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1
Mohammed, Ibrahim Umar. "Virus-host interactions in the cassava brown streak disease pathosystem." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8765/.
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The research seeks to understand the virus-host plant interactions for cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) caused by two viruses, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan Cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) of the genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae. The diversity of six CBSD isolates from the endemic (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania) and the recently developed epidemic areas (Uganda) of the disease in eastern Africa was studied. Five cassava varieties differing in virus resistance levels; Albert, Columbian, Ebwanateraka, TMS60444 (all susceptible) and Kiroba (tolerant) were graft-inoculated with the UCBSV and CBSV isolates. Based on a number of parameters, the isolates can be grouped into two main categories; severe and milder forms. Transmission of viruses using non-vector modes confirmed that CBSV was sap transmissible from cassava to cassava. Graft-inoculation of infected scions onto CBSD-free cassava plants was the most efficient mode of transmission which resulted in 80 and 100% rate for UCBSV and CBSV respectively. The two virus isolates were not transmitted through contaminated tools and hands. The effect of host-tolerance on virus was investigated in a long-term experiment where three cassava varieties Albert, Kiroba and Kaleso (field-resistant to CBSD) were graft-inoculated with UCBSV and CBSV. The three cassava varieties showed differences in virus movement, symptom development, severity and relative virus titres. The mechanisms of resistance to CBSD were investigated by making cuttings, from various parts of the plants, and a greater number of disease-free plants were generated from cuttings made from Kaleso than Kiroba and Albert. The fecundity of B. tabaci and its ability to transmit the virus were determined and results indicated no significant differences in the ability of the three cassava varieties to support whitefly development. Finally, thermal and chemical treatments of tissue cultured plants were conducted and the combinations of both treatments produced the greatest number of disease-free plants in all three varieties; Kaleso (50%), Kiroba (44%) and Albert (35%). The information generated in this thesis has greatly improved our understanding of the interactions between the three biotic factors; the host, virus and vector in the CBSD-pathosystem, which would be highly useful in designing effective disease management strategies.
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Anaglo, Jonathan Nicholas. "Understanding the influence of livelihood features on cassava value chains." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2011. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9098/.
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More than 70% of Ghanaian farmers depend on cassava farming and processing as part of their livelihood activities. The study sought to identify the actors in the cassava value chains, how their livelihood features influence upgrading in the value chains and also, factors that farmers consider in deciding whether to sell fresh cassava roots to intermediate processors or to process the roots themselves and sell. The study was conducted in locations in six districts in Ghana. It combined the Value Chain Approach and the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach using qualitative and quantitative data. A stakeholder workshop was held to identify the main actors and their functions in the fufu, kokonte and cassava flour value chains. Livelihood analysis was conducted in two parts. First, it was carried out on eighty (80) households in the pounded fufu and kokonte value chains and the second aspect involved an intermediary flour processor – Amasa Agro Processing Company Limited and 43 individual farmers who supplied cassava roots to the Company. A cost benefit analysis was also carried out to determine whether selling of cassava roots is more profitable than processing the roots into shelf-stable products for sale. It was observed that farmers and processors, who are the main actors in the identified value chains, did not have adequate access to physical, social, natural, financial and human capital. Livelihood features that enhanced prospects for upgrading in the fufu value chain were increased access to energy, water and sanitation, group membership, access to information, and a vibrant enabling environment. Three livelihood constraints, poor access to credit, labour shortage and inadequate transport facilities have however, been found to create circumstances favourable to adoption of the new technology in the fufu value chain. In the kokonte value chain, it was observed that access to health facilities, improved transportation, group membership, access to information and an enabling environment enhanced prospects for upgrading. It was also observed that farmers made more profit when they processed their cassava and sold it than when they sell the cassava roots to the intermediary processor. Among the processed products, profits from grits were found to be the highest, followed by agbelima and gari. However, farmers indicated that they are more comfortable selling cassava roots and grits to the intermediary HQCF processor than middlemen and other buyers because in addition to bulk and prompt payment, they have their fields ploughed for them on credit basis and also get free cassava planting materials. To promote the adoption of new cassava-processing technologies in Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, strategies recommended were the provision of financial assistance, improving access to information through extension services, development of manual and cheaper kokonte slicing machines and legislation on the use of a percentage of High Quality Cassava Flour as a substitute to wheat flour in the baking industry.
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Musa, Muawiya Abarshi. "Molecular diagnostics, genetic diversity and generating infectious clones for cassava brown streak viruses." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9092/.
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Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) threatens cassava production in eastern and southern African countries. Diagnostic protocols currently available for the causal agents of CBSD, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV), were unreliable but were urgently needed. In this study, sampling procedures and diagnostic protocols were developed for accurate and reliable detection of both CBSV and CBSUV. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method of RNA extraction was optimized for sample preparation from infected cassava plants and compared with the commercial kit RNeasy (Qiagen) for sensitivity and reproducibility. Results showed that both protocols were reliable but CTAB was more cost-effective and ideal for resource-poor laboratories. Mixed infections of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) that cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD), CBSV and CBSUV have become more common with the recent spread of CBSD at mid-altitudes. A multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of viruses that cause both diseases, the first of its kind for cassava, was therefore developed to detect CBSV and CBSUV along with the three commonly occurring CMBs (African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMVUG) in eastern Africa. Similarly, a duplex PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of CBSV and CBSUV, both viruses being detected in field-collected samples from Tanzania and Kenya. The genetic diversity of more than 40 CBSD isolates from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique was further examined by sequencing the coat protein (CP) gene and partial HAM1 gene sequences. The phylogenetic tree clustered the CBSD isolates into two groups reflecting the two virus species causing CBSD. In this study, various strategies were carried out for generating infectious clones of CBSV; gateway cloning, in vivo and in vitro transcription methods, and amplification of the viral genome in three fragments. Although 3 overlapping CBSV fragments were successfully cloned, the presence of an unexpected mutation at one of the cloning sites unfortunately did not allow reassembling of the fragments to construct the full-length cDNA.
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Fernandez, Alejandro Q. "Effects of processing procedures and cultivar on the properties of cassava flour and starch." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14114/.
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The aim of this research was to widen the knowledge of the physicochemical properties of cassava starch and flour and to understand the factors which influence their functional characteristics, including both genetic and environmental effects as well as processing procedures. A range of chemical and physical techniques which included the Brabender viscoamylograph, Bohlin CS rheometer, Brabender farinograph, WAXS, GPC, SEHPLC and Coulter counter have been used to examine the structural and behavioural characteristics of both cassava starch and flour. The results suggested that the functional behaviour of native cassava starches of different origins varies widely and appeared to be associated with molecular structure and the architecture of the starch granule. The viscosity and the mechanical properties of the pastes produced by gelatinization were determined by the degree of swelling and the amount and proportion of amylose and amylopectin in the solvent phase of the pastes. The amylopectin was present in the solvent phase in substantial quantities which varied between 37 and 57% of the total starch solubilized. In native cassava starches, the amylose appeared to have a high molecular weight (M, 19 x 105 - 11 x 105 ). The constituent chains of the amylopectin molecule did not vary in length with cassava starches of different origins, but their relative population did which was reflected in minor differences in the chromatographic profiles. Starch granules containing long chain amyloses and amylopectin with a high degree of branching were found to release reduced amounts of molecules into the liquid phase of the pastes, and vice versa Where the pastes contained a high proportion of amylopectin and long amylose molecules the resultant gel was surprisingly weak. Cassava starch processed to produce "sour" starch, or fermented, and sun dried starch, was found to have suffered degradation to an extent where 77-86 % of the starch was solubilized during aqueous heating. The extent of the degradation was influenced by the cassava cultivar. The "sour" starch proved superior to unfermented and fermented, oven dried starches in the production of baked baked products with an expanded texture. Starch extracted from cassava roots which had been stored for a short period, during which physiological deteriorative processes could have occurred, was found to show a slight reduction in the pasting viscosity which was not related to granular or molecular size or organization. Rural, factory-extracted starch was found to have a reduced paste viscosity as a consequence of fermentation and contamination with peel residues from the roots. Cassava flour properties were influenced by the conditions of preparation. Drying temperature, milling procedure and particle size could be selected and controlled to give cassava flours of the desired functional properties.
