, dissolvidos em solução-tampão pH 4,0 e na forma de pó. Nas três suspensões formuladas a análise colorimétrica e o pH não apresentaram grandes diferenças, mas já na viscosidade a suspensão goma do cajueiro/ corante de urucum, resultou em menor viscosidade (0,01746±0,000) nas mesmas concentrações de sólidos. As microcápsulas produzidas por atomização mostraram também formas irregulares com predominância circular e superfície dentada e, por liofilização, mostraram formas indefinidas e com tamanhos muito variáveis. Todas as microcápsulas mostraram-se solúveis em água. As microcápsulas elaboradas com goma arábica e goma do cajuerio/goma arábica (1:1) apresentaram as melhores eficiências na microencapsulação, 43,14 e 31,21%, respectivamente, além de conferirem maior estabilidade à bixina durante a exposição à luz e na estocagem no escuro. As diferentes formulações resultaram em diferentes teores do corante de urucum microencapsulado, sendo que a goma arábica apresentou maior eficiência e a goma do cajueiro menor eficiência, considerando os processos de liofilização e atomização. Houve uma maior degradação da bixina total, em torno de 65,79% e, da bixina superficial, em torno de 60,52%, nas microcápsulas armazenadas sob incidência de luz a 25°C±2°C, evidenciando o efeito deletério da luz sobre o corante de urucum. O método de microencapsulação por liofilização foi o que levou a menor degradação da bixina encapsulada. Dentre dos parâmetros de concentração utilizados e dos e dos métodos de microencsapsulação empregados, a goma do cajueiro, individualmente, não se apresentou como um eficiente material de parede. No entanto, a sua mistura com a goma arábica forneceu resultados promissores, os quais tornaram favorável a utilização desse material (U-GCA), como na indústria de alimentos, bem como em outros segmentos tecnologicos como os cosméticos e a farmacêutica.
In practice, some natural dyes, such as bixin present technological difficulties of use, hindering their application in the food industry. Microencapsulation can improve this situation by increasing their stability and making their incorporation in food systems possible without losing their properties. The objective of this research was to microencapsulate the natural dye annatto, using cashew gum as wall material, applying the freeze-drying and spray drying processes, to characterize the microcapsules obtained according to morphological and physico-chemical properties as well as to determine the effectiveness of the microencapsulation by quantification of the total bixin and surface bixin. Gum arabic was used as wall material, the reference for comparison. Thus, three formulations were prepared as follows: annatto colorant / cashew gum (U-GC) 4:1 w / w of annatto colorant / gum arabic (GA-U) 4:1 m / m of annatto colorant / cashew gum / gum arabic and (1:1) 4:1 m / m (U-GCA). The suspensions, which had been previously prepared, were also characterized in terms physical and chemical analyses. In colorimetric evaluation the stability of the microencapsulated pigment was studied, at a room temperature of 25 ° C ± 2 ° C in the presence and absence of light for 40 days storage in two situations, that is dissolved in buffer solution pH 4.0 and in powder form. In the three formulated suspensions , there were no major differences between the pH and colorimetric analyses, but the suspension viscosity cashew gum / dye annatto, resulted in lower viscosity (0.01746 ± 0.000) at the same concentrations of solids. The microcapsules produced by atomization also showed predominantly irregularly shaped circular and toothed surfaces, and lyophilization, show indefinite shapes and sizes vary widely. All the microspheres proved soluble in water. Microcapsules prepared with gum arabic and gum cajuerio / gum arabic (1:1) showed the best efficiency in the microencapsulation, 43.14 and 31.21%, respectivelyand this confers greater stability to the bixin during exposure to light and storage in the dark. The different formulations resulted in different concentrations of microencapsulated annatto dye, with the gum arabic being the most efficient and the cashew gum the least efficient in terms of lyophilization and spray drying. There was a greater total degradation of bixin, about 65.79% and the surface bixin, about 60.52%, in the microcapsules stored under light incidence at 25 ° C ± 2°C, demonstrating the detrimental effect of light on the dye annatto. The microencapsulation method by means of lyophilization is the one which led to the lowest levels of degradation of encapsulated bixin. Among the parameters used and the concentration and methods of microencapsulation employed, cashew gum, on its own, is not presented as an effective wall material. However, its mixture with gum arabic provided promising results, which favors making use of this material (U-GCA) in the food industry and in other technological sectors such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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Mathew, J. S. "Novel thermally stable polymers from a renewable resource (cashew nut shell liquid): synthesis, characterization and applications." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2001. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2318.

