Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cassava flour'

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cassava flour is recommended for substitution with wheat flour in composite flour for baking. The potential use of cassava flour in the food and pharmaceutical industries is attributed to its gluten-free nature and excellent functional properties. However, optimum packaging solution and storage conditions for cassava flour is critical in maintaining the quality attributes and shelf-life stability during storage. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the effects of package types (plastic buckets, low density polyethylene (LDPE) bags and brown paper bags) and storage conditions (cool condition (15 °C, 90% RH); ambient condition (23 °C, 60% RH); and higher condition (38 °C, 60% RH)) on the functional properties, quality attributes and shelf-life stability of cassava flour (cvs. ‘TME 419’ and ‘UMUCASS 36’) developed at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. Proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, functional properties, and microbial safety of flour were analysed every 4 weeks for 12 weeks storage duration. Flour stored under cool condition with paper bags became moist and sticky with appearance of mould growth before 4 weeks of storage. However, at the end of 12 weeks storage, a decline in moisture content of 11.00 ± 0.02 and 7.05 ± 0.01% flour of ‘TME 419’ was observed at ambient and higher conditions, respectively. Rate of moisture decline was similar in flour of ‘UMUCASS 36’. A slight decrease in protein content of flour was observed during the 12 weeks storage from 1.9 ± 0.07 to 1.30 ± 0.001% for cv. ‘TME 419’ and 3.0 ± 0.05 to 2.27 ± 0.001% for cv. ‘UMUCASS 36’; however, no significant difference was observed under ambient and higher conditions. Cassava flour packed in paper bags and stored under higher condition (38 °C, 60%) had the highest loss (50%) of carotenoid content from 1.84 ± 0.10% to 0.91 ± 0.08%, while a minimal loss (24%) of carotenoid was observed in flour packed in plastic buckets under ambient condition. The concentration of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) decreased across all treatments and was below the safe cyanide level of 50 µg/ mL for food products. After the 12 weeks of storage, flour packed in plastic buckets had the highest aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts (3.43 ± 0.04 log cfu/ g) followed by flour in LDPE bags (3.37 ± 0.03 log cfu/ g) and paper bags (3.35 ± 0.01 log cfu/ g). No significant difference was observed in the package types; however the counts observed were within the acceptable microbial limit Swelling power (SP), solubility and peak viscosity were used to characterise the changes in functional and pasting properties of cassava flour relevant in food industries. Flour packed in plastic buckets under ambient condition had the lowest swelling power (8.48 ± 0.55%) and peak viscosity (260 ± 0.51 RVU) compared to flour packed in LDPE and paper bags with (9.10 ± 0.13 and 9.32 ± 0.41%) SP and (263.67 ± 4.04 RVU and 302 ± 9.52 RVU) peak viscosity, respectively. The essential minerals (sodium, potassium, copper, and iron) were significantly higher in flour of ‘TME 419’ compared to ‘UMUCASS 36’. In summary, for the production of high grade foods such as bread where higher swelling power and viscosities are required, flour from ‘TME 419’ packed with paper bags under higher condition could be desirable. In addition, for infant formulation, flour from ‘UMUCASS 36’ packed in plastic buckets and stored under ambient condition which best maintained nutritional contents (protein and fat) and had the lowest peak viscosity would be more suitable. Flour from both cassava cultivars could be stored up to 12 weeks duration under ambient and hot tropical conditions using all package types evaluated. However, storage with paper bag under higher condition offers the chances of better shelf -life stability of cassava flour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word aanbeveel dat kassavameel in plaas van koringmeel in saamgestelde meel by gebak gebruik word. Die potensiële gebruik van kassavameel in die kos- en farmaseutiese industrieë word toegeskryf aan die glutenvrye aard en funksionele kenmerke daarvan. Optimale verpakking en stoortoestande is egter belangrik vir die instandhouding van die gehalte kenmerke en raklewe stabiliteit tydens stoor. Daarom is die fokus van hierdie studie op die effek van verskillende tipes verpakking (plastiekemmers, lae densiteits politelien (LDPE) sakke en bruin papiersakke) en stoortoestande (koel toestande (15 °C, 90% RH); omringende temperature (23 °C, 60% RH); en hoër temperature (38 °C, 60% RH) op die funksionele kenmerke, gehalte kenmerke en raklewe stabiliteit van kassavameel (kultivare. ‘TME 419’ en ‘UMUCASS 36’) wat by die Nasionale Wortelgewasse Navorsingsinstituut, Umudike, Nigerië ontwikkel is. Die komposisie, fisiochemiese kenmerke, funksionele kenmerke en mikrobiale veiligheid van meel is elke vier weke tydens die 12-weke stoortydperk ontleed. Meel wat onder koeltoestande in papiersakke gestoor word, word klam en taai en swamme maak by vier weke van stoor ’n verskyning. Teen die einde van 12 weke stoortydperk is daar ’n afname in klammigheid van 11.00 ± 0.02 en 7.05 ± 0.01% in ‘TME 419’ meel by onderskeidelik omgewings- en hoër temperature. Die afname in klammigheid is soortgelyk by ‘UMUCASS 36’ meel. ’n Effense afname in die proteïen inhoud van die meel is tydens die 12- weke stoortydperk vanaf 1.9 ± 0.07 tot 1.30 ± 0.001% by die kultivaar . ‘TME 419’ en 3.0 ± 0.05 tot 2.27 ± 0.001% vir kultivaar ‘UMUCASS 36’ opgemerk. Geen noemenswaardige verskil is egter onder omgewings- en hoër temperature opgemerk nie. Kassavameel wat in papiersakke en onder hoër temperature (38 °C, 60%) gestoor is het die hoogste verlies (50%) aan karotien inhoud vanaf 1.84 ± 0.10% tot 0.91 ± 0.08% getoon , terwyl ’n minimale verlies (24%) by meel wat in plastiekemmers onder omgewingstemperature verpak is, opgemerk is. Die konsentrasie van waterstof hidrosianied (HCN) het tydens alle behandelinge afgeneem en was onder die veilige vlak van 50 µg/ mL vir kosprodukte. Na ’n 12-weke stoortydperk het die meel wat in plastiekemmers verpak is, die hoogste mesofiliese bakterië telling getoon \ (3.43 ± 0.04 log cfu/ g) gevolg deur die meel in die LDPE sakke (3.37 ± 0.03 log cfu/ g) en papiersakke (3.35 ± 0.01 log cfu/ g). Daar was geen merkbare verskil ten opsigte van verpakkingstipes nie; die tellings wat geneem is, was almal binne die aanvaarbare mikrobiale perk. Swelkrag (SP), oplosbaarheid en piek viskositeit is gebruik om die veranderinge in funksionele kenmerke van kassavameel wat betrekking het op die kosindustrie, te ondersoek. Meel wat onder omgewingstemperature in plastiekemmers verpak is, het die laagste swelkrag (8.48 ± 0.55%) en piekviskositeit getoon (260 ± 0.51 RVU) getoon vergeleke met meel wat in LDPE- en papiersakke (9.10 ± 0.13 en 9.32 ± 0.41%) swelkrag en (263.67 ± 4.04 RVU en 302 ± 9.52 RVU) piekviskositeit, onderskeidelik toon. Die belangrike minerale (natrium, kalium, koper en yster) was noemenswaardig hoër in die ‘TME 419’ meel vergeleke met ‘UMUCASS 36’. Ten slotte, vir die produksie van hoëgraad kossoorte soos brood waar hoë swelkrag en viskositeit belangrik is, is In ‘TME 419’ meel onder hoër toestande verpak in papiersakke, die beste keuse. In die geval egter van babakosse is ‘UMUCASS 36’meel wat in plastiekemmers verpak en onder omgewingstemperature gestoor is, en wat dus koswaardes (proteïen en vette) behou en wat die laagste piek viskositeit het, meer geskik. Meel van albei kultivaars kan vir tot twaalf weke onder omgewings- en hoë, tropiese temperature in al die verpakkingstipes wat evalueer is, gestoor word. Stoor in papiersakke onder hoër temperature verbeter egter die kanse op beter raklewe stabiliteit.

Published Article
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of substituting wheat flour (WF) for cassava flour (CF) on chemical composition, storage stability and sensory qualities of beef sausage. The WF in the sausage was replaced with CF at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels. Values obtained for protein content were comparable with one another. However, fibre content increased with the increase in the levels of CF in the sausage. The highest fibre content of 0.43% was recorded in sausage with 15% CF. Fat content tended to decrease with increase in the levels of CF in the sausage. Values obtained for cooking and refrigeration losses were comparable with one another. Cooking losses ranged between 1.08 - 1.85% while refrigeration loss ranged from 7.60-8.53%. Compared with the control, higher panel scores were recorded on sensory qualities for sausages containing CF. WF in beef sausage can be substituted with 100% CF without adverse effect on chemical composition, processing yield or sensory qualities. This approach will satisfy the growing demand of consumers for gluten-free meat products, thereby minimising the incidence of coeliac disease in humans.