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Wongtiem, Prapit. "Propagation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by somatic embryogenesis." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0072.
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La culture du manioc est l'une des plus importantes en Thaïlande. L'évolution de la demande en amidon, en aliments pour animaux et en biocarburant nécessitera une augmentation annuelle de 4 à 6 millions de tonnes de racines. Une augmentation de la production peut être obtenue par la diffusion de clones sélectionnés. Celle-ci est limitée par la méthode de propagation traditionnelle. La propagation en masse par embryogenèse somatique (ES) est une méthode prometteuse pour accélérer la diffusion des clones chez les fermiers. Ce travail avait pour but de mettre en place trois procédés d' ES (embryogenèse primaire, secondaire et indirecte) pour cinq clones thaïlandais : R5, R7, R9, R72, R90. Le clone R9 a été sélectionné récemment pour la production d'éthanol. Des embryons primaires ont été obtenus pour deux clones (R9 et R90). Des cultures d'ES secondaires (cycliques) ont été établies en milieux solide et liquide pour le clone R9. . . . .Cassava is one of the most important economic crops in Thailand. The increase demand for starch, animal feed and carburant ethanol will require an addition 4-6 million tons of fresh roots every year. A short term increase in production can be obtained from the dissemination of new clones with higher productivities. However, the diffusion rate of selected clones is limited by the traditional vegetative propagation method of this crop. Mass propagation by somatic embryogenesis (SE) can be a very promising technique to faster their diffusion to the farmers. This work aimed to establish different SE processes (primary, secondary and indirect SE) for five cassava clones selected by the Rayong Field Crops Research Center : R5, R7, R9, R72, R90. R9 has recently been selected for its suitability to produce ethanol. Primary somatic embryos were obtained from foliar explants for two clones (R9 and R90). Secondary SE cultures, also called cyclic, were established on solid and liquid media for the clone R9. . .
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Coimbra, Tomás Sassetti. "Mandioca. A cultura, a sua análise económica e a respectiva cadeia produtiva no Brasil." Master's thesis, ISA, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6789.
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Mestrado em Agronomia Tropical e Desenvolvimento sustentável - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a plant cultivated in the broad majority of tropical countries: genetic studies report its origin as from the amazonic basin from Brasil. This crop, used mainly as a food of great presence in the daily diet of the tropic populations, especially those of low income, has several applications such as its use in animal feeding as well as in the industries of food, textile, and energetic; predictions look to a future of growing importance of this crop in the exportation domain. This work first shows a characterization of cassava crop in the agronomic area, to afterwards, build the current context and the economic tendency of the past 20 years at Brasil and world levels. In this scope, the productive chain of starch in the center-south region of Brasil is characterized, highlighting the respective opportunities and limitations. At a world level, cassava is in rise, close to other large scale crops, having had an evolution superior to that of sweet-potato, a equally important tubercle. In Brasil, this crop is economically stagnated, due to many factors, here presented and discussed. In relation to the market of derivatives, as are starch and chips, it is dependent of Chinese demand, to supply their program of biofuels. These and other characteristics of the market and production of cassava will be referred in the present work so as to this important root can become better known, stated by some specialists as "a present from God".
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Picanço, Miguel de Nazaré Brito. "Na roça, na mesa, na vida: uma viagem pelas rotas e desvios da mandioca ao fazer-se coisas de comer, no e além do nordeste paraense." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7315.
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Esta etnografia se inscreve nos estudos contemporâneos que tratam da cultura material e da vida coletiva, considerando as trajetórias e os movimentos de algumas espécies do mundo natural cultivadas por indivíduos. Assim, busco estudar as ressignificações que estão acontecendo na cultura material contemporânea, numa ordem de interação entre elementos, coisas e espécies da natureza que compõem essa cultura material, e suas experiências com humanos e não humanos (Ingold, 2015, 2012; Latour, 2012; Gell, 2005). Por meio de incursões etnográficas, pautadas em observações participantes, conversas formais e informais, estudei as trajetórias e os movimentos da mandioca e suas rotas e desvios (Appadurai, 2008) no e além do território brasileiro, com centralidade no estado do Pará, onde ela povoa um emaranhado de práticas comerciais, comensais e religiosas com e entre os sujeitos que a cultivam, estabelecendo-se como alimento primordial e como objeto na constituição de experiências que povoam o cotidiano dos paraenses. Portanto, nesta investigação objetivou-se analisar e descrever as experiências vivenciadas pela mandioca com os humanos que habitam no texto da pesquisa, e destes com ela. Para tanto, nesta viagem me dispus a seguir os materiais e pessoas que dão concretude às experiências supramencionadas com o intuito de: etnografar os processos que culminam com a produção, consumo e singularização (Kopytoff, 2008) dos descendentes da mandioca, assim como reconhecer como são negociadas e estabelecidas essas experiências.
This ethnography is inscribed in contemporary studies dealing with material culture and collective life, considering the trajectories and movements of some species of the natural world cultivated by individuals. Thus, I seek to study the re-significances that are taking place in contemporary material culture, in an order of interaction between the elements, things and species of nature that make up this material culture, and their experiences with humans and non-humans (Ingold, 2015, 2012; Gell, 2005). Through ethnographic incursions, based on participant observations, formal and informal conversations, I studied the trajectories and movements of cassava and its routes and deviations (Appadurai, 2008) in and beyond the Brazilian territory, with centrality in the State of Pará, where it populate a tangle of commercial, commensal, and religious practices with and among the subjects who cultivate it, establishing itself as a primordial food and as an object in the constitution of experiences that populate the daily life of the Paraense. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and describe the experiences of cassava with the humans that inhabit the text of the research, and of these with it. To this end, I set out to follow the materials and people that give concrete expression to the above mentioned experiences in order to: ethnograph the processes that culminate with the production, consumption and singularization (Kopytoff, 2008) of the descendants of cassava, as well as recognize as these experiences are negotiated and established.
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Silva, Maria C?lia Lucia da. "A Cultura e o Processamento da Mandioca como Elementos Estruturais na Forma??o do T?cnico em Agroind?stria." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2345.