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Amyot, Danelle. "An?lise pelo Supply Chain Management da cadeia produtiva da castanha de caju no Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14954.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This work presents the cashew nuts chain in the State of Rio Grande do Norte between 1960 and 2009. The main purpose of this research was to find the reason of the low productivity of the cashew nut in this state, identifying in the cashew's chain production the struggling points which were limiting the commerce of this product through the distribution network. Therefore, the Supply Chain Management was used as a logistic analysis methodology, focusing on relationships management between the nodes of this chain, from the producer until the final customer. Many problems were found: first, the precarious production conditions of the small producer don't lead to reach the demanded productivity by the market. The distance, the lack of communication of the small producers among themselves and an archaic way of dealing with their businesses, may be an explanatory reason for this problem, considering that those factors are the main elements which contribute for the weakening of the small producer placed in the productive chain. Another spotted point was that the business-oriented relationship between the producer and the local trader does not allow the small producer's economical development, which interferes in any technological investment to reach a good quality production that fulfills the market demand. And also, the fact that there is a tendency of the final costumer to require lower prices day-byday, forcing a pressure on the nodes transferring to the other and successively until arriving at the producer who inevitably is suffering the biggest impacts from this mentioned pressure.
O presente trabalho aborda a cadeia produtiva da castanha de caju no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, no per?odo de 1960 a 2009, tendo como prop?sitos principais identificar os fatos geradores respons?veis pela baixa produtividade e os fatores que dificultam a comercializa??o deste produto atrav?s dos canais de distribui??o. Para tanto, foi adotado como metodologia a an?lise log?stica do Gerenciamento da Cadeia de Suprimentos, focando no relacionamento de neg?cios entre os envolvidos na cadeia desde o produtor, at? o cliente final. Verificou-se que as condi??es de produ??o prec?rias dos pequenos produtores n?o permitem a produtividade esperada pelo mercado. O distanciamento, a falta de comunica??o entre seus pares e a forma arcaica com que os mesmos realizam os neg?cios constituem as principais causas do baixo padr?o de produtividade, contribuindo, decisivamente, para o enfraquecimento do pequeno produtor dentro dessa cadeia produtiva. Outrossim, observouse que o relacionamento comercial entre o produtor e o atravessador n?o permite a evolu??o econ?mica do pequeno produtor, o que impede que ele realize investimentos em tecnologias para atingir uma produ??o que atenda as demanda do mercado, tanto em quantidade como em qualidade. Sem esquecer o fato da tend?ncia do cliente em exigir pre?os cada vez menores, fazendo com que haja uma press?o no elo final da cadeia produtiva que retroage aos demais, sucessivamente, at? chegar ao produtor, que, sofre os maiores impactos dessa press?o

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Majule, Amos Enock. "The effects of organic residues and elemental sulphur additions to soils of southern Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287642.

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Macedo, Andre Casimiro de. "Estudo da produção de acido hialuronico por fermentação de Streptococcus zooepidemicus em substrato de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266287.