The aim of this research was to widen the knowledge of the physicochemical properties of cassava starch and flour and to understand the factors which influence their functional characteristics, including both genetic and environmental effects as well as processing procedures. A range of chemical and physical techniques which included the Brabender viscoamylograph, Bohlin CS rheometer, Brabender farinograph, WAXS, GPC, SEHPLC and Coulter counter have been used to examine the structural and behavioural characteristics of both cassava starch and flour. The results suggested that the functional behaviour of native cassava starches of different origins varies widely and appeared to be associated with molecular structure and the architecture of the starch granule. The viscosity and the mechanical properties of the pastes produced by gelatinization were determined by the degree of swelling and the amount and proportion of amylose and amylopectin in the solvent phase of the pastes. The amylopectin was present in the solvent phase in substantial quantities which varied between 37 and 57% of the total starch solubilized. In native cassava starches, the amylose appeared to have a high molecular weight (M, 19 x 105 - 11 x 105 ). The constituent chains of the amylopectin molecule did not vary in length with cassava starches of different origins, but their relative population did which was reflected in minor differences in the chromatographic profiles. Starch granules containing long chain amyloses and amylopectin with a high degree of branching were found to release reduced amounts of molecules into the liquid phase of the pastes, and vice versa Where the pastes contained a high proportion of amylopectin and long amylose molecules the resultant gel was surprisingly weak. Cassava starch processed to produce "sour" starch, or fermented, and sun dried starch, was found to have suffered degradation to an extent where 77-86 % of the starch was solubilized during aqueous heating. The extent of the degradation was influenced by the cassava cultivar. The "sour" starch proved superior to unfermented and fermented, oven dried starches in the production of baked baked products with an expanded texture. Starch extracted from cassava roots which had been stored for a short period, during which physiological deteriorative processes could have occurred, was found to show a slight reduction in the pasting viscosity which was not related to granular or molecular size or organization. Rural, factory-extracted starch was found to have a reduced paste viscosity as a consequence of fermentation and contamination with peel residues from the roots. Cassava flour properties were influenced by the conditions of preparation. Drying temperature, milling procedure and particle size could be selected and controlled to give cassava flours of the desired functional properties.

nÃo hÃ
Esta tese de Doutorado teve como objetivo elaborar um glossÃrio eletrÃnico, monolÃngue, em lÃngua portuguesa, variante brasileira, mapeando cartograficamente a distribuiÃÃo dos termos no espaÃo geogrÃfico. A elaboraÃÃo dessa obra terminolÃgica propiciou o conhecimento da variedade linguÃstico-terminolÃgica do portuguÃs usado pelos trabalhadores rurais na atividade especializada de produÃÃo da farinha de mandioca na AmazÃnia paraense e pode se constituir como um banco de dados sistematizado para futuras investigaÃÃes cientÃficas. A orientaÃÃo teÃrica usada para a descriÃÃo dos termos baseia-se nos postulados da Socioterminologia (GAUDIN, 1993; 2003; FAULSTICH, 1995a; 1995b, 1996; 1998a; 1998b; 2001; 2006; 2010), aliados à perspectiva GeolinguÃstica (COSERIU, 1982; BRANDÃO, 1991, ALINEI, 1994; FERREIRA e CARDOSO, 1994; THUN, 2005; CARDOSO, 2009; CARDOSO, 2010). Utilizamos como ferramentas de coleta de dados, para a compilaÃÃo do corpus da pesquisa, a aplicaÃÃo de um questionÃrio terminolÃgico contendo 877 questÃes relacionadas à prÃtica da produÃÃo da farinha de mandioca que totalizou 50 horas de gravaÃÃo em Ãudio, transcritas grafematicamente com auxÃlio do software Transana e processado pelo software de anÃlise lexical Word Smith Tools que nos ajudou na tarefa de extraÃÃo semiautomÃtica dos termos. Esse questionÃrio foi aplicado em entrevistas realizadas com trabalhadores rurais de cinco mesorregiÃes da AmazÃnia paraense, a saber: Nordeste paraense, MarajÃ, Sudeste paraense, Sudoeste paraense e Baixo Amazonas. Para a elaboraÃÃo do glossÃrio eletrÃnico recorremos ao software Lexique Pro 3.6 para organizarmos os verbetes de acordo com a macroestrutura e a microestrutura definida à priori. Como resultado final, apresentamos um produto terminolÃgico informatizado que possibilitou a inserÃÃo de imagens, vÃdeos, Ãudios e cartogramas terminolÃgicos das variantes mais recorrentes na distribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica dos termos. O glossÃrio eletrÃnico possui 506 termos que representam parte do universo sociocultural da atividade que exercem os trabalhadores rurais e apontam para o patrimÃnio terminolÃgico usado pelos povos nas mais variadas comunidades da AmazÃnia paraense.
This PhD thesis aimed to draw up an electronic glossary, monolingual in portuguese, brazilian variant, cartographic mapping the distribution of terms in geographic space. The preparation of this terminological work led to the knowledge linguistic and terminological variety of portuguese used by rural workers in the specialized activity of production of cassava flour in ParÃ, Brazil and can be constituted as a systematized database for future scientific research. The theoretical orientation used for the description of the terms is based on the postulates of Socioterminology (GAUDIN, 1993; 2003; FAULSTICH, 1995a, 1995b, 1996; 1998a; 1998b; 2001; 2006; 2010), combined with the prospect GeolinguÃstica (COSERIU 1982 ; BRANDÃO, 1991 ALINEI, 1994; FERREIRA and CARDOSO, 1994; THUN, 2005; CARDOSO, 2009; CARDOSO, 2010). Used as data collection tools for the compilation of the corpus of the research, the application of a terminological questionnaire containing 877 questions related to the practice of cassava flour production totaling 50 hours of audio recording, transcribed grafematicamente with the help of software Transana and processed by the lexical analysis software Word Smith Tools that helped us in the semi-automatic extraction task of terms. The questionnaire was applied on interviews with rural workers five mesoregions of Parà Amazon, namely: Para Northeast, MarajÃ, Parà Southeast, Southwest and Parà Lower Amazon. For the preparation of electronic glossary resorted to Lexique Pro 3.6 software to organize the entries according to the macrostructure and the microstructure defined. As a final result, we present a computerized terminological product which allowed the inclusion of images, videos, audios and terminology cartograms of the most recurring variations in the geographical distribution of terms. Electronic glossary has 506 terms that represent part of the socio-cultural universe of activity carrying farm workers and point to the terminological assets used by people in various communities in Amazon,ParÃ, Brazil.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T18:37:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Magaly Morgana Lopes da Costa.pdf: 15681872 bytes, checksum: 764633041d2e6791d8bf29826c9967ad (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-11-17T18:20:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Magaly Morgana Lopes da Costa.pdf: 15681872 bytes, checksum: 764633041d2e6791d8bf29826c9967ad (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T18:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Magaly Morgana Lopes da Costa.pdf: 15681872 bytes, checksum: 764633041d2e6791d8bf29826c9967ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-18
With the large internal demand for flour and the increasing dependence on the importation of this food, the mixed flours stand out as promising to supply the needs of the domestic market. However, the quality of the mixed flour is of paramount importance to the industry and the consumer, having the same that satisfazeros standards of the Brazilian legislation for flour. In this perspective, the objective was to verify the viability of the physico-chemical characteristics of the partial substitution of wheat flour for cassava starch. For that, a wheat flour and fifteen cassava masses were analyzed. Five concentrations of cassava masses (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were added to the wheat flour, as well as the analysis for pure cassava starch (100%), each analysis in triplicate, corresponding to a total of 273 samples. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were compared by the Tukey test, considering a 5% probability. The moisture content increased with increasing percentage of cassava mass in wheat flour, where the masses composed only of cassava starch (100%) presented higher humidity and the pure wheat flour (FT) had lower humidity. As for ash, pure wheat flour had a higher ash content when compared to blends and pure cassava starch. The mean pH value varied according to each type of mass.