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In this study we used the chain of production of cassava as a pedagogical element to stimulate and sensitize students to the technical course of agroindustria of the Federal Institute of Pernambuco-campus Victoria, on the importance of culture in their training, considering its social, economic and for the social center of the Forest Region of the state of Pernambuco, where the cultivation and processing of cassava agro comprise the universe of family farming. This is also the source region of Vitoria-campus students. The study was conducted with the students of 2nd year course in Agroindustria in the space for the experience of the discipline of cassava technology that makes up the curriculum of the course is a survey of quantitative and qualitative. For quantitative evaluation, we used a structured questionnaire with with affirmative questions about the theoretical and practical knowledge of the units built with such subjects, and measured using a Likert scale. Analyses included the first two moments, considered test T1, at the beginning of the course and the second T2 tests at the end of the semester when you close the activities of the discipline. In qualitative evaluation, we chose to use the educational contest in which students split into groups to address the following issues: social, economic and cultural of cassava. For this activity, students had to organize themselves to do your research to make their experimental tasks. The results were presented at an event at the institution and evaluated according to the tasks proposed, theatrical presentation, seminar, poetry and music, with a thematic approach. We found that experienced in the course content was able to awaken the student to the problems experienced by small producers in the region which has in the cultivation and processing of cassava, since the same grounds engaged in seeking, through research with the units producers and farmers, so that their knowledge would be consolidated in practice, which was observed with the presentation of the tasks of the contest. In the assessment made by the student in their statements, they indicated that the method provided a better understanding of course content, and that the visit helped to strengthen their learning. Thus, the method used for this work has contributed to building a more critical awareness, facing the problem of a chain of cassava agro-industry which is of importance in the training of students in the technical course of agroindustria of IFcampus Vitoria.
Neste estudo foi utilizada a cadeia produtiva da mandioca como elemento pedag?gico para estimular e sensibilizar os alunos do curso t?cnico de agroind?stria, do campus Vitoria do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, sobre a import?ncia desta cultura na sua forma??o t?cnica, considerandoseus aspectos s?cio, econ?mico e social para a Regi?o da Mata Centro do estado de Pernambuco, onde o cultivo e o processamento da mandioca comp?em o universo agroindustrial da agricultura familiar. Esta ? tamb?m a regi?o de origem dos alunos do campus Vitoria. A investiga??o foi realizada com os alunos do 2? ano do curso T?cnico em Agroind?stria no espa?o destinado a vivencia da disciplina Tecnologia da mandioca que comp?e a matriz curricular do curso sendo a uma pesquisa de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Para a avalia??o quantitativa, usouse um question?rio estruturado com afirmativas sobre os conhecimentos te?ricos e pr?ticos constru?do com as unidades da referida disciplinas, sendo mensurada atrav?s de uma escala de Likert. Esta avalia??o compreendeu dois momentos o primeiro, considerado teste T1, no inicio da disciplina e o segundo testes T2 no final do semestre quando se encerram as atividades da disciplina. Na avalia??o qualitativa, optou-se por usar a gincana pedag?gica, na qual os alunos de dividiram em grupos para atender as tem?ticas social, econ?mica e cultural da mandioca. Para esta atividade, os alunos tiveram que se organizar para fazer a sua pesquisa experimental para compor suas tarefas. Os resultados foram apresentados em um evento na Institui??o, e avaliados conforme o cumprimento das tarefas propostas de: apresenta??o teatral, semin?rio, poesia e m?sica, com a abordagem da tem?tica. Verificamos que o conte?do vivenciado na disciplina foi capaz de despertar o aluno para a problem?tica vivida pelos pequenos produtores da regi?o que tem no cultivo e no processamento da mandioca, uma vez que, os mesmo se empenharam em buscar fundamentos, atrav?s da investiga??o com as unidades produtores e os agricultores familiares, para que os seus conhecimentos fossem consolidados na pr?tica, o que foi observado com a apresenta??o das tarefas da gincana. Na avalia??o feita pelo aluno, em seus depoimentos, eles indicaram que o m?todo usado proporcionou uma melhor compreens?o dos conte?dos da disciplina, e que a visita colaborou para fortalecer a sua aprendizagem. Assim, o m?todo usado para a realiza??o deste trabalho, contribuiu com a constru??o de uma consci?ncia mais cr?tica, voltada para a problem?tica de uma cadeia agroind?stria da mandioca que ? de import?ncia na forma??o dos alunos do curo t?cnico em agroind?stria do IFPE ? campos Vitoria.
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Cartas, Liliana Carrillo. "Isolamento e cultivo de microalgas em resíduo líquido do processamento da mandioca: manipueira." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1048.
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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade do uso da manipueira como meio de cultura para microalgas e determinar as melhores condições para o cultivo. As cepas avaliadas foram isoladas das lagoas de estabilização de manipueira da empresa Podium Alimentos LTDA. de Paranavaí, sendo identificadas morfologicamente como Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp. Monoraphidium sp. e Golenkinia sp. A presença de atividade amilolítica e a determinação da toxicidade do cianeto, composto presente no resíduo, foram avaliadas para cada uma das linhagens de microalgas isoladas. A presença de amilase foi identificada em Monoraphidium sp, Golenkinia sp. e Scenedesmus sp. quando inoculadas em meio solido de ágar-amido a 0,2%. A tolerância ao cianeto foi avaliada simulando o ambiente cianogênio com adição de KCN no meio de cultivo autotrófico. As microalgas Monoraphidium sp. e a Scenedesmus sp. demostraram capacidade para se desenvolver em meio contendo até 200ppm de KCN, enquanto as microalgas Chlorella sp. e a Golenkinia sp. suportaram concentrações máximas de 40 ppm. Para avaliação da sobrevivência das microalgas quando cultivadas no resíduo líquido do processamento da mandioca, foi utilizado como meio de cultura manipueira bruta não esterilizada, manipueira bruta estéril e manipueira pré-tratada (digestão anaeróbia) em diferentes concentrações. Os testes foram realizados em frascos Erlenmeyer de 125 mL, sob iluminação de 2500 Lux, fotoperíodo de 12 horas claro/escuro e temperatura de 25°C. As concentrações do inoculo iniciais foram de 0,2 g.L-1. Nos experimentos conduzidos com a manipueira bruta não esterilizada, todas as microalgas mostraram desenvolvimento em concentrações de 10% v/v do resíduo (manipueira/agua). Destacou-se a microalga Monoraphidium sp. que alcançou uma produtividade máxima de 0,014 dia-1, apenas 5% menor que o alcançado quando cultivada em meio autotrófico. Já nos cultivos em manipueira bruta esterilizada as quatro linhagens de microalgas avaliadas apresentaram uma maior resistência ao meio de até 30% de resíduo. Observou-se a maior produtividade com a microalga Monoraphidium sp. e Golenkinia sp. que foi de 0,078 dia-1 e 0,018 dia-1 respectivamente, na concentração de 10% v/v de manipueira. Nos ensaios conduzidos em manipueira após digestão anaeróbia, foram suportadas concentrações de até 100% do resíduo, para o isolado de Monoraphidium sp., Golenkinia sp., e Scenedesmus sp., e de até 40% v/v para a microalga Chlorella sp. A maior velocidade especifica de crescimento foi com a microalga Monoraphidium sp. na concentração de 40% de manipueira (v/v) sendo de 0,12 dia-1. As microalgas Golenkinia sp. e a Scenedesmus sp. também mostraram eficiência quando cultivadas no efluente digerido, sendo que em concentrações de 20% v/v manipueira/água apresentam crescimento semelhante ao obtido no meio sintético. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível o cultivo de microalgas em manipueira bruta, tratada e mesmo manipueira digerida. Porém tratamentos adequados devem ser identificados para se obter uma maior produtividade microalgal. As microalgas Monoraphidium sp. e Scenedesmus sp. demostraram ser capazes de sobreviver e crescer melhor no cultivo em efluente digerido anaerobicamente, assim, a utilização da manipueira digerida como meio de cultivo mostra-se como uma forma eficiente de produzir grandes quantidades de biomassa microalgal.The objective of this research was to evaluate the viability of the cassava waste water as a culture medium for microalgae and to determine the best conditions for cultivation. The strains evaluated were isolated from the stabilization lagoons of the company Podium Foods LTDA. of Paranavaí, being morphologically identified as Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp. Monoraphidium sp. and Golenkinia sp. The presence of amylolytic activity and determination of cyanide toxicity, a compound present in the residue, were evaluated for each of the isolated microalgae strains. The presence of amylase was identified in Monoraphidium sp, Golenkinia sp. and Scenedesmus sp. when inoculated in 0.2% agar-starch solid medium. The cyanide tolerance was evaluated by simulating the cyanogen environment with addition of KCN in the autotrophic culture medium. The microalgae Monoraphidium sp. and Scenedesmus sp. demonstrated the capacity to develop in medium containing up to 200ppm of KCN, while the microalgae Chlorella sp. and Golenkinia sp. have sustained maximum concentrations of 40 ppm. In order to evaluate the survival of microalgae when cultivated in the liquid cassava processing residue, non-sterile cassava waste water handling, sterile manipulative cassava waste water and pre-treated cassava waste water (anaerobic digestion) were used in different concentrations. The tests were carried out in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, under 2500 Lux illumination, 12-hour light/dark photoperiod and 25 °C temperature. Initial inoculum concentrations were 0.2 g.L-1. In the experiments conducted with the non-sterilized raw cassava waste water, all microalgae showed development at concentrations of 10% v/v of the residue (cassava waste water/water). The microalga Monoraphidium sp. which reached a maximum productivity of 0.014 day-1, only 5% lower than that achieved when cultivated in an autotrophic medium. Already in the crops in sterile cassava waste water, the four microalgae strains tested showed a higher resistance to the medium of up to 30% of the residues. The highest productivity was observed with the microalga Monoraphidium sp. and Golenkinia sp. which was 0.078 day-1 and 0.018 day-1 respectively at the 10% v/v concentration of cassava waste water. In the experiments carried out in cassava waste water after anaerobic digestion, concentrations up to 100% of the residue were supported for the isolate of Monoraphidium sp., Golenkinia sp., and Scenedesmus sp., and up to 40% v/v for the microalga Chlorella sp. The highest specific growth rate was with the microalga Monoraphidium sp. in the concentration of 40% of cassava waste water (v/v) being 0.12 day-1. The microalgae Golenkinia sp. and Scenedesmus sp. also showed efficiency when cultivated in the digested effluent, and at concentrations of 20% v/v cassava waste water/water, presented growth similar to that obtained in the synthetic medium. The results showed that it is possible to cultivate microalgae in cassava waste water raw, treated and even digested cassava waste water. However, suitable treatments must be identified for increased microalgae productivity. The microalgae Monoraphidium sp. and Scenedesmus sp. demonstrated to be able to survive and grow better in anaerobically digested effluent cultivation, thus, the use of the digested cassava waste water as a culture medium is shown as an efficient way of producing large amounts of microalgae biomass.
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Djinodji, Reoungal. "La culture du manioc en zone soudanienne du Tchad, contribution à la sécurité alimentaire et aux revenus des agriculteurs." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20110.
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Le manioc a été introduit au Tchad en 1930. Les caractéristiques agronomiques de la plante et la simplicité de son itinéraire technique ont facilité son adoption et sa diffusion dans toute la zone soudanienne du Tchad. L’évolution de la culture a été ralentie au cours des années 1990 par des conflits entre agriculteurs et éleveurs. Des appuis multiformes ont permis de relancer la culture au début des années 2000. La productivité de l’agriculture tchadienne et la faiblesse des prix des produits agricoles ne permet pas aux agriculteurs de couvrir leur besoins alimentaires et d’avoir de revenus satisfaisants. La culture du manioc est donc considérée par beaucoup d’acteurs comme une des alternatives les plus crédibles pour combler les déficits vivriers, amortir les chocs annuellement encaissés par les petits agriculteurs contribuer à l’impulsion d’une dynamique de développement agricole. L’objectif de notre travail était d’apprécier le rôle joué par le manioc dans les systèmes de production et plus précisément sa contribution dans l’alimentation et le revenu des agriculteurs. Les méthodes des études systémiques ont été utilisées pour l’analyse des pratiques agricoles. L’insertion des agriculteurs sur les marchés a été analysée avec les outils des études des filières. Notre étude a mis en évidence, le rôle prépondérant du manioc aussi bien comme source de revenus que comme principal contributeur à l’alimentation chez les agriculteurs. Cependant, certaines contraintes pourraient constituer des freins à l’essor et à la durabilité des systèmes de production actuels. Premièrement, les produits dérivés actuels ne sont pas très élaborés et ne peuvent faire du manioc une culture véritablement commerciale. Ensuite, la productivité actuelle des systèmes de culture ne peut être maintenue à moyen terme si les pratiques culturales n’évoluent pas. Enfin, les conflits entre agriculteurs et éleveurs pourraient constituer un blocage à la culture du maniocThe cassava was introduced in Chad in 1930. The agronomic characteristic of this crop and the simplicity of its technical operations were facilitated its adoption and distribution in all of the Sudanian zone of Chad. During the 1990s, the conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders slowed down the cultivated areas. In early 2000s, favorable factors restarted the cultivation of crop. The productivity of the Chadian agriculture and the weakness of the prices of agricultural products do not allow the farmers to cover their food needs and to have satisfactory incomes. That is why the cassava cultivation thus considered by many actors as one of the most credible alternatives to cover the food-shortage, deaden the shocks annually taken by the small farmers and to stimulate an agricultural development process. Our study aimed to appreciate the part played by cassava in the farmer’s system and particularly its contribution in the farmer’s food supply and incomes. Farming system research methods were used to analyze farmer’s practices. The agricultural network analysis methods were used to study the marketing’s practices. Our study highlighted the leading role of the cassava as well as source of income and as a main contributor in the food supply for the farmers. However, some factors may be constraints for the development and durability of the current farmer’s production systems. Firstly, the currently cassava derived products are not very elaborate and cannot make a cassava a truly commercial crop directed towards to the urban markets. Then the current productivity of the cultivation systems cannot be maintained in the medium term if the cultivation methods dot not evolves. At last the conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders appear among the constraints which must be raised to allow harmonious development of cassava cultivation
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Souza, ítala Santana. "Mandiocultura, produção do espaço e pequena produção familiar no município de Lagarto/SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5492.
