Academic literature on the topic 'Castel del Monte'
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Journal articles on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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Nadji, Mehdi. "Die diskrete Planungsebene in Castel del Monte." Technikgeschichte 79, no. 2 (2012): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0040-117x-2012-2-127.
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Todisco, Luigi. "Rilievi romani a Trani, Castel del Monte, Canosa." Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 105, no. 2 (1993): 873–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1993.1822.
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Badstübner, Ernst, and Wulf Schirmer. "Castel del Monte. Forschungsergebnisse der Jahre 1990 bis 1996." Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 66, no. 4 (January 1, 2003): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20055364.
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Toker, Franklin. "Review: Castel del Monte: Gestalt und Symbol der Architektur Friedrichs II by Heinz Götze." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990387.
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Reveyron, N. "De Cluny à Castel del Monte: la Renaissance monumentale du XIIe siècle et l’universalisme de l’esthétique antiquisante." Hortus Artium Medievalium 16 (May 2010): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.ham.3.10.
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Barbarroja, Jorge Martín, Rafael Jiménez Díaz, Víctor Hernández Fernández, and Pablo Castillo. "Reproductive fitness of Meloidogyne artiellia populations on chickpea and durum wheat." Nematology 7, no. 2 (2005): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054879656.
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AbstractThe influence of chickpea and durum wheat, as crops widely used in rotations in the Mediterranean Basin, on the reproductive fitness of five Meloidogyne artiellia populations from Italy, Spain and Syria, was investigated under controlled conditions. The reproductive fitness of the M. artiellia populations, determined as the number of eggs per mature egg mass, was significantly greater in durum wheat cv. Simeto than in chickpea cv. UC 27 for all five nematode populations. Similarly, both in chickpea and durum wheat the reproductive fitness differed among nematode populations, with populations of M. artiellia from Castel del Monte (southern Italy) and CL5 (northern Spain) producing the greatest number of eggs per egg mass. The fewest number of eggs per egg mass of M. artiellia occurred for populations from Alhama 6 (southern Spain) and Tel-Hadya (northern Syria).
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Costantino, D., M. G. Angelini, and F. Settembrini. "POINT CLOUD MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE REALIZATION OF THE INTELLIGENT CLOUD VIEWER SOFTWARE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 12, 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-105-2017.
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The paper presents a software dedicated to the elaboration of point clouds, called <i>Intelligent Cloud Viewer</i> (ICV), made in-house by AESEI software (Spin-Off of Politecnico di Bari), allowing to view point cloud of several tens of millions of points, also on of “no” very high performance systems. The elaborations are carried out on the whole point cloud and managed by means of the display only part of it in order to speed up rendering. It is designed for 64-bit Windows and is fully written in C ++ and integrates different specialized modules for computer graphics (Open Inventor by SGI, Silicon Graphics Inc), maths (BLAS, EIGEN), computational geometry (CGAL, <i>Computational Geometry Algorithms Library</i>), registration and advanced algorithms for point clouds (PCL, <i>Point Cloud Library</i>), advanced data structures (BOOST, <i>Basic Object Oriented Supporting Tools</i>), etc. ICV incorporates a number of features such as, for example, cropping, transformation and georeferencing, matching, registration, decimation, sections, distances calculation between clouds, etc. It has been tested on photographic and TLS (<i>Terrestrial Laser Scanner</i>) data, obtaining satisfactory results. The potentialities of the software have been tested by carrying out the photogrammetric survey of the Castel del Monte which was already available in previous laser scanner survey made from the ground by the same authors. For the aerophotogrammetric survey has been adopted a flight height of approximately 1000ft AGL (<i>Above Ground Level</i>) and, overall, have been acquired over 800 photos in just over 15 minutes, with a covering not less than 80%, the planned speed of about 90 knots.
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Tarricone, Luigi, Michele Faccia, Gianvito Masi, and Giuseppe Gambacorta. "The Impact of Early Basal Leaf Removal at Different Sides of the Canopy on Aglianico Grape Quality." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120630.
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It is known that early removal of basal leaves improves the exposure of cluster to direct sunlight and UV radiation, which positively influence the phenolic compounds and anthocyanin concentration of berries. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf removal applied before flowering to the basal zone of the canopy at different sides (fruit-zone north canopy side, south canopy side and north–south canopy side, respectively) of Aglianico vines trained to vertical shoot position system and row oriented to east–west (EW). The study was conducted in the controlled and guaranteed designation of origin (CGDO) Castel del Monte area (Apulia region, Italy). The treatment did not affect yield per vine, and nor sugar, pH, and total acidity of grapes. When it was applied to the basal south canopy side, the concentration of proanthocyanidins and total polyphenols of grapes increased, as well as antioxidant activity. In particular, anthocyanins content, determined by HPLC, increased by 20% with respect to control when treatment was applied to south and north–south canopy sides. Interaction between season period and treatment was found for all anthocyanins except for petunidin-3-coumaroyl-glucoside. Basal leaf removal applied to the north canopy side caused an increase in malvidin-3-O-glucoside content in grapes in 2016 and 2018, but not in 2017. Our results indicate that basal leaf removal (six basal leaves removed from the base of the shoots) before flowering (BBCH 57) can be used as an effective strategy to improve grape total polyphenols, anthocyanins concentration and antioxidant activity in vineyards cultivated under warm climate conditions. The treatment could represent a sustainable alternative to manual cluster thinning since it does not reduce yield per vine and can be performed mechanically.
