Journal articles: 'Cast-iron Steel'

1

Sakaki, Hayato, Masayuki Mizumoto, Takeshi Ohgai, and Akio Kagawa. "New Application of High Niobium Cast Iron as a Grain Refiner for Stainless Steels." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.447.

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In order to develop a new application of cast iron, high niobium cast iron has been developed as a grain refiner for stainless steel. High niobium cast iron was prepared by adding pure niobium to a commercial cast iron. Coarse primary niobium carbide crystals were observed in the microstructure of the cast iron. The effect of the high niobium cast iron as an inoculant on the grain size of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels was examined in various experimental conditions. When the amount of the cast iron inoculant more than 3 mass% was added into the steel melt, fine equiaxed grains were observed and grain size was significantly reduced to 210 μm. The results indicate that the high niobium cast iron is effective as a grain refiner for the austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. From the dissolution rate measurement, the grain refining mechanism was proposed.

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Pietrowski, S. "Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0067-0.

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Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron The current work presents the research results of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing and liquid friction of new austenitic, austenitic-ferritic ("duplex") cast steel and gray cast iron EN-GJL-250, spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3, pearlitic with ledeburitic carbides and spheroidal graphite iron with ledeburitic carbides with a microstructure of the metal matrix: pearlitic, upper bainite, mixture of upper and lower bainite, martensitic with austenite, pearlitic-martensitic-bainitic-ausferritic obtained in the raw state. The wearing quality test was carried out on a specially designed and made bench. Resistance to abrasion wear was tested using sand paper P40. Resistance to adhesive wear was tested in interaction with steel C55 normalized, hardened and sulfonitrided. The liquid friction was obtained using CASTROL oil. It was stated that austenitic cast steel and "duplex" are characterized by a similar value of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing friction. The smallest decrease in mass was shown by the cast steel in interaction with the sulfonitrided steel C55. Austenitic cast steel and "duplex" in different combinations of friction pairs have a higher wear quality than gray cast iron EN-GJL-250 and spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3. Austenitic cast steel and "duplex" are characterized by a lower wearing quality than the spheroidal graphite iron with bainitic-martensitic microstructure. In the adhesive wear test using CASTROL oil the tested cast steels and cast irons showed a small mass decrease within the range of 1÷2 mg.

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Çelik, G. Aktaş, Fulya Kahrıman, Ş. Hakan Atapek, and Şeyda Polat. "Characterization of the high temperature oxidation behavior of iron based alloys used as exhaust manifolds." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818802001.

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Nowadays engine capacities of vehicles spread in a wide range due to different vehicle power demands. Power density of engines affects exhaust gas and therefore exhaust gas temperature varies from 650 °C to 1000 °C in exhaust manifolds. Depending on the exhaust gas temperature, different types of iron based alloys are used as manifold materials such as ferritic ductile cast irons (GGG40, SiMo), austenitic ductile cast irons (Ni-resist D5S), ferritic cast stainless steels (ACIHK30, AISI 409) and austenitic cast stainless steels (CF8C). In this study high temperature oxidation behavior of different cast alloys used as exhaust manifold materials like, (i) GGG40 ferritic ductile cast iron, (ii) SiMo ferritic ductile cast iron (iii) AISI 409 ferritic cast stainless steel and (iv) CF8C austenitic cast stainless steel, were investigated.

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Sukhanov, D. A., and N. V. Plotnikova. "Wootz: Cast Iron or Steel?" Materials Sciences and Applications 07, no. 11 (2016): 792–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2016.711061.

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Kuskov, Yu M., F. K. Biktagirov, T. I. Grishchenko, and A. I. Evdokimov. "Electroslag surfacing of high-chromium cast iron with 110G13l steel." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 5 (May 28, 2018): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.05.04.

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BENDIKIENE, Regita, Aliaksandr BAHDANOVICH, Ramunas CESNAVICIUS, Antanas CIUPLYS, Vytautas GRIGAS, Audrius JUTAS, Dzianis MARMYSH, et al. "Tribo-fatigue Behavior of Austempered Ductile Iron MoNiCa as New Structural Material for Rail-wheel System." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.25384.

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This research presents the results of tribo-fatigue behavior of austempered ductile cast iron MoNiCa and gives a comparison with standard grades of steel and cast iron. Due to the possibility to combine the castability of cast iron and toughness of steel in one material, new structural material MoNiCa attracted attention of industry and science because of economic benefits and high performance at the different application areas. After successful former experiments the main directions of further development of research for solving relevant practical wear and fatigue problems in rail-wheel system were framed. The complex experimental studies have demonstrated that MoNiCa is consistent with heat treated steels including the rail steels: required tensile strength of rail steel ranges from 1180 MPa to 1280 MPa when rolling surface hardness have to be from 38 HRC to 44 HRC whereas new structural material showed higher tensile strength up to 1400 MPa and slightly higher hardness up to 50 HRC. Herewith the workability of frictional couple cast iron MoNiCa/steel 20MnCr5G exceeds work performance of steel/steel system by 14 %.

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Qi, Xiao Wen, Zhi Nng Jia, Yu Lin Yang, Bing Li Fan, and Lei Shi. "Tribological Properties of Serpentine Nanoparticles as Oil Additive under Different Material Friction Pairs." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1051.

