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1

Ramesh, Chandra. Caste system in India. New Delhi: Commonwealth, 2003.

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2

Rao, R. Sangeetha. Caste system in India: Myth and reality. New Delhi: India Publishers and Distributors, 1989.

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3

Singh, Ekta. Caste system in India: A historical perspective. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005.

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4

Pandey, Rajendra. The caste system in India: Myth and reality. New Delhi: Criterion Publications, 1986.

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5

Pandey, Rajendra. The caste system in India: Myth and reality. New Delhi: Criterion Publications, 1986.

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6

Ramesh, Chandra. Identity and genesis of caste system in India. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005.

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7

Pandey, Rajendra. The caste system in India: Myth and reality. New Delhi: Criterion Publications, 1986.

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8

Pasayat, Chitrasen. Purity-Pollution, Discrimination and Caste System in India. New Delhi: Mohit Publications, 4675/21, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002, INDIA, 2005.

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9

Dr. Ambedkar and untouchability: Fighting the Indian caste system. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

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10

Classifying the universe: The ancient Indian varṇa system and the origins of caste. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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11

Smith, Brian K. Classifying the universe: The ancient Indian Var na system and the origins of caste. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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12

Kings and untouchables: A study of the caste system in western India. New Delhi: Chronicle Books, 2004.

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13

Untouchables: My family's triumphant journey out of the caste system in modern India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

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14

Tekchandani, Bharti. Efficacy of the enforcement system in delivering justice to raped scheduled caste women: A report prepared for Scheduled Caste Development Wing, Ministry of Welfare, Government of India. New Delhi: Multiple Action Research Group, 2004.

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15

Miśrā, Viveka. Prācīna Bhārata meṃ varṇa vyavasthā evaṃ mūrti śilpa =: Varna system and sculptures in ancient India. Dillī: Ḍipṭī Pablikeśana, 1991.

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16

Wiser, William Henricks. The Hindu jajmani system: A socio-economic system interrelating members of a Hindu village community in services. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1988.

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17

Miśrā, Viveka. Prācīna Bhārata meṃ varṇa vyavasthā evaṃ mūrti śilpa =: Varna system and sculptures in ancient India. Dillī: Ḍipṭī Pablikeśana, 1991.

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18

Sagoo, Harbans Kaur. Guru Nanak and the Indian society: Political institutions, economic conditions, caste system, socio-religious ceremonies and customs, position of women. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1992.

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19

Devi, Shakuntala. Caste System in India. South Asia Books, 1999.

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20

Caste System in India. Kalpaz Publications,India, 2004.

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21

Blunt and E. A. H. Caste System Of Northern India. Isha Books, 2009.

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22

Why caste system only in India. Trichy: Centre for Developing Society, 2011.

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23

Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India. Kalpaz Publications,India, 2004.

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24

Smith, Brian K. Classifying the Universe: The Ancient Indian Varna System and the Origins of Caste. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993.

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25

Jadhav, Narendra. Untouchables: My Family's Triumphant Escape from India's Caste System. University of California Press, 2007.

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26

Kolge, Nishikant. Gandhi Against Caste. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474295.001.0001.

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In 1909, while still in South Africa, Gandhi publicly decried the caste system for its inequalities. Shortly after his return to India though, he spoke of the generally beneficial aspects of caste. Gandhi’s writings on caste reflect contradictory views and his critics accuse him of neglecting the unequal socio-economic structure that relegated Dalits to the bottom of the caste hierarchy. So, did Gandhi endorse the fourfold division of the Indian society or was he truly against caste? In this book, Nishikant Kolge investigates the entire range of what Gandhi said or wrote about caste divisions over a period of more than three decades: from his return to India in 1915 to his death in 1948. Interestingly, Kolge also maps Gandhi’s own statements that undermined his stance against the caste system. These writings uncover the ‘strategist Gandhi’ who understood that social transformation had to be a slow process for the conservative but powerful section of Hindus who were not yet ready for radical reforms. Seven decades after it attained freedom from colonial powers, caste continues to influence the socio-political dynamics of India. And Gandhi against Caste—the battle is not over yet.
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27

Untouchables: My Family's Triumphant Journey Out of the Caste System in Modern India. Scribner, 2005.

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28

Kolge, Nishikant. Gandhi’s evolving strategy to abolish the caste system: Part I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474295.003.0003.

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This chapter expounds the course of Gandhi’s evolving strategy against the caste system within its historical context. It presents a chronological account of Gandhi’s writings and life starting from 1915 (his arrival to India from South Africa) till 1932 (his epic fast unto death). It analyses Gandhi’s writings during three periods, viz., 1915 to 1920, 1920 to 1927, and 1927 to 1932 on the themes that emerge during those years on issues of untouchability, caste, varna, sanatani Hindu, inter-dining, and inter-caste marriage. Each section that studies the above-mentioned time periods is further divided into two sub-sections, the first on the historical background of the changing political context of each period, which in turn served to advance his movement against the caste system gradually, and second on how these themes themselves appear to shift in Gandhi’s writings.
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29

Jaffrelot, Christophe. Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System (The CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies). Columbia University Press, 2004.