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Peinado Guzmán, José Antonio. "El arzobispo don Pedro de Castro Cabeza de Vaca y Quiñones y la influencia del Sacro Monte en el desarrollo inmaculista en Granada." Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, no. 42 (2015): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/hid.2015.i42.09.
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Jácome Roca, Alfredo. "Académico honorario Egon Lichtemberger Salomón y académico correspondiente extranjero Roger Guerra-García." Medicina 42, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1546.
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El Académico Egon Lichtenberger falleció en Bogotá en mayo de 2020, a sus 99 años. Ante la situación de la comunidad judía durante el gobierno del Tercer Reich, en 1936 su familia emigró a Bogotá, pensando en que con Hitler, ningún lugar de Europa era seguro. El joven Egon quedó marcado por aquel inhumano “holocausto judío” que lo volvió escéptico de la rectoría del universo, aunque su vida fue un testimonio de la posibilidad de un mundo mejor. Fue un gran admirador de Churchill, por la entereza que mostró para enfrentar sin reparos al líder nazi, sin quitar la vista del soviético. Tal vez era el sentimiento de la época, también experimenté lo mismo, aunque dos décadas después. Estudió medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia e inició su formación de patología al lado de Juan Pablo Llinás (formado en París) y Manuel Sánchez Herrera, quien estuvo en Harvard. Posteriormente hizo posgrados en Durham University de New Castle Upon Tyne, en Inglaterra y el Mount Sinai Hospital, Columbia University, de Nueva York. En 1952 regresó a Colombia y se vinculó al Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogotá, donde, aprovechando el alto número de autopsias practicadas (de fallecidos de la Hortúa, el Instituto Nacional d Cancerología, y el Instituto Materno Infantil), inició actividades docente asistenciales con microscopía diagnóstica y con reuniones clínicopatológicas que pronto se tornaron en el centro de la docencia en ese hospital, regentado por la Universidad Nacional. Por años fue jefe del departamento de Patología, y con él trabajó un grupo de renombrados patólogos, y se entrenaron muchos residentes.
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El académico correspondiente extranjero Roger Guerra-García (1933-2020) falleció a los 87 años en Lima, según información enviada por la Academia Nacional de Medicina del Perú, de la cual fue presidente. También ocupó este máximo cargo en la Academia Nacional de Ciencias del país andino. Guerra-García fue egresado de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos e hizo estudios de postgrado en Endocrinología y Bioquímica en el Hospital Monte Sinai de Nueva York y en la Universidad de Boston. Fue por muchos años profesor universitario y en diversos períodos presidente de la Sociedad Peruana de Endocrinología, fue el primer presidente del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONCYTEC -entidad similar a ColcienciasVice-Ministro de Educación, Rector de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia y Senador de la República. Participó en los congresos bolivarianos de endocrinología como conferencista.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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SACCO, DANIELE. "Struttura e gestione degli spazi del castello di Monte Copiolo nel Montefeltro: Evoluzione di un sito incastellato tra X e XVI secolo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/768.
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Il lavoro si occupa dell'evoluzione diacronica del sito incastellato di Monte Copiolo (Italia, regione Marche, provincia di Pesaro e Urbino) tra X e XVI secolo.The work deals with the diachronic evolution of the Monte Copiolo’s castle, in Montefeltro (Italy, Marche region, province of Pesaro and Urbino) between X and XVI century.
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SACCO, DANIELE. "Struttura e gestione degli spazi del castello di Monte Copiolo nel Montefeltro: Evoluzione di un sito incastellato tra X e XVI secolo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/768.
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Il lavoro si occupa dell'evoluzione diacronica del sito incastellato di Monte Copiolo (Italia, regione Marche, provincia di Pesaro e Urbino) tra X e XVI secolo.The work deals with the diachronic evolution of the Monte Copiolo’s castle, in Montefeltro (Italy, Marche region, province of Pesaro and Urbino) between X and XVI century.
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LEGE', ALICE SILVIA. "LES CAHEN D'ANVERS EN FRANCE ET EN ITALIE. DEMEURES ET CHOIX CULTURELS D'UNE LIGNÉE D'ENTREPRENEURS (I CAHEN D'ANVERS IN FRANCIA E IN ITALIA. DIMORE E SCELTE CULTURALI DI UNA DINASTIA DI IMPRENDITORI)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/726976.
