Journal articles on the topic 'Cassagnau'

Endonura taurica (Stach, 1951) and E. quadriseta Cassagnau et Péja, 1979 are redescribed based on types and material from the Crimea (Ukraine) and Turkey. Endonura gracilirostris sp. nov and E. dentifera sp. nov. are described from the Crimea (Ukraine).

The subgenus Telobella Cassagnau, 1983 is raised to generic level and its type species is redescribed. A list and a key to the species of the genus are given. The new species Telobella kemiri is described from Lombok island in Indonesia.

A review of the genus Bilobella in the Balkan Peninsula is presented. This region represents a diversity hot-spot for this group, hosting 9 of the 13 known species, to which one species new to science is added from the Lovćen Mountains, Montenegro. Bilobella mahunkai sp. nov. has an extraordinary appearance, as its colour is sulphureous yellow and the tubercles on the posterior abdominal segments are prolonged and of finger-shape. The new species is distinguished from all known members of the genus by having three chaetae on De tubercle of the first thoracal segment. The new species is illustrated with drawings and SEM pictures. Description of Bilobella matsakisi Cassagnau, 1967 specimens from the Peloponnesus, Greece is given, because of the species’ indistinct relation to Bilobella proxima Cassagnau & Peja, 1979. Taxonomical value of some characters investigated for the first time in this genus is discussed and a key to the species of the genus on the Balkan Peninsula is provided as well. Nematoda phoresis on the new taxon’s specimens is documented.

The first two non-European Cryptonura, C. persica sp. nov. and C. maxima sp. nov. from Iran are described and illustrated. Within the genus both new species are well defined, C. persica sp. nov. is easily distinguished by only two chaetae Di on Th.II–III and ogival labrum, C. maxima sp. nov. is recognizable due to numerous chaetae in group L on abdomen IV. Analysis of their morphological features indicate rather close relationship between them. New taxa are also similar to C. jubilaria Smolis, 2002 from Poland, nevertheless, they differ in many substantial characters e.g. colour of body, shape of dorsal tubercles, cheatotaxy of labrum and antennae. Differences between them and other species of the genus are presented in an updated key to Cryptonura and discussion.

The genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 is defined; four species already known from Australia, A. grossi the type species, A. cirrata, A. meridionalis and A. wellingtonia, are redescribed with the aid of new material. Eight new species are described, A. ahimsa, A. beata, A. grandes, A. norfolkensis, A. quarta, A. sanguisugarum, A. scoparia, and A. redita; provisional phylogenetic relationships are discussed for the Australian members of the genus.

Members of the genus Paleonura Cassagnau, 1982 from the Americas are compared with some from the holarctic region. The new species, P. borincana sp. nov., is described from Puerto Rico. It differs from other species of the genus by the combination of having cephalic setae A, B, C, D, two ocular setae and the lack of setae on the dorso-external tubercle of Abd. IV

The purpose of the research: study of fauna phytonematodes of ornamental crops. Materials and methods. Studies were conducted in 2016-2017 years in Kiev Goloseevskiy park, Ukraine. Materials for studies were samples of soil, plants, larvae and adult nematodes. Production of temporal and permanent preparations, determination of nematode species composition were conducted according to common methods. Results and discussion. 41 phytonematode species belonging to 29 species, 16 families and 5 series were found in rhizosphere of ornamental plants of Goloseevskiy park. According to taxonomic structure 49% species of ornamental plant phytonematode complex belong to Tylenchidae, 36% - to Rhabditida, 7% - to Dorylaimida, 4% - to Enoplida and 4% - to Araeolaimida. It is reasonable to divide species of nematodes found in rhizosphere of plants into 4 groups: phytohelminths, micohelminths, saprobionts and predaceous species. Phytohelminths are 11 species, micohelminths are 7 species, saprobionts are 20 species and 2 species are predaceous speciesof nematodes. Cassagnau index was used in order to determine the state of dominance of dispersed species of nematodes (Cassagnau, 1947). According to this parameter Helycotylenchus dihystera, Aphelenchoides fragarie and Ditylenchus dipsaci were the predominate phytoparasitic species. The following species which we often found were: Tylenchorhynchus dubius, Pratylenchus penetrans, P. pratensis, D. destructor, Paratylenchus nanus, Rotylenchus robustus, A. ritzemabosi, species which we found rarely was Longidorus elongatus.