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Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O ácido hialurônico (AH) é um mucopolissacarídeo presente nos tecidos conjuntivos de animais. Possui aplicações nas áreas médico-farmacêutica, como veículo para encapsulação e liberação de bioativos, além de aplicações em cosméticos. Este trabalho, apresenta um estudo da produção de AH utilizando suco de caju como substrato em processos de fermentação submersa (FS) e bagaço de caju como substrato/suporte em cultivo no estado sólido (FES). Em ambos os casos o inóculo foi preparado com cepa de Streptococcus zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920), cultivado em suco de caju in natura enriquecido com extrato de leveduras. Os ensaios em FS foram feitos utilizando suco de caju in natura e suco de caju clarificado através de microfiltração tangencial em sistema de membranas cerâmicas (0,2 mm), à 250 rpm e 2 vvm de ar. Ensaios de FES foram feitos em sistemas de colunas de leito fixo (colunas de Raimbault), com altura de leito 3 cm e vazão de ar 0,4 L/min. Os processos foram caracterizados com base nos parâmetros cinéticos, produtividades em AH e em biomassa bacteriana,transferência de oxigênio e evolução da viscosidade do meio. O AH produzido foi identificado por FTIR e caracterizado através da sua massa molar e distribuição. Os resultados mostraram que em ambos os processos a aeração é fundamental para o crescimento celular e produção de AH. Não houve diferenças expressivas nos parâmetros do processo para a fermentação submersa conduzida com suco de caju in natura ou clarificado. A máxima concentração de AH obtida na FES foi de 0,007 g/g de bagaço e na FS 2,61 g/L. As distribuições de massa molar mostram que o AH produzido em FES encontra-se nas faixas de 104 e 105 Da, enquanto que para a FS prioritariamente é produzido AH na faixa de 103 e 104 Da
Abstract: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a mucopolysaccharide component of animal connective tissues. It has been reported important applications of HA in medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic area as well as a vehicle for encapsulation and delivery of bioactive products. This work presents a study of HA production using cashew apple juice as substrate in submerse fermentation (SF) and cashew apple bagasse as substrate/support in solid state fermentation (SSF). In both cases the inoculum was prepared from a Streptococcus zooepidemicus strain (ATCC 39920), cultured in the in natura juice enriched with yeast extract. In natura or clarified juices were used in SF assays at 250 rpm and 2 vvm of air. The clarification was carried out through tangential microfiltration in ceramic membrane system (0,2 mm). Fixed bed columns (Raimbault¿s columns) at 3 cm bed height and air flow rate 0.4 L/min were used in FES assays. The Processes were characterized based on the kinetic, HA and biomass productivities, oxygen transfer and medium viscosity parameters. The produced HA was identified by FTIR and characterized trought its molecular weight and distribuition. The experimental results showed that aeration is fundamental for cell growth and HA production in both processes. There were no significant differences in the parameters for SF using in natura or clarified juices. The maximum HA concentration obtained by SSF was 0.007 g/(g of bagasse) and 2.61 g/L for SF. The main distribution of molecular weight was 104 to 105 Da for SSF and 103 to 104 Da for SF
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Correa, Adriane Cherpinski 1981. "Perfil sensorial e direcionadores de preferência em bebida de caju (Anacardium ocidentale L.) com finalidade dietética, adicionada de psyllium." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254242.