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Founding member of a banking network related to the actual BNP Paribas Group, Meyer Joseph Cahen (1804-1881), adopted the “d’Anvers” when he settled in Paris in 1849. Born in Bonn, of an Ashkenazi family, he made his fortune in the Belgian city to which he associated his name, and he continued his career in France. Owner of Nainville’s castle (Essonne) and of the Petit Hôtel de Villars (Paris), he became a naturalized French citizen in 1865. The next year, he obtained the title of Count, bestowed upon him by the King of Italy Victor-Emmanuel II, thanks to the economic support he offered to the Italian Unification. Nineteen years later, King Humbert I surpassed his predecessor and raised Meyer Joseph’s eldest son, Édouard (1832-1894), to the status of Marquis of Torre Alfina. If his siblings – Emma (1833-1901), Louis (1837-1922), Raphaël (1841-1900) and Albert (1846-1903) – enrooted their pathways in the French capital, the eldest lived between Florence, Naples and Rome: he was one of the great investors involved in the urban renovation of the Italian capital, after the fall of the papacy. In France, as well as in Italy, art, and especially architecture, served to legitimize the recent nobility of a family that wished to express the fullness of its civil rights. As targets of the anti-Semitic press, the Cahen d’Anvers family experienced the consequences of the Dreyfus Affair and the horrors of the racial laws. Before the latter, they adopted what could be defined as a “top-down model of integration”. This thesis focuses on its mechanisms and development. After tracing the patriarch’s origins, it analyses the family’s matrimonial policies and it continues with an exploration of Cahen d’Anvers’ “choices” in the vast field of culture. In their salons, the readers will meet Guy de Maupassant, Paul Bourget, Marcel Proust and Gabriele D’Annunzio, as well as Auguste Renoir and Léon Bonnat. Twelve mansions offered a perfect stage for these intellectual gatherings. As a public manifestation of the family’s economic and social power, the historicist eclecticism of these properties aimed to represent the owners as a new phalanx of the old nobility. While Forge-Philippe’s manor (Wallonia), Gérardmer’s chalet (Vosges) and Villa della Selva (Umbria) expressed a certain openness to the twentieth century novelties, the three residences rented by the family (Hôtel du Plessis-Bellière, Paris; Palazzo Núñez-Torlonia, Rome; Château de la Jonchère, Yvelines) and the two properties of Meyer Joseph, as well as Rue de Bassano’s mansion (Paris) or the castles of Champs (Seine-et-Marne), Bergeries (Essonne) and Torre Alfina (Latium) dressed up their nineteenth century spaces with Ancien Régime motifs. Thanks to their historical knowledge and taste, the architects Destailleur, Giuseppe Partini and Eugène Ricard, as well as the landscapers Henri and Achille Duchêne, were able to bend the Middle Age, the Renaissance and the 18th century’s “grammars” to their patrons’ taste and ambitions.
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BUONAVOGLIA, STEFANO. "Alla ricerca dell’abitare ideale. Le geometrie celesti del Mantegna, La corona di pietra di Federico II di Svevia." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1041188.
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La casa dell'intellettuale quale cardine dell'abitare ideale per l'uomo della sua epoca. Lettura comparativa della casa del Mantegna e di Castel del Monte di Federico II di Svevia attraverso le categorie della Composizione, della Soglia e del Paesaggio. The house of the intellectual as the cornerstone of the ideal living for the man of his era. Comparative reading of Mantegna's house and Castel del Monte of Frederick II of Swabia with the categories of Composition, the Threshold and Landscape.
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IPPOLITI, ELENA. "Il rilievo dei centri storici per la conoscenza e la conservazione. Tesi del dottorato di ricerca in “Rilievo e Rappresentazione del Costruito”, VI ciclo, sede amministrativa Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Facoltà di Architettura, Dipartimento di Rappresentazione e Rilievo, 1995. Tutor prof. Mario Docci." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/218823.
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Il principale tema della tesi riguarda la definizione di un quadro di riferimento (culturale, metodologico, di esperienza scientifica e operativa) nel rilievo urbano e, nello specifico, nel settore dei centri storici, che stabilisca non solo in cosa debbano consistere e quali debbano essere gli elaborati, quali precisioni debbano essere rispettate, quali tecniche e strumentazioni debbano essere utilizzate, ma, soprattutto, quali temi debbano essere indagati, quali attenzioni debbano essere rivolte e a che cosa, quali approfondimenti siano necessari.
Per la definizione di questa metodologia critico-operativa e’ stato necessario costruire un “quadro di riconoscimento” della realta’ indagata (del centro storico nella sua totalita’, nelle relazioni con il contesto territoriale e nelle sue componenti elementari) attraverso il quale pervenire all'individuazione dei “temi” di indagine rispetto ai quali progettare e organizzare le operazioni di rilievo.
Successivamente sono state poi definite le “categorie” di analisi attraverso cui condurre l'indagine, ed infine i “modi” e le “forme” in cui si attua la conoscenza stessa attraverso il rilievo, inteso come costituito delle due fasi complementari, quella del momento dell'acquisizione del dato e quella della costruzione dell'informazione attraverso la rappresentazione.
