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Journal articles on the topic 'Caspian Sea trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Abdusalamov, M.-P. B., Sh A. Magaramov, and Z. A. Khalaev. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CASPIAN MARITIME TRADE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 4 (2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1345-12.

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The article deals with the development of trade contacts between Russia and Oriental countries that were carried out through the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea in the first half of the 18th century. Since the early Middle Ages, the Russians had been contacting with the population of the Caspian Sea regions and Oriental countries via the Volga-Caspian Route. The western coast of the Caspian Sea, in contrast to the eastern one, had significant merchant harbors (Derbent, Nizabad, Baku), which accounted for a great part of international trade turnover. Since the beginning of the 18

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Zembatova, B. V., and I. A. Yakovlev. "Problems of Cooperation between the Caspian States: Investment and Legal Aspects." Economics and Management 26, no. 10 (2020): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1080-1091.

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Aim. The presented study aims to substantiate the objective need for legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states in the development of Caspian resources as a starting point for balanced economic cooperation.Tasks. The authors develop baselines for analyzing the state of economic cooperation between the Caspian Five countries, laws and regulations adopted by the Caspian states to regulate interaction in the Caspian Sea; analyze the impact of the current legal regulator of relations on the possibility, nature, and directions of cooperation between the Caspian states in the investm

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Pylin, A. G. "FEATURES OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CASPIAN REGION COUNTRIES IN THE NEW GEO-ECONOMIC REALITY." Geoeconomics of Energetics, no. 2 (December 10, 2023): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2023_22_2_60.

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The paper discusses the structural features of mutual trade and economic relations of the Caspian states in the context of the formation of the Caspian region. The main factors of the development of intra-regional trade of the countries of the Caspian Sea are analyzed, taking into account the changing situation in the world fuel and raw materials markets. Based on the analysis of the connectivity of the Caspian states, it has been established that the formation of the Caspian region is at an early stage. Perspective directions of trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the regi

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Siskos, Evangelos, and Konstantia DARVIDOU. "BILATERAL TRADE AND ENERGY RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EU AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE CASPIAN SEA REGION." Vol 19, No 1 (2020), Vol 19, No 1 (2020) (March 2020): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.01.047.

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The European Union and the Caspian countries are important trade partners, although there is still potential for improvement of the cooperation considering the energy security and other issues. The paper analyses trends and structure of trade relations of the EU and Caspian countries. The trade between the regions is about 370 billion dollars. Exports of fuels to the EU are the main component of the trade between the regions. Therefore energy transportation projects are an important issue in the agenda for the international relations. A gravity model for the exports of fuels is presented. The

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Toropitsyn, Ilya V. "“Imperial Habit”: Russia’s Attempt to Gain a Foothold on the Eastern Coast of the Caspian Sea in the Era of Peter the Great." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 1 (2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i1.367.

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The article displays one of the directions of Russia’s foreign policy during the reign of Peter the Great, namely, an attempt to gain a foothold on the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea for further advancement through the Central Asian states to India in order to establish direct trade relations. The paper analyzes the goals and objectives set up by Peter the Great to Prince A. Bekovich-Cherkassky to initiate a new trade route to India from the Caspian Sea basin. Russia’s steps aimed at creating a foothold on the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea are being considered. The adopted scientific idea

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MAMMADOV, Rustam. "THE ROLE OF AZERBAIJAN PARTICIPATION IN THE FORMATION OF THE TRANS-CASPIAN TRANSPORT CORRIDOR." Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), no. 2(51) (June 30, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2021-2-51-37-45.

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The Trans-Caspian International Transport Route has great potential for the development of trade relations between Europe and Asia. Azerbaijan, which is considered to be an important point on the East-West trade route, is extremely interested in the development of this road and the expansion of its transit opportunities. Measures to develop the transport system in the republic are also important for the development of the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor. Significant steps have been taken in Azerbaijan to develop road, rail and sea transport. Passenger and cargo transportation is carried out o

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Zhil’tsov, S. "The Caspian Region: New Processes." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 1 (2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2023-1-57-67.

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The Caspian region has entered a new stage of its development. The geopolitical rivalry over the choice of routes for the export of hydrocarbon resources to foreign markets, as well as the fierce negotiation process in light of the preparation of the Convention on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea have overshadowed the issues of economic cooperation between the countries of the region. Implementation of transport projects, expansion of shipping, and growth of mutual trade turnover became priority issues in the policies of the Caspian littoral states and countries that are not m

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Dalgat, Elmira M. "THE TOWN AND THE SEA. PETROVSK AT THE CASPIAN SEA." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 17, no. 4 (2021): 859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch174859-873.