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Orientador: Helena Maria Andre Bolini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: As pessoas que necessitam substituir a sacarose em função da dieta devido a doenças como diabetes, obesidade e hipertensão, ou ainda aquelas pessoas interessadas em manter uma alimentação saudável, podem se beneficiar do gosto doce sem a adição de calorias ou com teor reduzido através da utilização de edulcorantes. A falta de tempo do consumidor para seguir uma alimentação balanceada e saudável tem exigido da indústria alimentos adaptados que possam oferecer mais benefícios em um único produto. As bebidas de frutas apresentam-se uma excelente opção para adição de ingredientes prebióticos visando a agregação de propriedades funcionais. Considerando estes fatores, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a subtituição da sacarose por diferentes edulcorantes (aspartame, estévia, neotame, neosucralose e sucralose) em bebida de caju adicionada de 1,5% de prebiótico psyllium. Foram realizados inicialmente dois testes com 30 consumidores para conhecer a concentração do ideal de suco e ideal de doçura para a preparação da bebida de caju, sendo determinado 1:4 de suco concentrado e 9% de sacarose para bebida de caju com psyllium. Na sequência foram determinadas, através do método de estimativa de magnitude as concentrações de cada edulcorante que iriam proporcionar doçura equivalente ao ideal de sacarose, que apresentaram-se nas seguintes concentrações 0,0496% de aspartame, 0,0908 de estevia, 0,0015 neotame, 0,0226 de neosucralose e 0,0145 de sucralose.Utilizando o método de rede, foram definidos 20 atributos que melhor caracterizaram as amostras. Os provadores participaram de 4 sessões de treinamento e foram selecionados para participação na Análise Descritiva Quantitativa através da análise de pf amostra (<0,05) e repetição (>0,05) e concenso com a equipe. Avaliou-se o perfil físico químico das amostras através das análises de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), e cor utilizando os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*). Os provadores treinados avaliaram as amostras quanto às suas caracteristicas temporais para os gostos doce e amargo, usando a metodologia Tempo Intensidade, sendo que amostra com sacarose apresentou as menores tempos e intensidades, enquanto a amostra com estévia apresentou os maiores tempos e intensidades para os estímulos doce e amargo, indicando a presença de sabor residual doce e amargo. Ja as amostras com aspartame e sucralose, apresentaram perfil de tempo intensidade muito similar ao da sacarose para doçura e amargor, caracterizando-se boas opções como substitutos da sacarose em bebida de caju. As amostras foram avaliadas em relação a aparência, aroma, sabor, textura, impressão global, ideal de doçura, ideal de viscosidade e intenção de compra, através de teste de aceitação com 120 consumidores, sendo que para as amostras com aspartame, neosucralose e sucralose a aceitação foi muito próxima a da sacarose. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados através de análise de variância (ANOVA), teste de médias Tukey, histogramas e análise de regressão
Abstract: People who need to replace of sucrose in function of diet due to diseases like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, or those interested in maintaining a healthy diet, can benefit from the sweet taste without adding calories or reduced their content through the use of sweeteners. The lack of time for consumer to follow a balanced and healthy diet has required the industry to adapt to the foods that can provide more benefits in a single product. The fruit drinks have become a great option for adding prebiotic ingredients in order to aggregate functional properties and many alternatives have been proposed. Soluble fibers can be added to various kinds of products, with the purpose of increasing satiety, improving bowel function or reduce the glycemic response of food, whereas their use is generally recommended for diabetics. But not a product to be just the ideal from nutritional point of view, it must also be acceptable to the public consumer, which is obtained through different sensory tests, where the human being is the measuring instrument. Considering these factors, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sucrose substitution by different sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose, stevia 95 % rebaudiosídio, neotame and neosucralose blend) in cashew drink plus 1.5 % prebiotic psyllium. Initially the ideal sweetness test was conducted to know the preference to the product and the value was found to be 9 %. In the next step the power of these sweeteners as well as the concentrations of each sweetener that would provide the same perception of the ideal sweetness of sucrose was determined, ranging from 99 time for the sample sweetened with stevia to 6000 times for the sample sweetened with neotame. Using the Kelly's repertory grid method, the attributes that best characterize the samples, were selected. The panelists were trained and selected for participation in the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis test. Physicochemical profile of the samples was evaluated through analysis of pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids (° Brix), and using color parameters (L *, a *, b *). Trained panelists evaluated the samples with respect to their temporal characteristics for sweet and bitter tastes, using the Time Intensity method, where sample with sucrose showed the lowest mean, while the sample with stevia showed the largest for time and intensity to both stimuli. Samples with aspartame and sucralose, showed time -intensity profile very similar to that of sucrose sweetness and bitterness, characterized spoiled as sucrose substitutes in cashew drink. The samples were evaluated for appearance, aroma, flavor, texture, global media ideal of sweetness, ideal viscosity and purchase intent through acceptance testing with 120 consumers, and for samples with aspartame , sucralose and neosucralose acceptance was very close to that of sucrose. The data were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test, histograms and regression testing
Mestrado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

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47

Tawade, B. V. "Exploitation of cashew nut shell liquid as a starting material for the synthesis of monomers useful in the preparation of thermally stable polymers." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2015. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/5893.

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48

Bruce, Ian Edward. "A study of cashew nut shell liquid purification and the synthesis of nonionic surfactants from the component phenols." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6274.

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The major phenolic lipids from natural and technical Cashew Nut-Shell Liquids were isolated by various techniques including precipitation, chemical purification, distillation, phase separation and chromatography. Cardanol, 3-pentadecyl phenol and cardol were polyethoxylated under base catalysed conditions and the products were characterised by both nmr and HPLC. Their surfactant properties were then analysed by surface tension measurements and their rates and extent of biodegradation were evaluated by means of a modified OECD screening test. The synthesis of the biosyntetic intermediate 2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentadecyl benzoic acid, by means of a Horner-Emmons modification to the Wittig reaction, is also reported. Some studies with cavitands are also reported, including the synthesis of some novel macrocycles and some sugar transport studies.