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30

Jensenius, Francesca R. Chipping Away at the Caste Hierarchy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 is about recognition for SCs in Indian society, and how quotas have affected caste-based discrimination. After summarizing key findings in the literature on intragroup and intergroup relations, and the ritual practices of SCs in India today, the chapter presents evidence from two surveys that provide indications of a lessening in caste-based discrimination in SC-reserved areas. The patterns are not robust and the surveys do not have samples that are representative of large areas, so the findings should be treated as tentative. Nonetheless, in both cases the evidence points toward potentially wide-ranging social changes resulting from implementation of the quota system. These patterns are further corroborated by findings from studies of village-level quotas for SCs.
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31

Rao, C. Hayavadana. Indian Caste System. South Asia Books, 1988.

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32

Agrawal, Ravi. India Connected. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858650.001.0001.

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Former chief CNN India correspondent and award-wining journalist Ravi Agrawal takes readers on a journey across the Subcontinent, through its remote rural villages and its massive metropolises, seeking out the nexuses of change created by smartphones, and with them connection to the internet. As always with India, the numbers are staggering: in 2000, 20 million Indians had access to the internet; by 2017, 465 million were online, with three Indians discovering the internet every second. By 2020, India's online community is projected to exceed 700 million, and more than a billion Indians are expected to be online by 2025. In the course of a single generation, access to the internet has progressed from dial-up connections on PCs, to broadband access, wireless, and now 4G data on phones. The rise of low-cost smartphones and cheap data plans has meant the country leapfrogged the baby steps their Western counterparts took toward digital fluency. The results can be felt in every sphere of life, upending traditions and customs and challenging conventions. Nothing is untouched, from arranged marriages to social status to business start-ups, as smartphones move the entire economy from cash-based to credit-based. Access to the internet is affecting the progress of progress itself. As Agrawal shows, while they offer immediate and sometimes mind-altering access to so much for so many, smartphones create no immediate utopia in a culture still driven by poverty, a caste system, gender inequality, illiteracy, and income disparity. Internet access has provided greater opportunities to women and changed the way in which India's many illiterate poor can interact with the world, but it has also meant that pornography has become more readily available. Under a government keen to control content, it has created tensions. And in a climate of hypernationalism, it has fomented violence and even terrorism. The influence of smartphones on "the world's largest democracy" is nonetheless pervasive and irreversible, and India Connected reveals both its dimensions and its implications.
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33

Jahanbegloo, Ramin, and Dipankar Gupta. Talking Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489374.001.0001.

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A well-known name in contemporary sociology, Dipankar Gupta’s wide range of scholarship and popular columns have justly earned him the reputation of being one of India’s leading public intellectuals. Talking Sociology provides a complete panorama of Gupta’s life and works and his contribution to Indian sociology. In this book of conversations, he shares insights into the key areas of Indian sociology, such as the problem of social stratification, citizenship and democracy, and the caste system and ethnic groups in India. In his view, once we understand the discrete nature of caste identity we begin to appreciate the energy behind caste mobilization and, indeed, of the obduracy of this institution itself. It also discusses the influence of prominent thinkers on Gupta’s works, such as Claude Lévi Strauss, Talcott Parsons, André Beteille, and John Rawls. The ninth in the series of Ramin Jahanbegloo’s conversations with the prominent intellectuals who have made a significant impact in shaping the modern Indian thought, this book discusses Gupta’s array of work and its redefinition and reconstruction of the central concepts of sociology, taking it beyond its disciplinary boundaries.
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34

Bhupen, Chaudhary, ed. Indian caste system: Essence and reality. New Delhi, India: Global Vision Pub. House, 2006.

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35

Gould, Harold. Caste Adaptation in Modernizing Indian Society (Hindu Caste System Vol 2). South Asia Books, 1988.

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36

Sharma, Mukul. Eco-casteism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477562.003.0001.