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The article attempts to demonstrate the transformation of the Russian military fortification Petrovskoe at the coast of the Caspian Sea into the large industrial center of the Dagestan region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, as well as to examine the role of the seaport in its economic development. Since 40s of the 19th century, the fort Petrovskoe was a transit point for cargo, transported by sea from Astrakhan for the Russian army, which was involved in war in Dagestan. The author considers the development of sea trade between Astrakhan, Baku and Petrovsk after the latt

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Kornoukhova, Gadilya, and Marina Moseykina. "Commercial activity of the Russian shipping company “Caucasus and Mercury” in Persia in the context of public-private partnership in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 04-1 (2021): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202104statyi07.

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The article analyzes the activities of the joint-stock shipping company «Caucasus and Mercury» in the Persian market, reveals its place in trade and economic operations in the Caspian region as a whole. The authors aim to find out the degree of effectiveness of public-private cooperation in the development of a separate transport company, «Caucasus and Mercury», as well as the nature of the impact of this partnership on the development of commercial shipping in the Caspian Sea. The authors analyzed the processes that took place in Russian government and private business circles in the field of

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Larin, A. B. "STRENGTHENING OF RUSSIA’S POSITION IN THE SOUTHERN CASPII IN THE 1840S IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIAN-IRANIAN RELATIONS." Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta, no. 49 (December 1, 2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2413-4481-2021-4-98-103.

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The article is devoted to the policy of Russia in the south of the Caspian Sea in the 1840s. It is shown that due to the use of the advantages provided by the Turkmanchay Treaty of 1828, the Russian Empire managed to significantly strengthen its position in the region: it expanded its naval presence, achieved significant success in combating piracy and stabilizing the region, and created conditions for the development of trade. Special attention is paid to the establishment of steamship communication in the Caspian Sea.

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Oh, Jinhwan, Bekzod Yuldashev, and Soo Hyun Moon. "Where is Uzbekistan’s trade and where should it be directed? Gravity analyses for being doubly landlocked." International Area Studies Review 21, no. 1 (2017): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865917745959.

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This study applies the gravity model to describe Uzbekistan’s trade pattern, based on which several policy implications are made. We find that Uzbekistan’s estimated trade flows with Ukraine, Russia, China, and South Korea are much more than the actual flows, while the country’s economic contacts with its neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan) are far less than expected. This suggests that Uzbekistan should strive to increase trade with neighboring countries, through taking part in a free trade agreement between countries of Central Asia, or strategically us

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Latsabidze, Alexander. "THE ROLE OF THE CASPIAN SEA REGION IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY SECURITY SYSTEM." Near East and Georgia 14 (December 15, 2022): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/neg/14/131-149.

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The Caspian Sea has traditionally been the center of conflicting geopolitical interests of both regional and non-regional powers. The struggle for influence in the Caspian Sea region has its historical counterpart. In the early eighteenth century, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and weakened Persia vied with each other for influence on the Caspian Sea. The mentioned process can be compared to the events caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the twentieth century. The activity of the world's leading states in Central Asia and the Caspian region is manifested in various forms, in

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Astashkin, Ruslan. "The Significance of the Shirvan Region for the Volga-Caspian Trade Transit in the 16th–17th Centuries (a Case Study of the Moscow Company)." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 25, no. 3 (2024): 409–33. https://doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2024.25(3).409-433.

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This article attempts to assess the practical importance of the Shirvan region, located near the Caspian Sea, for the Volga-Caspian trade route, which connected the Russian state with Persia during the 16th–17th centuries. The reports of agents from the London-based “Moscow Company”, which conducted transit trade in Asian markets with the sanction of Ivan IV’s government, are analyzed as historical sources. The study examines the experiences of English expeditions operating in the Caspian basin, circulating between Astrakhan and the ports of Shirvan. It is established that the Shirvan coast, w

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Hutson, Nathan, and Jahan Taganova. "A New Strategy for Merging the Environmental and Commerce Challenges of the Caspian." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 9, no. 2 (2023): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-2/76-102.eng.