Per il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo il primo passo e’ consistito nell'approfondimento della letteratura e delle esperienze connesse e riferibili al tema della ricerca, il rilievo di un centro storico, realizzato attraverso una ricerca bibliografica e la valutazione ed elaborazione critica degli studi e delle posizioni culturali, legislative ed operative inerenti e connesse.
In questo senso gli argomenti trattati hanno avuto principalmente l'obiettivo di chiarire e approfondire, e nello stesso tempo di definire e delimitare, il senso, il significato e il valore dei due termini di riferimento fondamentali per la presente ricerca: rilievo e centro storico.
Presupposto del presente studio e’ che l'azione della conoscenza, e quindi la comprensione, e’ pregiudiziale all'azione di tutela, salvaguardia e conservazione.
Il rilievo - nelle sue accezioni di comprensione, evidenziazione, ricostruzione - si propone come processualita’ di atti che si realizza nella concretezza dello svolgersi delle operazioni: e’ nel procedere stesso, nell'operare, che si attua la conoscenza.
Il rilievo non e’ semplice riproduzione meccanica del reale, ma ha soprattutto un carattere interpretativo: del fenomeno che ci si appresta a studiare e’ necessario preventivamente formulare dei modelli interpretativi, che riducano la complessita’ dell'oggetto in modo che questo diventi a noi conoscibile.
Nell'ambito di questa ricerca il rilievo e il rilevare sono strumenti di lettura e di analisi irrinunciabili per la conoscenza del reale, conoscenza che si attua attraverso una pratica intellettuale con la quale il fenomeno indagato viene dapprima riconosciuto, quindi interpretato - discretizzato ed infine classificato.
Questo vuol dire che per conoscere e’ necessario innanzitutto riconoscere, e che la stessa conoscenza non puo’ essere comunicata, trasmessa se non viene classificata, tipizzata.
Il significato che qui si vuole attribuire al rilievo e’ quello della documentazione, sincronica e diacronica (per la conoscenza e la conservazione) che sappia cogliere dell'oggetto di studio sinteticamente l'individualita’ e comprenderne analiticamente gli elementi che lo compongono.
Una concezione che e’ ben conscia dell'impossibilita’ del raggiungimento dell'esaustivita’ e della completezza, ma che d'altra parte nega valore alla conoscenza settoriale condizionata da un uso limitato e specifico che perde i contatti con la globale comprensione della realta’ indagata.
Questo porta alla proposta della definizione di rilievo “tematizzato” (tipizzato), che significa invece impostare la processualita’ delle operazioni di un rilievo intorno a dei temi che ne costituiranno la struttura e il progetto. Un rilievo, dunque, indipendente dal fine, ma che per contro ammette molte utilizzazioni.
Le successive argomentazioni hanno riguardato la definizione del quadro di riferimento, ovvero la "tipizzazione delle sue caratteristiche", il che ha necessitato l'approfondimento dell'oggetto della presente ricerca, il centro storico, un manufatto complesso, risultato di successive modificazioni, trasformazioni e stratificazioni, ma anche espressione, immagine di un'idea, di una determinata cultura e di una determinata organizzazione sociale.
Un fenomeno dunque molto articolato, in cui una determinata organizzazione dello spazio (sia nelle sue connotazioni fisico-spaziali sia in quelle simboliche) esprime l'appartenenza degli uomini ad un particolare luogo in un determinato tempo, e quindi le relazioni tra questi la storia e gli eventi naturali.
La comprensione di un fenomeno cosi’ complesso puo’ attuarsi solo a patto di considerare tanto il sistema di relazioni che il centro storico intrattiene con il territorio, quanto il sistema di relazioni che lega gli elementi che lo costituiscono.
Per la definizione della una metodologia per la lettura e l'analisi dei centri storici e’ stata cosi’ proposta una articolazione, una gradualita’ del processo conoscitivo, relazionata ad una corrispondente articolazione riscontrabile nel fenomeno che ci apprestiamo ad indagare, facendo cosi’ corrispondere ai modelli interpretativi della realta’ indagata dei modelli operativi strumentali alla messa in atto del processo conoscitivo del rilievo.
Il punto di partenza e’ consistito nella scomposizione del fenomeno da analizzare e nella classificazione degli elementi che lo compongono.
Il metodo proposto individua all'interno del fenomeno urbano una qualificazione scalare dei fatti costruiti in funzione della loro “ampiezza” (la scala territoriale, la scala urbana, la scala edilizia, la scala architettonica) a cui corrisponde una gradualita’ della conoscenza, che si attua con modalita’ e procedure differenziate.
Il percorso conoscitivo proposto procede dal generale al particolare, ma affrontando iterativamente il fenomeno prima nella sua totalita’ e poi nei suoi elementi costitutivi. Pertanto i fenomeni individuati ed analizzati dapprima in funzione delle “classi d'ampiezza” sono poi analizzati in quanto individuo, organismo, struttura, elemento.
