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1
Liu, Shiyu, Yuping Liu, Lin Ye, Chen Wei, Yi Cai, and Weihong Chen. "Genesis of Dulong Sn-Zn-In Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, South China: Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Ages and Trace Element Compositions." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020199.
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The Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit in the Yunnan province, SW China, hosts a reserve of 5.0 Mt Zn, 0.4 Mt Sn, and 7 Kt In. It is one of the most important polymetallic tin ore districts in China. Granites at Dulong mining area include mainly the Laojunshan granite (third phase), which occurs as quartz porphyry or granite porphyry dikes in the Southern edge of the Laojunshan intrusive complex. Granites of phases one and two are intersected at drill holes at depth. There are three types of cassiterite mineralization developed in the deposit: cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide ore (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II) within the proximal skarn in contact with the concealed granite (granites of phases one to two and three), and cassiterite-quartz vein ore (Cst III) near porphyritic granite. Field geology and petrographic studies indicate that acid neutralising muscovitization and pyroxene reactions were part of mechanisms for Sn precipitation resulting from fluid-rock interaction. In situ U–Pb dating of cassiterite samples from the ore stages of cassiterite-sulfide (Cst II) and Cassiterite-quartz vein (Cst III) yielded Tera-Wasserburg U–Pb lower intercept ages of 88.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 82.1 ± 6.3 Ma, respectively. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Laojunshan granite (75.9–92.9 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal link between Sn-Zn(-In) mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICPMS trace element study of cassiterite indicates that tetravalent elements (such as Zr, Hf, Ti, U, W) are incorporated in cassiterite by direct substitution, and the trivalent element (Fe) is replaced by coupled substitution. CL image shows that the fluorescence signal of Cst I–II is greater than that of Cst III, which is caused by differences in contents of activating luminescence elements (Al, Ti, W, etc.) and quenching luminescence element (Fe). Elevated W and Fe but lowered Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta concentrations of the three type cassiterites from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit are distinctly different from those of cassiterites in VMS/SEDEX tin deposits, but similar to those from granite-related tin deposits. From cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II), to cassiterite-quartz vein ore-stage (Cst III), high field strength elements (HFSEs: Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) decrease. This fact combined with cassiterite crystallization ages, indicates that Cst I–II mainly related to concealed granite (Laojunshan granites of phases one and two) while Cst III is mainly related to porphyritic granite (Laojunshan granites of phase three).
2
Belov, S. V. "About the monograph “Collection and jewelry cassiterite”." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-3-92-96.
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Specialists of the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting (MGRI), which had been training gemologists for many years, conducted an interesting and substantial study devoted to a non-traditional use of cassiterite, a mineral known to man for millennia. The monograph2 under review discusses various aspects of the use of cassiterite, as well as its accompanying minerals, for producing jewelry, collection and ornamental materials. Given the increasing popularity of natural minerals in recent decades, there is a growth of interest among collectors and manufacturers in non-traditional semi-precious stone raw materials and their use in the jewelry industry. The world trade in this area is significant and continues to demonstrate an increasing trend. In this regard, the work of D.A. Petrochenkov devoted to jewelry and ornamental cassiterites seems to be highly relevant. For the first time in world practice, the monograph comprehensively covers questions concerning cassiterite and its application, thus contributing to popularization of cassiterite jewelry and craftsmanship and laying the foundation for a new direction in the semi-precious stone industry. The author of the monograph critically reviewed the results of previous studies on the mineral and chemical composition of cassiterite and added an extensive set of his own analytical methods. The gemological and technological characteristics of cassiterite minerals were given, along with recommendations on their rational search, use and quality improvement. In term of ecological parameters, it was shown that the content of carcinogenic and radioactive elements in jewelry cassiterites does not exceed the background values. The market conditions were described, and recommendations on the organization of mining and geological work in this sphere were presented.
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He, Xiaohu, Congfa Bao, Yongyan Lu, Nicole Leonard, Zheng Liu, and Shucheng Tan. "LA–ICP–MS U–Pb Dating, Elemental Mapping and In Situ Trace Element Analyses of Cassiterites from the Gejiu Tin Polymetallic Deposit, SW China: Constraints on the Timing of Mineralization and Precipitation Environment." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030313.
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As a major constituent in magmatic–hydrothermal ore deposits, cassiterites, with moderate amounts of U and low Pb, can be dated with U–Pb geochronology. The tetragonal lattice structure makes cassiterites capable of incorporating dozens of elements within its crystal lattice (e.g., Fe, Ti, W, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mn, Sc, V, and Sb). Variations of these elements record information of potential elemental substitution mechanisms and precipitation environments of cassiterites. In this study, we collected cassiterite grains from four different ore styles of the Gejiu tin polymetallic deposit to perform LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating, multiple element mapping, and in situ trace element analysis on these cassiterites. Systematic U–Pb dating yielded Tera–Wasserburg lower intercepted ages at around 85 Ma, coinciding with zircon U–Pb ages of regional Late Yanshanian granitoids, within their respective analytical uncertainties. Such age coincidence, combined with the spatial association, suggests that tin mineralization may be genetically related to the Late Cretaceous granitic magmatism. Multielemental mapping shows that the distribution of Nb, Ta, and Ti in the cassiterite grains correlates well with the regular oscillatory zoning patterns in cathodoluminescence (CL) images. The relatively high Sb, Fe, W, Ga, and U concentrations control the dark luminescing domains in these cassiterite grains. The systematic variations in chemical compositions suggest that trace elements such as Sc, V, Fe, and Ga incorporate in cassiterites via coupled substitutions of Sc3+ + V5+ ↔ 2 (Sn, Ti)4+, Fe3+ + Ga5+ ↔ 2 (Sn, Ti)4+ and Fe3+ + OH– ↔ Sn4+ + O2– or Fe3+ + H+ ↔ Sn4+. The covariation of redox sensitive elements such as W, U, Fe, and Sb indicates that the ”tin-granite” type of cassiterites were formed under an oxidized state whereas cassiterites from skarn, massive sulfide, and oxidized ore styles were precipitated in a reducing environment.
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Zhao, Yuehua, Shouyu Chen, Yuqiang Huang, Jiangnan Zhao, Xiang Tong, and Xingshou Chen. "U-Pb Ages, O Isotope Compositions, Raman Spectrum, and Geochemistry of Cassiterites from the Xi’ao Copper-Tin Polymetallic Deposit in Gejiu District, Yunnan Province." Minerals 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040212.
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: The Xi’ao Cu-Sn polymetallic deposit is located in the inner alteration zone of the Laoka granite. The ore bodies extend to 400 m in the granite rock and primarily occur with fluorite and potassic alterations. Two cassiterite samples of altered rock-type ore and one tourmaline vein-type ore in the Xi’ao Cu-Sn polymetallic deposit yielded U-Pb ages of 83.3 ± 2.1 Ma, 84.9 ± 1.7 Ma, and 84.0 ± 5.6 Ma, respectively. The Raman spectrum peak values of A1g were shifted to a lower frequency, possibly due to the substitution of Sn with Nb, Ta, Fe, and Mn. Measured δ18O values of cassiterite samples and calculated δ18OH2O values for the ore-forming fluid indicate that the latter was mostly derived from magma. The high Fe and Mn abundances for cassiterite are consistent with those of hydrothermal origin. The Nb, Ta, and Ti contents indicate that cassiterites in the Xi’ao deposit likely formed in a metallogenic environment that was largely affected by granitic magmatism. Therefore, we conclude that the Xi’ao deposit is a magmatic hydrothermal deposit.