Com a grande demanda interna por farinha de trigo e a crescente dependência da importação desse alimento, as farinhas mistas destacam-se como promissoras para suprir as necessidades do mercado interno de farinhas. E, deste modo, a qualidade da farinha mista é de suma importância para a indústria e o consumidor, tendo a mesma que satisfazer os padrões da legislação brasileira para farinhas. Nessa perspectiva, objetivou-se verificar a viabilidade quanto às características físico-químicas da substituição parcial da farinha de trigo por fécula de mandioca. Para tal, foram analisadas uma farinha de trigo e quinze massas de mandioca. Foram adicionadas à farinha de trigo cinco concentrações de massas de mandioca (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%), como também foi realizada a análise da fécula de mandioca pura (100%). Cada análise foi realizada em triplicata, correspondendo a um total de 273 amostras. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, considerando-se 5% de probabilidade. A umidade aumentou de acordo com o aumento da porcentagem de massa de mandioca na farinha de trigo, onde as massas compostas apenas de fécula de mandioca (100%) apresentaram maior umidade e a farinha de trigo pura (FT) a menor umidade. Já para cinzas, a farinha de trigo pura apresentou maior teor de cinzas quando comparada com as misturas e com a fécula de mandioca pura. O valor médio de pH variou de acordo com cada tipo de massa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioSB_TESE.pdf: 2488710 bytes, checksum: a89cb34af4b96bdd59b8b2051a8431f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This study evaluates the biosurfactants production from cassava wastewater, an agro industrial residue, to be used as carbon source. Using a factorial design 24-1 (half fraction), 10 tests were performed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029/GVII-A in submerged batch cultivation in rotating incubator (shaker). The influence of factors (temperature, agitation, aeration ratio and concentration of cultivation medium) at two different levels for the synthesis of the biosurfactant. Samples were collected throughout the cultivation by 132 hours of fermentation were completed. The best outcome was intended by following production through substrate consumption, dry matter, reduction of surface tension (ring method) and emulsification index. The kinetics of microorganism was assessed for the carbon source used. The results showed that the cassava wastewater is a well assimilable substrate for the production of biotensoactive, reaching 91 % of consumption by the micro-organism under study. The growth temperature was found to be one of the leading factors in the synthesis of the metabolite, followed by aeration and also due to the agitation. The best results showed a 30 % reduction in surface tension (% RTS) for the environment, reaching values of 30 mN/m; 3.0 g /L of biomass and emulsifying index greater than 65 %. The metabolite synthesized still remained stable for different salt concentrations (1, 5 and 10 % w/ v) and alkaline pH (8-10).
O presente trabalho avalia a produ??o de biossurfactantes a partir de manipueira, um res?duo agroindustrial a ser utilizado como fonte de carbono. Empregando um planejamento fatorial 24-1 (fra??o meia), 10 ensaios foram realizados utilizando Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GVIIA em cultivo descont?nuo submerso em incubador rotat?rio (shaker). Foi analisada a influ?ncia dos fatores (temperatura, agita??o, raz?o de aera??o e concentra??o do substrato) em dois diferentes n?veis para a s?ntese do biossurfactante. Amostras foram coletadas em intervalos regulares durante o cultivo at? 132 horas de fermenta??o. Buscou-se o melhor resultado acompanhando a produ??o atrav?s do consumo de substrato, massa seca, redu??o da tens?o superficial (m?todo do anel) e ?ndice de emulsifica??o. O comportamento cin?tico do micro-organismo foi avaliado para a fonte de carbono utilizada. Os resultados mostraram que a manipueira ? bastante assimil?vel e potencial substrato na produ??o do biotensoativo, onde se observou 91% de consumo pelo micro-organismo em estudo. A temperatura de cultivo revelou ser um dos fatores preponderantes na s?ntese do metab?lito, acompanhada pela raz?o de aera??o e agita??o. Os melhores resultados mostraram redu??o de 30% da tens?o superficial (%RTS) em rela??o ao meio inicial, alcan?ando valores de 31 mN/m; 3,0 g/L de biomassa e ?ndice de emulsifica??o superior a 65%. O metab?lito sintetizado ainda se mostrou est?vel para diferentes concentra??es salinas (1, 5 e 10% m/v) e pH alcalino (8-10).

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-01-02T17:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Cristina_Veras_Souza.pdf: 1439810 bytes, checksum: 62ce5cd40fbe6621e14fe59ade993436 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-02T17:51:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Cristina_Veras_Souza.pdf: 1439810 bytes, checksum: 62ce5cd40fbe6621e14fe59ade993436 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29
Biosurfactants are tensioactive compounds produced by bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, which have come in the molecule a hydrophobic and other hydrophilic portion, with potential to reduce water surface tension and liquid emulsion with two phases, called Bioemulsifiers. The bioemulsifiers presented potential of application in several industrial areas such as: food, agricultural, pharmaceutical and petrochemical, their characteristics of biodegradability, non-toxic and possibility of production from renewable substrates. In this sense, studies carried out with Bacillus subtilis UCP 0146, investigating a bioemulsifier production, using as substrate the agroindustrial effluent (manipueira). Cultivation was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 mL (100%) of the production medium (manimetry) according to the 23 factorial scale, with 5% inoculum at a concentration of 108 cells / mL, incubated at 30ºC under agitation of 150 rpm for 72h, being evaluated the bioemulsifier produced in the cell free metabolic liquid, the emulsification inde (IE24). As the good, the size of the emulsion droplets, stability to pH, NaCl and temperature. The results showed that the emulsifier had a 95.2% emulsification index with the engine burned oil in the best planning condition, showing a stable emulsion formation at all temperatures and a better response at the temperature of 70ºC (96.0%). Regarding pH was observed in assay 2, an (IE24) of 91.6% relative to salinity or assay 4 represented 92.0%. In addition, no dispersion test showed displacement of 85.3 cm of the oil and the discoloration of methylene blue in aqueous solution, obtained the result of 62.2% removal. The Bacillus subtilis demonstrated the ability to produce bioemulsifiers using a metabolic conversion of the agroindustrial residue, making the bioprocessing economical and great potential in the biotechnological application.
Os Biossurfactantes são compostos tensoativos produzidos por bactérias, leveduras e fungos filamentosos, que apresentam na molécula uma porção hidrofóbica e outra hidrofílica, com potencial de redução da tensão superficial da água e ou de emulsificar líquidos com duas fases, os que apresentam essa última característica são denominados de bioemulsificantes. Apresentam potenciais de aplicação em varias áreas industriais como: alimentícia, agrícola, farmacêutica e petroquímica, devido a suas características de biodegradábilidade, não toxicidade e possibilidade de produção a partir de substratos renováveis. Neste trabalho, estudos foram realizados com Bacillus subtilis UCP 0146, investigando a produção de bioemulsificante, empregando como substrato o efluente agroindustrial (manipueira). O cultivo foi realizado em frascos de Erlenmeyers de 250 ml contendo 75 mL (100%) do meio de produção (manipueira) de acordo com planejamento fatorial completo 23, teve como variável independente o volume do inóculo, temperatura e agitação e como variável resposta o índice de emulsificação (IE24), com 5% de inóculo com concentração de 108 cel /mL, incubado a 30ºC, sob agitação de 150 rpm por 72h. Foi avaliado o bioemulsificante produzido no líquido metabólico livre de células, a fins da dosagem índice de emulsificação (IE24). As características do bioemulsificante avaliadas foram tamanho das gotas de emulsão, estabilidade frente a variações de pH, concentração de NaCl e temperatura. Os resultados mostraram que o bioemulsificante apresentou índice de emulsificação de 95,2% para óleo queimado de motor na melhor condição do planejamento (inóculo 9% (v/v), 25°C e 100rpm), apresentando formação de emulsão estável em relação ao IE24 em todas as temperaturas testadas, mas a melhor resposta foi com a temperatura de 70ºC (96.0%). Em relação ao pH, foi observado um IE24h de 91,6% e em relação a salinidade apresentou 92.0%. No teste de dispersão do deslocamento obteve o valor de 85,38 cm². Quanto ao potencial de adsorção do corante catiônico azul de metileno removeu 62,2% após 12h, como também a remoção de 94,4% do óleo queimado de motor impregnado em solo arenoso. O Bacillus subtilis apresentou habilidade de produzir bioemulsificante utilizando a conversão metabólica do resíduo agroindustrial, tornando o bioprocesso econômico e com grande potencial na aplicação biotecnológica.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-05T17:55:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2015-05-06T13:33:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T13:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5)
CAPES
O Celeiro Público da Bahia, concebido pelo governo colonial para solucionar as crises constantes que abalavam o concorrido mercado de abastecimento da cidade de Salvador, foi instrumento para regular a ampla rede de distribuição de farinha de mandioca, elemento essencial ao funcionamento da empresa colonial. Instituído em 1785, apesar de inúmeras críticas, funcionou em um armazém do Arsenal da Marinha até 1870: depois de 1822, administrado pelo governo provincial, e, com poderes reduzidos, foi assumido pela Câmara Câmara Municipal, de 1856 em diante. Cobrava um vintém por cada alqueire de farinha, arroz, feijão e milho que entrava pelo mar, e, com o seu lucro líquido sustentava o lazareto. O exame da documentação relativa ao Celeiro Público da Bahia permite identificar as relações entre o mercado de farinha de mandioca da cidade de Salvador e os interesses da economia mercantil escravista. Designed by the colonial government as a solution to the constant crises that shook the competitive market to supply the city of Salvador, the Public Granary of Bahia was the regulatory instrument of an extensive distribution network of cassava flour, an essential element for the operation of the colonial enterprise. Established in 1785 despite widespread criticism, the granary functioned in a warehouse of the Navy Arsenal until 1870: after 1822, administrated by the provincial government and with reduced powers, it was assumed by the City Council from 1856 onwards. The Granary charged a penny for every bushel of flour, rice, beans and corn that entered by sea, and its net income supported the leper hospital. The exam of documentation relating to the Public Granary of Bahia allows to identify the relationship between the market of cassava flour in the city of Salvador and the interests of slavery mercantile economy.

Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rizzi_Roberta_M.pdf: 18340321 bytes, checksum: b817805283516b5ae28caa25d1bfccb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Este é um estudo sobre a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) e seu principal derivado, a farinha de mandioca. A farinha de mandioca é o principal item da dieta alimentar da população não-indígena no Alto Juruá no Estado do Acre onde o estudo foi realizado. O estudo apóia-se na pesquisa etnobotânica e etnográfica perto da cidade de Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre) e na Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá (também no Acre), complementada pela pesquisa bibliográfica e pelo emprego de técnicas visuais. A mandioca é cultivada em todo o Brasil e mundo, e é representada por um grande número de variedades. Ela constitui um dos mais importantes acessos para a compreensão das relações entre pessoas e o ambiente nas localidades estudadas. Há contudo lógicas diferentes operando no universo da farinha de mandioca nas duas localidades: 1) no regime de circulação da farinha - farinha como mercadoria em Cruzeiro do Sul, farinha como parte da economia doméstica e da economia reciprocidade de vizinhos na reserva; 2) na tecnologia - diferentes processos de fabricação da farinha, instrumentação e casas de farinha; 3) no gosto e predileção das diferentes farinhas e 4) nos cultivares - diferentes variedades de mandioca plantadas e utilizadas. A utilização de diferentes perspectivas - da botânica, da antropologia e da antropologia visual, assim como a realização de um documentário etnográfico, contribui de alguma forma para o diálogo entre as diferentes disciplinas
Abstract: This is a study on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) and on its main use in the Upper Jurua River (Brazil): the farinha de mandioca, or cassava flour. The farinha de mandioca is the main dietary item of the non-indigenous population in the upper Juruá. The study is based on ethnobotanical and ethnographic research carried out in Cruzeiro do Sul and in the Upper Jurua Extractive Reserve (in State of Acre), as well as on bibliographic research and by visual techniques. Manioc is grown all over Brazil and in several areas across the world, and is represented by a great number of varieties. It is one of the most important accesses to an understanding of the relationships between people and the environment in the areas under study. There are however here logics at work in the farinha universe in the two areas: (1) in the regime of circulation of farinha (as a commodity in Cruzeiro do Sul, and as part of the domestic economy and of the reciprocity network among neighbors in the Reserve); (2) in its technology (there are distinct processes of production, different tools and different farinha houses; (3) in tastes and preferences for different styles of farinha; (4) and in the varieties of cassava planted and consumed. The use of distinct perspectives -- ethnobotanical, anthropological and visual -- may also contribute to a possible dialogue between these approaches
Mestrado
Antropologia Rural
Mestre em Antropologia Social

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-27T17:17:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ElecyTese corrigida 30 07 14.pdf: 1118101 bytes, checksum: fcfaf3d2c9511c09fdcaefb24555ec74 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-29T15:53:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ElecyTese corrigida 30 07 14.pdf: 1118101 bytes, checksum: fcfaf3d2c9511c09fdcaefb24555ec74 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-29T15:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElecyTese corrigida 30 07 14.pdf: 1118101 bytes, checksum: fcfaf3d2c9511c09fdcaefb24555ec74 (MD5)
FAPESB
A mandioca ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) é uma plan ta de origem da América do Sul, tendo como produto principal a farinha de mandioca, que é um alimento rico em carboidratos, fibras, proteína, Ca, P, Na, K e Fe , entre outros. A prod ução de farinha corresponde a 22 % da produção nacional de mandioca e é pro duzida por pequenos produtores. Sendo assim, é oportuno o desenvolvimento de estudos que visam à caracterização da farinha de mandioca quanto à sua composição para se ter um controle de qualidade adequado para consumo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor estratégias para a caracterização da farinha de mandioca produzida no E stado da Bahia em função das concentrações de Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb e Zn. Em uma primeira etapa foram comparados três procedimentos para o prep aro das amostras : (1) por via úmida com aquecimen to condutivo em bloco digestor, (2) assistido por radiação micro - ondas e (3) por via seca. Os elementos foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Fo i recomendado o procedimento assistido por radiação micro - ondas para determinação da composição elementar nas 24 amostras de farinha de mandioca adquiridas em diferentes localidades do estado da Bahia devido a sua maior eficiência e menor possibilidade de contaminação. Na segunda etapa foi proposto um procedimento para determinação de As, Pb, Cd e Se empregando espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica e detecção simultânea, utilizando a mistura de W e Rh como modificador. Foi possível determinar Pb e Cd em todas as amostras e os resultados obtidos indicaram para concentrações abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Na etapa final foram desenvolvidos estudos preliminares para a determinação de Cl, Br e I por ICP OES.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a plant of South America, with the main product of cassava flour, which is a food rich in carbohyd rates, fiber, protein, Ca, P, Na, K and Fe. The production flour corresponds 22.1% of national production of cassava and is produced by small producers. Thus, it is desirable to develop studies aimed at characterization of cassava flour in their compositio n to have a quality control suitable for consumption. The objective of this study was to propose strategies for the characterization of cassava flour produced in the state of Bahia in the concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn,N a, Ni, P, Pb and Zn. In a first step we compared three procedures for the preparation: (1) procedures using acids with heat conductive in block digester and (2) assisted by microwave and (3) procedure by calcination. The elements were determined by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). It was recommended the procedure assisted by microwave radiation to determine the elemental composition in 24 samples of cassava flour acquired in different localities of Bahia state conside ring its greater efficiency and less chance of contamination. In the second step was proposed a procedure for determination of As, Pb, Cd and Se using atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization and simultaneous detection using a mixture of Rh and W as chemistry modifier. Lead was determined in all samples and the results indicated concentrations below the limits established by law. In the final stage preliminary studies have been developed for the determination of Cl, Br and I by ICP OES . Further studies should be developed to a greater number of samples in order to establish a more complete profile and contribute to the Table of Food Composition at the regional level

A doença celíaca (DC) é uma doença autoimune causada pela intolerância ao glúten e o único tratamento existente é sua exclusão permanente na dieta. O glúten apresenta propriedades viscoelásticas que proporcionam características físicas e sensoriais desejáveis nos produtos de panificação e sua remoção, muitas vezes pode dificultar o desenvolvimento desses produtos. Dessa maneira, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito da farinha de chia sobre as características reológicas das massas sem glúten e avaliar a influência dessas características sobre os atributos físicos dos biscoitos. A farinha de chia foi usada para substituir (10, 20 e 30) % de fécula de mandioca e também foi formulado um biscoito sem farinha de chia, como controle. A adição de farinha de chia alterou as propriedades de hidratação da massa, seu alto conteúdo de fibras, proteínas e mucilagem elevaram significativamente (p < 0,05) os teores de capacidade de absorção de água (CAA), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) e volume de inchamento (VI). Os resultados da varredura de frequência mostraram que o módulo de armazenamento (G\') foi superior ao módulo de perda (G\'\') para todas as massas, indicando um comportamento sólido-elástico. À medida que aumentou a porcentagem de farinha de chia nas formulações dos biscoitos foram obtidas massas com menor viscosidade extensional biaxial e maior recuperação elástica. Os modelos matemáticos da abordagem da derivada fracionária e de Burgers foram ajustados aos pontos experimentais do teste de fluência e recuperação com bons coeficientes de determinação (R2 ~ 0,97). Os parâmetros reológicos desses modelos obtidos para as massas foram correlacionados às propriedades físicas do biscoito e podem ser usados como indicadores de qualidade na elaboração de biscoito sem glúten. A substituição da fécula de mandioca por 30% de farinha de chia resultou em biscoitos com maior densidade aparente, umidade e firmeza, menor valor para o fator diâmetro/espessura e coloração na superfície mais escura. Correlações significativas entre as propriedades físicas dos biscoitos e o parâmetro de recuperação elástica (ensaio de fluência e recuperação) e de viscosidade extensional biaxial da massa foram obtidas. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que os ensaios reológicos aplicados à massa poderiam ser correlacionados com algumas propriedades finais (densidade, fator de espalhabilidade e textura) dos biscoitos, e que a substituição parcial de farinha de chia poderia ser utilizada para melhorar as características físicas e nutricionais na produção de biscoitos sem glúten.