A revision of Palmanura is presented, P. klompeni sp. nov. P. moralesi sp. nov., P. contrerasi sp. nov. and P. axelretanai sp. nov. are described and illustrated, and P. normae Palacios-Vargas, 1996 and P. sernai Palacios-Vargas & Simón Benito, 2009 are redescribed. New records and distribution data are given for several species and a key for identifying every species of the genus are included. A discussion on the ventral chaetotaxy of all genera of the tribe Sensillanurini and a comparison with other tribes of Neanurinae is also provided.

A new diagnosis of Endonura Cassagnau, 1979 is given. E. dudichi (Loksa, 1967) comb. nov., E. incolorata (Stach, 1951) comb. nov., E. lusatica (Dunger, 1966) comb. nov. and E. tatricola (Stach, 1951) are redescribed based on type and new material from Poland, Ukraine, Hungary and Slovakia. Lectotypes of E. incolorata and E. tatricola are designated. Endonura szeptyckii (Weiner, 1973) is synonymized with E. tatricola. Data of occurrence, ecological preferences, variability and morphology of the first instar of the species are provided. New morphological characters with associated nomenclature are proposed.

The polytypic species Hypogastrura crassaegranulata (Stach, 1949) is revised, mostly based on types. H. crassaegranulata dobsinensis (Stach, 1949) is synonymized with H. crassaegranulata sensu nov. and H. crassaegranulata estaranhensis Cassagnau, 1959 and H. crassaegranulata burgundiana Gisin, 1960 are synonymized with H. franconiana stat. nov. H. crassaegranulata carpatica Nosek, 1962 is recognized as a distinct species. Achorutes schäfferi Carl, 1901 (= A. affinis Schäffer, 1900), suspected as identical with H. crassaegranulata franconiana, is considered as a probable synonym of H. purpurescens (Lubbock, 1867). Redescriptions are provided and lectotypes are designated for H. crassaegranulata (Stach, 1949) sensu nov. and H. franconiana (Stach, 1949) stat. nov.

The study of Onychiuridae from 42 caves of the north of the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France has revealed the existence of 32 species inhabiting the caves of the Basque bio-speleological district, among which four new species are described: Deuteraphorura bizkaiensis sp. nov., Deuteraphorura bolivari sp. nov., Onychiurus arbailakensis sp. nov. and Protaphorura leitzaldeaensis sp. nov. Furthermore, three species, Deuteraphorura boneti (Gisin, 1953), Deuteraphorura akelaris (Jordana & Beruete, 1983) and Spinonychiurus vandeli (Cassagnau, 1960), are redescribed based on type and new material to furnish the description of some characters, especially concerning the chaetotaxy, not considered in the original description. Keys to the recorded species are also reported.

Endonura alticola (Stach, 1951) comb. nov. is redescribed based on the type material and seven new species of the genus Endonura are described from the various parts of the Caucasus. E. paracantabrica sp. nov. can be recognized by the number of chaetae (L+So) on head and a fusion of tubercles Di and De on the first thoracic segment. Specific traits of E. aibgai sp. nov. include small body size, low number of chaetae (L+So) on head, nonogival labrum, dentate claws, and long tibiotarsal chaetae B4 and B5. E. diminutichaeta sp. nov. is characterized by an unusually short chaeta Di1on abdomen IV. E. dobrolyubovae sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by notably long chaeta Ocp on head and the presence of male ventral organ. The absence of chaetae E and O on head, ogival labrum, cryptopygy and dentate claws are typical of E. cryptopyga sp. nov. E. ossetica sp. nov. is most easily recognized by an unusual shape of tubercle Af on head connected with chaetae D and E. Main characteristics of E. kremenitsai sp. nov. include the presence of chaeta E and five chaetae Dl on head. A key to all known species of the genus including the above outlined taxa is given. General remarks on distribution and possible historical biogeography of the genus are also provided.

Artykuł przybliża losy zwierząt (przede wszystkim koni), wykorzystywanych w trackie działań wojennych podczas I wojny światowej. Autorka, której bliska jest perspektywa historii nieantropocentrycznej, sięga po poświęcone między innymi tym zagadnieniom pionierskie opracowanie Érica Barataya pt. Zwierzęcy punkt widzenia. Inna wersja historii oraz po pamiętniki Ivana Cassagnau, francuskiego artylerzysty z lat 1914- 1916, odnosi je do napisanej przez Michaela Morpurgo powieści dla dzieci i młodzieży pt. War Horse (1982). W Polsce przełożonej dopiero pod wpływem adaptacji filmowej w reżyserii Stevena Spielberga z 2011 roku, dystrybuowanej pod kuriozalnym tytułem Czas wojny. Autorka artykułu w krytycznej interpretacji powieści zwraca uwagę na wartość (i niedociągnięcia) narracji prowadzonej z perspektywy zwierzęcego bohatera, zastanawia się, w jakim stopniu dzięki temu zabiegowi pisarzowi udało się stworzyć przekonującą wojenną biografię konia, wreszcie podkreśla wynikający z tej optyki pacyfistyczny wydźwięk książki.