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The tribological experiments of different metal frictional pairs were investigated by using MMU-5G friction and wear tester under oil-lubricating condition with serpentine powder additives. The upper and lower specimen pairs were 45 steel/45 steel, 45 steel/HT200 cast iron, HT200 cast iron/45 steel, HT200 cast iron/HT200 cast iron, respectively. Serpentine powder used as oil additive was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Applying SEM and EDS, the surface morphologies of self-repairing coatings and their chemical compositions were detected. The test results revealed that self-repairing coating could be generated on 45 steel specimen surfaces. However, no obvious self-repairing coating formed on the worn surface in all tests which is mainly due to the unique microstructure of HT200 cast iron and the segregation effect of graphite.

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8

Zhang, Yu, Erjun Guo, Liping Wang, Yicheng Feng, Sicong Zhao, and Meihui Song. "Research and Analysis of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Damping Properties of Ductile Iron." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0058.

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Abstract With the continuous development of metal manufacturing technology, high-strength and high-hardness ductile iron materials have excellent comprehensive performance. Many performance indexes are comparable to those of alloy steels, and they have excellent casting properties. Many large-scale parts produced by cast steel are slowly being replaced by this material. Ductile iron is obtained by a spheroidizing treatment and inoculation to obtain spheroidal graphite. The mechanical properties of cast iron have been effectively improved, especially plasticity and toughness, and the strength obtained is higher than that of carbon steel. Ductile iron has the properties of iron and the properties of steel. It is a new type of engineering material with high plasticity, strength, corrosion resistance, and wear-resistance. Because of its excellent performance, it has been successfully used to cast parts with high-stress conditions, high strength, toughness and wear resistance. Due to the small splitting effect of ductile iron on the metal matrix, the stress concentration is effectively eliminated. Therefore, the matrix structure of ductile cast iron is changed by heat treatment, thereby improving its mechanical properties and the damping performance of the material itself. Through a heat treatment process experiment of ductile iron, the related process and technical measures of damping performance in the heat treatment production process are obtained.

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9

Danilov, V. N., and L. V. Voronkova. "SOME FEATURES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING OF CAST IRON OBJECTS WITH FLAKE AND GLOBULAR GRAPHITE USING NORMAL LINEAR PROBES WITH PHASED ARRAYS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 261 (March 2020): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.03.pp.004-019.

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Computer modelling of the acoustic characteristics of signals of direct normal probe with phased array (PFR) in the cast iron with flake and globular graphite was performed. As a result the form of acoustic pulses of a longitudinal wave, depending on the passed by wave distance and the values of attenuation coefficient for different models of cast iron was calculated. The main modeled characteristics of the probe include the directivity characteristic and the change in the amplitude of the signal along the acoustic axis. It is shown that the difference in the PFR directivity characteristics for cast iron with flake graphite of different models and steel is due to two factors – significantly lower longitudinal wave velocities in cast iron compared to steel and a decrease in its operating frequency due to attenuation. In this case, for cast iron with globular graphite, a small change in the width of the diagrams is due only to the lower speed of longitudinal waves in cast iron compared to steel. For cast iron with flake graphite model 3, the phenomenon of nonlinear attenuation due to a decrease in the frequency of the maximum of the signal spectrum during the propagation of a longitudinal wave in cast iron with a corresponding decrease in the frequency – dependent attenuation coefficient is established. Evaluation of the nonlinearity of attenuation for cast iron with globular graphite showed that it is very small. The influence of calculation of initial signal delays on the velocity of longitudinal waves in steel on the directivity characteristics in cast iron, decreasing with increasing focus distance, is established. It is shown that for cast iron with flake graphite there are cases when the direction of transmitting of PFR in cast iron is practically absent.

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10

Shimizu, Kazumichi, Takeshi Naruse, Yaer Xinba, Hideki Teramachi, Shinji Araya, and Masahide Ishida. "High Temperature Erosion Behaviors of High V-Cr-Ni Spheroidal Carbides Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.255.

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High temperature erosion occurs in production of the inorganic fibrous insulator in plant. Austenitic and martensitic stainless steels are often used for these severe high temperature erosion conditions. The paper presents erosion properties of some stainless steels, several cast iron and cast steel using a blast type high temperature erosion furnace. The solid particle erosion behavior at high temperatures (900°C) of carbon steel of S50C, carbon tool steel of SK3, SUS403, SUS630, and High V-Cr-Ni spheroidal carbides cast iron (SCI-VCrNi) are investigated. Alumina balls entrained in a stream of hot air impact on the target materials at an air velocity of 100 m/s. the impingement angle is 90°. The influence of the test temperature and the material removal are discussed. The high temperature erosion behaviors of specimens are discussed by the eroded surface morphology and vertical section observation using SEM and optical microscopy observations.

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11

Kawalec, M., and E. Olejnik. "Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cast Iron with Precipitates of Spheroidal VC Carbides." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0065-2.

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Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cast Iron with Precipitates of Spheroidal VC Carbides The paper presents the results of abrasive wear resistance tests carried out on high-vanadium cast iron with spheroidal VC carbides. The cast iron of eutectic composition was subjected to spheroidising treatment using magnesium master alloy. The tribological properties were examined for the base cast iron (W), for the cast iron subjected to spheroidising treatment (S) and for the abrasion-resistant steel (SH). Studies have shown that high-vanadium cast iron with both eutectic carbides and spheroidal carbides has the abrasion resistance twice as high as the abrasion-resistant cast steel. The spheroidisation of VC carbides did not change the abrasion resistance compared to the base high-vanadium grade.