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Recent geopolitical events have thrust the Caspian region into a time of unparalleled opportunity. Specifically, the Middle Corridor (“MC”) has been presented as a potential savior for trans-Eurasian commerce. At the same time, its success relies on a sea that is in an ecologically precarious state. Saving the Caspian for all future uses, including trade, will require unprecedented engagement and coordination amongst all its bordering states. This paper proposes a strategy for using the newfound focus on the MC to highlight its inherent connection to the Sea’s ecological precarity – thereby li

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Magomedhabib R., Seferbekov. "Historiography of the Caspian flotilla." Kavkazologiya 2022, no. 3 (2022): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-3-311-330.

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Based on pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet sources and literature, using comparative his-torical, typological, chronological, systemic and retrospective general scientific methods, the arti-cle provides a historiography of the Caspian Flotilla. The beginning of this process dates back to the time of the existence of the medieval Old Russian state and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, dur-ing the years of their existence, trade and economic relations of Russia along the Caspian Sea with the cities and states of the Eastern Caucasus were being established. A significant place in Russian histori

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Kornoukhova, Gadilya G. "The role of the Russian government in the development of Caspian Sea trade with Persia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 3 (2019): 661–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-3-661-682.

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This article based on a large body of published and unpublished documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire (AVPRI). The author analyzes the policy of the tsarist government regarding the development of merchant shipping on the Caspian Sea, and determines its eff ectiveness in the framework of Russian-Persian economic ties in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the public discourse on the need for borrowing the Western European model for the development of maritime navigation, as well as to the conditions of navigation in t

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Hosseinian Yousefkhani, Seyyed Saeed, Amaal Gh Yasser, Murtada D. Naser, and Eskandar Rsategar-Pouyani. "Increased haplotype diversity of Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia: Emydidae) in northern Iran." Ecologica Montenegrina 45 (September 9, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2021.45.5.

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Emys orbicularis is an Old World terrapin that has a wide distribution range from Russia to Iran, Europe, and Northwestern Africa. In this study, we compare the Southern Caspian Sea lineage (in northern Iran) of E. orbicularis with other lineages of this species in Europe using the Cyt b gene fragment. Based on our results, the Caspian Sea lineage shows a high value of PhiPT (> 0.87) in comparison with other lineages that means the lineage isolated more from other lineages. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Iranian and Caucasus lineages are distinct from other lineages. The Mant

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Kachalova, Alexandra V. "Future Trends in Caspian Littoral States Five-Side Economic Cooperation." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 2 (2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-2-165-174.

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Until lately economic relations of Caspian littoral states were mainly developed on bilateral basis. Level of five-lateral cooperation evidently because of various reasons didn’t matchthe intensity in political dialogue and dynamics of communication in different other segments.Focus on oil and gas sector and aspiration for separation were dominating. Still possible formatsof All-Caspian interaction have been discussed since the Second Caspian Summit 2007. Whileexperience of successful co-working and mutual trust were growing, with new priorities in economic development set (first of all - tran

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Abbasova, M. "THE ROLE OF OIL IN THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEARL OF THE CASPIAN SEA - BAKU." Scientific heritage, no. 139 (June 25, 2024): 18–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12525860.

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This article provides information about the emergence and development of the city of Baku. It is emphasized here that this settlement on the Absheron Peninsula arose in ancient times. The growth and development of the city was facilitated by the presence of oil, salt and its location in a convenient bay of the Caspian Sea. In the early Middle Ages, the Arabs made a great contribution to the study of the Caspian Sea and the surrounding lands. Later European travelers described Baku as a major port on the Caspian Sea. Since Baku played a big role in trade between eastern countries and Europe. It

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Blum, Douglas. "The Russian Trade-Off: Environment and Development in the Caspian Sea." Journal of Environment & Development 7, no. 3 (1998): 248–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659800700303.

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ZHILTSOV, Sergey. "INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY OF THE CASPIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND GEOPOLITICAL AIMS." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (2021): 068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.06.

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In recent years, the Caspian states have been paying increasingly more attention to port infrastructure development. The construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ports received a new impetus. The Caspian states increase their investments in this sphere every year. They have developed national programs that aim to increase the volume of cargo passing through the Caspian states’ seaports. The development of port infrastructure, augmented by new railways, was deliberated by the Caspian states in the context of solving geopolitical problems. The advancement of the negotiat

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Sładkowski, Aleksander, and Maria Cieśla. "Influence of a Potential Railway Line Connecting the Caspian Sea with the Black Sea on the Development of Eurasian Trade." Naše more 62, no. 4 (2015): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2015/4.4.

