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1

Francis, Roger, and Stan Hebdon. "The Corrosion of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels in Seawater and Sour Brines." CORROSION 75, no. 11 (September 16, 2019): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3284.

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Modern duplex stainless steels have been in use since the early 1970s and cast versions of the wrought alloys were soon in demand for pumps and valves. Since that time a range of cast duplex stainless steels have been developed with a wide range of compositions, but all with approximately 50/50 austenite/ferrite phase balance and deliberate additions of nitrogen. This paper presents some comparative corrosion data on a range of cast duplex stainless steels, mainly in seawater. The differences in performance related to composition and microstructure are discussed. Corrosion data in lower chloride brines are also presented to show the limits of use of some lower alloyed duplex materials. In addition to oxidizing chloride solutions, some data are presented on cast duplex stainless steels in reducing brines containing H2S, where the main corrosion problem is sulfide stress corrosion cracking. Finally, the importance of using a suitable technical specification, over and above ASTM, combined with selecting a suitably skilled foundry in order to obtain satisfactory castings is discussed.
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2

WANG, Yun. "Residual Stress Measurement of Centrifugally Cast Duplex Stainless Steel by Neutron Diffraction." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 66, no. 10 (2017): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.66.763.

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3

McConnell, Paul, William Sheckherd, and Douglas Norris. "Properties of thermally embrittled cast duplex stainless steel." Journal of Materials Engineering 11, no. 3 (December 1989): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834840.

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4

Byun, T. S., Y. Yang, N. R. Overman, and J. T. Busby. "Thermal Aging Phenomena in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels." JOM 68, no. 2 (November 12, 2015): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1709-9.

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5

Kalandyk, B., R. Zapała, and M. Starowicz. "The Effect of Si and Mn on Microstructure and Selected Properties of Cr-Ni Stainless Steels." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0034.

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Abstract Cast stainless steel of the Cr-Ni duplex type is used, among others, for the cast parts of pumps and valves handling various chemically aggressive media. Therefore, the main problem discussed in this article is the problem of abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water and resistance to electrochemical corrosion in a 3% NaCl-H2O solution of selected cast steel grades, i.e. typical duplex cast steel, high silicon and manganese duplex cast steel, and Cr-Ni austenitic cast steel (type AISI 316L). The study shows that the best abrasion wear resistance comparable to Ni-Hart cast iron was obtained in the cast duplex steel, where Ni was partially replaced with Mn and N. This cast steel was also characterized by the highest hardness and matrix microhardness among all the tested cast steel grades. The best resistance to electrochemical corrosion in 3% NaCl-H2O solution showed the cast duplex steel with high content of Cr, Mo and N. The addition of Ni plays rather insignificant role in the improvement of corrosion resistance of the materials tested.
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6

Takahashi, O., Y. Shibui, P. G. Xu, S. Harjo, T. Suzuki, and Y. Tomota. "Microstructural Features and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior in Hot-Rolled Lean Duplex Stainless Steels." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010016.

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The characteristics of texture and microstructure of lean duplex stainless steels with low Ni content produced through hot rolling followed by annealing were investigated locally with electron backscatter diffraction and globally with neutron diffraction. Then, the ductile–brittle transition (DBT) behavior was studied by Charpy impact test. It is found that the DBT temperature (DBTT) is strongly affected by the direction of crack propagation, depending on crystallographic texture and microstructural morphology; the DBTT becomes extremely low in the case of fracture accompanying delamination. A high Ni duplex stainless steel examined for comparison, shows a lower DBTT compared with the lean steel in the same crack propagating direction. The obtained results were also discussed through comparing with those of cast duplex stainless steels reported previously (Takahashi et al., Tetsu-to-Hagané, 100(2014), 1150).
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7

Xue, Fei, Zhao-Xi Wang, Guogang Shu, Weiwei Yu, Hui-Ji Shi, and Wenxin Ti. "Thermal aging effect on Z3CN20.09M Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Nuclear Engineering and Design 239, no. 11 (November 2009): 2217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.06.009.