Ad esempio, il centro storico nella sua complessita’ e totalita’ e’ stato considerato in quanto manufatto unico, individuale, irripetibile, ma e’ stato anche analizzato come particolare attuazione concreta di una tipologia insediativa, ed e’ anche stato studiato come composto di parti, di elementi considerati come tasselli di un mosaico, dotati ognuno di determinate qualita’ organizzative dello spazio. Infine sono poi definite le categorie con cui condurre l'analisi di un centro storico, sia nei rapporti con il territorio, sia nelle relazioni con i singoli elementi costituenti.
Si e’ ritenuto basilare verificare via via le ipotesi teoriche che si andavano delineando, attraverso la sperimentazione condotta su un campione di studio, un centro storco di limitate dimensioni, individuato in Monte Castello di Vibio, in provincia di Perugia a dieci chilometri da Todi. Dal confronto tra ipotesi metodologiche e risultati sperimentali ottenuti sono state tratte le conclusioni della ricerca.
I risultati della ricerca sono stati raccolti in un volume e organizzati in due parti.
Nella prima, dal titolo “Il quadro teorico”, vengono sviluppati, indagati e sistematizzati i temi e gli argomenti di tipo teorico, considerati irrinunciabili e indispensabili per lo sviluppo della ricerca.
Nella seconda parte, dal titolo “La sperimentazione. Il rilievo di un centro storico tipo: Monte Castello di Vibio”, sono stati applicati e verificati alcuni dei temi teorici sviluppati precedentemente, in riferimento al centro storico tipo prescelto per la sperimentazione.
Books on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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Aldo, Tavolaro, and De Tommasi Giambattista, eds. Castel Del Monte. Bari: Adda, 2010.
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editor, Fallacara Giuseppe 1973, and Occhinegro Ubaldo 1984 editor, eds. Castel del Monte: Inedite indagini scientifiche : atti del primo Convegno interdisciplinare su Castel del Monte. Roma: Gangemi editore SpA international publishing, 2015.
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Götze, Heinz. Die Baugeometrie von Castel del Monte. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1991.
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Sciannamea, Giuseppe. Castel del Monte: Un viaggio controluce. Bari: M. Adda, 1996.
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Tattolo, Giuseppe. Castel del Monte: La leggenda, il mistero. Fasano di Brindisi: Schena, 1997.
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Tavolaro, Aldo. Castel del Monte e il segreto dei templari: Romanzo. Bari: Fratelli Laterza, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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Neveling, Rolf Joachim, and Erich Ch Wittmann. "Castel del Monte." In Gotik und Graphik im Mathematikunterricht, 12–35. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-10187-1_2.
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Koecher, Max. "Castel del Monte und das Oktogon." In Miscellanea Mathematica, 221–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76709-8_14.
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Antonucci, Fausta. "Il principe selvaggio (1695) de Francesco Silvani: una curiosa taracea de motivos del teatro áureo español." In Studi e saggi, 289–300. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-150-1.18.
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In this paper, I intend to find out which texts inspired the libretto by Francesco Silvani, Il principe selvaggio (1695), whose events, according to the author, are taken "from the Fasti of Castile". The examination of the plot leads to exclude the existence of a historiographic "source" as the mention of the Fasti would suggest, and to hypothesize instead a multiple literary intertextuality. It seems that Silvani was reminiscent of theatrical texts such as El príncipe de los montes, by Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Virtudes vencen señales, by Luis Vélez de Guevara, and a constellation of works by Pedro Calderón de la Barca (El monstruo de los jardines, La hija del aire, Hado y divisa de Leonido y de Marfisa).
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Frans De Naeyer, André. "Architectural Design Canons from Middle Ages and Before: An Inspiration for Modern Sustainable Construction." In Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95391.
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The role of geometry and arithmetic in ancient building is common knowledge, but it has seldom been proved by measured drawing. This chapter looks for the remote origins of design criteria and ancient canons, and their application in representative antique and medieval architecture. Architectural design had to reflect the universal cosmic Order and Harmony and the ancient and medieval architect-designer had to rely on the same intangible instruments, i.e. the geometry and the arithmetic’s, created by the Divine Geometer. The geometry of forms and the numbers of quantities and dimensions served as a mayor instrument for developing coherent modulation in the design and the structure of the building and his environment. They also served as a symbol and an allegorical sign to convey intangible messages from the commissioner. Metric analysis reveals this evident design practices and their probable semantic content. This is illustrated in the analysis of six cases: the Cheops pyramid at Memphis, the Pantheon at Rome, the Charlemagne’s Palace Chapel at Aachen, the Our Lady’s Cathedral at Chartres, the S. Francis Basilica at Assisi and the Castel del Monte at Andria. This historic examples should inspire modern creative design and modern sustainable construction.
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Procelli, Rosa Maria Albanese. "Sul deposito votivo di Monte Casale in Sicilia." In LʼOccident grec de Marseille à Mégara Hyblaea, 229–39. Publications du Centre Camille Jullian, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pccj.3996.