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This study examines the changes in/of the cassava culture in the city of Lagarto-SE, as well as its repercussions on the production of space and on the reproduction of the families which work with that activity. For this study achievement 70 questionnaires were applied, divided by the villages of Açu Velho, Açuzinho, Colônia Treze, Brasília and Boa Vista do Urubu, and secondary information gathering about the municipal livestock census and agricultural production regarding various years and also literature review on the theme. From an analysis based on the explanation of how the space is being produced by human actions and of how it constitutes a force field whose energy is the social dynamic, it was observed that the rural space in Lagarto city is marked by the contradictory insertion of money. However, in the reality of the villages which were visited it can be noticed, concomitantly to this fact, the progress of the production units based on family labor. In the study area, these units stand in cultivation, especially of cassava, a product that has been expanding for more than a decade at the detriment of other traditional cultures in the city, such as oranges and tobacco. Thus, it is considered that the money monopolizes the territory of Lagarto city and appropriates the family units surplus, redefining, from the production, both social and productive relations. On the other hand, the small family farmers look for some ways to stay in the field through diversification of production, from planting other crops such as acerola and passion fruit (products of easy acceptance on the market), from the sale of their temporary workforce either in or outside agriculture, a factor that confirms the strength of those beings in the creation and recreation regarding the forms of resistance on the soil.Este estudo analisa as transformações da/na mandiocultura no município de Lagarto/Se e seus rebatimentos na produção do espaço e na reprodução das famílias que trabalham com essa atividade. Para a realização do estudo foram aplicados 70 questionários divididos por cinco povoados Açu Velho, Açuzinho, Colônia Treze, Brasília e Boa Vista do Urubu, coleta de informações secundárias de censos agropecuários e produções agrícolas municipais de variados anos e também revisão da literatura sobre o tema. A partir de uma análise fundamentada na explicação de como o espaço vai sendo produzido pelas ações humanas e de como este se constitui um campo de forças cuja energia é a dinâmica social, observou-se que o espaço rural lagartense encontra-se marcado pela inserção contraditória do capital. Entretanto, na realidade dos povoados visitados percebe-se, concomitantemente, o avanço das unidades produtivas com base no trabalho familiar. Na área de estudo, essas unidades resistem cultivando, sobretudo, a mandioca, produto que vem se expandindo há mais de uma década em detrimento de outras culturas tradicionais no município, como a laranja e o fumo. Desta forma, considera-se que o capital monopoliza o território lagartense ao apropriar-se do excedente das unidades familiares redefinindo desde a produção, até as relações sociais e de produção. Por sua vez, os pequenos produtores familiares procuram formas de permanência no campo através da diversificação da produção, plantando outras culturas, como a acerola e o maracujá (produtos de fácil aceitação no mercado) e da venda temporária de sua força de trabalho dentro ou fora da agricultura, fatores que confirmam a força destes sujeitos na criação e recriação de formas de resistência na terra.
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Wallace, Janielle L. "Potential of exogenous enzymes in low fish meal diets to improve nutrient digestibility and sustainability of farmed tilapia in Thailand." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24004.
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Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.
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Awamaria, Brigitte. "Developing starter cultures for the optimisation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)fermentation." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536719.
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Muondo, Pascoal António. "Culturas intercalares e agricultura familiar em Angola. Caso: mandioca/cajanus; mandioca/leucaena." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6158.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe term culture system with the incorporation of legumes at flowering between the lines of the main crop, is a novelty for Angolan agriculture when it comes to food crops in the group of roots and tubers which fits cassava and even in the case of cereals. Our work aims to: Contribute to sustainable agriculture in the areas of cassava production in Angola, as well as the transfer of technology to promote the improvement of agricultural production systems in terms of family farmers, who constitute the majority of small, medium farms and why not also in the creation of large companies, resorting to low-cost technologies and the scope of farmers, improve the productivity of this crop and the quality of final product, thereby providing better living conditions, socioeconomic and environmental practice sustainable agriculture by maintaining and improving the physical characteristics and soil fertility, using the system of crops, with the use of leguminous trees and shrubs Leucaena and Cajanus fairly disclosed in the country. The incorporation of legumes in two lines of cassava by a total of two cultural cycle of cassava a year, promoted: greater availability of soil nutrients, increased production per unit area, improved quality of tuberous roots. It also led to good correlation between the production and macro soil nutrients other than phosphorus
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Banito, Agnassim. "Integrated control of cassava bacterial blight in West Africa in relation to ecozones, host plant resistance and cultural practices." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969263562.
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Guerra, Andrêyna Dinoá Duarte. "Suíte para violoncelo solo de Gaspar Cassadó: linguagem nacionalista e a cultura popular espanhola." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6585.
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Previous issue date: 2011-09-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The main objective of this research is to formulate interpretative principles and proposals from a comprehensive bibliographic study of folklore and stylistic elements of Spanish music. This research is established from a melodic and structural analysis of the Suite for Solo Cello by Gaspar Cassado, from the performer s perspective, since the work is based on melodies and rhythms of Spain, as well as cultural elements of the Catalonia region. New interpretative challenges are established from the determination of stylistic features of the Suite, considering the composer s origin and his compositional influences.
O principal objetivo desta investigação é formular princípios e propostas interpretativas a partir de um amplo estudo bibliográfico dos elementos folclóricos e estilísticos da música espanhola. Esta pesquisa se estabelece a partir de uma análise melódico-estrutural da Suíte para Violoncelo Solo, de Gaspar Cassadó, sob a perspectiva do intérprete, uma vez que a obra está baseada em melodias e ritmos nacionais da Espanha, como também em elementos culturais da região da Catalunha. Novos desafios interpretativos são estabelecidos a partir da determinação de características estilísticas da Suíte, considerando a origem do compositor e suas influências composicionais.
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Zinsou, Amégnikin Valerien. "Studies on host plant resistance to cassava bacterial blight in combination with cultural control measures in ecozones of West Africa." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968560997.
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Malele, Son Rainalds Richard Sigalla. "Anthracene derivatives in plant tissue cultures : the occurence and biotransformation of 1,8-dihydroxyanthracene derivatives in tissue cultures of some species of Cassia, Rheum and Rumex and comparison with plants of Cassia artemisioides." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328056.
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Cassar, Mariella. "Creative responses to Maltese culture and identity : case study and portfolio of compositions." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3112.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the relationship between place, identity and musical practice. The study is inspired by Malta’s history and culture. This work presents a portfolio of seven musical compositions with a written component that highlights the historical and socio-cultural issues that had a bearing on the works presented. A case study of the Maltese composer Charles Camilleri is also provided. Camilleri is both a great example of a composer for whom the articulation of national identity was a primary concern and a constant source of inspiration for the author of this thesis. The pieces presented here comprise compositions for chamber ensemble, works for orchestra and two electroacoustic pieces. These works were part of projects translated into performances and artistic installations. All of them have been carried out over the past six years and the majority have been developed through synergetic collaboration with other artists. The majority of the compositions have direct links with Maltese culture and the important events in its history. All the works presented in the portfolio are bound in separate volumes and reference is made to them in the critical commentary within the body of the thesis. A number of CDs and DVDs accompany this document with recordings and MIDI files of the selected compositions.
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Covane, Lourenço Alfredo. "Representação da morte em "O regresso do morto" e "Palestra para um morto" de Suleiman Cassamo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14210.
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Mestrado em Línguas, Literaturas e CulturasO presente trabalho aborda a representação literária da morte, segundo as obras moçambicanas O Regresso do Morto e Palestra para um Morto, de Suleiman Cassamo. Porque a morte é recorrente dos seus contos e no seu romance, decidimos estudar a especificidade desta temática, tendo em conta o contexto sociocultural onde ela acontece. Mas antes, começamos por proceder a uma reflexão teórica sobre o assunto, revisitando a cultura e a literatura ao longo dos tempos. Posteriormente, apresentamos uma visão global da morte em algumas obras moçambicanas e, finalmente na narrativa de Saleiman Cassamo. O aspeto mais marcante nas obras em análise é o modo como as personagens convivem com a morte. A morte não é algo inquietante para os vivos, pois eles convivem bem com ela, optando, por vezes, por se darem à morte para encontrar o sossego que não tiveram em vida. Suleiman Cassamo, ao oferecer ao leitor a sua própria visão da morte, abre uma perspetiva sobre a vida e leva o leitor a refletir sobre as múltiplas expressões da sua própria existência.