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12

Pleshka, E. D. "Adhesion of iron coatings with steel and cast iron." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375508020038.

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13

Xing, Zhi Guo, Zhen Lin Lu, Yong Xin Zhou, and Jian Liu. "An Investigation on Erosion Wear Characteristics of SiC Particle Reinforced Steel Matrix Surface Composite." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.323.

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The erosion wear characteristics of SiC particles reinforced steel matrix surface composite were studied by self-made slurry erosion wear test apparatus with quartz slurries, and contrasted with that of plain carbon steel, high chromium cast iron and low chromium cast iron. The results indicated that the erosion wear rate of the four tested materials has the different changes not only with the quartz particles sizes in slurry, but also with the erosion angle of slurry. The erosion wear rate of SiC particle reinforced steel matrix surface composite is the lowest in four kinds of tested materials under the test conditions. And that of high chromium cast iron is less than that of low chromium cast iron under the same test conditions. The SiC particles embedded the steel matrix could prevent the steel surface from wear brought by quartz particles in slurry erosion wear, and protect the steel matrix, so that the erosion wear resistance of steel matrix could be increased.

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14

Wiesner, P., and M. Eckstein. "Laser hardening of steel and cast iron." Welding International 1, no. 10 (January 1987): 986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709449050.

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Chen, Xiang-Ru, Qi-Jie Zhai, Han Dong, Bao-Hua Dai, and Hardy Mohrbacher. "Molybdenum alloying in cast iron and steel." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-019-00282-1.

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AbstractMetal casting is an important manufacturing technology for efficiently producing massive components with complex shape. A large share of industrial castings is made from iron and steel alloys, combining attractive properties and low production cost. Upgrading of properties in cast iron and steel is mainly achieved by alloying and in fewer cases by heat treatment. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in that respect, increasing strength, hardness and toughness. It also facilitates particular heat treatments such as austempering. The paper describes the metallurgical functionality of molybdenum alloying in iron-based castings and demonstrates its effectiveness for applications in the automotive and mining industry.

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Lehnhoff, Terry F., and Bradley A. Bunyard. "Effects of Bolt Threads on the Stiffness of Bolted Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 123, no. 2 (June 29, 2000): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1319504.

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Axisymmetric finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on bolted joints to determine the effects of the threads on the bolt and member stiffnesses. For steel members, the member stiffness decreased 37.1, 37.7, 38.2, 41.0, and 49.4 percent for the 24, 20, 16, 12, and 8-mm-dia bolts, as the magnitude of the external load was increased. The external load was increased from zero to the value that caused the bolt force to equal its proof strength. The member stiffness for aluminum members decreased by 22.7 and 29.9 percent for the 24 and 20-mm bolts. The cast iron members had decreases of 26.9 and 32.3 percent for the 24 and 20-mm bolts. Likewise, the aluminum/cast iron members decreased in stiffness by 25.5 and 30.0 percent for the 24 and 20-mm bolts. The member stiffness with no external load applied decreased by approximately 65 percent when changing from steel to aluminum members, 53 percent from steel to cast iron, and 60 percent from steel to aluminum/cast iron. Bolt stiffness varied less than 1.4 percent over the total range of the externally applied load for each of the bolted joint models. The decrease in bolt stiffness for the 24 and 20-mm-dia bolts was approximately 4 percent when changing from steel to aluminum members, 7 percent when changing from steel to cast iron members, and 8 percent when changing from steel to aluminum/cast iron members. Comparison is made to research results which did not include the influence of the threads.

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Li, Xiu Lan, Xin Jun Zhou, Wen Ling Xie, and You Ping Ma. "Influence of Solid-Liquid Composite Casting on Interface and Microstructure of High Chromium Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.260.

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High chromium cast iron and stainless steel bimetal were fabricated by liquid-solid composite casting .The interface diffusion behavior and microstructure evolution of high chromium cast iron were studied. The results indicated that interface element diffusion behavior between stainless steel and high chromium cast iron was obviously existed. Under experimental conditions, there were many refined grainy-shaped carbides precipitation in stainless steel near interface, located at austenite grain boundary and intragranular austenite. As for high chromium cast iron, the morphology of the carbides varied from the interface to the specimen edge. The rod shaped carbides approached to composite interface were finer and become coarser rod-like or blade-like with increased distance from the composite interface. The reasons for elements diffusion and microstructure change were associated with alloys contents and temperature field.

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SHIBATA, Fumio. "503 TIG Welding Characteristics of Gray Cast Iron / Stainless Cast Steel." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2006 (2006): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2006.111.

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Pokusová, Marcela, Igor Berta, and Ľubomír Šooš. "Abrasion Resistance of as-Cast High-Chromium Cast Iron." Scientific Proceedings Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stu-2014-0013.