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Uaciquete, Americo. "Characterization, epidemiology and control strategies for the anthracnose pathogen (Colletotrichum spp.) on cashew (Anarcardium occidentale L.) in Mozambique." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40249.

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The first confirmation of the presence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on cashew in Mozambique was based on a combination of observed symptoms, isolation and identification using basic morphological and molecular techniques. Anthracnose is now the second most important in the country, after powdery mildew caused by Oidium anacardii Noack. The present thesis represents a broad overview of the disease in Mozambique. The main focus of this study was thus to gather scientific information on the relevance of this disease in the country and through experimentation, generate recommendations that help farmers and decision makers to mitigate the disease pressure. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: - Provide a distinctive description of anthracnose symptoms on leaves through hostpathogen interaction studies in the laboratory. - Enhance current knowledge on the identity of Mozambican pathogen isolates, using DNA tools. - Assess the current anthracnose management practices, both at nursery and field level with a view to formulate timely, local and adequate management strategies. - Conduct experimental trials to select economically effective fungicides spraying programs for anthracnose disease management. ii - Search for variability and germplasm tolerance among dwarf and common cashew plant populations in Mozambique. By analyzing and integrating existing published literature on the subject, we successfully separated issues that concerned previously inaccessible information from those that reflect insufficient scientific knowledge. A survey was initiated to determine, the status of cashew anthracnose disease management practices in Mozambique. Subsequently, the information obtained was used to develop a national strategic framework for research and extension in the country. Areas identified as gaps were aligned with the main goals of this thesis and include: - Areas where scientific information lacked were identified. - The symptoms of the disease on leaves were successfully and distinctively distinguished from other common leaf diseases that simultaneously occur in orchards. - The pathogen isolates were identified using PCR techniques. The presence of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was not confirmed at least not among the suspected and tested isolates. - Knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease was generated and its application for more effective disease management was successfully applied. - Effective fungicide applications and disease control programmes were developed for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.. - Appropriate nursery management strategies that reduce anthracnose disease development were developed. - Variability in germplasm reaction to the disease was demonstrated and therefore tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. - A technique for rapid and accurate evaluation of leaf anthracnose symptom grades was developed.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Cavalcante, JÃfferson Malveira. "ExtraÃÃo de alquilfenÃis da casca, fenÃlicos da pelÃcula e efeito do processamento industrial sobre constituintes da amÃndoa de castanha de caju." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12482.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
A castanha de caju Ã um dos principais insumos agroindustriais, destacando-se como um Ãcone na economia do Nordeste do Brasil. A castanha de caju Ã constituÃda de amÃndoa (ACC), principal produto, casca e pelÃcula, que apresentam caracterÃsticas especÃficas devido Ã presenÃa de compostos fenÃlicos. O presente estudo apresenta como objetivo, avaliar os efeitos do processamento industrial sobre constituintes da amÃndoa, mÃtodos de extraÃÃo do lÃquido na casca (LCC) e compostos fenÃlicos na pelÃcula de castanha de caju. A extraÃÃo do LCC foi realizada seguindo um delineamento experimental fatorial 3^2 completo, variando pressÃo e temperatura. O LCC extraÃdo por prensagem variou entre 26 a 34 g/100g de casca, com pressÃo e temperatura exercendo efeitos positivos estatisticamente significativos. Ocorreu uma predominÃncia dos Ãcidos anacÃrdicos C15:3, C15:1 e C15:2 nas amostras obtidas por prensagem e com a utilizaÃÃo de solvente orgÃnico, apresentando uma concentraÃÃo na faixa de 44 a 62% de Ãcidos anacÃrdicos totais. As extraÃÃes dos compostos fenÃlicos da pelÃcula, com Ãgua, foram