Knowledge on Poduromorpha fauna from the littoral of Rio de Janeiro mainly come from studies conducted in “restinga” areas of Itaipuaçu, Maricá, and Marambaia. In this study two “restinga” areas were sampled for the first time to increase the taxonomic knowledge of Poduromorpha in littoral areas of Rio de Janeiro: Costa do Sol State Park and Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, located respectively at Lake Region (“região dos lagos”) and at northern Rio de Janeiro State. The analysis of the material showed the presence of six families, 14 genera and 20 species. All records are new for both areas; Neanuridae had the highest diversity, with seven genera and 10 species. One of them, Paleonura Cassagnau, 1982, was registered for the first time in the littoral of Rio de Janeiro. A key was proposed for the Poduromorpha genera found in the littoral of Rio de Janeiro.

Disparrhopalites naasaveqw n. sp. is described from a cave at Wupatki National Monument, Arizona. It differs from D. patrizii (Cassagnau & Delamare Deboutteville, 1953) in having pigment and a well-developed ungual cavity, and from D. tergestinus Fanciulli, Colla & Dallai, 2005 by having pigment, 8+8 eyes and a well-developed ungual tunica. Dietersminthurus enkerlinius Palacios-Vargas, Cuéllar & Vázquez, 1998 is transferred to Disparrhopalites Stach, 1956 as D. enkerlinius (Palacios-Vargas, Cuéllar & Vázquez, 1998) n. comb. The sminthurid subfamily Songhaicinae Sánchez-García & Engel, 2016 (type genus Songhaica Lasebikan, Betsch & Dallai, 1980) is redefined and the genera Disparrhopalites, Gisinurus Dallai, 1970, Soqotrasminthurus Bretfeld, 2005 and Varelasminthurus Da Silva, Palacios-Vargas & Bellini, 2015 are transferred to this subfamily. A key is provided for separation of included genera. Effects of climate change on presumed cases of cave restriction in the American Southwest are discussed.

Located in Northern Pyrenees, in the Arbas massif, France, the system of the Coume Ouarnède, also known as Réseau Félix Trombe—Henne Morte, is the longest and the most complex cave system of France. The system, developed in massive Mesozoic limestone, has two distinct resurgences. Despite relatively limited sampling, its subterranean fauna is rich, composed of a number of local endemics, terrestrial as well as aquatic, including two remarkable relictual species, Arbasus caecus (Simon, 1911) and Tritomurus falcifer Cassagnau, 1958. With 38 stygobiotic and troglobiotic species recorded so far, the Coume Ouarnède system is the second richest subterranean hotspot in France and the first one in Pyrenees. This species richness is, however, expected to increase because several taxonomic groups, like Ostracoda, as well as important subterranean habitats, like MSS (“Milieu Souterrain Superficiel”), have not been considered so far in inventories. Similar levels of subterranean biodiversity are expected to occur in less-sampled karsts of central and western Pyrenees.

The genus Paralobella is reported from mainland China for the first time by a new species, Paralobella palustris, described here. Paralobella palustris sp. nov. differs from all known members of the genus in the specific character of 20 teeth on mandible, 4 teeth and 2 hooks on maxilla, 5 chaetae (4+s) on each tubercle L of Abd. II–III, 8 chaetae (7+s) on tubercle L of Abd. IV. The new species is assigned to Paralobella because most characters comply with the diagnosis of the genus given by Cassagnau and Deharveng (1984). It is proposed that the generic diagnosis is slightly modified to take into account some additional characters, such as mandible with many teeth (more than 3 main), the tubercle De on Abd. V separated from tubercle Dl and tubercle Oc with 1 or 2 chaetae. The above mentioned characters broaden the previous diagnosis. This diagnosis allows for including 7 species, i.e., Lobella (Lobella) apsala Yosii, 1976, L.(Lobella) erawan Yosii, 1976, L.(Lobellina) paraperfusa (Gapud, 1968), L. (Lobellina) penangensis Yosii, 1976, L.(Lobellina) sabahna Yoshii, 1981 and L.(Lobellina) selangorica Yosii, 1976 and L. (Propeanura) kinabaluensis Yoshii, 1981 into the genus Paralobella.