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AbstractHigh chromium cast irons are widely used as abrasion resistant materials. Their properties and wear resistance depend on carbides and on the nature of the matrix supporting these carbides. The paper presents test results of irons which contain (in wt.%) 18-22 Cr and 2-5 C, and is alloyed by 1.7 Mo + 5 Ni + 2 Mn to improve the toughness. Tests showed as-cast irons with mostly austenitic matrix achieved hardness 36-53 HRC but their relative abrasion-resistance was higher than the tool steel STN 19436 heat treated on hardness 60 HRC.

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Cingi, Celal, Veijo Rauta, Eero Niini, and Juhani Orkas. "Cast Bonding of Cast Irons to Ferritic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2712.

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Composite metal products consisting of two different alloys can be prepared by a few methods. Cast bonding is one of these methods. The bond between the two materials forms primarily in the solid state by diffusion, after casting of a cladding alloy on to the preheated surface of a substrate. In this work, a ferritic stainless steel was used as the substrate, and, gray iron or nodular iron as the cast alloy. It was found that these two alloys can be successfully joined, and under specific casting parameters, a very strong bond develops between the two alloys. Bond strength was found to be greater than that of gray iron. Microstructural zones on both sides of the bond were studied. It was found that diffusion of chromium into iron and diffusion of carbon into steel is significant in bonding. Chemical composition changes due to diffusion was studied by EDS. Fe-Cr-Mn carbides were formed at the bond during the casting. These carbides were largely eliminated by a subsequent high temperature heat treatment.

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Munteanu, Sorin Ion, Ioan Ciobanu, Aurel Crisan, Tibor Bedo, and Daniel Feraru. "The Influence of the Cooler Material on the Structure and Hardeness Gradient of a Grey Pearlitic Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.18.

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The structure and properties of grey cast iron castings are considerably influenced by the cooling rate during solidification. In order to obtain grey cast iron parts with a hard superficial layer (wear resistant), external metallic coolers are placed on those surfaces during casting. This is the case of cam pushers, camshafts, driving shafts, metalworking rolls, etc. Cast iron coolers or steel coolers are mostly used in practice. The cooling rate during solidification is influenced by the thermo-physical characteristics of the coolers. This paper presents the results obtained by simulation and experimental research on coolers material influence on the structure and hardness of the surface layer of a pearlitic cast iron sample. It was studied the solidification of samples with dimensions 20 x 20 x 60 mm, cast of pearlitic cast iron in six variants: without a cooler and in the presence of some metallic coolers of different thermo-physical characteristics (iron, steel, copper, titanium and aluminum coated with a thin layer of steel). It was studied the influence of cooler material on structure of the superficial layer, on thickness of the hardened layer, on superficial hardness, on the temperature field and cooling rates. Conclusions are drawn regarding these influences and the possibility of using external coolers in industrial practice.

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Stojczew, A., K. Janerka, J. Jezierski, J. Szajnar, and M. Pawlyta. "Melting of Grey Cast Iron Based on Steel Scrap Using Silicon Carbide." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 3 (August 8, 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0066.

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Abstract The paper presents the issue of synthetic cast iron production in the electric induction furnace exclusively on the steel scrap base. Silicon carbide and synthetic graphite were used as carburizers. The carburizers were introduced with solid charge or added on the liquid metal surface. The chemical analysis of the produced cast iron, the carburization efficiency and microstructure features were presented in the paper. It was stated that ferrosilicon can be replaced by silicon carbide during the synthetic cast iron melting process. However, due to its chemical composition (30% C and 70% Si) which causes significant silicon content in iron increase, the carbon deficit can be partly compensated by the carburizer introduction. Moreover it was shown that the best carbon and silicon assimilation rate is obtained where the silicon carbide is being introduced together with solid charge. When it is thrown onto liquid alloy surface the efficiency of the process is almost two times less and the melting process lasts dozen minutes long. The microstructure of the cast iron produced with the silicon carbide shows more bulky graphite flakes than inside the microstructure of cast iron produced on the pig iron base.

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Olejnik, E., Ł. Szymański, P. Kurtyka, T. Tokarski, B. Grabowska, and P. Czapla. "Hardness and Wear Resistance of TiC-Fe-Cr Locally Reinforcement Produced in Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0032.

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Abstract In order to increase wear resistance cast steel casting the TiC-Fe-Cr type composite zones were fabricated. These zones were obtained by means of in situ synthesis of substrates of the reaction TiC with a moderator of a chemical composition of white cast iron with nickel of the Ni-Hard type 4. The synthesis was carried out directly in the mould cavity. The moderator was applied to control the reactive infiltration occurring during the TiC synthesis. The microstructure of composite zones was investigated by electron scanning microscopy, using the backscattered electron mode. The structure of composite zones was verified by the X-ray diffraction method. The hardness of composite zones, cast steel base alloy and the reference samples such as white chromium cast iron with 14 % Cr and 20 % Cr, manganese cast steel 18 % Mn was measured by Vickers test. The wear resistance of the composite zone and the reference samples examined by ball-on-disc wear test. Dimensionally stable composite zones were obtained containing submicron sizes TiC particles uniformly distributed in the matrix. The macro and microstructure of the composite zone ensured three times hardness increase in comparison to the cast steel base alloy and one and a half times increase in comparison to the white chromium cast iron 20 % Cr. Finally ball-on-disc wear rate of the composite zone was five times lower than chromium white cast iron containing 20 % Cr.