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Miecznikowski, Stanisław, and Tomasz Radzikowski. "OVER CAPACITY OF CONTAINER SHIPPING AS A CHALLENGE TO RAIL SILK ROAD COMPETITIVENESS." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka 70 (November 24, 2017): 121–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5932.

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International trade is rapidly changing. Global trade agreements are replaced by regional agreements. The China’s GDP is decreasing resulting in lower level of China’s exports, which so far used mainly sea transport. The sea transport experiences glut in transport capacity, which, with the the falling GDP of China, may result in subsequent bancrupties of ship owners, high costs and uneffectiveness of sea ports. Moreover sea freight takes a long time and is connected with long transshipments in ports. Rail transport is much more efficient due to the considerably smaller batches of goods. Howeve

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Grigorovich, Igor A., Hugh J. MacIsaac, Nikolai V. Shadrin, and Edward L. Mills. "Patterns and mechanisms of aquatic invertebrate introductions in the Ponto-Caspian region." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 7 (2002): 1189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-088.

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The Black, Azov, and Caspian sea drainages (i.e., Ponto-Caspian region) have an extensive and long history of species introductions. Here we review patterns and mechanisms of introductions of aquatic invertebrate species into these ecosystems. Since the late 1800s, 136 free-living and 27 parasitic invertebrate species have been introduced outside their native ranges and have established reproducing populations in the Ponto-Caspian region. The bulk of these introductions are represented by crustaceans (53%), flatworms (15%), and molluscs (13%). Most of the introduced species are native to other

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DIRIOZ, Ali Oguz. "AN ENERGY-FOCUSED ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY ROUTE TO THE SILK ROAD." Eurasian Research Journal 4, no. 2 (2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-01.

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A route, via ships and underwater electric connectors established across the Caspian Sea, could enable goods from Central Asia to be transported to Turkey and through Turkey to other markets. Natural gas-rich countries could transport gas to European markets via this route by converting their natural gas into LNG. In cases where building LNG installations would be uneconomical, they can export energy directly, by conveying gas-generated electricity via underwater electric connectors across the Caspian Sea or by electricity-generating power ships. With the transformation of this route into a ne

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Pavlina, Tatyana V. "Trade Security and Customs Institutions in the Caspian Sea in the 19th Century." Historical Courier, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-3-3.

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Biró, D., and L. Vasa. "Unveiling the Strategic Significance of the Middle Corridor in Global Trade and Geopolitical Dynamics." Economics: the strategy and practice 19, no. 2 (2024): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-2-70-83.

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This study aims to elucidate the role of the Middle Corridor, also known as the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), in diversifying global trade routes and enhancing economic resilience amid geopolitical tensions. The paper examines the corridor's impact on the economic and strategic interests of the countries it traverses, particularly Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the European Union. The analysis employs a multidimensional approach that includes historical context analysis, comparative route analysis, geographic information system mapping, and statistical analysis. Data

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BOGATYREV, EDUARD, and MAGOMED-PASHA ABDUSALAMOV. "DERBENT IN THE ECONOMIC PLANS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1722-1735 (ON THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN OF PETER I)." History and modern perspectives 5, no. 1 (2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2023-5-1-19-25.

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The article examines the measures of the Russian government for the economic modernization of the city of Derbent based on the analysis of documents and special historical literature. Derbent, thanks to the measures of the Russian administration, became not only the administrative and political, but also the economic center of the North-Eastern Caucasus in 1722-1735. It is emphasized that through the efforts of the Russian authorities in the period under review, a state-owned palace farm was created in Derbent, providing supplies of wine, grapes, fruits, vegetables, etc. to the imperial court.

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Shalgimbayeva, Gulmira, Alexander Volkov, Natalia Slobodova, et al. "Genetic Investigation of Aral Wild Common Carp Populations (Cyprinus carpio) Using ddRAD Sequencing." Diversity 13, no. 7 (2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070295.

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater fish species of the Cyprinidae family, one of the largest and most diverse fish families. The natural habitats of C. carpio extend from Western Europe to South-East Asia. Common carp has remained an economically important fish species in aquaculture for many centuries and its production nowadays exceeds 4 million tons worldwide and continues to grow. The taxonomy of C. carpio is complicated, since this species is usually distinguished in two, three, and even four distinct subspecies. In the present study, we used ddRAD-sequencing to geno

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Palu, Riina, and Olli-Pekka Hilmola. "Future Potential of Trans-Caspian Corridor: Review." Logistics 7, no. 3 (2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics7030039.