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease caused by gluten intolerance, and the only existing treatment is its permanent exclusion from the diet. Gluten has viscoelastic properties that provide desirable physical and sensory characteristics in bakery products and its removal can often hamper the development of these products. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chia flour on rheological characteristics of gluten-free doughs and to evaluate the influence of these characteristics on the physical attributes of the biscuits. Chia flour was used to replace (10, 20 and 30) % of cassava starch and also as control biscuit without chia flour was formulated. The addition of chia flour altered the hydration properties of the dough, its high content of fibers, proteins and mucilage significantly increased (p<0.05) water absorption capacity (WCA), water retention capacity (WCR) and swelling volume (VS). The frequency sweep results showed that the storage modulus (G \') was higher than loss modulus (G\') for all doughs, indicating a solid-elastic behavior. As the percentage of chia flour increased in the biscuit formulations the doughs with lower apparent biaxial extensional viscosity and greater elastic recovery. The mathematical models of the fractional derivative modelling approach and Burgers were adjusted to the experimental points obtained in the fluency and recovery test with a good coefficient of determination (R2 ~ 0.97) and the rheological parameters of these models were correlated to the physical properties of the biscuit and can be used as indicators of quality in the preparation of gluten-free biscuits. The replacement of cassava starch with 30% of chia flour resulted in biscuits with higher bulk apparent density, moisture and firmness, lower diameter/thickness factor and darker surface coloration. Significant correlations between the physical properties of the biscuit doughs and the rheological parameters (creep and recovery test) and biaxial extensional viscosity were obtained. The results suggest that rheological tests applied to the doughs could be correlated with some final properties (density, spreading factor, texture) of the biscuits, and that the partial substitution of cassava starch with chia flour could be used to improve the physical and nutritional characteristics in the manufacture of gluten-free biscuits.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thaisa Anders Carvalho Souza.pdf: 2450969 bytes, checksum: 96a1e35514fbf17aedfa8fc3705b6ae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28
This study aimed to verify the microbiological safety of solid waste from cassava starch (peel and bagasse), with different times of storage at room temperature with and without chemical treatment and apply peels and dried cassava bagasse in the formulation of gluten-free cake mixes substituting rice flour. The pH values ranged from 5.3 to 4.3 in fresh cassava peel, while the cassava peel sanitized between 5.6 and 4.4. The pH values ranged from 5.24 to 5.92 on fresh cassava bagasse, while in the acidified cassava bagasse these values were between 4.7 and 5.5. The time significantly influenced the pH values of all samples of peel and cassava bagasse during storage at room temperature. None of the samples of flour and cake analyzed was detected Salmonella, and counting of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sp. and fecal coliform (45 °C). There were only counts of coliforms, yeasts and molds in peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. All instrumental parameters of color, pH and moisture of the samples of rice flour, peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, showed differences. The rice flour had become clearer, with less red and yellow color when compared to the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The pH differed among the three flours, being the pH of the rice flour larger than those observed in flours of peel and cassava bagasse. The moisture content of rice flour was lower than the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The flours of peel and cassava bagasse showed higher contents of ash, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble fiber and lower protein and carbohydrates, in addition to the total energy. The specific volumes of experimental cakes made with rice flour and cassava peel flour did not differ in any treatment, already in those made with cassava bagasse flour, treatments with 75% and 100% substitution of rice flour by cassava bagasse flour differed from other treatments. The crumbs of cakes tended to stain darker with increasing levels of replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. In relation to moisture all the cakes made with experimental flours were different, except the cake without replacement and with 25% substitution of rice flour with cassava bagasse flour. The performance index also tended to increase proportionately to the increase levels of replacement of rice flour by flour of peel and cassava bagasse flour. The ash, lipids and total and insoluble dietary fibers tended to increase in the cakes with replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, carbohydrates, protein and total energy were lower in cakes with increasing replacement of flour waste. All experimental cakes exceeded the cutoff point (score 6) for acceptance testing in sensorial analysis. Cassava peel sanitized and acidified cassava bagasse can be considered safe for use as an ingredient (flour) in the formulation of food products, especially those who suffer heat treatment. The results obtained in the formulations of the cakes were adequate, since they showed satisfactory results in relation to the physical, nutritional, microbiological safety and sensory characteristics.
Este trabalho objetivou verificar a segurança microbiológica dos resíduos sólidos de fecularia de mandioca (cascas e bagaço), com diferentes tempos de armazenamento a temperatura ambiente com e sem tratamento químico e aplicar as cascas e bagaço de mandioca desidratados na formulação de misturas de bolos sem glúten em substituição a farinha de arroz. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,3 a 4,3 na casca de mandioca in natura, enquanto na casca de mandioca sanitizada entre 5,6 e 4,4. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,24 a 5,92 no bagaço de mandioca in natura, enquanto no bagaço de mandioca acidificado estes valores ficaram entre 4,7 e 5,5. O tempo influenciou significativamente os valores de pH de todas as amostras de casca e de bagaço de mandioca durante o armazenamento a temperatura ambiente. Em nenhuma das amostras de farinhas e de bolos avaliadas foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp, e contagem de Bacilus cereus, Clostridium sp. e coliformes termotolerantes (45 °C). Apenas verificaram-se contagens de coliformes totais e bolores e leveduras nas farinhas de cascas e de bagaço de mandioca. Todos os parâmetros instrumentais de cor, o pH e a umidade das amostras de farinha de arroz, farinha de casca de mandioca e farinha de bagaço de mandioca, apresentaram diferenças. A farinha de arroz apresentou-se mais clara, com coloração menos avermelhada e amarelada, quando comparada às farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. O pH diferiu entre as três farinhas, sendo o pH da farinha de arroz maior que o observado nas farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. A umidade da farinha de arroz foi menor que as das farinhas de casca de mandioca e de bagaço de mandioca. As farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca apresentaram teores superiores de cinzas, fibras alimentares total, solúvel e insolúvel e inferiores de proteínas e carboidratos, além do valor energético total. Os volumes específicos dos bolos experimentais formulados com farinha de arroz e farinha de casca de mandioca não diferiram em nenhum dos tratamentos, já nos formulados com farinha de bagaço de mandioca, os tratamentos com 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de bagaço de mandioca diferiram dos demais tratamentos. Os miolos dos bolos apresentaram tendência à coloração mais escura, com o aumento dos níveis de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. Em relação à umidade todos os bolos experimentais formulados com as farinhas apresentaram diferença, exceto o bolo sem substituição e com 25% de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de bagaço de mandioca. O índice de rendimento também apresentou tendência a aumentar proporcionalmente ao aumento dos níveis de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. As cinzas, os lipídeos e as fibras alimentares total e insolúvel apresentaram tendência de aumentar nos bolos com substituição de farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca, já os carboidratos, proteínas e o valor energético total apresentaram valores inferiores nos bolos com o aumento da substituição das farinhas dos resíduos. Todos os bolos experimentais superaram o ponto de corte (escore 6) para o teste de aceitação na análise sensorial. A casca de mandioca sanitizada e o bagaço de mandioca acidificado podem ser considerados seguros para utilização como ingrediente (farinha) em formulações de produtos alimentícios, principalmente aqueles que sofrerão tratamento térmico. Os resultados obtidos nas formulações dos bolos foram adequados, uma vez que estes apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em relação às características físicas, valor nutricional, segurança microbiológica e características sensoriais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao lisandra geografia capa.pdf: 29406 bytes, checksum: d59f43457067689dac0d77a613074a8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-08
The present work is result of the nearness between geography and food and, aim the manners of eat in a context of reality like possibility of geographical investigation. It moderator for the man and your relations with the nature, with the social circle, with the people and with the place, to come into of production s manners of foods offered to know the relation of the men with the nature, the your organization social space and your relations with others actors, in the first chapter, we looked for the theorical fundamentation, finding in the cultural geography, the dialogue necessary to settle the categories of place, lived space, representations, food habits and support it. The register of cities of small region of Vão do Paranã in the goiano northeast and the informations of permanent and temporary farm works, having like prominent the city Guarani de Goiás made present. The second chapter, the confrontation between theory and practical beginning empirically the grasp of the manners of eat of the group in the city Guarani de Goiás, trying to explain the meanings of symbolic nature in the cycle of plant, pick, prepare and eat the foods. In the manners of prepare the foods made mister a space preparation of the food, in it the possibility of observe the scene pursued the social relations that established by means of food. In this space stressing the woman like main actress, understanding that she is producing and keeping of feed traditions and consequently cultural traditions in group in that is inserted. For that reason this dialogue between the make hers and the our interpretation, that allow to notice the beat, the auto sufficiency of foods, the relations, and the interior and external conflict that .The third chapter, reproduce the event mutirão of cassava´s flour and the production of rapadura, focusing in yours similarities, and differences, activities that cross and manifest values and identities local. The reflection about food brought the necessity of reflect too the hunger, like form of become it discussable. Clipping too was dedicated the participation of Brazil Kitchen a movable course of feed education, that multiply the concept of healthy and hygienic food. To deduce and interpret a city Guarani de Goiás one of municipal of goiano northeast was evidenced a municipal district segregated and conflict, however, a city that is a place of existence and the reproductions of men s life that like any human vacuum evolutions and opportunities