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Nwoye, C. I., J. U. Odo, E. M. Ameh, and S. O. Nwakpa. "Factorial Analysis of Welding Current Influence on Heat Affected Zone Hardness of Cast Iron, Aluminium, and Mild Steel Weldments Cooled in Palm Oil." Journal of Metallurgy 2013 (November 20, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/245312.

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Factorial analysis of heat affected zone hardness of some metals was evaluated. Three models were derived and used as tools for evaluating the welding current influence on the predictability of HAZ hardness in aluminium, cast iron, and mild steel weldments similarly cooled in palm oil. It was discovered that on welding these materials, and similarly cooling their respective weldments in palm oil, the model predicts aluminium weldment HAZ hardness by multiplying the determined general current product rule (GCPR) with the ratio: HAZ hardness product of cast iron and mild steel/HAZ hardness sum of cast iron and mild steel . Computational analysis of experimental and model-predicted results indicates that aluminium, cast iron, and mild steel weldment HAZ hardness per unit welding current as evaluated from experiment and derived model are 3.3917, 4.8333, and 2.7944 and 3.3915, 4.8335, and 2.7946 (VHN) A−1, respectively. Deviational analysis shows that the maximum deviation of model-predicted HAZ hardness from the experimental results is less than 0.007%. This invariably implies over 99.99 % confidence level for the derived models.

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Kim, K. T., H. W. Kim, H. Y. Chang, B. T. Lim, H. B. Park, and Y. S. Kim. "Corrosion Inhibiting Mechanism of Nitrite Ion on the Passivation of Carbon Steel and Ductile Cast Iron for Nuclear Power Plants." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/408138.

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While NaNO2addition can greatly inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel and ductile cast iron, in order to improve the similar corrosion resistance,ca.100 times more NaNO2addition is needed for ductile cast iron compared to carbon steel. A corrosion and inhibition mechanism is proposed wherebyNO2-ion is added to oxidize. TheNO2-ion can be reduced to nitrogen compounds and these compounds may be absorbed on the surface of graphite. Therefore, since nitrite ion needs to oxidize the surface of matrix and needs to passivate the galvanic corroded area and since it is absorbed on the surface of graphite, a greater amount of corrosion inhibitor needs to be added to ductile cast iron compared to carbon steel. The passive film of carbon steel and ductile cast iron, formed by NaNO2addition showed N-type semiconductive properties and its resistance, is increased; the passive current density is thus decreased and the corrosion rate is then lowered. In addition, the film is mainly composed of iron oxide due to the oxidation byNO2-ion; however, regardless of the alloys, nitrogen compounds (not nitrite) were detected at the outermost surface but were not incorporated in the inner oxide.

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Ogi, Keisaku, Hirofumi Miyahara, Z. Hong, and N. Murai. "Solidification of High Speed Steel Type Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 4-5 (October 1997): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.4-5.361.

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Wróbel, T., and J. Szajnar. "Bimetallic Casting: Ferritic Stainless Steel – Grey Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 2361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0385.

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Abstract The paper presents the problem of obtaining a permanent diffusional joint between the working surface layer and the base part in a bimetallic casting. The studied bimetallic casting was obtained as a result of using the founding method of layer coating directly in the cast process. The casting prepared using this method consists of two fundamental parts, i.e., the grey cast iron base and the working surface layer which constitutes of X6Cr 13 high-chromium stainless steels plate. Based on the obtained results it was confirmed that the decisive phenomena that are needed to create a permanent joint between the two components of the bimetallic casting are carbon and heat transport from the high-carbon and hot base material which was poured into the mould in the form of liquid metal to the low-carbon and cold material of the working layer which was placed in the mould cavity in the form of a monolithic insert.

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Stradomski, G. "The Cracking Mechanism of Ferritic-Austenitic Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0101.

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Abstract In the high-alloy, ferritic - austenitic (duplex) stainless steels high tendency to cracking, mainly hot-is induced by micro segregation processes and change of crystallization mechanism in its final stage. The article is a continuation of the problems presented in earlier papers [1 - 4]. In the range of high temperature cracking appear one mechanism a decohesion - intergranular however, depending on the chemical composition of the steel, various structural factors decide of the occurrence of hot cracking. The low-carbon and low-alloy cast steel casting hot cracking cause are type II sulphide, in high carbon tool cast steel secondary cementite mesh and / or ledeburite segregated at the grain solidified grains boundaries, in the case of Hadfield steel phosphorus - carbide eutectic, which carrier is iron-manganese and low solubility of phosphorus in high manganese matrix. In duplex cast steel the additional factor increasing the risk of cracking it is very “rich” chemical composition and related with it processes of precipitation of many secondary phases.

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Niu, Li Bin, Wang Chang Sun, and Mirabbos Hojamberdiev. "Impact Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Chromium Cast Iron Bars Reinforced Hadfield Steel Matrix Composite." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1176.

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Hadfield steel matrix composite, reinforced by high-chromium (Cr) cast iron bars, was fabricated by inserting high-Cr alloy flux-cored welding wires into Hadfield steel molten at 1500 °C. The characteristics for water-quenched composite were investigated and compared with those of reference Hadfield steel. The results show that flux-cored welding wires could be melted by heat capacity of Hadﬁeld steel molten and transformed into high-Cr cast iron bar reinforcements after solidification. The reinforcements of water-quenched composite consist of martensite, eutectic M7C3 carbides and residual austenite. With the increasing of impact energy, the impact wear rate of the composite firstly decreases, and then increases slightly, therefore, the composite is more available to the conditions of low and medium impact energy. The reason is it can combine fully advantages of the outstanding toughness of Hadfield steel, and high hardness of high-Cr cast iron.