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This chapter examines some of the significant lines of environmental conceptions in India since the 1980s. It pays critical attention to caste and its expression or marginalization in environmental discourses. It attempts to show how Brahmanical religious traditions and their arguments have had a powerful resonance in India’s dominant environmental leanings. It intermeshes these with some of the recent criticisms made by Dalit scholars regarding India’s environmental thought. Through the particular case study of Sulabh International (founded by Bindeshwar Pathak), a prominent organization working on sanitation and rural development, the chapter further shows how a noteworthy, well-intentioned, and much celebrated environmental initiative for the abolition of scavenging (which is deeply related to the Hindu caste system) in India assumes a Hindu religious ecology.
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37

Jensenius, Francesca R. From Representation to Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 provides an introduction to SCs as a group. It presents a historical overview of how quotas became an important policy tool for addressing social injustice in India, and notes primary sources on the initial debates about the design of electoral institutions in the early twentieth century. Tracing the debate on electoral quotas between 1905 and 1950, the chapter shows the gradual shift in focus from group representation to group integration. This was reflected in disagreements about the optimal institutional design for combating the caste system: should SC politicians be elected by SC voters only, or by voters from all caste groups? The latter view prevailed, with quotas explicitly designed to integrate SC politicians into mainstream politics by making it necessary for them to appeal to voters from all caste groups.
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38

Katrak, Ketu H., and Anita Ratnam. Reenacting Kaisika Natakam. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.47.

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This chapter explores multiple dimensions of the reenactment of a thirteenth-century ritual dance-theater work, Kaisika Natakam, of South India. A collaborative effort by scholars, musicologists, and performing artist Anita Ratnam, the revival and reconstruction of this tradition has been performed annually since 1995 in Tirukurungudi village in Tamil Nadu, India. We theoretically distinguish reconstruction from reenactment. This ritual reenactment appeals to modern democratic impulses in that the story uniquely challenges the caste system; indeed it demonstrates that Nambudevan, Lord Vishnu’s devotee, though low-born is an honorable individual who keeps his word, even if that may lead to his death. The story reminds audiences of the significance of music and dance in Hindu worship, exemplified in Nambudevan’s devotional singing that plays a key role in transforming a demon into human form. The chapter also discusses gender issues such as male roles played by females in this ritual dance-theater.
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39

Bhatia, Sunil. Identities Left Behind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199964727.003.0007.

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In this chapter, stories of young men and women who live in basti (slum settlements) near one of the most affluent neighborhoods in Pune, India, are analyzed. It is argued that the basti youth’s “capacity to aspire” is not just an individual trait or a psychological ability. Rather, their aspirations are shaped by their caste identities, structural conditions of poverty, their narrative capacity, their schooling in vernacular language, and the prestige accorded to speakers of English language in urban India. The stories of the basti youth are characterized as dispossessed because they are shaped by and connected to the possessions of the dominant class who live nearby and the unequal structural conditions of their basti. These stories reveal that globalization, by and large, has exacerbated the structural inequality in the slum settlements in Pune. Structural inequality refers to a system that creates and perpetuates an unequal distribution of material and psychological privileges .
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40

Drèze, Jean. Sense and Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833468.001.0001.

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The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.
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41

Jensenius, Francesca R. Trade-Offs in Institutional Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 summarizes the empirical findings and argues that quotas for SCs have played an important role in breaking down the social barriers associated with the caste system. This success is only partial, as SC politicians are still perceived as weaker than other politicians, and they still experience subtle forms of discrimination. However, important achievements have been made: members of this large community that probably would have been excluded from politics have had the opportunity to gain political experience and know-how, and it now appears less socially acceptable to treat SC elites disrespectfully in public. How, then, do these findings speak to other cases? The findings from India demonstrate that institutional design is important in shaping the behavior of political parties, politicians, and voters—but also that a policy that incentivizes integration rather than group representation may produce important effects.
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42

Jensenius, Francesca R. Social Justice through Inclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.001.0001.

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India has one of the most extensive quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former “untouchables”) in the country’s legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969–2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, this book explores the long-term effects these quotas have had for the political elite and for the general population. It finds that the quotas have played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Contrary to what one might expect, this is not because the quota system has led to more group representation—SC politicians working specifically for SC interests—but because it has created and empowered a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. The findings and discussions have broader implications beyond the case of India. Policies such as quotas are often implemented with the explicit goal of changing society and are supported with arguments that assume various positive, long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how the quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, noting the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.
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43

Sagoo, Harbans Kaur. Guru Nanak and the Indian Society: Political Institutions, Economic Conditions, Caste System, Socio-Religious Ceremonies and Customs, Position of Women. South Asia Books, 1993.

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44

Aktor, Mikael. Social Classes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0005.

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The notions of class (varṇa) and caste (jāti) run through the Dharmaśāstra literature on all levels. They regulate marriage, economic transactions, work, punishment, penance, entitlement to rituals, identity markers like the sacred thread, and social interaction in general. Although this social structure was ideal in nature and not equally confirmed in other genres of ancient and medieval literature, it has nevertheless had an immense impact on Indian society. The chapter presents an overview of the system with its three privileged classes, the Brahmins, the Kṣatriyas, and the Vaiśyas, the fourth underprivileged class, the Śūdras, and, at the bottom of the society, the lowest so-called untouchable castes. It also discusses the understanding of human differences that lies at the center of the system and the possible economic and political motivations of the Brahmin authors of the texts.
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