O presente trabalho é resultado da aproximação entre Geografia e Alimentação e aponta os modos de se alimentarem num contexto de realidade como possibilidade de investigação geográfica, mediados pelo homem e suas relações com a natureza, com o meio, com as pessoas e com o lugar. Adentrar os modos de produção de alimentos proporcionou conhecer a relação do homem com a natureza, a sua organização sócioespacial e suas relações com outros atores. No primeiro capítulo, buscou-se a fundamentação teórica da Geografia Cultural, o diálogo necessário para assentar as categorias lugar, espaço vivido, representações, hábitos alimentares e sustentá-las. O registro das cidades da Microrregião do Vão do Paranã no Nordeste Goiano e os dados das lavouras permanentes e temporárias, tendo como destaque a cidade de Guarani de Goiás fizeram-se presentes. No segundo capítulo, procedeu-se ao embate entre a teoria e a prática, iniciando-se empiricamente, a compreensão dos modos de se alimentar dos grupos sociais de Guarani de Goiás, para explicar os significados da natureza simbólica no ciclo de plantar, colher, preparar e comer. Nos modos de preparar os alimentos se fez mister uma interpretação espacial da cozinha; nela, a possibilidade de visualizar o cenário perseguido as relações sociais que se estabelecem por meio da alimentação. Nesse espaço, enfatizando a mulher como atriz principal, entendendo que ela é produtora e mantenedora das tradições alimentares e, conseqüentemente culturais, no grupo que se insere. Esse diálogo entre o fazer da mulher e a nossa interpretação nos permitiu e nos levou a perceber o ritmo, a auto-suficiência dos alimentos, as relações e os conflitos interiores e exteriores que os perpassam. O terceiro capítulo reproduz o evento mutirão de farinha de mandioca e a produção de rapadura, enfocando-os em suas semelhanças e diferenças, atividades que se cruzam e manifestam valores e identidades locais. A reflexão sobre alimentação trouxe a necessidades de também refletir sobre a fome, como forma de tomá-la discutível. Recorte também foi dedicado à participação da Cozinha Brasil um curso de educação alimentar móvel, que multiplica o conceito de alimentação saudável, higiênica e de baixo custo. Depreender e interpretar a cidade de Guarani de Goiás, um dos municípios do Nordeste Goiano, foi evidenciar um município segregado e conflituoso, entretanto, um lugar de existência e reproduções de vida de homens e mulheres que, como qualquer ser humano, aspiram à evolução e oportunidades.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T16:51:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CÂNDIDO JOSÉ FERREIRA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 21935280 bytes, checksum: 677d2ff865a24e56364c3331a172a485 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T16:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CÂNDIDO JOSÉ FERREIRA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 21935280 bytes, checksum: 677d2ff865a24e56364c3331a172a485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03
Capes
A presente dissertação se baseia na avaliação do comportamento de cinco amostras de farinha de mandioca, ao longo de um período de armazenamento de 180 dias. As farinhas consistiram de cinco tipos sendo uma de farinha de mandioca seca e quatro de farinhas de mandioca temperadas, obtidas a partir da primeira. Os materiais foram embalados em sacos plásticos de polipropileno, capacidade 500g e, como embalagem secundária, utilizaram-se sacos plásticos de polietileno, de baixa densidade, capacidade para 10 kg. Análises quanto à umidade, cinzas, acidez alcoólica, lipídios, proteínas, atividade de água, carboidratos e controle microbiológico de coliformes fecais, Síaphylococcus aureus, bactérias mesófilas, bolores e leveduras e salmonella sp., foram realizadas logo após o processamento e durante todo o período de armazenamento, com intervalos de 30 dias. Foram avaliados aspectos relevantes aplicados no controle de qualidade de alimentos e dada ênfase ao estudo das características intrínsecas do produto, das condições de processamento, acondicionamento e estocagem que, eventualmente, poderiam afetar as condições físico-químicas e a microbiota contaminante. elos resultados obtidos com referência às características físicas e fisicoquímicas, verifica-se uma relativa heterogeneidade das farinhas. No que concerne à sua granulometria, constata-se que todas as amostras foram classificadas como farinha grossa, de acordo com BRASIL (1995). Os dados também foram agrupados visando à avaliação das variações da composição, relativas à formulação do produto, ao efeito do armazenamento. No que se refere aos aspectos microbiológicos, os resultados revelaram ausência de Salmonella e Sthaphylococcus aureus e contagem zero para bactérias do grupo Coliformes fecais, em todas as amostras analisadas durante todo o período de armazenamento, e Contagem Padrão em Placas (Bactérias mesófilas) e Bolores e Leveduras dentro dos padrões permitidos pela legislação em vigor.
This work was based on the evaluation of the behaviour of five cassava flour samples, for a period of storage of 180 days. The flours consisted of five types, being one of dry cassava flour and four of spiced dry cassava flours, produced from the dry cassava flour. The flours were packaged into 500g bags of polypropylene, and over wrapped with lOKg low-density polyethylene bags. Analysis of the contents of moisture, ashes, alcoholic acidity, lipids, proteins, water activity, carbohydrates and microbiological controls of faecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria mesophilic, moulds, yeasts and salmonella sp., were determined after the processing and during the storage period, with intervals of 30 days. Important aspects applied to the quality assurance of foods were analysed, and emphasis on the study on the intrinsic characteristics of products, the processing, packaging and storage conditions were given. Theses characteristics could affect the physical-chemical conditions and the contaminant microbiota. The results from the physical and physical-chemical characteristics showed the relative heterogeneity of the flours. The flours we classified as thick flours according to Brazilian Regulation (1995). The data were analysed relating to variations on chemical composition, as a result of differences on formulation and storage conditions. The microbiological analysis revealed that all samples analysed during the 180 days presented absence of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus, and counting zero for faecal coliforms. The standard plate count in acteria mesophilic, moulds and yeasts were in agreement with parameters established by Brazilian Regulation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
One of the promising ways for the residues utilization is through the development of biotechnological processes for the production of a large number of metabolites of industrial interest, such as the production of bioaromas. The fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata has the potential to synthesis of esters producing varieties of flavor compounds such as ethyl acetate, responsible for a diversity of fruit flavors. The objective this work was utilize and evaluate the biotechnological potential of cassava rind, one of the agro-industrial waste more produced in the Sergipe state, for the production of ethyl acetate through the solid state fermentation. All procedure performed obeyed an experimental design of eleven experiments corresponding to an experimental design 22 trials plus 4 axial points and three repetitions at the central point, with the variable sample mass and moisture content. The volatile compound ethyl acetate was quantified by headspace analysis on a gas chromatograph and it was found that the best experiment for the production of ethyl acetate was (91,92 μmol.L-1) with 50% humidity and 14:23 g weight dried for 48 hours fermentation. As of the best result was done other fermentation for separating the aroma using NaCl at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. It was observed that NaCl concentration of 30% obtained best value (3303,60 μmol.L-1). This result has been done an increased scale to verify the influence of producing the compound ethyl acetate in a larger surface area where the experiments were performed in 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask (10%, 20%, 30 % of the quantity of inoculum) and 2000 ml Erlenmeyer flask (50% of the quantity of inoculum). Chromatographic analysis found that 30% of saline best recovered the ethyl acetate in a 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask with 30% inoculum (19,38 μmol.L-1).
Uma das formas promissoras para o aproveitamento de resíduos é através do desenvolvimento de processos biotecnológicos para produção de um grande número de metabólitos de interesse industrial, como por exemplo, a produção de bioaromas. O fungo Ceratocystis fimbriata tem potencial para síntese de ésteres produzindo variedades de compostos de aromas, como o acetato de etila, responsável por umas diversidades de aromas de frutas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aproveitar e avaliar o potencial biotecnológico da casca de mandioca, um dos resíduos agroindustriais mais produzidos no estado de Sergipe, para produção de acetato de etila através da fermentação em estado sólido. Todo o procedimento realizado obedeceu a um planejamento experimental de onze experimentos que corresponde um planejamento experimental 22 ensaios acrescidos de 4 pontos axiais e 3 repetições no ponto central, tendo como variáveis a massa da amostra e o teor de umidade. O composto volátil acetato de etila foi quantificado através da análise de headspace no cromatógrafo a gás e foi detectado que o melhor experimento para produção do acetato de etila foi (91,92 μmol.L-1) com 50% de umidade e 14,23 g de massa seca durante 48 horas de fermentação. A partir do melhor resultado obtido foi realizado outra fermentação para separação do aroma utilizando NaCl numa concentração de 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% e 35%. Foi observado que a concentração de NaCl de 30% obteve melhor valor (3303,60 μmol.L-1). Com este resultado, foi realizado um aumento de escala para verificar a influência da produção do composto acetato de etila numa maior área superficial onde os experimentos foram realizados em erlenmeyer de 1000 ml (10%, 20%, 30% de quantidade de inóculo) e 2000 ml (50% de quantidade de inóculo). A análise cromatográfica detectou que a solução salina de 30% recuperou melhor o acetato de etila no erlenmeyer de 1000 ml com 30% de inóculo (19,38 μmol. L-1).