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SEKIGUCHI, Shinichi, Yasumasa MEZAKI, and Fumio SHIBATA. "158 Welded Joints Strength of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron/Stainless Cast Steel." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2009 (2009): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2009.32.

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Kalandyk, B., R. Zapała, and M. Starowicz. "The Effect of Si and Mn on Microstructure and Selected Properties of Cr-Ni Stainless Steels." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0034.

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Abstract Cast stainless steel of the Cr-Ni duplex type is used, among others, for the cast parts of pumps and valves handling various chemically aggressive media. Therefore, the main problem discussed in this article is the problem of abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water and resistance to electrochemical corrosion in a 3% NaCl-H2O solution of selected cast steel grades, i.e. typical duplex cast steel, high silicon and manganese duplex cast steel, and Cr-Ni austenitic cast steel (type AISI 316L). The study shows that the best abrasion wear resistance comparable to Ni-Hart cast iron was obtained in the cast duplex steel, where Ni was partially replaced with Mn and N. This cast steel was also characterized by the highest hardness and matrix microhardness among all the tested cast steel grades. The best resistance to electrochemical corrosion in 3% NaCl-H2O solution showed the cast duplex steel with high content of Cr, Mo and N. The addition of Ni plays rather insignificant role in the improvement of corrosion resistance of the materials tested.

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Janerka, Krzysztof, Jan Jezierski, Dariusz Bartocha, and Jan Szajnar. "Microstructure of the Synthetic Cast Iron Carburized with Different Types of Carburizers." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.122.

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The cast iron melting process can be based on metallic charge with pig iron or on steel scrap exclusively (i.e. synthetic cast iron). The analysis of the synthetic cast iron microstructure was presented and compared to micros of the cast iron produced on the base of pig iron. The analysis consisted of size and shape of the graphite precipitations and the metal matrix structure, too. The results of examinations and calculations were presented in form of figures and graphite distribution histograms. Based on researches conducted the authors confirmed opinions of heredity of the alloys microstructure cited in the literature.

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Sabiniak, Henryk G. "Testing worm gears with cooperating elements made of different materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116656982.

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The author tested the efficiency, load-carrying capacity, and the type of friction in a meshing of a worm gear having the same parameters as worms made of carburized and quenched steel and worm-wheels made of steel, cast iron, and bronze. The type of friction was identified in case of worm gears with steel and cast iron worm-wheel at a volume temperature of the worm-wheel of 100 ℃; these gears did not demonstrate the tendency to seizure. The value of resistance of an oil film formed between the worm and the worm-wheel was accepted as the criterion of the existing type of friction in the meshing during mating of these two elements. The resistance of the oil film in the worm meshing was measured twice each time for two directions of the passage of electric current to avoid the effect of possibly occurring polarization phenomenon. Obtained values were averaged. During the course of the experiments, the image of friction was observed on the screen of an oscilloscope. Obtained values of the oil film resistance prove the low participation of fluid friction in the worm meshing with the worm-wheel made of steel as well as of cast iron. In case of the gear with the steel worm-wheel, the decrease of resistance in comparison with the bronze worm-wheel amounted to approximately 10 times and that of cast iron to almost 100 times. On the basis of the tests one can state that the application of steel worm-wheels and in particularly cast iron worm wheels makes it difficult for the fluid friction to occur while the application of a traditional material mating pair (a steel worm–a bronze worm-wheel) forms conditions for the occurrence of a mixed friction with a very high (approximately 99%) participation of fluid friction.

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Lehnhoff, T. F., and W. E. Wistehuff. "Nonlinear Effects on the Stiffness of Bolted Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842162.

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Axisymmetric finite element modeling of bolted joints was performed to show the effects of the magnitude and position of the external load, member thickness, and member material on the bolt and member stiffnesses. The member stiffness of the bolted joint was found to decrease 10 to 42 percent for the 20-mm to 8-mm bolts, respectively, as the magnitude of the external load was increased. Member stiffness appears to be independent of the radial location of the external load and increases as the member thickness decreases. Member stiffness decreased by a factor of 2.5 to 3 with a change in the member material from steel to aluminum. The cast iron members had a decrease in member stiffness of a factor of 1.7 to 1.9. The aluminum over cast iron combination had a member stiffness between the aluminum and cast iron alone. Bolt stiffnesses varied by less than two percent for changes in the magnitude of the external load for all bolt sizes and member materials, except for the 8-mm bolt where stiffness increased by approximately 11 percent. Changes in radial position of the external load had no effect on the bolt stiffness. A 3 to 13-percent decrease in the bolt stiffness was found when changing from steel to aluminum members. A 2 to 3-percent bolt stiffness decrease resulted when the member material was changed from steel to cast iron and similarly from steel to the aluminum over cast iron combination

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Philibert, Marc, Sofia Mendaza, Flavia Zraick, and Benjamin Rabaud. "Predicting the effect of water quality on water distribution cast iron and steel pipes using two novel indices." Water Supply 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.131.