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Chen, Li-Li, Pei Ni, Bao-Zhang Dai, Wen-Sheng Li, Zhe Chi, and Jun-Yi Pan. "The Genetic Association between Quartz Vein- and Greisen-Type Mineralization at the Maoping W–Sn Deposit, Southern Jiangxi, China: Insights from Zircon and Cassiterite U–Pb Ages and Cassiterite Trace Element Composition." Minerals 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070411.
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The large-scale Maoping W–Sn deposit in the Gannan metallogenic belt of the eastern Nanling Range, South China, spatially associated with the Maoping granite pluton, hosts total ore reserves of 103,000 t WO3 and 50,000 t Sn. Two different types of mineralization developed in this deposit: Upper quartz vein-type mineralization, mostly within the Cambrian metamorphosed sandstone and slate, and underneath greisen-type mineralization within the Maoping granite. Cassiterites from both types of mineralization coexist with wolframite. Here we report for the first time in situ U–Pb data on cassiterite and zircon of the Maoping deposit obtained by LA-ICP-MS. Cassiterite from quartz vein and greisen yielded weighted average 206Pb/238U ages of 156.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 156.9 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively, which indicates that the two types of mineralization formed roughly at the same time. In addition, the two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Maoping granite (159.0 ± 1.5 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal and genetic link between W–Sn mineralization and granitic magmatism. The two types of mineralization formed at the same magmatic-hydrothermal event. Cassiterite from both types of mineralization shows high Fe, Ta, and Zr contents with a low Zr/Hf ratio, suggesting that the ore-forming fluid should be derived from the highly differentiated Maoping granite pluton. Cassiterite in greisen has higher contents of Nb and Ta but a lower concentration of Ti compared with that in quartz vein, indicating that the formation temperature of greisen-type mineralization is little higher than that of quartz-vein-type mineralization.
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Murciego, A., A. Garcla Sanchez, Y. Dusausoy, J. M. Martin Pozas, and R. Ruck. "Geochemistry and EPR of cassiterites from the Iberian Hercynian Massif." Mineralogical Magazine 61, no. 406 (June 1997): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.406.03.
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AbstractThis paper is based on microprobe analysis (Ta, Nb, Fe, Mn, Ti, W, Sn) and Fe3+EPR spectra of cassiterite samples from 14 tin deposits from the Iberian Hercynian Massif. The interpretation of microprobe data, atomic ratios (Fe+Mn)/(Nb+Ta), and Fe3+EPR spectra reveal that the coupled substitution: 3Sn4+= (Fe,Mn)2++ 2(Nb,Ta)5+is dominant in cassiterites from pegmatites, and high-temperature quartz veins and in the dark zones of cassiterites.The mechanisms:2Sn4+= Fe3++ (Nb,Ta)5+andSn4++ O2−= Fe3++ OH−are dominant in those from medium-low temperature quartz veins and in the light zones of cassiterites.
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Liu, Si Qing, Min Zhang, Wan Ping Wang, and Bao Xu Song. "A Review on Reagents and Processes of Fine-Grained Cassiterite Flotation in Mining Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 577 (October 2012): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.577.151.
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Tin resources are abundant and complicated in China. Most of tin resources come from cassiterite. Normally the main beneficiation method of coarse cassiterite ore is gravity separation. However, as for the fine-grained cassiterite, flotation and joint processing techniques are generally selected to improve the low recovery from gravity separation. This paper outlines different kinds of cassiterite, collectors and depressants for cassiterite flotation and their using conditions and some reinforced methods in beneficiation of the fine-grained cassiterite for reference in mining industry.
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Wu, Shipeng, Zhongming Wang, Fang Liu, Chen Zhao, and Yangge Zhu. "Selective Separation Behavior and Study on the Interaction Mechanism of 2-Hydroxy-3-Naphthylmethyl Hydroxamic Acid and Cassiterite." Minerals 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010029.
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In this study, the performance of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthylmethyl hydroxamic acid (NHA) in cassiterite flotation was investigated. The aim was to understand the mechanism of action of NHA for the first time. The effect of NHA as a collector in the flotation separation of cassiterite, calcite, and quartz was investigated via microbubble flotation experiments. The experimental results showed that the maximum recovery of cassiterite in the presence of NHA was 91.76%. This was attributed to the selective adsorption of NHA on the cassiterite surface. NHA showed a stronger collection performance for cassiterite than calcite and quartz. Therefore, the mechanism of NHA-cassiterite interaction was investigated using zeta potential, the logarithmic solubility plot (LSD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses. This study introduces a new adsorption process and mechanism for the NHA-based adsorption of cassiterite. The results show that, under neutral conditions, the solute components of cassiterite surface lattice ions mainly exist in the form of Sn–OH complexes. Chemisorption occurs between cassiterite and NHA which is adsorbed onto the cassiterite surfaces through interaction with O sites, rather than Sn sites as is traditionally expected. Further, the hydroxyl and hydroxyl groups of NHA are chemically coordinated with Sn–OH on the surface of cassiterite to form a six-membered chelate ring. This proposed mechanism can be extended to most systems in which metal ions interact with hydroxamic acids bearing hydroxyl groups. This contributes to a better understanding of the activation mechanism of hydroxamic acid collectors in cassiterite flotation.
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Zhu, Yi Min, Yan Ping Yang, Wen Dan Wang, Yan Feng Li, Duo Zhen Ren, and Zhi Dong Tang. "Application of a Novel Collector DXS in Cassiterite Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 826 (November 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.826.14.
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A comparative study on the collecting effect to cassiterite was studied using a new carboxylic acid modified collector DXS and traditional collector salicylaldehyde hydroxamic acid as collectors, respectively. In addition, the relationship between floatability of DXS and crystal structure of cassiterite was investigated. By means of infrared spectroscopy analysis of the cassiterite surface before and after adsorbing DXS molecules, the adsorption mechanisms of DXS on the surface of cassiterite were analyzed.Keywords: carboxylic acid modified collector DXS; cassiterite; flotation mechanism
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Chen, Yumeng, Xiong Tong, Dongxia Feng, and Xian Xie. "Effect of Al (III) Ions on the Separation of Cassiterite and Clinochlore Through Reverse Flotation." Minerals 8, no. 8 (August 11, 2018): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080347.
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Most hydrophobic clay minerals, such as clinochlore, are known to cause problems in the recovery of cassiterite. In this study, a new reagent scheme, i.e., sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector and Al (III) ions as a depressant, for reverse flotation separation of cassiterite and clinochlore was investigated. The flotation performance and interaction mechanism were studied by microflotation tests, adsorption tests, contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Results of single mineral flotation experiments showed that NaOL had a different flotation performance on cassiterite and clinochlore, and the addition of Al (III) ions could selectively inhibit the floatability of cassiterite. Reverse flotation tests performed on mixed minerals indicated that the separation of cassiterite and clinochlore could be achieved in the presence of NaOL and Al (III) ions. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that Al (III) ions hindered the adsorption of NaOL on cassiterite surfaces but exerted little influence on the adsorption of NaOL on clinochlore surfaces. Results of contact angle measurements indicated that Al (III) ions could impede the hydrophobization process of cassiterite in NaOL solution. XPS results showed that aluminum species were adsorbed onto the cassiterite surfaces through the interaction with O sites.
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Makutu, Douxdoux Kumakele, Jung Hun Seo, Insung Lee, Jihye Oh, Pilmo Kang, Albert Tienge Ongendangenda, and Frederic Mwanza Makoka. "Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid Processes of the Sn-W Granites in the Maniema Province of the Kibara Belt (KIB), Democratic Republic of Congo." Minerals 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040458.