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8

Chopra, O. K., and H. M. Chung. "Aging of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems." Nuclear Engineering and Design 89, no. 2-3 (November 1985): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(85)90069-x.

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9

Wang, Xiu Fang, Xiao Ping Yang, Zhen Dan Guo, Yin Chang Zhou, and Hong Wei Song. "Nanoindentation Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Ferrite and Austenite in Duplex Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.1165.

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The mechanical properties of as-cast and hot-forging duplex stainless steel samples with the same compositions were characterized by nanoindentation. The effect of surface treating method and working state of the sample on the nanoindentation results of ferrite and austenite were discussed. The results show that the Young’s modulus and hardness of ferrite and austenite may be affected by the treating method of sample surface. The difference of Young’s modulus average of ferrite or austenite between as-cast and hot-forging duplex stainless steel samples is not great, but the hardness average of ferrite or austenite in hot-forging sample is obviously higher than those of as-cast sample. The difference of hardness between ferrite and austenite in the same sample is not great, but the young’s modulus of ferrite is higher than that of austenite.
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10

Matias, João Vitor Silva, Sérgio Souto Maior Tavares, Juan Manuel Pardal, and Ruan Stevan de Almeida Ribeiro. "Embrittlement and Corrosion Decay of a Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Research 20, suppl 2 (July 20, 2017): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-0138.

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11

Takahashi, Osamu, Morio Yabe, Yohei Shibui, and Yo Tomota. "Ductile to Brittle Transition Behavior in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels." Tetsu-to-Hagane 100, no. 9 (2014): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.100.1150.

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12

HAGINO, Masahiro, Akihiro TAKEMURA, Tsuyoshi FUJITA, Hiroshi USUKI, and Akihiko IKUTA. "Cutting characteristics of duplex stainless cast steel X2CrNiMoN25-7-3." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2017.9 (2017): 072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2017.9.072.

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13

GODFREY, T. J., and G. D. W. SMITH. "THE ATOM PROBE ANALYSIS OF A CAST DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 47, no. C7 (November 1986): C7–217—C7–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986738.

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14

SHINBA, Katsuya, Osamu TAKAHASHI, Morio YABE, and Yo TOMOTA. "611 Low Temperature Brittle Fracture of Duplex Stainless Cast Steel." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2011.19 (2011): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2011.19.171.

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15

Chung, H. M. "Aging and life prediction of cast duplex stainless steel components." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 50, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 179–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(92)90037-g.

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16

Garin, J. L., and R. L. Mannheim. "Rietveld quantitative analysis of cast super duplex steel." Powder Diffraction 27, no. 2 (June 2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715612000383.

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To interpret highly superimposed diffraction patterns, the Rietveld method together with conventional X-ray powder diffraction techniques were carried out on a series of heat-treated weldments of cast super duplex stainless steel. High temperature processing of this type of alloys causes embrittlement and loss of corrosion resistance owing to precipitation of intermediate phases, principally sigma-phase. The annealing processing of the samples proceeded at temperatures in the range of 800–950 °C for periods of time from 1 to 96 h. This procedure permitted an accurate quantification of the microstructural components such as austenite, ferrite and sigma-phase in all studied samples. The contents of sigma-phase in the heat-affected zones of all weldments reached asymptotical values of 30–38 wt% after 96 h of heat treatment.
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17

Kim, Jin-Weon. "Aging Evaluation of Duplex Cast Stainless Steel Using Ball Indentation Test." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 29, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2005.29.9.1253.

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18

Chen, Yuefeng, Xin Dai, Xudong Chen, and Bin Yang. "The characterization of G-phase in Fe20Cr9Ni cast duplex stainless steel." Materials Characterization 149 (March 2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.01.012.

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19

Mcirdi, L., Karim Inal, Jean Lu Lebrun, and G. Barbier. "X-Ray Intergranular Stresses Analysis in a Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 347-349 (May 2000): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.347-349.247.

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20

Tujikura, Yonezou, and Shigeru Urata. "Fracture mechanics evaluation of cast duplex stainless steel after thermal aging." Nuclear Engineering and Design 191, no. 2 (July 1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(99)00147-8.