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Abstract The internal corrosion of cast iron and steel pipes is one of the main issues that drinking water distribution operators are facing. This study evaluated the relevance of 10 known corrosion indices according to their estimate of corrosion rate and iron particle release for 20 different water qualities. Pilot-scale contact trials were run over 45 days using cast iron and steel coupons. Corrosion rate was measured by coupon weight-loss and by an online linear polarization rate probe. Particle release was monitored by an online turbidimeter. The results showed that none of the indices properly predicted the level of risk associated with each water and that corrosion and particle release were not correlated. Two novel indices were developed to predict the corrosion and particle release risks independently of each other. The corrosion index showed a strong linear correlation with the corrosion rate of cast iron and slightly less reliable results for steel. The Particle Emission Index presented good correlation with turbidity in waters following contact with cast iron. These two indices thus showed interesting potential as tools to limit internal corrosion risks for metal pipes in water distribution networks.

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Astashchenko, V. I., G. F. Mukhametzyanova, and I. R. Mukhametzyanov. "Structural Heredity of Cast Iron in Bimetallic Products." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.221.

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Properties of cast iron on the bimetallic part depend on the initial structural state of the cladded cast iron and technological parameters of its induction cladding process. Methodology of predicting the properties of the cast iron in the bimetallic valve tappets ICE largest hardness billets was used for cladding, the silicon content in the alloy cladding and the technological parameters of the process, as well. A hereditary relationship between the initial state of the cast iron of the semi-finished product, used for induction cladding, and the structural state of the layer of weld on the steel base of the part, has been established.

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Murakami, Takashi, T. Inoue, H. Shimura, Shinya Sasaki, and Miki Nakano. "Tribological Properties of MoS₂-Coated Gray Cast Irons with Some Different Matrix Phases under the Boundary Lubricating Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.788.

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In this study, Fe-2.0Si-4.6C (mass%) gray cast iron disk specimens with three different matrix phases were coated with MoS2 using pressure spraying, and the friction and wear properties of the specimens were investigated against AISI52100 steel and polytetrafluoroethylene balls under the lubrication of oil using an Optimol SRV friction tester. When AISI52100 steel balls were used as the paired material, all of the MoS2-coated gray cast iron specimens showed lower friction coefficients and higher wear resistance than the non-coated disk specimens. On the other hand, MoS2-coated gray cast iron specimens exhibited higher friction coefficients than non-coated disk specimens for the most part, when polytetrafluoroethylene balls were used as the paired material.

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Han, Ji Peng, Yang Li, Zhou Hua Jiang, Yong Chao Yang, Xiu Xiu Wang, Lin Wang, and Kai Ting Li. "Summary of the Function of Sn in Iron and Steel." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.406.

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In the steel industry Sn is always regarded as harmful impurity element, one of "Five harmful elements", which affects the welding property and equality of steel product especially the equality of continuously cast bloom and causes hot brittleness, temper brittleness, crack and fracture. While Sn element also has a vital influence on free-cutting steel, electrical sheet, cast iron and stainless steel. NSSC developed ferritic stainless steel containing low Sn and Ni content improving the corrosion resistance performance and the workability significantly. So the Sn element, as cheap alternative adding element, can substitute for Cr and Ni. It's helpful to study the effect of tin in the iron and steel and develop new stainless steel products of high equality conserving chromium resources. In this way it will promote the variety and technique of stainless steel, ensure the independence on resources and conserve resources remarkably.

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39

groft, tammis kane. "Cast with Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves." Gastronomica 5, no. 1 (2005): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.1.19.

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Cast With Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves During the nineteenth century Albany and Troy, New York manufacturers were considered to be among the largest producers of cast-iron stoves in the world. Stoves made in these two upstate New York cities were renowned for their fine-quality castings and innovations in technology and design. The strategic location of Albany and Troy, located nine miles apart on opposite banks of the Hudson River, afforded easy and inexpensive transportation of raw materials to the foundries, and finished stoves to worldwide markets. Cast-iron stove making reached its highest artistic achievement and technological advancements between 1840 and 1870. Flask casting and the advent of the cupola furnace permitted more elaborate designs and finer-quality castings. Stove designers borrowed freely from architectural and cabinet-makers design books, a process that resulted in the use of Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Rococo revival motifs; patriotic symbols, and lavish floral designs, all reflecting current taste and sentiment Stove types produced included Franklin, box, dumb, base-burner, parlor, cook stoves and ranges and parlor cook stoves. However, the stoves that attracted the most attention and helped to secure the reputation of Albany and Troy, as innovators in technological and decorative designs were the column parlor stoves produced during the 1830s and 1840s. These stoves were a focal point for a Victorian parlor because the overall designs incorporated current tastes in architecture, furniture and other decorative arts. The decline of the stove industry in Albany and Troy began slowly after the Civil War, when companies went back into full production and glutted the market. Also, new deposits of iron ore were discovered in the Great Lakes region, and entrepreneurs were quick to see the potential of large western markets and began building foundries in Chicago and Detroit. As the century closed, the demands for iron were shifting toward steel.

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SPURLOCK, ALEXANDRA T., and E. A. ZOTTOLA. "Growth and Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to Cast Iron." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.12.925.