Two new species of non-European Endonura, E. levantica sp. nov. (Israel) and E. asiatica sp. nov. (Kirgisia), are described and illustrated. E. reticulata (Axelson, 1905), the most widespread member of the genus, is redescribed on the basis of a new extensive material.

Seven new species of the subfamily Neanurinae from north-western Iran are described and illustrated in detail. Endonura agnieskaesp. nov. differs from the most similar congener, E. reticulata (Axelson, 1905), in chaetotaxic details and the arrangement of tubercles on the dorsal side of the body. Endonura annaesp. nov. can be easily recognised by its wide labrum, the absence of chaetae C on the head and the presence of a toothed claw. Endonura schwendingerisp. nov. is especially distinctive due to the absence of chaetae A and Ocp on the head and the presence of the male ventral organ. Deutonura brevisetasp. nov. is related and most similar to D. persica Smolis, Shayanmehr & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2018, described recently and known from Mazandran Province in Iran. The new species can be easily distinguished by the following set of features: dark pigmented body, presence of chaetae C and Dl3 on the head, absence of microchaetae on the furca rudimentary, presence of thickened macrochaetae on dorsal side of body and absence of cryptopygy. The main characteristics of Deutonura sengletisp. nov. include a white body with dark pigmented eyes, the fusion of tubercles Di and De on the first thoracic segment and the presence of the male ventral organ. Deutonura iranicasp. nov. is superficially similar to D. gibbosa Porco, Bedos & Deharveng, 2010, a species known from the Alps and Jura in Europe, but it differs in the body colour and the number of labial chaetae and chaetae (L+So) on the head. Paravietnura rostratasp. nov., the first member of this enigmatic and intriguing genus known from Iran, is characterised by an unusually elongate ogival labrum and extreme reduction of dorsal chaetotaxy. Furthermore, new records of several other species of the subfamily: Cryptonura maxima Smolis, Falahati & Skarżyński, 2012; C. persica Smolis, Falahati & Skarżyński, 2012; Deutonura persica; Endonura longirostris Smolis, Shayanmehr, Kuznetsova & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2017; E. paracentaurea Smolis, Shayanmehr, Kuznetsova & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2017; Neanura deharvengi Smolis, Shayanmehr & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2018; N. muscorum (Templeton, 1835) and Protanura papillata Cassagnau & Delamare Deboutteville, 1955 are given. The present study is based on the rich material collected by Antoine Senglet and loaned by Peter J. Schwendinger.

Abrantes, E.A., Bellini, B.C., Bernardo, A.N., Fernandes, L.H., Mendonça, M.C., Oliveira, E.P., Queiroz, G.C., Sautter, K.D., Silveira, T.C. & Zeppelini, D. (2010) Synthesis of Brazilian Collembola: an update to the species list. Zootaxa, 2388, 1–22.Ågren, H. (1903) Diagnosen einiger neuen Achorutiden aus Schweden (Vorläufige Mittheilungen). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 24, 126–128.Arlé, R. (1959) Collembola Arthropleona do Brasil oriental e central. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 49, 155–211.Bellinger, P.F., Christiansen, K.A. & Janssens, F. (2010) Checklist of the Collembola of the World. Available from: http://www.collembola.org (Accessed 25 November 2010).Bonet, F. (1930) Remarques sur les hypogastruriens cavernicoles avec descriptions d’espèces nouvelles (Collembola). Eos Madrid, 6, 113–139.Börner, C. (1906) Das System der Collembolen nebst Beschreibung neuer Collembolen des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Mitteilungen aus den Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 23, 147–188.Cassagnau, P. & Rapoport, E.H. (1962) Collemboles d’Amérique du Sud, I Poduromorphes. Biologie de la Amérique Australe, 1, 139–184.Denis, J.R. (1931) Collemboles de Costa Rica avec une contribution au spèces d’lordre. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici, 25, 69–170.Fernandes, L.H. & Mendonça, M.C. (2004) Collembola Poduromorpha do litoral de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 21, 15–25.Massoud, Z. (1967) Monographie des Neanuridae, Collemboles Poduromorphes à pièces buccales modifiées. Biologie de l'Amérique Australe, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Volume III, Paris, pp.7–399.Mendonça, M.C. & Fernandes, L.H. (1997) A new genus of Brachystomellinae from Brazil (Collembola: Neanuridae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, nova seérie, zoologia, Rio de Janeiro, 379, 1–7.Najt, J. & Massoud, Z. (1974) Contribution à l’étude des Brachystomellinae (Insectes, Collemboles). I.—Nouvelles espèces récoltées en Argentine. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 11 (3), 367–372.Najt, J. & Palacios-Vargas, J.G. (1986) Nuevos Brachystomellinae de Mexico (Collembola, Neanuridae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 3 (4), 457–471.Najt, J. & Weiner, W.M. (1996) Geographical distribution of Brachystomellinae (Collembola: Neanuridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 72 (2), 61–69.Najt, J., Weiner, W.M. & Grandcolas, P. (2005) Phylogeny of the Brachystomellidae (Collembola) — were the mandibles ancestrally absent and did they re-appear in this family? Zoologica Scripta, 34, 305–312.Rapoport, E.H. & Rubio, I. (1963) Fauna collembologica de Chili. Investigaciones Zoologicas Chilenas, 9, 95–124.Schäffer, C. (1896) Die Collembolen der Umgebung von Hamburg und benachbarter Gebiete. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 13, 149–216.Weiner, W.M. & Najt, J. (2001) Species of Brachystomella (Collembola: Brachystomellidae) from the Neotropical region. European Journal of Entomology, 98 (3), 387–413.Wray, D.L. (1953) New Collembola from Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 37 (2), 140–150.