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Background: The Middle Corridor, a transport route from Asia to Europe that also facilitates major energy projects through the Caspian Sea and its surrounding countries, has gained even more attention after the intensification of the conflict in Ukraine in 2022. Methods: On the basis of major scientific papers on the topic, foreign policy addresses from The Diplomat and studies by the United Nations and Asian Development Bank Institute, a framework with five aspects was created. In addition, two interviews with sector stakeholders were conducted to apply the framework and determine the relevan

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Balakhvantsev, Archil S. "Findings of Seleucid and Ptolemaic coins in Dagestan and the Problem of the Caspian Waterway." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021236-6.

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In 1964 and 1985 in the south of Dagestan, two treasures were found, which included Hellenistic coins. The first consisted of several dozen Seleucid coins, of which only two bronze coins of Antiochus IV, the so-called “Egyptianizing” series, have survived. The second hoard included bronze Ptolemaic coins of the 6c and 6e series, issued in the first third of the 2nd century BC and related to the same type: Zeus-Ammon / two eagles perched side-by-side on two thunderbolts with a double cornucopiae in the left field. The most probable reason why Seleucid and Ptolemaic bronze coins ended up in Shar

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A. M. Zhandarbekova, A. V. Mukhametzhanova, K. A. Murzabekova, and A. A. Kulmurzina. "ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE TRANS-CASPIAN INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CORRIDOR." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 1.2025 (March 28, 2025): 324–39. https://doi.org/10.48081/xuyf2842.

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Geopolitical turbulence in the world continues to impact freight logistics and provides growth opportunities for alternative transport corridors and infrastructure facilities. The process of changing the global logistics map has accelerated since the pandemic and subsequent Russian-Ukrainian and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. All these events, along with the crisis in the Red Sea, have led to the emergence of international logistics contradictions aimed at manipulating the trade potential of the region. Euro-Asian inland transport corridors form one of the largest channels of global goods move

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SHCHODRA, Olga. "Slavs and Russia on Transcontinental Trade Routes in Early Middle Ages." Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, no. 23 (June 8, 2022): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2022.22-23.3590.

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As a result of the Arab conquests, there were significant changes in the geography of international trade routes. They shifted from the Mediterranean basin to the north and passed through the Slavic-populated regions of Central and Eastern Europe and Ruthenia. The new system of water and land routes connected the European Frankish West, the Slavic Baltic Pomerania, the Danube and the Ruthenian East of the continent. With the development of trade with the Arab East, the Way from the Vikings to the Greeks was formed and began to function, connecting the lands of the Baltic Wagri Slavs with Kyiv

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Haghshenas, Elham, Mehdi Gholamalifard, and Nemat Mahmoudi. "Ecosystem services trade-offs informing impacts of marine aquaculture development in the southern Caspian Sea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 171 (October 2021): 112792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112792.

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Andreev, Artem A., and Dina D. Kopaneva. "Paradoxes and Realities of the Iranian Politics of the First Romanovs." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.101.

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The paper based on materials from Fonds 77 “Relations between Russia and Persia” of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts describes numerous episodes related to robberies and other conflicts between Russian and Iranian subjects in the context of the common amiable policy of their monarchs. Almost every letter from Shah Safi I (1629–1642) which was addressed to Mikhail Fedorovich contained assurances of a friendly attitude (“loving friendship”). The strategic line chosen by the two monarchs aimed at preserving and developing trade contacts between the two states was noticeably limited to ta

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Kornoukhova, Gadilya Gizatullaevna, and Yulia Olegovna Tsareva. "Persian trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century and the problem of goods transporting." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 2 (2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-2-167-176.

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The article shows the role of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair as the most important point of the Russo-Persian trade in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. The problem of transportation of goods from Persia to Nizhny Novgorod and in the opposite direction is also considered. This research is based on the body of documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. On the base of them the authors show the inefficiency of activity of the Caucasus and Mercury Company, which actually monopolized the goods tran

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Zimonyi, István. "The Role of Trade in the Conversion to Islam and in the History of the Volga Bulghars." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021351-3.