The present work discusses the literary representation of death, according to two works by the Mozambican author Saleiman Cassamo - O Regresso do Morto and Palestra para um Morto. Because death is a recurring subject on his tales and his novel, we decided to study the specificity of this matter, taking into account the socio-cultural context in which it happens. But before, we begin by carrying out a theoretical reflection on the subject, revisiting culture and literature throughout time. Subsequently, we present an overview of death in some Mozambican works and, finally, in Saleiman Cassamo’s narrative. The most striking aspect of the works in question is how the characters live with death. Death is not something disturbing to the living because they live well together with it, choosing, sometimes, to give themselves to death in order to find the peace that they did not have in life. Suleiman Cassamo provides the reader with his own vision of death and perspective on life, leading the reader to a self-reflection on the many expressions of his own existence.
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Haines, Katherine Jane. "Literary networks and the making of 21st century African literature in English : Kwani Trust, Farafina, Cassava Republic Press and the production of cultural memory." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/67649/.
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António, Alberto Ireneu. "A condição feminina em o Regresso do morto de Suleiman Cassamo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14183.
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Mestrado em Línguas, Literaturas e CulturasDurante séculos a mulher Moçambicana viveu uma situação de subalternização social e económica em relação ao homem que se impõe como o chefe, o patriarca e proprietário dos bens familiares, tanto nas sociedades patriarcais como nas matrilineares. A literatura que se dedica à problemática das diferenças socioeconómicas de género tem assumido, na sua maioria, partido na crítica à situação subalterna da mulher e, por conseguinte, na luta pela emancipação feminina e na defesa de mulher. Em O Regresso do Morto, Suleiman Cassamo mostra e denuncia a complexa situação social e económica da mulher, procurando reflectir sobre como se constroem as diferenças sociais, chamando a atenção para os determinantes sociais desse processo, tais como o poderio económico do homem, especialmente nas sociedades matrilineares. O autor de O Regresso do Morto repensa o devir do poder masculino e representa, tanto de forma trágica como satírica disfarçando uma crítica social dessa mundividência patriarcal.
During century Mozambican woman lived social and economical sub alternazation toward men that is considered as the chief, the patriarch and the owner of family wealth both in patriarch society as well as matrilineal (female line). The literature that has to do with socio-economical differences of gender has assured (accepted) the major part, criticizing the subordinate situation of women and, and therefore fighting for the empowerment and the defence of women in “O regresso do morto” (The Coming Back of the death) by Suleiman Cassamo shows and announces the complex social and economical situation of women seeking to reflect about how social differences are built, taking into account the social determination of the process such as the economical power of men ,especially in father line societies. The author of the coming back of death rethinks the must of masculine power and represents, even tragically as well as satirical disguising of social disapprove of this global view of the Word (society).
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Montoro, Stela Basso. "Análise técnico e econômica da codigestão anaeróbia da cama de frangos com culturas energéticas para geração de energia /." Botucatu, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192752.
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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas JuniorResumo: As demandas por energia e alimento aumentarão com as projeções do crescimento populacional mundial. O Brasil está entre os países com o desafio de atender essas demandas. O tratamento dos resíduos gerados na agropecuária tem potencial para produção de biogás e biofertilizante por meio de biodigestores, insumos essenciais para alavancar a produção de alimentos e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Com isso, analisou-se a viabilidade técnica e econômica da codigestão de cama de frango com batata doce ou mandioca visando aumentar a produção de energia e reciclagem de nutrientes dos resíduos da produção de frangos. A utilização de culturas energéticas para codigestão anaeróbia é uma inovação para geração de energia renovável em propriedades rurais e tem ganhado atenção em economias emergentes, que tem como desafio suportar a produção de alimentos com sustentabilidade. O ensaio foi realizado com três tratamentos, cama de frango, cama de frango com batata doce e cama de frango com mandioca. A codigestão com as culturas energéticas foram mais eficientes que a monodigestão. A mandioca superou a batata doce em 17,09% no rendimento médio de biogás diário e reduziu 12 e 3,32% mais sólidos totais e voláteis, respectivamente. No entanto, o potencial de biogás da batata doce 0,449 m3 kg-1SVad e da mandioca 0,457 m3 kg-1SVad não apresentaram diferença significativa, assim como os teores de metano com 61,92 e 61,79%, respectivamente, demonstrando o potencial equivalente das duas culturas na geraç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Demand for energy and food will increase with projections of world population growth. Brazil is among the countries with the challenge of meeting these demands. The treatment of waste generated in agriculture has the potential to produce biogas and biofertilizer through biodigesters, essential inputs to leverage food production and sustainable development. With this, the technical and economic feasibility of codigestion of chicken with sweet potatoes or manioc was analyzed in order to increase energy production and recycling nutrients from chicken production residues. The use of energy crops for anaerobic codigestion is an innovation for the generation of renewable energy in rural properties and has gained attention in emerging economies, which have the challenge of supporting sustainable food production. The trial was carried out with three treatments, chicken bed, chicken bed with sweet potato and chicken bed with cassava. Codigestion with energy crops was more efficient than monodigestion. Cassava exceeded sweet potatoes by 17.09% in the average daily biogas yield and reduced 12 and 3.32% more total and volatile solids, respectively. However, the biogas potential of sweet potato 0.449 m3 kg-1SVad and cassava 0.457 m3 kg-1SVad did not show any significant difference, as well as the methane contents with 61.92 and 61.79%, respectively, demonstrating the equivalent potential of both cultures in the generation of bioenergy. In addition to the generation of renewable energy, th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Escobar, Salamanca Andrés Felipe. "Démarche intégrée pour l’identification de mécanismes et d'opérations unitaires déterminants de la qualité du gari." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG082.