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The Kibara belt (KIB) in the Maniema province hosts orebodies bearing cassiterite-wolframite, which are associated with equigranular to pegmatitic late Mesoproterozoic (1094–755 Ma) granites and Sn-W bearing quartz veins that cut through metasedimentary country rocks. Alteration assemblages of muscovite-quartz (±topaz-fluorite-tourmaline) occur in the granites, and muscovite-sericite-quartz occurs in Sn-W quartz veins. Petrographic analyses, including cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) on cassiterite grains, reveal two types of cassiterite: yellow transparent cassiterite (lighter under SEM-CL: type I) and dark translucent cassiterite (darker under SEM-CL: type II). These types are organized in micro-textures as oscillatory (growth) zones and replacement zones (type II replaces type I). Unlike cassiterite, wolframite is texturally homogenous. LA-ICP-MS results reveal that type II cassiterite is relatively enriched in Fe, Al, Ga, In, As, Pb, Zn, and U, whereas type I is enriched in V, Ti, Zr, Ta, Hf, and Nb. Contrasting Ce anomaly values in the cassiterite types suggest a transition of redox potentials during the Sn precipitation. Fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) in quartz, fluorite, and cassiterite are dominantly aqueous, liquid- or vapor-rich, and rarely carbonic-bearing aqueous inclusions. These often texturally coexist in a single “boiling” assemblage in granites. Raman spectroscopy on the bubble part of fluid inclusions in quartz and cassiterite shows various gas species, including CO2, CH4, N2, and H2. Boiling assemblages in the granites suggest that fluid phase separation occurred at about 380–610 bars, which is about 1–2 km (lithostatic) or 3–5 km (hydrostatic) in apparent paleodepth. FIAs in the granites show ranges of salinities of 4–23 wt.% (NaCl equivalent) and homogenization temperatures (Th) of 190–550 °C. FIAs hosted in cassiterite displayed distinctively lower and narrower ranges of salinities of 2–10 wt.% and Th of 220–340 °C compared to the FIAs hosted in quartz in the granites (salinity of 4–23 wt.%, Th of 190–550 °C) and the quartz veins (salinity of 1–23 wt.%, Th of 130–350 °C). This suggests a less salinized and cooler fluid during the cassiterite precipitation. We suggest that magmatic-derived Sn-W bearing fluids be mixed with less saline and cooler aqueous fluids, possibly meteoric water, during the major cassiterite and possibly wolframite depositions in the KIB. This is based on (1) temperature and salinities, (2) hydrothermal alterations, (3) cassiterite micro-textures, and (4) trace element distributions.
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Zhang, Chuanyu, Wanting Li, Haijun Yu, Yingxiang Lu, Jianze Sha, and Shusheng Yang. "Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of Cassiterite in the Dalong Tin Deposit, Baoshan Block, SW China." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.001.
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The Dalong tin deposit, located in the Luziyuan polymetallic ore field of the southern Baoshan block, Southwest China, is composed of lenticular and bedded orebodies hosted in a Cambrian slate-marble sequence. As the only tin deposit in the orefield, the genesis of the Dalong deposit is of great significance to the understanding of regional metallogenic regularity. Based on a systematic field survey and petrographic observation, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS major/trace element analyses of cassiterite were carried out in this study. The enrichment of Fe, W, and Ti in cassiterite, as well as the depletion of Nb, Ta, and Mn, reveal cassiterite’s features in granitic magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. The Dalong deposit can be categorized as a magmatic-hydrothermal vein-type deposit because of its sulfur isotopic properties, and the main sources of ore-forming fluid and minerals are thought to be buried intermediate-acid intrusions in the mining area’s depths.
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Jin, Saizhen, Qing Shi, and Leming Ou. "Hydrophobic Flocculation of Fine Cassiterite Using Alkyl Hydroxamic Acids with Different Carbon Chain Lengths as Collectors." Molecules 28, no. 9 (May 5, 2023): 3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093911.
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This work investigated the hydrophobic flocculation of cassiterite using four alkyl hydroxamic acids with varying carbon chain lengths, i.e., hexyl hydroxamate (C6), octyl hydroxamate (C8), decyl hydroxamate (C10) and dodecyl hydroxamate (C12), as collectors. Microflotation tests were performed to investigate the flotation behaviour of cassiterite in the presence of the four alkyl hydroxamic acids. Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and a particle video microscope (PVM) were used to analyse and monitor the real-time evolution of the particle size distribution of cassiterite and the images of flocs during flocculation. The extended DLVO theory interaction energies between the cassiterite particles were calculated on the basis of the measured contact angle and the zeta potential of cassiterite to determine the aggregation and dispersion behaviour of the cassiterite particles. The microflotation test results suggested that the floatability of cassiterite improved with the increase in the carbon chain length of hydroxamates. FBRM, PVM images and extended DLVO theory calculation results indicated that when C6 was used as the collector, the cassiterite particles could not form hydrophobic flocs because the total potential energy between them was repulsive. When C8, C10 and C12 were used as collectors, the energy barrier amongst particles decreased with increasing hydroxamate concentration. The lowest concentrations of C8, C10 and C12 that could cause the hydrophobic aggregation of cassiterite were approximately 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−4 and 2 × 10−5 mol/L, respectively. The aggregation growth rate and apparent floc size increased with an increasing collector concentration. Hydroxamic acid with a longer carbon chain could induce the cassiterite particles to form larger flocs at a lower concentration in a shorter time.
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Ren, Liuyi, Hang Qiu, Wenqing Qin, Ming Zhang, Yubiao Li, and Penggang Wei. "Inhibition mechanism of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ in fine cassiterite flotation using octanohydroxamic acid." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180158.
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The existence of metal ions should not be ignored in both hydrometallurgy and flotation. In this study, the effects of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ on the flotation performance of cassiterite using octanohydroxamic acid (OHA) as the collector were investigated by micro-flotation tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle, zeta ( ζ ) potential measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. The results of the flotation and contact angle experiments showed that the addition of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ significantly decreased both the recovery and contact angle of cassiterite with pH ranged from 6.0 to 12.0 in the presence of OHA collector. ζ- Potential measurements, solution chemistry analysis and FTIR measurements indicated that the flotation recovery of the cassiterite declined due to the CaOH + , MgOH + and Fe(OH) 3 sites on the cassiterite surface. XPS results indicated that the chemisorption of OHA and calcium ions on the cassiterite surface finally changed its chemical properties. The AFM images also revealed that new species Fe(OH) 3 of Fe 3+ formed and adsorbed on the cassiterite surface at pH 9.0. The adsorption of Fe(OH) 3 reduced the adsorption of OHA on the cassiterite surface, thus the hydrophobicity of cassiterite was deteriorated.
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Peng, Zaihua, Lei Sun, Yang Cao, Xiaohui Fan, Wei Sun, and Qingqing Wang. "Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate as a Collector in Cassiterite Flotation." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010061.
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In this paper, sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG), a stable and inexpensive green surfactant, was used as a flotation collector for the first time in cassiterite flotation. The micro-flotation tests revealed that SLG could effectively collect cassiterite and have superior selectivity against quartz over a wide pH range, compared with benzohydroxamic acid (BHA). The maximum recovery of cassiterite in the presence of SLG was 93.2%, while the quartz recovery was consistently lower than 8%. The adsorption experiments and zeta potential measurements suggested SLG was chemisorbed onto the cassiterite surface. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated that the polar groups of SLG anions (the carboxyl and amide groups) chelate with the Sn ions on the cassiterite surface to form five-membered rings. This structure made SLG attach firmly to the cassiterite surface, effectively recovering cassiterite. Lastly, a good flotation index was achieved in the bench-scale flotation tests using SLG as the collector, which confirmed its potential economic value in practical application.
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Yang, Wei Lin, Hui Xin Dai, and Hong Jun Wang. "Progress of Cassiterite Sulfide Ore Beneficiation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5439.