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Búa Carballo, Juan Carlos. "Callobre, punto de inicio do longo camiño onomástica de Santiago de Compostela." In Os camiños de Santiago de Europa a Galicia: Lugares, nomes e patrimonio, 33–65. Real Academia Galega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32766/rag.404.03.
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Callobre é un topónimo prelatino que en Santiago de Compostela se conservou como nome dunha rúa. Xunto con outros nomes idénticos galegos pertence ao grupo dos topónimos latinos en -bre, antigos en -bris, que proceden probablemente do celta *brig- ‘monte, castro’. Unha pequena variante sería o topónimo medieval Caliabri(g)a que se debe situar pola zona fronteiriza entre A Guarda e Salamanca. Na zona do Tambre deben localizarse as civitates romanas dos célticos praestamarcos e supertamarcos. Tradicionalmente situáronse ao sur e norte do Tambre respectivamente, pero distintos argumentos falan a favor de que máis ben se deban localizar no curso baixo e alto do río. Callobre está nunha zona intermedia, pero posiblemente xa dos supertamarcos. Atopa uns bos aequabiles formais e etimolóxicos nos topónimos franceses Chaillouvre(s) e Chaliouvre, próximos a Lión. O máis probable é que se trate de compostos con primeiro elemento *calio- ‘pedra’, conservado no francés antigo e en distintas áreas dialectais modernas (chail), ao par do que tamén existe *calia ‘lugar pedroso’ (chaille) polo Franche-Comté e Suíza, que, pola súa banda, podería estar no medieval Caliabri(g)a. O significado de Callobre <*Calio-bri(g)- pode que fose ‘monte Pedroso’, coma o actual orónimo próximo a Santiago.
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Donnat, Cédric. "L’arrivée du train en gare de Casper : repenser l’altérité au cinéma avec Heaven’s Gate (Les Portes du paradis, Michael Cimino, 1980)." In Construction/déconstruction de l’altérité dans le monde anglophone, 27–38. Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pupo.16857.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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Cianci, Maria Grazia, Sara Colaceci, and Francesca Paola Mondelli. "El sistema de relaciones territoriales entre las fortificaciones del Cilento interior. Una propuesta de estudio a través de SIG." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11400.
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The territorial relations system between the fortifications of the inner Cilento. A proposal for study through GISThe landscape of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, south of Campania, is dotted with a wide variety of fortresses, castles, towers and all kinds of fortifications. The populations who settled there since the early Middle Ages have left traces of their presence through buildings that, from the initial purpose of independent defense of the individual settlement, have changed over time, especially in the Norman period, in a broader system and structured for the control of the territory. The diversity of the architecture that we still find today, determined by the different origins of the fortifications (sometimes Lombard, sometimes Norman, up to the coastal towers built in the Angevin-Aragonese period to defend against Saracen incursions), however, hides a complex system that connects these artifacts, creating a network that covers large portions of the territory. It is not easy today to recognize such relationships and rebuild this network that has in fact laid the foundations for the current layout of the Cilento landscape. The aim of the research is therefore to study, recognize and map this structure through the use of historical maps and direct relief. Starting from the portion of the territory related to the area of the Ancient Cilento, identified by the Monte della Stella Massif, we intend to start a mapping of the fortifications through GIS in order to provide the tools for the study of the geometries and territorial relations that were established between the different settlements, and how these were placed with respect to the surrounding territory. The use of the territorial information systems will also allow a systematic data collection that will open the way for a subsequent phase of survey and documentation of the artifacts scattered over the territory, through which it will be possible to create a typological abacus of the fortifications related to the different historical phases.
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Ndiaye, A., M. Bauerheim, S. Moreau, and F. Nicoud. "Uncertainty Quantification of Thermoacoustic Instabilities in a Swirled Stabilized Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-44133.
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Combustion instabilities can develop in modern gas-turbines as large amplitude pressure oscillations coupled with heat release fluctuations. In extreme cases, they lead to irreversible damage which can destroy the combustor. Prediction and control of all acoustic modes of the configuration at the design stage are therefore required to avoid these instabilities. This is a challenging task because of the large number of parameters involved. This situation becomes even more complex when considering uncertainties of the underlying models and input parameters. The forward uncertainty quantification problem is addressed in the case of a single swirled burner combustor. First, a Helmholtz solver is used to analyze the thermoacoustic modes of the combustion chamber. The Flame Transfer Function measured experimentally is used as a flame model for the Helmholtz solver. Then, the frequency of oscillation and the growth rate of the first thermoacoustic mode are computed in 24 different operating points. Comparisons between experimental and numerical results show good agreements except for modes which are marginally stable/unstable. The main reason is that the uncertainties can arbitrary change the nature of these modes (stable vs unstable); in other words, the usual mode classification stable/unstable must be replaced by a more continuous description such as the risk factor, i.e. the probability for a mode to be unstable given the uncertainties on the input parameters. To do so, a Monte Carlo analysis is performed using 4000 Helmholtz simulations of a single experimental operating point but with random perturbations on the FTF parameters. This allows the computation of the risk factor associated to this acoustic mode. Finally, the analysis of the Monte Carlo database suggests that a reduced two-step UQ strategy may be efficient to deal with thermoacoustics in such a system. First, two bilinear surrogate models are tuned from a moderate number of Helmholtz solutions (a few tens). Then, these algebraic models are used to perform a Monte Carlo analysis at reduced cost and approximate the risk factor of the mode. The accuracy and efficiency of this reduced UQ strategy are assessed by comparing the reference risk factor given by the full Monte Carlo database and the approximate risk factor obtained by the surrogate models. It shows a good agreement which proves that reduced efficient methods can be used to predict unstable modes.