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-20T20:36:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KARLA BARBOZA PEREIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 3342395 bytes, checksum: 50f9230ad950efa47105de21f3f44c6f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARLA BARBOZA PEREIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 3342395 bytes, checksum: 50f9230ad950efa47105de21f3f44c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02
A inserção no mercado de novos produtos isentos de glúten é fundamental para garantir a segurança alimentar dos celíacos, especialmente de massas alimentícias que representam um item básico na dieta do brasileir o; porém a eliminação total do glúten de sua composição, com suas propriedades viscoelásticas ímpares gera um desafio aos pesquisadores que precisam desenvolver um produto com características físicas e sensoriais semelhantes. Pretendeu-se com essa pesquisa desenvolver uma formulação de uma massa livre de glúten elaborada a partir de féculas de batata, fécula mandioca e farinha de arroz vermelho adicionado de goma xantana. Para tanto , foram desenvolvidas massas alimentícias com três formulações (5, 10 e 15 % de fécula de mandioca) que foram secas em seis temperaturas (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90 °C). As matérias -primas básicas e suas formulações foram avaliadas quanto a sua granulometria, morfologia e calorimetria. Os modelos de Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Thompson e Fick foram utilizados para estudar a cinética de secagem das massas. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de água, cinzas, minerais, pH, amido, lipídeos, proteínas, carboidratos totais, valor calórico total, fibras, compostos fenólicos, tempo de cozimento, aumento de volume, perda de sólidos solúveis, rendimento, fraturabilidade, dureza e atividade de água (durante armazenamento por 180 dias). Por fim, as amostras foram avaliadas microbiologicamente e sensorialmente. Neste estudo conclui-se que: as frações granulométricas presentes em maior quantitativo, foram as que ficaram retidas na peneira de 32 Mesh, com exceção da fécula de batata. Foi observada uma morfologia: homogênea e caracterizada pelo formato ovalado para as féculas; heterogênea com a presença de estruturas irregulares para a farinha de arroz e heterogênea e com predominância de estruturas ovaladas para as formulações. A fécula de mandioca causou uma antecipação no processo de gelatinização da massa alimentícia. Os modelos de Page, Cavacanti Mata se ajustaram adequadamente aos dados experimentais . Com o aumento da temperatura de secagem ocorre uma redução do tempo de secagem e a perda de água das amostras é mais intensa no início da secagem e proporcional à temperatura; o valor do coeficiente de difusão aumenta com o aumento da temperatura. Os minerais presentes em maiores quantidades foram potássio, fósforo e cálcio . Os valores de amido, proteínas, fibras (para 5% e 90 °C), tempo de cozimento, aumento de volume, rendimento e atividade de água sofreram redução com o aumento da temperatura de secagem; já os valores de cinzas, compostos fenólicos, perda de sólidos, fraturabilidade e dureza sofreram aumento com o aumento da temperatura. Os valores de cinzas ( para 40 e 80 °C), lipídeos, valor calórico, fibras (na temperatura de 90°C) e compostos fenólicos sofreram redução com o aumento do percentual de fécula de mandioca; já os valores de amido, carboidratos totais, tempo de cozimento (para 40 °C), fraturabilidade, dureza e atividade de água sofreram aumento com o aumento do percentual de fécula de mandioca. A análise microbiológica realizada indicou que a massa alimentícia foi processada em condições higiênico-sanitárias adequadas. A amostra que teve maior preferência foi a com maior percentual de fécula de mandioca em sua formulação (15 %)
The insertion in the market of new gluten-free products is fundamental to ensure the food safety of celiac, especially pasta which represent a basic item in the Brazilian diet; but the total elimination of gluten from its composition with its unique viscoe lastic properties poses a challenge to researchers who need to develop a product with similar physical and sensory characteristics. The aim of this research was to develop a formulation of a gluten-free pasta made from potato starch, manioc starch and red rice flour added with xanthan gum. For this purpose, pasta was developed with three formulations (5, 10 and 15% manioc starch) that were dried at six temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C). The basic raw materials and their formulations were evaluated for particle-size, morphology and calorimetry. The models of Page, Cavalcanti Mata, Thompson and Fick were used to study the drying kinetics of the masses. The samples were evaluated for water, ash, minerals, pH, starch, lipids, proteins, total carbohydrates, total caloric value, fibers, phenolic compounds, cooking time, volume increase, loss of soluble solids, yield, brittleness, hardness and water activity (during storage for 180 days). Finally, the samples were evaluated microbiologically an d sensorial. In this study, it was concluded that: the particle-size fractions present in larger quantities, were those that were retained in the 32 Mesh sieve, except for potato starch. A morphology was observed: homogeneous and characterized by the oval shape for the starches; heterogeneous with the presence of irregular structures for the rice flour and heterogeneous and with predominance of oval structures for the formulations. Manioc starch caused a antecipation in the gelatinization process of the pasta. The Page, Cavacanti Mata models fit the experimental data accordingly. As the drying temperature increases, a reduction in the drying time occurs and the water loss of the samples is more intense at the beginning of drying and proportional to the temperature; the value of the diffusion coefficient increases with increasing temperature. The minerals present in higher amounts were potassium, phosphorus and calcium. The values of starch, proteins, fibers (at 5% and 90 °C), cooking time, volume increase, yield and water activity were reduced with increasing drying temperature; already the values of ash, phenolic compounds, loss of solids, brittleness and hardness have increased with increasing temperature. The val ues of ash (for 40 and 80° C), lipids, caloric value, fibers (at 90 °C) and phenolic compounds were reduced with increasing percentage of manioc starch; the values of starch, total carbohydrates, cooking time (to 40 °C), brittleness, hardness and water activity increased with increasing percentage of manioc starch. The microbiological analysis indicated that the food was processed under adequate hygienicsanitary conditions. The sample with the highest preference was the one with the highest percentage of manioc starch in its formulation (15%).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cassoni_v_me_botfca.pdf: 551302 bytes, checksum: ad5f4e495789c704c091c046c8b51b44 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Tucupi é um molho ácido preparado e usado na culinária dos estados do Norte do país. Há poucas informações sobre seu preparo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a viabilidade de fermentação acética da manipueira, água residual do processamento de farinha. A manipueira foi obtida em laboratório a partir da Fécula Branca, cultivar de polpa branca, indicada tanto para fim industrial como alimentício, cultivada em Campo Grande-MS, onde foi realizado o experimento. A manipueira foi caracterizada para cianeto livre, Brix, pH, açúcar redutor, açúcar redutor total e minerais. Para fins de comparação e compreensão do processo de acetificação da manipueira, foram estabelecidos ensaios simultâneos com suco de laranja, considerando que as frutas são tidas como substrato ideal para produção de vinagre. O suco de laranja também foi caracterizado como a manipueira e para ajustar a concentração de açúcares fermentescíveis adicionou-se sacarose comercial a manipueira com o intuito de se igualar o Brix de ambos os substratos. Os ensaios constaram de fermentação alcoólica seguida de acetificação. A fermentação alcoólica da manipueira e do suco de laranja foram realizadas com inoculação com 10 g L-1 de fermento seco da marca Fleischmann. Os fermentados alcoólicos obtidos foram caracterizados para °GL, AR, ART, acidez, pH, dosagem de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, manganês, enxofre, ferro, zinco, cobre e ácidos orgânicos. Para iniciar o processo de acetificação, a fase inicial constou do isolamento de bactérias acéticas a partir de frutas fermentadas naturalmente em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, os microrganismos foram purificados, mantidos e multiplicados por isolamento em meio de cultura seletivo adaptado do meio de Frateur e a partir destes foi preparado o inóculo. As bactérias isoladas em meio de Frateur...