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This paper introduces the characteristics and distribution of sulfide ore cassiterite, an overview of the re-election of sulfide ore cassiterite flotation basic skills and status, and the use of tin resources and sorting technology development proposed sulfide ore cassiterite Prospect.
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Haubner, Roland, and Susanne Strobl. "Direct Production of Tin Bronzes from Copper and Cassiterite." Materials Science Forum 1081 (March 24, 2023): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-s4jt77.
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In the Bronze Age several possibilities for tin bronze production were available, namely direct from copper and cassiterite ore or by alloying copper with metallic tin. Cassiterite ores from two sources, Cornwall and Schlaggenwald, were available. It has to be noted that cassiterite from Schlaggenwald contained about 25 wt. % WO3, presumably as wolframite. For the experiments, copper was melted at 1090 °C, covered with charcoal and then cassiterite and again charcoal was added. As is known from Sn smelting, the presence of tungsten reduces the yield of Sn. Thus, in our experiments the Sn content in the bronze was reduced. It can be confirmed by these experiments that the direct production of tin bronzes from copper and cassiterite ore is possible. In the Bronze Age the negative effect of tungsten should not have played a role, because at that time only the cassiterite deposits of Cornwall were known in Europe.
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Denholm, J. L., A. S. Stepanov, S. Meffre, R. S. Bottrill, and J. M. Thompson. "The Geochronology of Tasmanian Tin Deposits Using LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Cassiterite Dating." Economic Geology 116, no. 6 (September 1, 2021): 1387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4837.
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Abstract The island state of Tasmania is the most important tin producer in Australia. The spatial and genetic relationship between Tasmanian tin deposits and Devonian-Carboniferous granites, which intruded throughout the Tabberabberan orogeny, has long been understood. However, little geochronological data is available to link mineralization to nearby intrusions. In this study, we investigate the connection between 19 Tasmanian tin deposits and their potential source granites, using U-Pb cassiterite dating by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Archean pegmatitic cassiterite was also characterized and used for the calibration of U-Pb ratios. Tin mineralization in Tasmania occurred between 391 ± 6.3 and 359 ± 7.8 Ma, which is coincident with most postorogenic granites of the Tabberabberan orogeny. In conjunction with the granite ages, cassiterite ages become younger from the east of the state to the west, and tin mineralization occurred over a protracted period spanning 32 m.y. Dating of several placer cassiterite samples produced unexpected results, such as the occurrence of 374 ± 4.7 Ma cassiterite on eastern King Island, an area known only to contain the 350 Ma Grassy granite, suggesting a distant provenance. Tasmanian cassiterite rarely shows evidence of Pb loss; however, some analyses are characterized by elevated Th and U, likely caused by microinclusions such as monazite, which may have a detrimental effect on cassiterite U-Pb dating. This study demonstrates the utility of cassiterite dating for understanding the origin of tin deposits in complex terrains with protracted periods of tin mineralization.
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Zhang, Yuanbo, Benlai Han, Zijian Su, Xijun Chen, Manman Lu, Shuo Liu, Jicheng Liu, and Tao Jiang. "Effect of Quartz on the Preparation of Sodium Stannate from Cassiterite Concentrates by Soda Roasting Process." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100605.
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Sodium stannate (Na2SnO3) has been successfully prepared by a novel process of roasting cassiterite concentrates and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) under CO–CO2 atmosphere, namely soda roasting-leaching process. However, more than 22 wt. % tin of the cassiterite was not converted into Na2SnO3 and entered the leach residues. Quartz (SiO2) is the predominant gangue in the cassiterite, and phase evolution of SnO2–SiO2–Na2CO3 system roasted under CO–CO2 atmosphere was still uncertain. In this study, the effect of SiO2 in cassiterite concentrates on preparation of Na2SnO3 was clarified. The results indicated that Na8SnSi6O18 was inevitably formed when cassiterite and Na2CO3 were roasted above 775 °C under CO–CO2 atmosphere via the reaction of SnO2 + 6SiO2 + 4Na2CO3 = Na8SnSi6O18 + 4CO2, and formation of Na8SnSi6O18 would be increased with increasing roasting temperature and Si/Sn mole fraction. In addition, it was found that Na8SnSi6O18 was insoluble in the leachate at pH value range of 1–14, which, therefore, was enriched in the leach residues. The silicon content of the cassiterite concentrates should be controlled as lower as possible to obtain a higher conversion ratio of Na2SnO3.
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Zhao, Guanfei, and Dongmei Zhu. "Enhanced Flotation Separation of Cassiterite from Calcite Using Metal-Inorganic Complex Depressant." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080880.
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At present, the research on flotation separation of cassiterite and gangue minerals is mainly focused on the development of new collectors or depressants, while the research on combined depressants is rare. In this study, the flotation separation of cassiterite and the typical gangue mineral, calcite, was investigated using the metal-inorganic complex depressant AlSS, composed of aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and water glass (Na2SiO3·4H2O). The flotation results indicated that, with the assistance of Al3+, the inhibition effect of SS (water glass) on calcite is significantly enhanced, while the inhibition effect on cassiterite is almost unchanged. The zeta potential and adsorption measurements proved that the formation of the negatively charged colloidal particles composed of Alm(OH)n3m−n and SiOm(OH)n4−2m−n tended to adsorb on the positively charged calcite surface, inhibiting the adsorption of sodium oleate (NaOL), while the adsorption of the colloidal particles on the negatively charged cassiterite surface is relatively less. The contact angle measurements indicate that the contact angle of cassiterite in the NaOL + AlSS solution is obviously larger than that of calcite, which indicates that cassiterite has better floatability in this system. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the Al and Si species are adsorbed on the surface of calcite, but not on the cassiterite. In addition, the adsorption of AlSS on cassiterite and calcite changes the chemical environment on the calcite surface, indicating that the adsorption of AlSS on the mineral surface is more inclined to be through a chemical reaction.
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Laurs, Brendan M. "Cassiterite from Namibia." Journal of Gemmology 39, no. 2 (2024): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2024.39.2.104.
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Triana Prihatin and Aprilia Pratiwi. "Kajian Mineral Cassiterite dan Mineral Ikutan Pada Bijih Timah Dengan Metode Grand Counting Analysis Di Bidang Pengolahan Mineral Unit Metalurgi Muntok PT. Timah Tbk." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik dan Sains 1, no. 1 (August 28, 2023): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.62278/jits.v1i1.8.
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Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki kekayaan alam yang melimpah termasuk sumber daya mineral. Pengolahan sumber daya mineral tak lepas dari metode-metode maupun teknologi yang mutakhir untuk memperoleh hasil mineral yang optimal disertai dengan keuntungan yang besar, biaya produksi seminimum mungkin dan tentu saja ramah lingkungan salah satunya pengolahan bijih timah. Pengolahan bijih timah umumnya dilakukan pemisahan dengan metode basah dan metode kering. Pemisahan ini dilakukan dengan mengandalkan sifat fisik dari bijih timah tersebut. Identifikasi awal mineral cassiterite dan mineral ikutan dengan mengetahui sifat fisik dari mineral pembawa timah dan mineral ikutan agar dapat terolah secara efektif dengan metode Grand Counting Analysis. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar cassiterite pada sampel fraksi dan taksasi serta perbedaan kadar cassiterite dan mineral lainnya pada middling dan tailing alat air table. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak untuk sampel fraksi dan sampel taksasi diambil pada alat air table. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terjadi perbedaan kadar cassiterite dan mineral ikutan pada setiap fraksi yang dimulai dari ukuran +20#, +50#, +70#, +100# dan -100# mesh sedangkan pada sampel taksasi terjadi penaikan dan penurunan kadar cassiterite. Hal ini menunjukkan pada setiap sampel fraksi maupun taksasi mengandung kadar cassiterite dan mineral ikutan yang berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu diperlukannya metode grand counting analysis untuk mengetahui jumlah mineral cassiterite dan mineral ikutan pada setiap proses pemisahan bijih timah agar terolah secara efektif
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LEMOS, Wagner Travassos, Marcelo dos Santos SALOMÃO, Luiz Carlos BERTOLINO, and Francisco José da SILVA. "OCORRÊNCIAS DE CASSITERITA E DE MINERAIS DO SUBGRUPO DA COLUMBITA NOS MUNICÍPIOS DE CONSELHEIRO LAFAIETE, CARANAÍBA E CRISTIANO OTONI, SUL DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS." Geosciences = Geociências 42, no. 4 (January 15, 2024): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5016/geociencias.v42i4.18125.