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Le procédé de transformation des racines de manioc en gari reste la plupart du temps artisanal et dépendant du savoir-faire des opératrices. Étant constitué d’une suite d’opérations unitaires (râpage, fermentation/pressage, tamisage et cuisson), il est nécessaire de déterminer les opérations-clefs déterminantes de la qualité du produit. Ainsi, dans ce travail, le procédé a été analysé dans sa continuité au travers du suivi de réponses biochimiques, granulométriques et hydro-texturales du produit durant sa transformation. L’objectif du travail de thèse a été dans un premier temps de développer des outils et méthodes permettant le suivi des états physiques et biochimiques du produit tout au long de sa transformation à l’échelle laboratoire. Cette démarche a permis de dégager certains mécanismes contribuant à la transformation du produit. Il a été mis en évidence le drainage d’une partie du liquide intra-cellulaire lors du pressage ainsi que deux mécanismes d’agglomérations successifs lors de l’élaboration du gari. Les résultats et les mécanismes déduits des observations réalisées à l’échelle laboratoire ont par la suite été confrontés à ceux obtenus sur le terrain (Bénin) dans des conditions moins maîtrisées et sous l’effet d’un changement d’échelle. L’opération de cuisson, à la fois très contraignante et ressortant comme une opération unitaire clef a été, par la suite, plus particulièrement étudiée. Pour cela, le comportement (choix et gestes) de deux opératrices a été enregistré de façon à mettre en évidence le rôle de l’opératrice lors de la cuisson. L’ensemble des résultats montrent que la qualité des garis repose en grande partie sur le savoir faire de l’opératrice. Il ressort cependant que les critères de qualité du gari qui guide l’opératrice lors de la cuisson et la conduisent à ajuster son comportement sont, bien sûr, ceux qui lui sont accessibles (couleur, taille, …), mais ne sont pas suffisants pour atteindre teneurs en composés cyanogénique résiduels recommandées par le Codex Alimentarius de la FAOThe cassava process of converting cassava roots into gari remains mostly artisanal and depends on the know-how of the operators. As it consists of a series of unit operations (grating, fermentation/pressing, sieving and cooking), it is necessary to determine the key operations that determine the quality of the product. Thus, in this work, the process was analyzed in its continuity through the monitoring of biochemical, granule size and hydro-textural responses of the product during processing. The objective of the thesis work was initially to develop tools and methods to monitor the physical and biochemical states of the product throughout its processing on a laboratory scale. This approach has made it possible to identify some of the mechanisms that contribute to the elaboration of the product. It was found that part of the intracellular liquid drained during pressing and two successive agglomeration mechanisms were identified during the preparation of the gari. The results and mechanisms derived from laboratory scale observations were then compared with those obtained in the field (Benin) under less controlled conditions and scaling effect. The cooking operation, which is both very constraining and emerging as a key unitary operation, was then more particularly studied. For this purpose, the performance (choice and gestures) of two operators was recorded in order to highlight the role of the operator during the cooking process. All the results show that the gari quality is largely based on the operator's know-how. However, it appears that the product quality criteria that guide the operator during cooking lead her to adjust her practices are, of course, those that are accessible to her (colour, granule size, ...), but are not enough to reach the levels of residual cyanogenic compounds recommended by the FAO Codex Alimentarius
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McGuirk, Hayley. "Picturing American New Women: First-Wave Feminisms in the Art of Mary Cassatt, Cecilia Beaux, and Frances Benjamin Johnston." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1619434433547669.
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McGuirk, Hayley. "Picturing American New Women: First-Wave Feminisms in the Art of Mary Cassatt, Cecilia Beaux, and Frances Benjamin Johnston." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1619434433547669.
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PASSOS, Lisandra Lavoura Carvalho. "Hábitos alimentares na perspectiva da Geografia: os sabores em Guarani de Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1910.
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Previous issue date: 2008-11-08The present work is result of the nearness between geography and food and, aim the manners of eat in a context of reality like possibility of geographical investigation. It moderator for the man and your relations with the nature, with the social circle, with the people and with the place, to come into of production s manners of foods offered to know the relation of the men with the nature, the your organization social space and your relations with others actors, in the first chapter, we looked for the theorical fundamentation, finding in the cultural geography, the dialogue necessary to settle the categories of place, lived space, representations, food habits and support it. The register of cities of small region of Vão do Paranã in the goiano northeast and the informations of permanent and temporary farm works, having like prominent the city Guarani de Goiás made present. The second chapter, the confrontation between theory and practical beginning empirically the grasp of the manners of eat of the group in the city Guarani de Goiás, trying to explain the meanings of symbolic nature in the cycle of plant, pick, prepare and eat the foods. In the manners of prepare the foods made mister a space preparation of the food, in it the possibility of observe the scene pursued the social relations that established by means of food. In this space stressing the woman like main actress, understanding that she is producing and keeping of feed traditions and consequently cultural traditions in group in that is inserted. For that reason this dialogue between the make hers and the our interpretation, that allow to notice the beat, the auto sufficiency of foods, the relations, and the interior and external conflict that .The third chapter, reproduce the event mutirão of cassava´s flour and the production of rapadura, focusing in yours similarities, and differences, activities that cross and manifest values and identities local. The reflection about food brought the necessity of reflect too the hunger, like form of become it discussable. Clipping too was dedicated the participation of Brazil Kitchen a movable course of feed education, that multiply the concept of healthy and hygienic food. To deduce and interpret a city Guarani de Goiás one of municipal of goiano northeast was evidenced a municipal district segregated and conflict, however, a city that is a place of existence and the reproductions of men s life that like any human vacuum evolutions and opportunities
O presente trabalho é resultado da aproximação entre Geografia e Alimentação e aponta os modos de se alimentarem num contexto de realidade como possibilidade de investigação geográfica, mediados pelo homem e suas relações com a natureza, com o meio, com as pessoas e com o lugar. Adentrar os modos de produção de alimentos proporcionou conhecer a relação do homem com a natureza, a sua organização sócioespacial e suas relações com outros atores. No primeiro capítulo, buscou-se a fundamentação teórica da Geografia Cultural, o diálogo necessário para assentar as categorias lugar, espaço vivido, representações, hábitos alimentares e sustentá-las. O registro das cidades da Microrregião do Vão do Paranã no Nordeste Goiano e os dados das lavouras permanentes e temporárias, tendo como destaque a cidade de Guarani de Goiás fizeram-se presentes. No segundo capítulo, procedeu-se ao embate entre a teoria e a prática, iniciando-se empiricamente, a compreensão dos modos de se alimentar dos grupos sociais de Guarani de Goiás, para explicar os significados da natureza simbólica no ciclo de plantar, colher, preparar e comer. Nos modos de preparar os alimentos se fez mister uma interpretação espacial da cozinha; nela, a possibilidade de visualizar o cenário perseguido as relações sociais que se estabelecem por meio da alimentação. Nesse espaço, enfatizando a mulher como atriz principal, entendendo que ela é produtora e mantenedora das tradições alimentares e, conseqüentemente culturais, no grupo que se insere. Esse diálogo entre o fazer da mulher e a nossa interpretação nos permitiu e nos levou a perceber o ritmo, a auto-suficiência dos alimentos, as relações e os conflitos interiores e exteriores que os perpassam. O terceiro capítulo reproduz o evento mutirão de farinha de mandioca e a produção de rapadura, enfocando-os em suas semelhanças e diferenças, atividades que se cruzam e manifestam valores e identidades locais. A reflexão sobre alimentação trouxe a necessidades de também refletir sobre a fome, como forma de tomá-la discutível. Recorte também foi dedicado à participação da Cozinha Brasil um curso de educação alimentar móvel, que multiplica o conceito de alimentação saudável, higiênica e de baixo custo. Depreender e interpretar a cidade de Guarani de Goiás, um dos municípios do Nordeste Goiano, foi evidenciar um município segregado e conflituoso, entretanto, um lugar de existência e reproduções de vida de homens e mulheres que, como qualquer ser humano, aspiram à evolução e oportunidades.
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Villarrubia, Marcelo Luz Berenice. "Relación entre la cultura organizacional, clima organizacional y la gestión pedagógica en el nivel secundario de la IIEE Santa Rita de Cassia del distrito de San Vicente de Cañete en el año 2014." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9329.