The cassava waste water from Brazilian flour processing is used as base for the tucupi manufacture. Tucupi is a sauce prepared and culinary used in the north region of the country and are few information about it in the scientific literature. The research had as objective the evaluation of the cassava wastewater acetification in the tucupi processing. The cassava wastewater was obtained in laboratory from the Fécula Branca with white pulp cultivar, indicated for both industrial and culinary uses, cultivated in Campo Grande-MS, where the experiment was performed. The cassava waste water was characterized for free cyanide, Brix, pH, acidity, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar and minerals.In order to compare and understanding the acetification process of the cassava waste water there were established simultaneous assays using orange juice, considering that fruits are known as ideal subtract for vinegar production. The orange juice was characterized as the cassava wastewater and to adjust the fermentable sugar to the same concentration it was used commercial sugar cane in cassava wastewater. The essays were alcoholic fermentation following by acetification. The alcoholic fermentation of both cassava wastewater and orange juice were performed by the inoculation dried Fleischmann yeast 10 g l-1. The alcoholic fermented obtained were characterized for ºGL, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, acidity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, manganese, sulfur, iron, zinc, copper and organic acids To beginning the acetic fermentation it was isolated the acetic bacteria from natural fermented fruits in room conditions. The microorganisms were purified, maintained and multiplied by isolation in a selective medium adapted from Frateur's medium, and from those was prepared the inoculums. The isolated bacteria in the Frateur's medium presented morphologic and biochemical characteristics...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador : Marney Pascoli Cereda
Banca: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho
Banca : Simon Damasceno
Resumo: Tucupi é um molho ácido preparado e usado na culinária dos estados do Norte do país. Há poucas informações sobre seu preparo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a viabilidade de fermentação acética da manipueira, água residual do processamento de farinha. A manipueira foi obtida em laboratório a partir da Fécula Branca, cultivar de polpa branca, indicada tanto para fim industrial como alimentício, cultivada em Campo Grande-MS, onde foi realizado o experimento. A manipueira foi caracterizada para cianeto livre, Brix, pH, açúcar redutor, açúcar redutor total e minerais. Para fins de comparação e compreensão do processo de acetificação da manipueira, foram estabelecidos ensaios simultâneos com suco de laranja, considerando que as frutas são tidas como substrato ideal para produção de vinagre. O suco de laranja também foi caracterizado como a manipueira e para ajustar a concentração de açúcares fermentescíveis adicionou-se sacarose comercial a manipueira com o intuito de se igualar o Brix de ambos os substratos. Os ensaios constaram de fermentação alcoólica seguida de acetificação. A fermentação alcoólica da manipueira e do suco de laranja foram realizadas com inoculação com 10 g L-1 de fermento seco da marca Fleischmann. Os fermentados alcoólicos obtidos foram caracterizados para °GL, AR, ART, acidez, pH, dosagem de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, manganês, enxofre, ferro, zinco, cobre e ácidos orgânicos. Para iniciar o processo de acetificação, a fase inicial constou do isolamento de bactérias acéticas a partir de frutas fermentadas naturalmente em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, os microrganismos foram purificados, mantidos e multiplicados por isolamento em meio de cultura seletivo adaptado do meio de Frateur e a partir destes foi preparado o inóculo. As bactérias isoladas em meio de Frateur...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The cassava waste water from Brazilian flour processing is used as base for the tucupi manufacture. Tucupi is a sauce prepared and culinary used in the north region of the country and are few information about it in the scientific literature. The research had as objective the evaluation of the cassava wastewater acetification in the tucupi processing. The cassava wastewater was obtained in laboratory from the Fécula Branca with white pulp cultivar, indicated for both industrial and culinary uses, cultivated in Campo Grande-MS, where the experiment was performed. The cassava waste water was characterized for free cyanide, Brix, pH, acidity, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar and minerals.In order to compare and understanding the acetification process of the cassava waste water there were established simultaneous assays using orange juice, considering that fruits are known as ideal subtract for vinegar production. The orange juice was characterized as the cassava wastewater and to adjust the fermentable sugar to the same concentration it was used commercial sugar cane in cassava wastewater. The essays were alcoholic fermentation following by acetification. The alcoholic fermentation of both cassava wastewater and orange juice were performed by the inoculation dried Fleischmann yeast 10 g l-1. The alcoholic fermented obtained were characterized for ºGL, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, acidity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, manganese, sulfur, iron, zinc, copper and organic acids To beginning the acetic fermentation it was isolated the acetic bacteria from natural fermented fruits in room conditions. The microorganisms were purified, maintained and multiplied by isolation in a selective medium adapted from Frateur's medium, and from those was prepared the inoculums. The isolated bacteria in the Frateur's medium presented morphologic and biochemical characteristics...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系
102
A novel two-step fermentation technique was used to develop biotransformed flour from Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major crop of many countries including Africa, South East Asia, and South America. The three bitter cassava varieties selected for this study included one cultivar from Taiwan and two cultivars (Manggu and Darul Hidayah) from Indonesia. The two-step fermenting technique was developed using combinations of cellulase and Lactobacillus plantarum. The resulting fermented product (biotransformed flour) were analyzed for its physico-chemical properties (total acidity, color, proximate, viscosity, total starch and total amylose contents) and food product development potential. Firstly, in preliminary experiments, a full factorial design was used to screen and select the best combinations of cellulase and L. plantarum concentrations in the fermentation process. The three best combinations, based on color, appearance, and total acidity, were used for the basis for selection biotransformed flour samples for subsequent analysis. Secondly, the selected biotransformed flour samples were further screened and selected based on their carbohydrate content, total starch, and total amylose for preparing composite wheat flour for making egg noodles. Increments of the selected biotransformed cassava flour samples, 0, 10, 30, and 50 %, respectively, were substituted in wheat flour dough, and the resulting egg noodle products were tested for their texture properties and sensory analyses. Fiber and protein content decreased with increased cellulase concentration and longer fermentation times. Control treatments had higher fiber and protein content than biotransformed cassava flour from Taiwan, Manggu, and Darul Hidayah cultivar. Selected treatments of biotransformed cassava flour from Taiwan cultivar had higher carbohydrate content (TW6b1.5e6h, TW6b1e6h, and TW4b0.5e12h), total starch (TW6b1.5e6h, TW6b1e6h, and TW4b0.5e12h), amylose content (TW6b1e6h and TW4b0.5e12h), final viscosity (TW4b0.5e12h), and freeze thaw stability (TW6b1.5e6h and TW4b0.5e12h) compared to native cassava flours (control). Moreover, selected treatments of biotransformed cassava flour from Manggu cultivar had higher amylose content (MG4b0.5e12h and MG6b1.5e6h), final viscosity (MG4b0.5e12h and MG6b0.5e6h), and freeze thaw stability (MG4b0.5e12h and MG6b0.56h). Besides, selected treatments of biotransformed cassava flour from Darul Hidayah cultivar had higher total starch (DH4b0.5e12h, DH6b1e6h, and DH8b0.5e12h), and freeze thaw stability (DH4b0.5e12h). Electron micrographs illustrated that granules remained relatively undamaged during the fermentation process, since smooth surfaces without cracks were observed. There was no apparent difference between native and biotransformed cassava flour. The micrographs indicated that cellulase and L. plantarum did not affect microstructure of biotransformed cassava flour from Taiwan, Manggu, and Darul Hidayah cultivar. 10% substitution of TW4b0.5e12h biotransformed cassava flour into egg noodle had higher Hunter whiteness than whole wheat noodle (control), whereas 30 % substitution of MG4b0.5e12h biotransformed cassava flour had no difference Hunter whiteness compared to control. Meanwhile, 30% substitution Taiwan cultivar composite noodle obtained better hedonic perception scores of surface smoothness, surface stickiness, chewiness, taste, and overall score compare to control. In addition, 30% and 50% Manggu 4b0.5e12h substitution noodles obtained no significant difference for taste and overall score. Moreover, 10% of TW4b0.e12h, MG4b0.512h, and MG4b1.5e6h biotransformed cassava flour substitution noodle exhibited the highest hardness, gumminess, and chewiness among other treatments and control. Biotransformed cassava flour market will expand in the future because of its novelty food properties and has the potential to partially replace wheat flour in noodles and semi-moist foods.

Physicochemical properties of flours and starches isolated from tubers and roots commercially available in Australia and traditionally produced in Indonesia were investigated in this study. The results showed that these flours and starches may be utilized in certain food applications. Raw starchy materials from Australia included taro, yam, and sweet potato. Due to its narrow particle size distribution (1-64 μm), taro flour would be better suited in applications which require improved binding and reduced breakability. The paste of sweet potato flour and starch had higher clarity compared to those of yam and taro. All flours and starches showed variable pasting behavior. In general, all starch samples had higher viscosity than that of flour samples. Taro flour had the highest viscosity among other flour samples. Yam flour and starch were more stable against heat and mechanical treatments. An apparent shear thinning behavior was observed from the extracted mucilage. Concentration dependant flow behavior of all mucilage samples was successfully fitted by the (Ostwald) Power Law, Hershel Buckley, and Casson models. Meanwhile, flours and starches isolated from tubers and roots grown in Indonesia also had properties suitable for certain food applications. Compared to other flour samples, cassava and canna flours contained the highest amount of total starch (TS). Taro starch had the lowest amount of TS among other starch samples with 75.44%. The highest amount of amylose was observed from yam and canna flours (25.24 and 23.19%, respectively). Among starch samples, canna starch contained the highest amylose content (30.38%), while taro had the lowest (7.64%). In terms of protein content, arrowroot flour had the highest amount (7.70%), in contrast to cassava flour which had the lowest (1.51%). Compared to other flours, canna and konjac flour were the most slowly digested which indicated by their high amount of resistant starch (RS). Canna starch had the highest swelling power and viscosity than other starches and flours. The clearest paste was observed from cassava flour and starch as opposed to konjac starch which was the most opaque paste. Subsequently, physicochemical properties of composite flours made of wheat flours at different protein contents (low and high protein contents) and canna or konjac flours at different level substitution (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were prepared and analyzed. Compared to that of wheat flour alone, the increasing level of canna flour from 0-100% significantly increased the amount of RS but decreased protein content of wheat-canna composite flours. This substitution did not alter the TS, amylose, and amylopectin contents of these mixtures. Changes of physicochemical properties were also observed in wheat-konjac composite flours. The increasing amount of konjac flour decreased the TS, amylose, amylopectin, and protein content of the mixtures. Substitution of wheat flour with 75% of canna or konjac flours in HPWC (High Protein Wheat-Canna), HPWK (High Protein Wheat-Konjac), and LPWK (Low Protein Wheat-Konjac) increased the swelling power of these mixtures at 80 and 90◦C. In general, substitution of wheat flour with up to 50% of canna or konjac flours significantly decreased viscosity of composite flours. Further increase of canna or konjac flours did not cause any other observable decline. In addition, the substitution of wheat flour with canna or konjac flours increased the gelatinization temperature of all composite flours.