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The trade-network of Afro-Eurasia changed radically in the 9th–10th centuries, instead of the former east-west routes the south-north came to the fore. The Volga-Kama region became the most important port of trade between the Islamic world and Eastern Europe in the beginning of the 10th century which set in motion the formation of the Volga Bulghar state and the conversion to Islam. The Volga Bulghars are mentioned in the Muslim sources as the center of trade. Ibn Faḍlān, al-Masʿūdī give a detailed picture of this intensive trade. The Muslim dirhams came from Samanid mints to the Volga region

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Nanobashvili George, Nanobashvili George. "Transit Potential and Role of Georgian Railways in the Development of Georgian Economy." Economics 105, no. 09-10 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/9-10/2022-131.

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The railway is an important sector of the economy of Georgia. Despite its small share in the gross domestic product of the country, its role in the socio-economic development of the country is large. "Georgian Railway" is the only railway operator in Georgia. The company mainly provides services related to cargo transportation and transports various types of cargo from Central Asia to the Black Sea. The Georgian Railways also provides passenger transport. The company has a vertically integrated business model, owning and managing tracks, stations, terminals, other railway infrastructure and ro

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Panahi, Roozbeh, Amir Taherkhani, Soheil Radfar, and Ali Ghasemi. "Standardization of the main dimensions of design ships for the Caspian Sea ports." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 2 (2018): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218767303.

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Determination of the main dimensions of a nominated design ship is among the most important parameters when planning a port or performing port infrastructure detailed design. In this regard, port designers commonly use standards and handbooks. Inaccurate estimation of ship dimensions can increase the construction cost of a quay for the most-frequent ship of the area or decrease port efficiency. In some cases, main characteristics of the ship are affected by site-specific conditions. Owing to this fact, aforementioned general approach for all regions may not be accurate. In other words, a compr

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Pototskaya, Tatyana I. "Geographical content of official documents regulating the modern maritime policy of Russia." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 4 (2024): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2024-4-15-24.

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The article aims to identify and analyze the geographic content of official documents that regulate regional priorities of Russia's foreign maritime policy. For this purpose, the author has analyzed all versions of the ‘Maritime Doctrine o f the Russian Federation’, ‘Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea’, ‘Strategy for the Development of Maritime Activities of the Russian Federation until 2030’, ‘Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation’, ‘Military Doctrine of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation’, and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation ‘

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Agaeva, A. Sh, and Sh A. Idrisov. "Russia’s Participation in the Development of Transport and Logistics Highways of the EAEU Member States." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 18, no. 2 (2024): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2024-02-26-36.

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Aim. An overview analysis of the prospects for trade and economic relations in the EAEU, the SCO countries and other interested states, coupled with interests in the geo-economic and geopolitical Eurasian space in the conditions of artificial escalation of local tensions by the collective West.Tasks. Search and evaluation of optimal routes for the development of traditional and new transport and logistics highways, their branched corridors from the perspective of strengthening economic integration agreements, security and interaction of the Eurasian Union with the SCO countries.Methods. The ar

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Magomedov, N. A., and Sh A. Magaramov. "MODERNIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF DERBENT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF PETER THE GREAT." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-69-73.

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In aim of the article is to show the policy of the government of Peter the Great in modernization of natural and economic resources of Derbent and its district. On the basis of the analysis of written and literary references the main actions for the development and modernization of the natural and economic resources of the Derbent region ofDagestanare studied. Plans for reconstruction of Derbent trade harbor in view of its important economic and strategic importance had a more large-scale and consecutive character. The research shows that former trade value of the city was restored, it became

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Avatkov, V., and A. Ryzhenkov. "Turkmenistan and Turkey-Centric Integration." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 1 (2022): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2022-1-68-85.

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Central Asia is one of the focal points of Turkish foreign policy. Attempts to stimulate integration processes in the former Turkic republics of the Soviet Union under Turkish aegis have been underway since the early 1990s. Turkmenistan, due to its large reserves of natural resources and favorable strategic position on the shore of the Caspian Sea, is of particular interest to Ankara. Promoting the concept of “Two states – one nation” Turkey is building interaction with official Ashgabat in the field of trade, military cooperation, humanitarian ties. This article examines the current state of

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Volynskiy, Ilya Aleksandrovich. "Mechanisms and tools for managing development of logistics infrastructure of seaports in Caspian region." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2022, no. 1 (2022): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2022-1-78-83.