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El documento digital no refiere asesorPublicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Determina la relación entre la cultura organizacional y el clima organizacional en la gestión pedagógica en el nivel secundario de la IIEE Santa Rita de Cassia del distrito de San Vicente de Cañete en el año 2014.Considerando que la Cultura Organizacional es el impulsador del éxito en las organizaciones, surgió la inquietud de sembrar la reflexión sobre la importancia de la misma como una herramienta estratégica que debe ser considerada por la institución, para alcanzar altos grados de productividad y sobre todo mejorar el nivel de calidad en la atención brindada. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo a través de una revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo para lo cual se utilizó la técnica de la entrevista y como instrumento encuestas para determinar la relación entre la cultura organizacional y el clima organizacional y la gestión pedagógica siendo los mismos que fueron validados por juicio de expertos presentando una validez aceptable. El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo correlacional, con diseño cuasi experimental, el análisis se presentara en dos partes. En la primera parte se hará un análisis descriptivo de las variables y en la segunda parte se dará respuesta a las hipótesis. Para responder las hipótesis utilizaremos el estadístico Rho de Spearman, prueba de independencia, que consistente en estudiar si existe o no una relación entre las variables. Se concluyó que la cultura orienta todos los procesos administrativos de la institución y determina el clima organizacional de la misma. Así como a la gestión pedagógica.
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Sakama, Simon-Narcisse. "Savoirs locaux agroalimentaires : analyse anthropologique des processus de la production du manioc en Centrafrique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3059.
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Ce travail décrit les processus de production des savoirs locaux sur le manioc et leurs modes d’apprentissage et circulation par les paysans centrafricains, lesquels se confrontent à l’exécution des politiques publiques agricoles et agroalimentaires du pays. Les savoirs locaux sur le manioc constituent un ensemble de techniques et de savoir-faire construits et acquis par les paysans à travers des apprentissages qui mettent en interaction des acteurs appartenant à des mondes sociaux différents. Mes recherches s’appuient sur des enquêtes de terrain multi-situées, à Pissa, à Yaloké et à Sibut, et sur une expérience d’observation participante aux travaux agricoles et à l’apprentissage du « savoir-cultiver » qui m’ont conduit à identifier des changements socio-économiques et des mutations de connaissances induits par l’émergence de ces savoirs paysans. Ceux-ci sont des connaissances hybrides construites selon les contextes sociaux, économiques et agro-écologiques en interactions avec les savoirs scientifiques diffusés en milieu paysan. Les transferts de savoirs technico-scientifiques portés par les projets de production du manioc conduisent les agriculteurs à des réinterprétations qui adaptent les informations reçues à leurs besoins. L’exemple des pratiques de bouturages précoces et tardives comme techniques adaptatives aux changements climatiques invite à repenser la question de la considération des savoirs paysans par les scientifiques en termes de savoirs sociaux répondant aux besoins des agriculteursThis work describes the production processes of local knowledge on cassava and their learning styles and circulation by Central African farmers, who are confronted with the implementation of agricultural policy and food of the country. Local knowledge on cassava are a set of techniques and know-how acquired and built by farmers through learning that highlight interaction of the actors belonging to different social worlds. My research is based on multi-located field surveys to Pissa at Yaloké and Sibut, and participant observation of experience in farm work and learning "know-grow" that led me to identify socio-economic changes and knowledge of mutations induced by the emergence of farming knowledge. These are hybrid knowledge built by the social, economic contexts and agro-ecological interactions in scientific knowledge broadcast on-farm. Transfers of technical-scientific knowledge carried by cassava production projects led farmers to reinterpretations which adapt the information received to their needs. The example of the practice early and late cuttings as adaptive techniques to climate change calls to rethink the question of consideration of the farmers' knowledge by scientists in terms of social knowledge to the needs of farmers
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Waldrigues, Rita de Cassia Gomes. "A resolução de problemas de matemática nas séries iniciais do ensino de primeiro grau na rede estadual de ensino do Estado do Paraná na década de 1970 : um estudo histórico-cultural / Rita de Cassia Gomes Waldrigues ; orientadora, Neuza Bertoni Pinto." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2010. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1977.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2010Bibliografia: f. 96-99
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar as práticas de resolução de problemas das séries iniciais do Ensino de Primeiro Grau do estado do Paraná, na década de 1970. No cenário educacional brasileiro, desde o início de 1960 disseminava-se o Moviment
The objective of the present research was to investigate the practices of problem solving of the Elementary school of the state of Parana, in the 1970s. In the Brazilian educational scenario, since the beginning of 1960 spread the Modern Mathematics Movem
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Edward, Vinodh Aroon. "Development of a starter culture for the production of Gari, a traditional African fermented food." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/551.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2010.Cassava, (Manihot esculenta Crantz), is used for the production of a variety of West African foods and ranks fourth in the list of major crops in developing countries after rice, wheat and maize. Gari is one of the most popular foods produced from cassava. Cassava may contain high levels of linamarin, a cyanogenic glucoside, which in its natural state is toxic to man. Therefore, some processing methods that can enhance the detoxification of cassava and lead to the improvement of the quality and hygienic safety of the food are vitally important for less toxic products to be obtained. Quality, safety and acceptability of traditional fermented foods may be improved through the use of starter cultures. There has been a trend recently to isolate wild-type strains from traditional products for use as starter cultures in food fermentation. A total of 74 bacterial strains and 21 yeast strains were isolated from a cassava mash fermentation process in a rural village in Benin, West Africa. These strains were assessed, together with 26 strains isolated at the CSIR from cassava samples sent from Benin previously, for phenotypic and technological properties. Twenty four presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected for further phenotypic, genotypic and technological characterization during a research visit to the BFE (now Max Rubner Institute of Nutrition and Food). After assessment, the strains VE 20, VE 36, VE 65b, VE 77 and VE 82 were chosen for further study as starter cultures. These L. plantarum strains were chosen on the basis of predominance and possession of suitable technological properties. The investigation of this study was complemented by further, similar studies on further Gari isolates in Germany by the BFE. That study was done independently from this study, but both studies served to select potential starter cultures for cassava fermentation for the production of Gari, as this was the common goal of the project. Thus, a wider final selection of potential starter cultures was decided on at the project level and this selection was further tested in fermentation experiments. A total of 17 strains were grown in optimized media in 2 L fermenters. These strains were freeze-dried and thereafter tested in lab-scale cassava mash fermentation trials. xiii The strains performed well in the small scale bucket fermentations. There was a rapid acidification evidenced by the increase in titratable acidity, ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 % at 24 hours, and 1.3 to 1.6 % at 48 hours. The effect of the starter was obvious in that it lowered the pH much faster and to lower levels than the control. It appeared that both the processing and starter culture addition played a role in the removal of cyanide during processing of the cassava into Gari. This was evident from the lower cyanide values obtained for fermentations that included starter cultures. The study also showed that especially the L. plantarum group strains could be produced as starter cultures at lower costs than compared to L. fermentum, W. paramesenteroides or L. mesenteroides strains. Overall the results of this study were crucial for the project in showing that a starter culture which is easy and economical to produce and which has the desired attributes is a feasible possibility for application in the field.
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Banito, Agnassim [Verfasser]. "Integrated control of cassava bacterial blight in West Africa in relation to ecozones, host plant resistance and cultural practices / von Agnassim Banito." 2003. http://d-nb.info/969263562/34.
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Zinsou, Amégnikin Valerien [Verfasser]. "Studies on host plant resistance to cassava bacterial blight in combination with cultural control measures in ecozones of West Africa / von Amégnikin Valerien Zinsou." 2003. http://d-nb.info/968560997/34.
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