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The growth and potential attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to cast iron in drains was investigated in this study. L. monocytogenes was grown in rich and dilute nutritive media in free-standing cast iron drains. The pH in the drain was adjusted over the growth period to pH 4.5, 7.0, and 9.0. L. monocytogenes was found to survive pH adjustments in drains for 28 d. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the attachment of L. monocytogenes to cast iron chips. SEM observation showed L. monocytogenes cells apparently attached to the iron surface of the chip. Listeria does not appear to attach as readily to cast iron as to stainless steel surfaces.

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Venugopal, Prabhu Raja, M. Kalayarasan, PR Thyla, PV Mohanram, Mahendrakumar Nataraj, S. Mohanraj, and Harshad Sonawane. "Structural investigation of steel-reinforced epoxy granite machine tool column by finite element analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 11 (April 16, 2019): 2267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719840592.

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Higher damping with higher static stiffness is essential for improving the static and dynamic characteristics of machine tool structures. The structural vibration in conventional machine tools, which are generally made up of cast iron and cast steel, may lead to poor surface finish and the dimensional inaccuracy in the machined products. It leads to the investigation of alternative machine tool structural materials such as concrete, polymer concrete, and epoxy granite. Although epoxy granite has a better damping capacity, its structural stiffness (Young's modulus) is one-third as compared to cast iron. Therefore, the present work represents optimization of the structural design of the vertical machining center column by introducing various designs of steel reinforcement in the epoxy granite structure to improve its static and dynamic characteristics using experimental and numerical approaches. A finite element model of the existing cast iron vertical machining center column has been developed and validated against the experimental data obtained using modal analysis. Furthermore, finite element models for various epoxy granite column designs have been developed and compared with the static and dynamic characteristics of cast iron column. A total of nine design configurations for epoxy granite column with steel reinforcement are evolved and numerical investigations are carried out by finite element analysis. The proposed final configuration with standard steel sections has been modeled using finite element analysis for an equivalent static stiffness and natural frequencies of about 12–20% higher than cast iron structure. Therefore, the proposed finite element model of epoxy-granite-made vertical machining center column can be used as a viable alternative for the existing column in order to achieve higher structural damping, equivalent or higher static stiffness and, easy and environmental-friendly manufacturing process.

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HORIKAWA, Noritaka, Li Song WANG, Junji KANO, and Toru NOGUCHI. "Melting of Inserts in Cast-In Bonding of Mild Steel in Cast Iron." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 67, no. 660 (2001): 2673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.67.2673.

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Chabak, Y. G., T. V. Pastukhova, V. G. Efremenko, I. O. Vakulenko, and I. A. Volosenko. "COMPOSITE IMPULSED-PLASMA COATING «STEEL T1/CAST IRON CR28MN3»." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 3(69) (June 16, 2017): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2017/104432.

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HONDA, Tsuguo, Hironori KUROKI, Tomiko YAMAGUCHI, and Kazumasa NISHIO. "Development of Cast-iron/Steel Composite by Fusion Welding." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 29, no. 1 (2011): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.29.29.

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45

Aelenei, Neculai, Maria Lungu, Daniel Mareci, and Nicanor Cimpoesu. "HSLA STEEL AND CAST IRON CORROSION IN NATURAL SEAWATER." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 10, no. 12 (2011): 1951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2011.259.

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Ertürk, S. Ö., O. Çakır, L. C. Kumruoglu, and A. Ozel. "Fabricating of Steel/Cast Iron Composite by Casting Route." Acta Physica Polonica A 125, no. 2 (January 2014): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.125.452.

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Tarelnyk, V., V. Martsynkovskyy, O. Gaponova, Ie Konoplianchenko, M. Dovzyk, N. Tarelnyk, and S. Gorovoy. "New sulphiding method for steel and cast iron parts." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 233 (August 2017): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/233/1/012049.

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Qian, Ma, Shoji Harada, Yoshihito Kuroshima, and Hideaki Nagayoshi. "Surface hardening of ductile cast iron using stainless steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 208, no. 1 (April 1996): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)10058-x.

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Min’ko, N. I., and T. A. Matveeva. "Glass enamels for steel and cast-iron articles (Review)." Glass and Ceramics 56, no. 11-12 (November 1999): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681342.

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Cáceres, Carlos H. "Light Alloy Castings for Automotive Applications: The Case of Al vs. Mg." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1801.

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The economical and environmental effects of mass reduction through Al and Mg primary alloys substitutions for cast iron and steel in automotive components are discussed using M.F. Ashby’s penalty functions method. The viability of Mg alloy substitutions for existing Al alloy cast components is also considered. The cost analysis shows that direct, equal-volume, Al alloy substitutions for cast iron and steel are the most feasible in terms of the CAFE liability, followed by substitutions involving flat panels of prescribed stiffness. When the creation of CO2 associated to the production of Al and Mg is considered, the potential gasoline savings over the lifespan of the car compensate for the intrinsic environmental burden of Al in all applications, while electrolytic Mg substitutions for cast iron and steel are feasible for equal volume and panels only. Magnesium produced by the Pidgeon thermal process appears to be too primary energy intensive to be competitive in structural applications. Magnesium substitutions for existing Al alloy beams and panels are generally unviable. The current higher recycling efficiency of Al casting alloys confers Al a significant advantage over Mg alloys.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cast-iron Steel'

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