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RESUMO - Os municípios de Conselheiro Lafaiete, Caranaíba e Cristiano Otoni, no estado de Minas Gerais, estão inseridos na compartimentação tectônica denominada de Cinturão Mineiro. Esta região é considerada como uma extensão da Província Pegmatítica de São João del Rei, conhecida pelas suas mineralizações de Sn, Nb, Ta e Li. As principais unidades presentes correspondem ao Granito Cupim e o Gnaisse Caatinga. O mapa aerogeofísico da Amplitude do Sinal Analítico exibe uma assinatura diferenciada para o granito Cupim, e sugere uma área não cartografada associada a essa unidade. O mapa Gamaespectrométrico do elemento urânio exibe valores superiores a 3 ppm para o Granito Cupim e parte do Gnaisse Caatinga. As análises litogeoquímicas demostraram que o Granito Cupim é resultado de um magmatismo intraplaca. O Gnaisse Caatinga exibe resultado compatível a ambiente de arcos magmáticos acrescionários. O pegmatito foi classificado como sendo do tipo LCT de acordo com Cerný & Ercit (2005), e está associado ao Granito Cupim. Foram identificados 15 pontos mineralizados com cassiterita e minerais do subgrupo da columbita em drenagens, placeres, pegmatito e garimpos abandonados. As análises no MEV-EDS em grãos de cassiterita indicaram a presença de inclusões de tantalita e nióbio, e alto teor de estanho. Palavras-chave: Cassiterita. Columbita. Cinturão Mineiro. Conselheiro Lafaiete. Caranaíba. Cristiano Otoni. ABSTRACT - The municipalities of Conselheiro Lafaiete, Caranaíba and Cristiano Otoni, in the state of Minas Gerais, are inserted in the tectonic compartmentation called Cinturão Mineiro. This region is considered as an extension of the São João del Rei Pegmatite Province, known for its Sn, Nb, Ta and Li mineralizations. The principal units present are Cupim Granite and Caatinga Gneiss. The aerogeophysical map of the Analytical Signal Amplitude displays a different signature for the Cupim granite, and suggests an uncharted area associated with this unit. The Gammaspectrometric map of the element uranium shows values above 3 ppm for the Cupim Granite and part of the Caatinga Gneiss. Lithogeochemical analyses demonstrated that the Cupim Granite is the result of intraplate magmatism. The Caatinga Gneiss displays results compatible with an accretionary magmatic arc environment. The pegmatite was classified as being of the LCT type according to Cerný & Ercit (2005), and is associated with the Cupim Granite. Fifteen mineralized samples with cassiterite and minerals from the columbite subgroup were identified in creeks, placers, pegmatite and abandoned mines. SEM-EDS analyses of cassiterite grains indicated the presence of tantalite and niobium inclusions, and a high tin content. Palavras-chave: Cassiterite. Columbite. Mineiro Belt. Conselheiro Lafaiete. Caranaíba. Cristiano Otoni. .
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Feng, Yonggang, Ting Liang, Xiuqing Yang, Ze Zhang, and Yiqian Wang. "Chemical Evolution of Nb-Ta Oxides and Cassiterite in Phosphorus-Rich Albite-Spodumene Pegmatites in the Kangxiwa–Dahongliutan Pegmatite Field, Western Kunlun Orogen, China." Minerals 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9030166.
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The Kangxiwa–Dahongliutan pegmatite field in the Western Kunlun Orogen, China contains numerous granitic pegmatites around a large granitic pluton (the Dahongliutan Granite with an age of ca. 220 to 217 Ma), mainly including barren garnet-, tourmaline-bearing pegmatites, Be-rich beryl-muscovite pegmatites, and Li-, P-rich albite-spodumene pegmatites. The textures, major element contents, and trace element concentrations of columbite-group minerals (CGM) and cassiterite from three albite-spodumene pegmatites in the region were investigated using a combination of optical microscopy, SEM, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The CGM can be broadly classified into four types: (1) inclusions in cassiterite; (2) euhedral to subhedral crystals (commonly exhibiting oscillatory and/or sector zoning and coexisting with magmatic cassiterite); (3) anhedral aggregates; (4) tantalite-(Fe)-ferrowodginite (FeSnTa2O8) intergrowths. The compositional variations of CGM and cassiterite are investigated on the mineral scale, in individual pegmatites and within the pegmatite group. The evolution of the pegmatites is also discussed. The variation of Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios of the cassiterite mimics the Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf fractionation trends in many LCT pegmatites, indicating that these two ratios of cassiterite may bear meanings regarding the pegmatite evolution.
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Rodliyah, I., R. Wijayanti, K. N. Hidayat, E. A. Dianawati, A. Sudrajat, and D. Firmansyah. "Beneficiation of cassiterite from primary tin ores using gravity and magnetic separation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 882, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/882/1/012008.
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Abstract Alluvial tin ore deposit of PT. Timah is predicted to be depleted in the next 5 to 10 years. Finding a new source of tin ore is important for the company’s sustainability. PT. Timah has been exploring for primary tin ore. Tin (Sn) content in primary tin ore ranges from 0.2 – 1.0%. The Sn particles liberated in the cassiterite mineral are above 50% so they can be processed by the physical separation method. This research aims to observe the beneficiation of cassiterite from primary tin ore (oxide and skarn samples) using gravity and magnetic separation. The cassiterite concentrate produced from the beneficiation process is expected to be used as feed for the smelting process. Beneficiation results of primary tin ore (oxide and skarn samples) showed that cassiterite (SnO2) content were 15.09% and 40.03%, respectively and the recovery was 42.9% and 11.87%, respectively. The cassiterite concentrate produced from the beneficiation process cannot be used to feed the smelting process.
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Liu, Yu, Biao Jiang, Yuchuan Chen, Liwen Wu, Yushan Zuo, and Zhao Liu. "Genesis of Cu-Sn Mineralization in the Shuangjianzishan Super-Large Silver Deposit, Inner Mongolia: Trace Element Constraints from Chalcopyrite and Cassiterite." Applied Sciences 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2024): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14093822.