O artigo analisa anúncios de cosméticos publicados na revista Fon-Fon! de 1911 a 1934. Discute as rupturas e continuidades observadas nos anúncios de cosméticos coletados. Estuda especificamente a publicidade de pó para maquiagem e os modelos de feminino presentes nos respectivos anúncios, com base em duas grandes séries: os anúncios com e sem imagens femininas. Também introduz e discute a metodologia da produção de uma história com base em anúncios publicitários. Metodologicamente, destaca-se a importância e centralidade da imagem nas análises feitas, atentando para a composição das imagens e os modelos de feminino propostos. As ferramentas de análise da imagem se pautaram nos trabalhos de Sophie Cassagnes e Martine Joly, e os pressupostos de ordem teórica, em Haskell.

Two species, <em>D. octhoniai</em> from Evvia and<em> D. saraolacosi</em> from Skyros island (Greece) are morphologically described. These two species were collected for the first time at the end of the ‘70s but they were recorded only as nomina nuda without any formal taxonomic description<em>. D. octhoniai</em> is very similar to the other Evvian species <em>D. makrikapa</em> and to<em> D. vandeli</em> and D<em>. petrochilosi</em> from Viotia and Attiki respectively, differing from them only by a few morphological characters. On the other hand<em> D. saraolacos</em>i is very different from all the other species of Central Greece and West Aegean showing some affinity only with the Attiki species <em>D</em>. <em>insignis</em> and with the South Evvian species<em> D. cassagnaui.</em> Relationships among the species inhabiting caves of this area of Greece are discussed in relation to the complex geological history of the West Aegean area and the adjacent mainland.

La jubilación del profesor ENTRENA CUESTA, catedrático de Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad de Barcelona, propició la celebración, el 15 de noviembre de 2002, de un Seminario sobre la justicia Administrativa en la Facultad de Derecho de dicha Universidad, el cual, bajo la presidencia del profesor Alejandro Nieto, contó con la participación de los profesores Tornos Mas, Font i Llovet, Malaret i García, Esteve Pardo, Pérez Moreno, Baena del Alcázar, López Ramón, Baño León, Cassagne y Montoro Chiner. Dicho Seminario, en el que tan eminentes administrativistas repasaron los problemas y las cuestiones fundamentales planteadas en torno al control jurisdiccional de la Administración Pública, a la luz de la “nueva” Ley de 13 de julio de 1998, es el origen del volumen que tenemos ocasión de reseñar sucintamente, publicado en el último trimestre del pasado año 2003.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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New species of Neanura MacGillivray, 1893 and Deutonura Cassagnau, 1979 are described from northern Iran. Both taxa are characterized by unusual features that place them in isolated positions within the genera. Neanura deharvengi sp. nov. differs from congeners by the extreme reduction of head chaetotaxy and fused lateral tubercles on the head. These characteristics of the new species broaden the existing diagnosis of the genus Neanura. An updated diagnosis is provided herein. Deutonura persica sp. nov. is most similar to D. plena (Stach, 1951), known from the Carpathians. The new species can be distinguished by the strong reduction of its head, labial, and labral chaetotaxy as well as the relative length of chaetae De2 and De3 on abdominal segments I–III. The Iranian records of D. decolorata (Gama & Gisin, 1964) are questioned. Brief remarks on the importance of the newly described species for the knowledge of both genera are also provided.