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21

Martins, Marcelo, and Luiz Carlos Casteletti. "Sigma phase morphologies in cast and aged super duplex stainless steel." Materials Characterization 60, no. 8 (August 2009): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.01.005.

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22

Batista, S. R. F., and S. E. Kuri. "Aspects of selective and pitting corrosion in cast duplex stainless steels." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 51, no. 3 (June 2004): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590410533156.

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23

Santos, Henrique, Joana Leal, and Carlos Sá. "Nitrogen Effect in Microstructural Parameters of a Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.524.

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Duplex stainless steels (d2s) are intended to present a microstructure composed of similar volume fractions of austenite and ferrite; this is the phase composition leading to the best compromise of mechanical and corrosion properties. To stabilize the austenite phase, nitrogen is added as an alloying element in the so-called second generation d2s; nitrogen is a cheap element (compared to nickel, the most common austenite stabilizer) that simultaneously increases the strength by a solid solution hardening effect; usually nitrogen contents in the second generation d2s vary from 0.15 to 0.25 weight %. The effect of a 0.14 % nitrogen addition to a cast d2s with a nominal composition corresponding to EN 10283 has been studied to evaluate its austenite stabilizing effect and its influence on the partition intensity of the elements contributing to the pitting corrosion resistance (chromium and molybdenum) between the two phases composing the microstructure. Two cast d2s have been prepared for this study: one without any nitrogen addition and another with 0.14% nitrogen; both had the same nominal composition. Specimens of the two cast d2s have been heat treated in a range of temperatures from 1050 to 1400°C, every 50°C; after a 2 hour soaking the specimens have been cooled in water. It is known that increasing the solution temperature increases the volume fraction of ferrite in the cast d2s microstructure. Both the volume fraction of each constitutional phase (austenite and ferrite) and the respective chromium and molybdenum content have been measured. The results of the volume fraction measurements showed an intense austenite stabilizing effect of the nitrogen. The results of the microanalysis of chromium and molybdenum showed that both elements present an ability to concentrate in the ferrite, although the molybdenum partition is clearly more intense than the chromium partition.
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24

Tsuchiya, Shunichi, Yuichi Ishikawa, and Masahiro Otaka. "Atom Probe Study of Aging Embrittlement of Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 59, no. 561 (1993): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.59.1345.

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25

Petersen, DR, RE Link, JJ González, F. Gutiérrez-Solana, L. Sánchez, and J. Setién. "Low-Temperature Aging Kinetics in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels: Experimental Characterization." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 25, no. 2 (1997): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11473j.

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26

Marrow, T. J., and N. Bury. "THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF 475°C EMBRITTLED CAST DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 20, no. 4 (April 1997): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00288.x.

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27

Kan, Wen Hao, Ziyan Man, Siyu Huang, Kevin Dolman, Timothy Lucey, Xinhu Tang, Li Chang, Gwénaëlle Proust, and Julie Cairney. "Development of (Nb0.75,Ti0.25)C-Reinforced Cast Duplex Stainless Steel Composites." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 5 (February 18, 2020): 2366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05675-7.

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28

Kim, Yoon-Jun, L. Scott Chumbley, and Brian Gleeson. "Continuous Cooling Transformation in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels CD3MN and CD3MWCuN." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 17, no. 2 (June 22, 2007): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9134-z.

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29

Kobayashi, T., and D. A. Shockey. "A fractographic investigation of thermal embrittlement in cast duplex stainless steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 18, no. 11 (November 1987): 1941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02647024.

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30

Vrinat, M., R. Cozar, and Y. Meyzaud. "Precipitated phases in the ferrite of aged cast duplex stainless steels." Scripta Metallurgica 20, no. 8 (August 1986): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(86)90183-3.

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31

Cronemberger, Maria Eurenice Rocha, Sandra Nakamatsu, Neide Aparecida Mariano, Carlos Alberto della Rovere, and Sebastião Elias Kuri. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Corrosion Behavior of As-Cast SAF 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel after Solution Annealing Treatment." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.620.