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The Shuangjianzishan silver polymetallic deposit is located in the copper–tin–lead–zinc–silver polymetallic metallogenic belt in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, with silver resources of more than 18,000 t, which is the largest silver polymetallic deposit in Asia. Early studies concluded that the Shuangjianzishan deposit is typically an epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit that lacks a high-temperature mineralization stage. In recent years, with the deepening of research, a large amount of Cu-Sn mineralization has been found in the deep part of the Shuangjianzishan deposit, but it is less studied. The laser-ablation inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) technique is used to investigate the distribution and substitution of trace elements in chalcopyrite and cassiterite. In this paper, the trace element study of chalcopyrite and cassiterite from the Shuangjianzishan deposit reveals that Sn, In, As, Se, Sb, and Tl mainly exist in chalcopyrite in isomorphic form, while Pb, Bi, and Ni mainly exist in chalcopyrite in the form of mineral inclusions. The enrichment of the high-temperature elements Sn and Se in chalcopyrite, and the deficit of the middle- and low-temperature elements Ga, Sb, etc., reflect that the chalcopyrite in the Shuangjianzishan deposit was formed in a middle- and high-temperature environment, and it also indicates that the early ore-forming hydrothermal solution may be rich in Sn. Fe, In, Co, and Ni mainly exist in cassiterite in isomorphic form, and the content of W in cassiterite is high. There are two main forms, one is isomorphic and the other is wolframite inclusion. Cassiterite has Fe-rich and W-U-poor characteristics, indicating that cassiterite from the Shuangjianzishan deposit was formed under relatively oxidized conditions, and the relative enrichment of elements such as Fe, W, Zr, and Hf indicates that the temperature of cassiterite formation was high. The elemental content and inter-ionic coupling relationships suggest that the cassiterite from the Shuangjianzishan deposit may have an elemental replacement mechanism of W6+ + Fe2+ ↔ 2Sn4+ or Fe3+ + OH− ↔ Sn4+ + O2−. The trace elements in cassiterite of the Shuangjianzishan deposit are rich in Fe and Mn and depleted in Nb and Ta, according to the Fe-W diagram, and the tin mineralization of the Shuangjianzishan deposit belongs to cassiterite–sulfide-type tin mineralization. Chalcopyrite Co/Ni ratios >1 are consistent with the characteristics of chalcopyrite genesis in hydrothermal deposits.
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Dalimunthe, D. Y., H. Aldila, and A. Nuryadin. "Optimization on the purification of cassiterite from low-grade cassiterite concentrate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 599 (November 25, 2020): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012002.
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Tian, Mengjie, Zhiyong Gao, Bin Ji, Ruiying Fan, Runqing Liu, Pan Chen, Wei Sun, and Yuehua Hu. "Selective Flotation of Cassiterite from Calcite with Salicylhydroxamic Acid Collector and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Depressant." Minerals 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080316.
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Cassiterite is the most common and important tin-bearing mineral, and calcite, a primary gangue mineral is generally found in tin deposit. The flotation separation of cassiterite from calcite remains a challenge due to their similar response to traditional reagents. In cassiterite flotation, sodium oleate (NaOL) and sodium silicate (SS) have been widely used as a collector and a depressant, respectively. However, the low selectivity of NaOL and the large amount of SS required (which leads to serious problems in wastewater treatment) remain a difficult issue. In this study, a novel reagent scheme using lead nitrate as the activator, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) as the collector and carboxymethyl cellulose as the depressant was employed to improve the separation selectivity of cassiterite from calcite. Results of the flotation experiment using this new reagent scheme showed that compared with the previously reported scheme using benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) as the collector, the separation of cassiterite from calcite exhibited a higher selectivity and selectivity index (SI). The mechanism of the selective separation was investigated by zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
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Tapster, Simon, and Joshua W. G. Bright. "High-precision ID-TIMS cassiterite U–Pb systematics using a low-contamination hydrothermal decomposition: implications for LA-ICP-MS and ore deposit geochronology." Geochronology 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-425-2020.
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Abstract. Cassiterite (SnO2) is the most common ore phase of Sn. Typically containing 1–100 µg g−1 of uranium and relatively low concentrations of common Pb, cassiterite has been increasingly targeted for U–Pb geochronology, principally via microbeam methods, to understand the timing and durations of granite-related magmatic–hydrothermal systems throughout geological time. However, due to the extreme resistance of cassiterite to most forms of acid digestion, there has been no published method permitting the complete, closed-system decomposition of cassiterite under conditions in which the basic necessities of measurement by isotope dilution can be met, leading to a paucity of reference and validation materials. To address this a new low blank (< 1 pg Pb) method for the complete acid decomposition of cassiterite utilising HBr in the presence of a mixed U–Pb tracer, U and Pb purification, and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) analyses has been developed. Decomposition rates have been experimentally evaluated under a range of conditions. A careful balance of time and temperature is required due to competing effects (e.g. HBr oxidation), yet the decomposition of 500 µm diameter fragments of cassiterite is readily achievable over periods comparable to zircon decomposition. Its acid-resistant nature can be turned into an advantage by leaching common Pb-bearing phases (e.g. sulfides, silicates) without disturbing the U–Pb systematics of the cassiterite lattice. The archetypal Sn–W greisen deposit of Cligga Head, SW England, is used to define accuracy relative to chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) zircon U–Pb ages and demonstrates the potential of this new method for resolving high-resolution timescales (<0.1 %) of magmatic–hydrothermal systems. However, data also indicate that the isotopic composition of initial common Pb varies significantly, both between crystals and within a single crystal. This is attributed to significant fluid–rock interactions and the highly F-rich acidic nature of the hydrothermal system. At microbeam precision levels, this issue is largely unresolvable and can result in significant inaccuracy in interpreted ages. The ID-TIMS U–Pb method described herein can, for the first time, be used to properly characterise suitable reference materials for microbeam cassiterite U–Pb analyses, thus improving the accuracy of the U–Pb cassiterite chronometer as a whole.
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Neymark, Leonid A., Anatoly M. Larin, and Richard J. Moscati. "Pb-Pb and U-Pb Dating of Cassiterite by In Situ LA-ICPMS: Examples Spanning ~1.85 Ga to ~100 Ma in Russia and Implications for Dating Proterozoic to Phanerozoic Tin Deposits." Minerals 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111166.
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This paper investigates applicability of cassiterite to dating ore deposits in a wide age range. We report in situ LA-ICPMS U-Pb and Pb-Pb dating results (n = 15) of cassiterite from six ore deposits in Russia ranging in age from ~1.85 Ga to 93 Ma. The two oldest deposits dated at ~1.83–1.86 Ga are rare metal Vishnyakovskoe located in the East Sayan pegmatite belt and tin deposits within the Tuyukan ore region in the Baikal folded region. Rare metal skarn deposits of Pitkäranta ore field in the Ladoga region, Fennoscandian Shield are dated at ~1.54 Ga. Cassiterite from the Mokhovoe porphyry tin deposit located in western Transbaikalia is 810 ± 20 Ma. The youngest cassiterite was dated from the deposits Valkumei (Russian North East, 108 ± 2 Ma) and Merek (Russian Far East, 93 ± 2 Ma). Three methods of age calculations, including 208Pb/206Pb-207Pb/206Pb inverse isochron age, Tera-Wasserburg Concordia lower intercept age, and 207Pb-corrected 206Pb*/238U age were used and the comparison of the results is discussed. In all cases, the dated cassiterite from the ore deposits agreed, within error, with the established period of magmatism of the associated granitic rock.
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Liu, Si Qing, Xiong Tong, Bao Xu Song, and Wan Ping Wang. "Case Study on Beneficiation of Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulphide Ores." Advanced Materials Research 511 (April 2012): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.511.28.
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Cassiterite-polymetallic sulphide ore contains multi-elements that can be recovered in beneficiation. Case studies on processing two major tin deposits in Gejiu and Dachang regions are reviewed. Results show that the joint process of flotation and gravity separation has proven to be effective in treating the ores for its high efficiency and relatively small environmental impact. Flotation of tin minerals is considered as a supplementary technique for concentrating cassiterite from the slime produced in the joint process. The joint process is still a promising process in treating the cassiterite-polymetallic sulphide ore.
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Nysten, Per. "Cassiterite from Långban, Sweden." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 110, no. 3 (September 1988): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035898809455454.
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KING, R. J. "Minerals explained 16: Cassiterite." Geology Today 9, no. 6 (November 1993): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1993.tb01071.x.
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Delaunay, Aurélien, Emmanuel Fritsch, Nicolas Stephant, and Ugo Hennebois. "Tourmaline with Cassiterite Inclusions." Journal of Gemmology 37, no. 4 (2020): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2020.37.4.349.