realizadas seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacional 3^2 para extraÃÃo assistida por ultrassom (EAU), variando tempo, densidade de potÃncia e razÃo lÃquido/sÃlido, e um 2^2 para extraÃÃo acelerada com solvente (EAS), variando tempo e temperatura. O conteÃdo fenÃlico extraÃdo da pelÃcula de castanha de caju utilizando EAU se apresentou na faixa de 40-44% com SST variando entre 0,6 e 3,8, e para EAS entre 33-46% e 1,5 a 4,3, respectivamente. Os compostos fenÃlicos majoritÃrios foram catequina e epicatequina. As etapas do processamento industrial de ACC selecionadas foram in natura, classificada, umidificada, cozida, desidratada e selecionada, submetidas Ã secagem, moagem e extraÃÃo lipÃdica. O teor de umidade variou entre 2,5 a 11,0% e o lipÃdico apresentou um valor mÃdio de 42%, exceto para a ACC umidificada. Os Ãcidos anacÃrdicos totais, C15:3 e C15:1, apresentaram concentraÃÃes entre 32 e 182 mg/g de Ãleo de ACC, e seu conteÃdo degradado e/ou transformado foi o proveniente da incorporaÃÃo na amÃndoa durante as etapas de armazenagem e umidificaÃÃo. Os grÃnulos de amidos identificados pela presenÃa da âcruz de Maltaâ, birrefringente, apresentavam formas arredondadas e a quantidade diminuiu com o avanÃo das etapas do processamento industrial. O aproveitamento integral da castanha de caju com a extraÃÃo do lÃquido da casca da castanha de caju de mini-fÃbricas por apresentar elevado conteÃdo alquifenol em Ãcidos anacÃrdicos, juntamente com as extraÃÃes assistida por ultrassom e acelerada com solvente de compostos fenÃlicos da pelÃcula de castanha de caju se mostraram atrativos para o mercado de produtos naturais. O efeito do processamento industrial sobre constituintes da amÃndoa de castanha de caju como os Ãcidos anacÃrdicos direciona para uma reavaliaÃÃo de processo por parte da indÃstria devido a grande perda do conteÃdo alquilfenol apÃs a etapa de cozimento.
The cashew nut is a major agro-industrial inputs, distinguishing as an icon in the economy northeast of Brazil. The cashew nut is made of almond (ACN), the main product, shell and testa, which have specific characteristics due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Of the present work the objective is to the evaluate the effects of industrial processing on constituents of almond, methods of extracting shell liquid (CNSL) and phenolic compounds in the testa. The extraction of CNSL was carried out following a full factorial design of experimental 3^2, varying pressure and temperature. The yield of pressing ranged from 26 to 34% in the extraction of CNSL with pressure and temperature exerting statistically significant positive effects. Occurred predominance the anacardic acids of C15:3, C15:2 and C15:1 in samples obtained by pressing and with the use of organic solvent, having a concentration in the range of 44-62% total anacardic acids. The extraction of phenolic compounds from the testa with water was performed following a rotational central composite design 3^2 by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), varying the time, power density and liquid / solid ratio, and 2^2 for accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), varying time and temperature. The phenolic content extracted of the testa cashew nut using UAE ranged from 40-44% with SST ranging between 0.6 and 3.8, and between 33-46% for EAS and 1.5 to 4.3, respectively. The major phenolic compounds in the samples were catechin and epicatechin. The industrial processing steps of ACN were in nature, classified, humidified, cooked, dehydrated and selected, subjected to drying, grinding and lipid extraction. The humidity ranged between 2.5 and 11.0%, lipid had a mean value of 42%, except for the humidified ACN. The total anacardic acids, C15:3 and C15:1, had concentrations between 32 and 182 mg / g ACN oil and its degraded content and/or has been transformed from the incorporation of the seed during storage and humidification. The starch granules identified by the presence of the cross of Malta had rounded shapes and the amount decreased with the advance of industrial processing steps. The whole utilization the cashew with the extraction of the shell liquid cashew mini-factories because of its high content of alkylphenol in anacardic acids, together with the assistance of ultrasound and accelerated solvent extraction of phenolic compounds testa cashew nut proved attractive to the natural products market. The effect of industrial processing on constituents of almond cashew nut as anacardic acids directs to a reassessment process by the industry due to the large loss of alkylphenol content after the cooking step.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cashew'

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