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Zakeri, Roja, and Praveen Shankar. "A Neural Network-Augmented Bayesian Approach to Uncertain Parameter Estimation in Nonlinear Dynamic Systems." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95563.
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Abstract Many engineered and physical systems contain uncertain parameters and knowing their accurate value is essential to system analysis and design. In this paper, we propose a new approach that combines an artificial neural network with a Bayesian algorithm to achieve better computational efficiency in estimating an unknown parameter of a dynamic system. We utilize neural networks (NN) to start the Particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC) algorithm from a better initial guess of the unknown parameters which is closer to the target value of the parameter. The neural network that is trained on kinematic data are used to provide a rough initial estimate of the unknown parameter. This rough estimate is then used as the initial guess for the Particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC) method. The effectiveness of the new algorithm is first evaluated on a nonlinear benchmark problem — the Van der Pol oscillator. In estimating the damping factor using the NN estimate as the initial guess, the number of iterations required by the PMCMC is shown to reduce by 40% as compared to initializing the algorithm with a random guess. The new methodology was then applied to determine the unknown joint torques of a 7-DOF research robot based on the known joint position and velocities. Multiple neural networks based on different combinations of join position and velocities were trained and used to estimate the initial guess for the PMCMC algorithm. In each of the cases, there was a reduction in the number of iterations required for the PMCMC algorithm to converge as compared to a random initial guess with an average reduction around 30%.
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SANTOS, VALERIA ANDRE DOS, LOIANE LETICIA DOS SANTOS, LORENA ALINE SANTOS ALMEIDA, ELIANE LUIZ DOS SANTOS, TALESSA LEONARA FREIRE BROMATE, LEONILA SANTOS ALMEIDA SASSO, and JULIO CESAR ANDRE. "O processo de autoria na perspectiva da Análise do Discurso ancorado na Base Nacional Curricular Comum brasileira." In Latin American Publicações. lapubl, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47174/lace2021-0012.
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Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma prática de leitura e escrita na perspectiva discursiva, a partir de versões da literatura na reconstrução de histórias, tendo como foco a autoria. A base teórica que sustenta esta reflexão é a Análise do Discurso (AD), ancorada nos estudos de Michel Pêcheux, na França, e de Eni Puccinelli Orlandi, no Brasil, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) brasileira e o Documento de Referência Curricular de Mato Grosso (DRC-MT). A finalidade foi trabalhar discursivamente a obra literária, desenvolvendo competências e habilidades por meio de atividades que conduziram ao estabelecimento de relações de semelhanças e diferenças entre esses materiais, nas quais demos visibilidade aos efeitos de sentido produzidos, considerando os diferentes processos de constituição, formulação e circulação das diferentes materialidades significantes como produto final. As atividades foram realizadas entre 2019 e 2020, na Escola Estadual Rui Barbosa, distrito de Monte Castelo -Brasil, por meio de um projeto de leitura que se iniciou em 2012 e que vem se aperfeiçoando gradativamente, mas tem mostrado que vale a pena investir em práticas de sala de aula diferenciadas e contribuir de forma significativa para que todos que dele participarem promovam o crescimento intelectual e ampliem a perspectiva de futuro prevista na ótica educacional.
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Serrano, Paulo de Lima, Anderson Benine Belezia, Igor Braga Farias, Bruno de Mattos Lombardi Badia, José Marcos Vieira de Albuquerque Filho, Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza, Wladimir Bocca Vieira de Rezende Pinto, and Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira. "Suspected neurological disease associated with yellow fever vaccine: a series of 5 cases." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.160.
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Introduction: Yellow fever vaccine is avaible since 1930. Adverse reactions are mild, including headache, myalgia, fever and skin reaction on the site of application. Neurotropic disease is rare, more common in males and mainly in the first 30 days after vaccination. We report a series of 5 cases where vaccination initiated neurological manifestations. Objective: To demonstrate the variety of possible neurological complications and clinical course associated with yellow fever vaccination seen in our hospital. Methods: A case series of 5 patients seen in the neuromuscular service of the federal university of São Paulo.SP. Results: Most of our patients began symptons in the first 30 days after vaccination. 3 out of 5 patients where male, 2 cases described demyelinating diseases, 2 cases demonstrade cerebellar manifestations and 1 case of inflamatory polyneuropathy. Recovery was variable after treatment employed. Conclusion: Neurological complications are rare and can presente itself in several ways. Occurs manly in the first month with varying outcomes. It is essencial to ask the patient about vaccination, onset of symptons to associate cause and effect.