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The formation of intermetallic phases alters the properties of duplex stainless steel and is therefore a crucial factor in its performance. For example, the formation of sigma phase in duplex steel increases its brittleness and decreases its corrosion resistance because this phase consumes chromium and molybdenum in solid solution, thus leading to the depletion of these elements in the matrix. This study investigated the corrosion resistance of as-cast SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel after solution annealing treatment at 1100 °C for 240 minutes, under varying cooling rates. The objective was to evaluate the correlation between cooling condition, microstructural changes and corrosion resistance based on cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests and double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) measurements. The results revealed a significant reduction in the corrosion resistance of a slowly cooled sample, which presented an increase in the degree of Cr (Qr / Qa) depletion resulting from the formation of sigma phase.
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32

Stradomski, G. "The Cracking Mechanism of Ferritic-Austenitic Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0101.

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Abstract In the high-alloy, ferritic - austenitic (duplex) stainless steels high tendency to cracking, mainly hot-is induced by micro segregation processes and change of crystallization mechanism in its final stage. The article is a continuation of the problems presented in earlier papers [1 - 4]. In the range of high temperature cracking appear one mechanism a decohesion - intergranular however, depending on the chemical composition of the steel, various structural factors decide of the occurrence of hot cracking. The low-carbon and low-alloy cast steel casting hot cracking cause are type II sulphide, in high carbon tool cast steel secondary cementite mesh and / or ledeburite segregated at the grain solidified grains boundaries, in the case of Hadfield steel phosphorus - carbide eutectic, which carrier is iron-manganese and low solubility of phosphorus in high manganese matrix. In duplex cast steel the additional factor increasing the risk of cracking it is very “rich” chemical composition and related with it processes of precipitation of many secondary phases.
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33

Ishikawa, Yuichi, and Toshihiko Yoshimura. "Electrochemical and Atom Probe Studies of Cast and Aged Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Transactions, JIM 35, no. 12 (1994): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.35.895.

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34

Miura, Takayuki, Hisashi Kuwano, Kiyohiko Itoh, and Yuichi Ishikawa. "Compositional Evolution of Ferrite in Cast Duplex Stainless Steel during Thermal Aging." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 63, no. 12 (1999): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.63.12_1503.

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35

Li, Zhenhua, Ying Hu, Tao Chen, Xinyu Wang, Pan Liu, and Yonghao Lu. "Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Thermally Aged Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245636.

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The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of cast duplex stainless steels (CDSSs) at 400 °C for different thermal aging times were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and small punch test (SPT). The results showed that the spinodal decomposition in ferrite was the main reason for the decrease in toughness, and G-phase did not play an important role in the embrittlement process. The change of membrane stretching zone (Wm) played an important role in the SPT load-displacement curve before and after thermal aging. During the deformation process of Wm in the SPT, for thermal aging for 10,000 h, some completely curved slip bands were generated inside the ferrite phase, which had no contact with the δ/γ phase interface and belonged to the slip bands produced by the independent deformation of ferrite. The combined effect of the curved slip bands and stress concentration led to the initiation of obvious micro-cracks at the δ/γ phase interface. The micro-cracks propagated along the ferrite phase curved slip bands, and eventually penetrated the entire hardened ferrite phase.
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36

WANG, Yun. "Residual Stress Measurement of Centrifugally Cast Duplex Stainless Steel by Neutron Diffraction." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 63, no. 11 (2014): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.63.789.

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37

Wang, Yun. "Phase Stress Measurement of Centrifugally Cast Duplex Stainless Steel by Neutron Diffraction." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4030028.