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Development of the logistics infrastructure of the seaports in the Caspian region is conditioned by their geographical location in the south of Russia and by high transit potential on the Trans-Caspian route of the international transport corridor North-South. The lack of inter-organizational coordination, as well as the limited investment opportunities of sea terminal operators do not allow to compete with the transnational transport and logistics companies engaged in foreign trade transportation along the vectors “West-East” and “North-South”. Increasing the competitiveness of the seaport lo

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SHCHODRA, Olga. "EUROPEAN TRADE WITH THE ARAB EAST IN THE 8–10 CENTURIES: ROLE OF THE SLAVS AND KYIV RUS." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11600.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze written and archaeological sources on early medieval international trade and to clarify the role of the Slavs and Kyiv Rus in the development of European and transcontinental trade relations. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, interdisciplinarity as well as on general historical methods of historiographical and source analysis, historical-genetic and comparative methods. Scientific novelty. Based on sources and historiographical research, an attempt has been made to find out the role of the Slavs and Kyiv Rus in Europe’s e

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Glubokov, A. I., V. V. Smirnov, and M. A. Sedova. "The reclamation history of the biological resources of the Volga river from the references to 1917." Trudy VNIRO 181 (2020): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2020-181-144-164.

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The history of the development of the biological resources of the Volga River is reflected from the first records until 1917. The Neolithic period is described in detail, based on archaeological researches in the Upper Volga region. The ancient Slavs especially valued sturgeons. The main fishing centers were located in the area of the current city Rybinsk. During the Mongol-Tatar yoke, bread and fish were the main items of domestic trade. After the capture of Astrakhan in 1554, control over the fisheries on the Volga River was completely transferred to the Russian state. In 1660, they began to

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Khan, Qareena. "RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN: POSTKARIMOV PERIOD." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 09, no. 04 (2024): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i04.005.

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The chance to forge new ties between Uzbekistan and Turkiye emerged in 2016 with the change of leadership, following about 20 years of ups and downs. The strained relations were due to several political hiccups like Turkiye’s asylum to Uzbek dissidents, Currencycrisis of Turkiye, banning of Gulen schools and the Andijan event. This study focuses on the relations between Turkiye and Uzbekistan in the post-Karimov period. The focus will be on the development of political relations and the opening of new ventures due to current geopolitics in Turkiye-Uzbekistan relationship dynamics. The geo-stra

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Генералов, А. Ю., and Г. П. Ерхов. "HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF RUSSIAN-IRANIAN RELATIONS." Человеческий капитал, no. 1(181) (January 19, 2024): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2024.01.05.

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Современное положение российско-иранских отношений складывалось в ходе длительного исторического процесса. Одним из наиболее важных моментов этого процесса стал переход Персии в российскую сферу влияния в ходе масштабного геополитического противостояния Российской и Британской империй. Продолжительное время Британия владела инициативой и благодаря своему влиянию на Персию могла в должной мере сдерживать Россию. Однако после двух русско-персидских войн и заключения серии договоров и конвенций, ситуация в корне изменилась. XIX столетие имело ключевое значение для стабилизации российско-иранских

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Shokirova, Durdona, and N.G. Nizomiddinov. "Practical application of the Ayurvedic treatment system." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (2024): 82–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450377.

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Being one of the oldest medical systems, Ayurveda had a great influence on the development of world medicine. Even in ancient times, Indian medicinal plants were transported by sea and land trade routes to Parthia, the countries of the Mediterranean and Central Asia, the basins of the Caspian and Black Seas, and Southern Siberia ь and China. The main export items were spikenard, musk, sandalwood, cinnamon, aloe and other plants, and incense. The treatise “Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita”, written in the 4th century. BC e. formed the basis of the treatise on Tibetan medicine by Zhud Shi. J

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MUSAEV, Makhach Abdulaevich. "EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: JOURNEY FROM RUSSIA TO PERSIA IN 1746–1747." Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, no. 76 (April 24, 2020): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc76/3.

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In 1753, Jonas Hanway's four-volume work "Historical Report" was published in London. The last volumes of “British trade across the Caspian Sea” are devoted to the history of Iran from 1722 to 1749. The first two volumes mostly contain reports of different nature about the history and state of British trade with the East through Russia, narratives of the trips undertaken by Hanway and others. Among the large number of interesting materials there is a description of the travel of the Russian Embassy led by Prince M.M. Golitsin. This description belongs to Dr. John Cook of Scotland. The latter g

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