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Losos, Z., and A. Beran. "OH defects in cassiterite." Mineralogy and Petrology 81, no. 3-4 (June 1, 2004): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0040-x.
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Liu, Yongchao, Jiankang Li, and I.-Ming Chou. "Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell." American Mineralogist 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7118.
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Abstract Ore-forming fluids enriched in alkali carbonate are commonly observed in natural melt and fluid inclusions associated with tin mineralization, particularly in granitic pegmatite. However, the roles of alkali carbonates remain unclear. Hence, to investigate the roles of alkali carbonate, herein, cassiterite (SnO2) crystallization experiments in SnO2–Li2CO3–H2O and SnO2–Na2CO3–H2O systems were conducted using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell. The results showed that SnO2 could dissolve into the alkali carbonate aqueous solution during heating, and long prismatic cassiterite crystals grew during the subsequent cooling stage at average rates of 0.61 × 10–6 to 8.22 × 10–6 cm/s in length and 3.40–19.07 μm3/s in volume. The mole fraction of cassiterite crystallized from the SnO2–Li2CO3–H2O system ranges from 0.03 to 0.41 mol%, which depends on the Li2CO3 content dissolved in the aqueous solution. In situ Raman analysis of the alkali carbonate-rich aqueous solution in the sample chamber suggests that the dissolution of SnO2 can be attributed to the alkaline conditions produced by hydrolysis of alkali carbonate in which Sn(OH)62− may be a potential tin-transporting species. The cassiterite crystallization conditions obtained in our SnO2–alkali carbonate–H2O systems primarily fell within the 400–850 °C and 300–850 MPa temperature and pressure ranges, respectively; furthermore, cassiterite crystallization ended in rare metal pegmatite-forming conditions. These crystallization features of cassiterite are similar to those formed in tin-mineralized granitic pegmatites. It indicates that an alkali carbonate-rich aqueous solution or hydrous melt can work as a favorable transport medium for tin and provides the necessary conditions for cassiterite crystallization in granitic pegmatite, bearing the roles in decreasing the viscosity of hydrous melts and enhancing the solubility of SnO2 in ore-forming melts or fluids. These roles of alkali carbonate can also be extended for the mineralization of other rare metals (e.g., Li and Be) in granitic pegmatite.
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Khachatryan, Galina, and Natalia Anashkina. "Diagnostic features of rutile and cassiterite from heavy mineral concentrate samples, according to the IR microscopy data." Ores and metals, no. 2 (July 8, 2024): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2024-10010.
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Based on the study of rutile and cassiterite grains, using Fourier transform infrared microscopy, a new method for their determination in heavy mineral concentrate samples has been developed. The natural vibrations of the crystal lattice of these minerals are predominantly inactive in the infrared spectrum, which complicates their identification. Rutile is proposed to be determined by the absorption band ~ 1062 cm-1; and cassiterite, by the lines 1059–1065, ~ 1130, 1217–1220, and 1366–1373 cm-1. The characteristic absorption bands in the region of 3200–3400 cm-1, associated with vibrations of OH defects in the crystal lattice of these minerals, have been shown to be of particular importance for the diagnosis of rutile and cassiterite. Structural hydroxyl groups in the spectra are manifested in rutile by a line at about 3279–3283 cm-1; and in cassiterite, by lines at about 3254–3259 cm-1, ~ 3343 and ~ 3377 cm-1.
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Zhou, De Yan, Jin Peng Feng, Zong Wu Wei, Jin Lin Yang, Shao Jian Ma, Wei Mo, and Xiu Juan Su. "Experimental Study on Recovering Fine Cassiterite from Spontaneously Combusted Dachang Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulphides." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.560.
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Fine polymetallic sulphides in Dachang mining areas are very difficult to be recovered. In order to solve this problem, a new flowsheet of jet centrifugal concentrator separation-flotation-tabling separation was adopted in this study, which means that jet centrifugal concentrator was firstly used to preconcentrate fine cassiterite, then flotation was introduced to remove sulfides in crude concentrate, and finally cassiterite concentrate was obtained after the flotation tailings were treated with tables. The results of closed-circuit experiment were achieved as concentration grade 44.50% and recovery 52.17% when the feeding grade was 0.30%. The results indicated the new flowsheet can fully take advantage of their characteristics and the fine cassiterite can be effectively recovered.
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Alabi, Oladunni Oyelola, Gideon Giwa, Francis Gitau, and Gbadamosi Yemisi Elizabeth. "Investigating the Characterization and Grindability Behaviour of Farin-lamba Cassiterite toward Effective Tin Oxide Production." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 6 (May 7, 2024): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i61165.
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Cassiterite has been an essential source of tin; its exploration and exploitation have become a priority worldwide. The effective beneficiation of cassiterite depends mainly on its grindability and effective liberation. The Modified Bond's grindability test is a method used to determine the work index, which is crucial in estimating the energy needed to grind an ore. This is crucial during mineral processing, as a slight deviation would affect the company's operating expenditure (OPEX). This study investigates the work index for Farin-Lamba cassiterite with reference to silica sand sourced from Igbokoda. The test ore (cassiterite) was analyzed using Energy Dispersed X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRS), Petrographic Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrum (SEM-EDS) to understand their chemical and mineralogical characteristics in relation to their grindability. The test ore and the reference material (silica sand) underwent comminution using 500g of each to a 100% passing 500 μm array of sieves arranged in (√2) series from 500μm to 63μm onto an automatic sieve shaker. The chemical and mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of gangue such as SiO2 and Al2O3, which increases the energy needed during communition; further, the presence of rough and large grain size in the ore also increases the energy needed for communition. The results were subjected to Gaudin Schuman's equation to determine the ore's work index, which was 14.664 KWh/ton for the test ore, which is standard for cassiterite, which ranges from 10-15 kWh/ton. Further, the energy needed for comminution was calculated to be 33.7272 Kwh, providing valuable insights into the energy efficiency of the grinding process. The evaluation of the grindability of Farin-Lamba cassiterite in relation to the reference ore not only contributes toward understanding the ore processing dynamics but also provides information needed for the optimization of energy consumed during the process of tin oxide production.
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Harlaux, Matthieu, Daniel J. Kontak, Alan H. Clark, Kalin Kouzmanov, Christopher S. Holm-Denoma, Stefano Gialli, Oscar Laurent, et al. "Depositing >1.5 Mt of Tin Within <1 m.y. of Initial Granitic Intrusion in the San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Southeastern Peru." Economic Geology 118, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 1371–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5021.