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Residual stress can be easily generated during material processing and affect the performance of structural components. Phase stress distribution in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steels (DSSs) is complicated due to the different material properties between the two phases. In this study, residual phase stress distribution along the thickness direction of centrifugally cast DSS hollow cylinder was measured by pulsed neutron diffraction with the time-of-flight (TOF) method. The triaxial phase stress distribution along the thickness direction shows that the phase stress of austenitic phase is generally in tension and higher than that of ferrite phase. From the outer surface to the inner surface, the macro-stress distributes from −400 MPa to 200 MPa. The mechanism of macro-stress formation was deduced by taking into consideration the thermal shrinkage behavior during the cooling process of water quench after the solution heat treatment. Furthermore, the lattice strain and phase stress evolution under the uniaxial tensile loading was evaluated by in-situ neutron diffraction measurement. The results indicated that the magnitude of phase stress could be affected by plastic working as well. All these measurements were conducted at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC).
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38

Johnson, Eric, Yoon-Jun Kim, L. Scott Chumbley, and Brian Gleeson. "Initial phase transformation diagram determination for the CD3MN cast duplex stainless steel." Scripta Materialia 50, no. 10 (May 2004): 1351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.02.014.

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39

MIURA, Takayuki, Hisashi KUWANO, and Kenji KIKUCHI. "Tensile Property Changes Due to Phase Decomposition in Duplex Cast Stainless Steel." Tetsu-to-Hagane 87, no. 2 (2001): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.87.2_101.

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40

Potgieter, J. H., and P. de Visser. "Potentiostatic etching of duplex stainless steels and high chromium white cast irons." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 1993): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.4.336.

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41

Wang, Zhao-Xi, Fei Xue, Wen-Hai Guo, Hui-Ji Shi, Guo-Dong Zhang, and Guogang Shu. "Investigation of thermal aging damage mechanism of the Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 10 (October 2010): 2538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.04.044.

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42

do Nascimento, A. M., M. C. F. Ierardi, A. Y. Kina, and S. S. M. Tavares. "Pitting corrosion resistance of cast duplex stainless steels in 3.5%NaCl solution." Materials Characterization 59, no. 12 (December 2008): 1736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.03.015.

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43

Tsuchiya, Shunichi, Yuuichi Ishikawa, Masahiro Ohtaka, and Toshihiko Yoshimura. "Atom Probe Study of the Aging Embrittlement of Cast Duplex Stainless Steel." JSME international journal. Ser. A, Mechanics and material engineering 38, no. 3 (July 15, 1995): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmea1993.38.3_384.

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44

Liu, Tong-hua, Wei Wang, Wen-jiang Qiang, and Guo-gang Shu. "Mechanical properties and kinetics of thermally aged Z3CN20.09M cast duplex stainless steel." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 25, no. 10 (October 2018): 1148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1666-8.

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45

Raj, P. Nithin, P. K. Navaneethkrishnan, K. Sekar, and M. A. Joseph. "Comparative study of mechanical, corrosion and erosion—corrosion properties of cast hyper-duplex and super-duplex stainless steels." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 27, no. 7 (July 2020): 954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-1984-5.

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46

Higginson, R. L., and M. A. E. Jepson. "Oxidation characteristics of two As-cast duplex stainless steels under simulated reheat conditions." Materials at High Temperatures 26, no. 1 (March 2009): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/096034009x400023.

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47

ANZAI, Hideya, Jiro KUNIYA, and Isao MASAOKA. "Effect of 475.DEG.C embrittlement on fracture resistance of cast duplex stainless steel." Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 28, no. 5 (1988): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.28.400.

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48

Goto, Toru, Takeshi Naito, and Takasi Yamaoka. "A study on NDE method of thermal aging of cast duplex stainless steels." Nuclear Engineering and Design 182, no. 2 (June 1998): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(97)00360-9.

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49

Calonne, V., C. Berdin, B. Saint-Germain, and S. Jayet-Gendrot. "Damage and dynamic strain aging in a thermal aged cast duplex stainless steel." Journal of Nuclear Materials 327, no. 2-3 (May 2004): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.02.010.

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50

Guo, En-Yu, Hu-Xiao Xie, Sudhanshu S. Singh, Antony Kirubanandham, Tao Jing, and Nikhilesh Chawla. "Mechanical characterization of microconstituents in a cast duplex stainless steel by micropillar compression." Materials Science and Engineering: A 598 (March 2014): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.002.

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