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Abstract The San Rafael Sn (-Cu) deposit, located in the Eastern Cordillera of southeast Peru, is one of the world’s largest cassiterite-bearing vein systems (>1 Mt Sn produced since 1969). The deposit consists of a quartz-cassiterite-chlorite-sulfide lode system spatially associated with an upper Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) S-type granitic pluton. Based on a revised paragenetic sequence for the deposit, we interpret the temporal setting of both magmatic (biotite, K-feldspar) and hydrothermal (muscovite, adularia, cassiterite) minerals analyzed by 40Ar/39Ar step-heating and U-Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) geochronology. The least-disturbed biotite sample from the megacrystic monzogranite yielded a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 24.10 ± 0.26 Ma (2σ), which constrains the time of cooling of the upper part of the pluton to below 300°C. Greisen developed on top of the granitic cupola and its immediate metamorphic aureole dated at 24.24 ± 0.24 Ma (2σ; 40Ar/39Ar muscovite average plateau age) is interpreted to be contemporaneous with the emplacement of pre-ore quartz-tourmaline veins and breccias. In situ U-Pb dating of cassiterite, including both botryoidal cassiterite (“wood tin”) and coarse-grained cassiterite in quartz-chlorite veins and breccias, constrains the timing of the main Sn ore stage to between 24.10 ± 0.37 and 23.47 ± 0.53 Ma (2σ). Botryoidal and coarse-grained cassiterite are characterized by similar trace element compositions with fluctuating metal concentrations across growth banding, suggesting significant changes of physicochemical conditions of the hydrothermal system during cassiterite precipitation, likely caused by rapid and repeated mixing between magmatic fluids and meteoric groundwaters. Polymetallic sulfide-rich veins and quartz-carbonate veins are constrained to have formed between 22.72 ± 0.11 and 22.29 ± 0.24 Ma (2σ), based on adularia 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages. The latter overlap partially reset 40Ar/39Ar age spectra for K-feldspar megacrysts in the host granite and thus reflect pervasive alteration by hydrothermal fluids. Collectively, the results show the magmatic-hydrothermal system spanned at least 2 m.y. with the main Sn ore stage representing <1 m.y. in the lifetime of the deposit. The latest polymetallic stages postdate the main Sn ore stage by ca. 1 m.y. and reflect the waning of the hydrothermal system, accompanied by additional incursion of meteoric groundwaters. This study provides further evidence that the present-day exposed level of the San Rafael granite was a passive host for the Sn mineralization and only provided the structural focusing for the mineralizing fluids derived from a deeper part of the magmatic system.
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Yang, Jinlin, Zhichao Shuai, Wentao Zhou, and Shaojian Ma. "Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020134.
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Due to the differences in beneficiation methods and mineral properties between cassiterite ore and polymetallic sulfide ore, there is an inherent contradiction between cassiterite overgrinding and sulfide ore undergrinding. A method to optimize and characterize the grinding performance is presented in this paper. In this method, the grinding characteristics are defined by the qualified particle size range index under unit energy consumption. By changing the grinding time, grinding concentration, and filling ratio, the optimized grinding conditions were evaluated, and they were predicted and verified by the response surface method. The results corroborate that when the grinding time of cassiterite is 4 min and the grinding time of sulfide ore is 8 min, the grinding qualified size range index under unit energy consumption is the largest. Cassiterite is brittle and easy to grind due to low hardness, while sulfide is difficult to grind due to high hardness. Hence, the time to beneficiate tin ore is when the grinding time is 4 min, and that to beneficiate sulfide ore is when the regrinding time is approximately 4 min. In this way, the contradiction between overgrinding cassiterite and undergrinding sulfide ore can be alleviated on the basis of the most effective utilization of grinding energy. The optimal grinding concentration and filling ratio are 65% and 37%, respectively. The response surface prediction and test results are almost identical, with an error of ±2%. Thus, the effectiveness of grinding characterization method is verified.
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Zhou, De Yan, Zong Wu Wei, Chen Hu Zhang, and Xing Jin Liao. "Study on the New Technique for Micro-Particle Cassiterite of Dachang Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.542.
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The micro-particle cassiterite of Dachang tailings has been recovered by gravity concentration. The amplitude and frequency of strokes of table concentrator is optimized. The result of gravity concentration is that the grade of tin is 1.40%, and the recovery is 67.35%.Then, in the cassiterite reverse flotation, the new collector C08 was little used and the recovery of tin is achieved 90.05%
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Jin, Saizhen, and Leming Ou. "Comparison of the Effects of Sodium Oleate and Benzohydroxamic Acid on Fine Scheelite and Cassiterite Hydrophobic Flocculation." Minerals 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060687.
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Sodium oleate (NaOL) and benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) are commonly used scheelite and cassiterite flotation collectors. Hydrophobic flocculation flotation of fine minerals has been extensively studied and reported under a NaOL system, but not under a BHA system. In this paper, the particle size distribution and flotation behaviour of fine scheelite (−10 μm) and cassiterite (−37 + 10 and −23 μm) after shear stirring in NaOL, BHA, and Pb2+ + BHA systems were studied by laser particle size analysis and flotation tests. The measured particle size distribution results revealed that the fine minerals could aggregate under a NaOL system, and the aggregate size increased with increasing stirring time and speed, with scheelite aggregating faster than cassiterite. BHA did not cause scheelite or cassiterite to form hydrophobic aggregates. At low stirrer speeds, the minerals could form small, weak, and easily broken aggregates when Pb2+ + BHA was added. The results of the flotation tests revealed that increasing the stirring time and speed increased the flotation rate and recovery when NaOL and BHA were added. When Pb2+ + BHA was added, however, the changes in flotation rate and recovery were not noticeable when the stirring conditions were changed.
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Yang, Jinlin, Wenzhe Xu, Xingjian Deng, Hengjun Li, and Shaojian Ma. "Research on the Selective Grinding of Zn and Sn in Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020245.
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When cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore is being ground in the ball mill, the contradiction between over grinding of cassiterite and under grinding of sulfide ore is inevitable due to their mechanical property differences. In this paper, a selective grinding characterization method is proposed to optimize the grinding of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore based on the respective selective grinding indexes, namely, the changes in the cumulative grade and cumulative quantities of metal. The preferred grinding characteristics were studied by varying three grinding operation factors, the grinding time, grinding concentration, and mill speed, as these all affect the selective grinding behavior of the ball mill. In the proposed method, the breaking process preferentially begins with the Zn minerals in the cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore; however, Sn minerals are found to break first when the specific energy of the grinding media is large. The differences in the crushing characteristics of Zn and Sn minerals narrow down as the grinding time and concentration increase. When the grinding concentration is lower than 50%, the two types of minerals are broken with little difference. However, when the grinding concentration is higher than 50%, the Zn minerals are broken prior to the Sn minerals.
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Nguyen, Luyen Dinh, Hieu Trung Pham, Nhuan Van Do, Thai Ngoc Tran, Thu Thi Le, and Thoa Thi Hoang. "Overview in situ U - Pb isotopic dating method on cassiterite. Application to determine for Sn - W mineralization age of the Lung Muoi deposit in the Pia Oac region, Cao Bang province." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).01.
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In recent years, the U - Pb isotopic dating method for cassiterite minerals has been used by many scientists around the world in the field of mining and mineral research. This paper presents an overview of the history, development and results achieved using this dating method in the field of mining and mineral research in the world. The LA - ICP - MS U - Pb isotopic dating method for cassiterite minerals was used at the Lung Muoi Sn - W deposit in Pia Oac region, Cao Bang province. The result of LA - ICP - MS U - Pb cassiterite isotopic dating shows the Sn - W mineralization in the Lung Muoi deposit crystallized at 88 Ma. The new age results in this paper are very consistent with the previously published results of the Pia Oac granite.
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Tyushnyakov, S. N., R. I. Gulyaeva, L. Yu Udoeva, S. V. Sergeeva, and S. A. Petrova. "Metallothermic Reduction of Natural Cassiterite." Metallurgist 65, no. 7-8 (November 2021): 746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01212-y.
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Huang, Wenqing, and Junyi Pan. "Cassiterite from Yunnan Province, China." Journal of Gemmology 37, no. 8 (2021): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2021.37.8.766.
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Tyushnyakov, S. N., R. I. Gulyaeva, L. Yu Udoeva, S. V. Sergeeva, and S. A. Petrova. "METALLOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF NATURAL CASSITERITE." Metallurg, no. 7 (2021): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2021_07_52.
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Tomaev, V. V., and A. I. Glazov. "Morphology of polycrystalline cassiterite films." Crystallography Reports 59, no. 5 (September 2014): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063774514050204.
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Choi, Woo-Zin, Qinghua Zeng, Erlong Jiang, and Ho-Seok Jeon. "Cassiterite Flotation with Sulphosuccinamate Collector." Geosystem Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 1998): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.1998.10541122.
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