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Zou, Qiuling, and Jingzhou James Yang. "Pseudo Standing, Forward Falling, and Pulling Simulation for Pregnant Women." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48654.
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This paper presents an optimization-based dynamic simulation for pregnant women pseudo standing, forward falling, and pulling tasks. Based on anatomy of pregnant women a digital pregnant woman model is developed. The model has 55 degrees of freedom (DOFs) including 6 global DOFs and 49 body DOFs. Recursive dynamic algorithm is used to formulate the equations of motion. Human motion can be formulated as a non-linear optimization problem. Control points of B-spline curves that represent joint angle profiles are design variables. The joint angles, angular velocities and angular accelerations, will be obtained from the control points. The summation of all joint actuator torque square acts as the objective function. Besides some common constraints, different constraints are adopted for standing, falling, and pulling, respectively. Three cases, non-pregnancy, 6-month, and 9-month pregnancy, are investigated. For the pulling task, 2N, 100N or 200N external load is applied as the pulling force. Determinant joints (hip, knee and ankle) are plotted to analyze the simulation results. The simulation results show the effects of pregnancy on human movement kinematics and dynamics. The average computational time for each case is close to 3.5 minutes in a Dell computer with 3.25 GB of RAM and 3.16 GHz.
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Seraidarian, Marina Buldrini Filogônio, Daniel Vasconcelos de Pinho Tavares, Tassila Oliveira Nery de Freitas, Paolla Giovanna Rossito de Magalhães, Gabriella Braga da Cunha Silva, Barbara Oliveira Paixao, Maíra Cardoso Aspahan, and Rodrigo Santiago Gomez. "Diethylene glycol poisoning: report of two cases due to brewery contamination." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.174.
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Context: Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an alcohol used as industrial antifreeze. Poisoning is usually accidental and involves contamination of food and beverage. We report two cases of DEG poisoning (DEGP) resulting from ingestion of beer in 2020. Case report: ACMO, male, 57 year-old, admitted with bilateral visual turbidity complaint. Laboratory showed renal dysfunction (Cr 11 mg/dl, Ur 202 mg/dl), increased anion GAP (AG) and metabolic acidosis. He evolved with amaurosis, facial diplegia, tetraparesis and areflexia. He was discharged after prolonged hospitalization with severe motor impairment, bilateral amaurosis and under dialysis therapy. RJB, 75 year-old alcoholic male patient, reported 600 ml/day ingestion of high-risk beer in the month preceding his hospitalization. He was admitted with nausea, abdominal pain, renal failure (Cr 11 mg/dl, Ur 177 mg/dl), metabolic acidosis and AG 21. He developed bilateral papilla edema, flaccid tetraparesis, areflexia, dysautonomy, respiratory failure and death. Conclusions: DEG metabolites primarily target kidneys and nervous system. Patients shortly develop nephroneural syndrome characterized by acute oligoanuric renal injury with metabolic acidosis and increased AG, associated with peripheral polyneuropathy with involvement of cranial nerves, in addition to optic neuropathy. Due to the poorly available serum dosage, rapid recognition of DEGP is essential to institute early treatment and identification of the source of the intoxication in order to prevent mass poisoning.
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B. Luis, Cordero, and Franco B. John. "Probabilistic Power Flow Analysis Based on Point-Estimate Method for High Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation in Electrical Distribution Systems." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1078.
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Environmental awareness and energy policies led to decarbonization targets, fostering the adoption of distributed energy resource in the distribution network. Particularly, photovoltaic systems have been gaining momentum due to cost-competitive option and financial benefits. However, traditional distribution networks were not designed for intermittency in power generation. This poses technical issues such as reverse power flow, overvoltage, and thermal overloading. Furthermore, the growth in intermittency and variability of distributed energy resources increases the uncertainty, hence, it brings challenges for the operation, planning, and investment decisions. In this context, probabilistic methods to cater for these uncertainties are essential to address this issue. This paper presents a probabilistic power flow method based on point estimate method combined Edgeworth expansion for high penetration of photovoltaic generation in distribution networks. Normal distribution and Beta distribution are considered for load and solar irradiation modelling, respectively. The method is assessed for different cases using the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system with photovoltaic systems installation. The point estimate method combined Edgeworth expansion provided satisfactory results with lower computational effort and high fitting accuracy of statistical information compared to Monte Carlo simulation.
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Polasik, Steven J., Clifford Maier, Carl Jaske, and David Lee. "Probabilistic Assessment of Axial Crack-Like Flaws and Remaining Life in Onshore Pipelines." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98044.
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The predicted failure pressure and estimated remaining life of axial crack-like flaws are two key parameters pipeline operators use to develop excavation programs and set re-assessment intervals following an assessment (in-line inspection or hydrostatic pressure test, for example). Deterministic approaches routinely use conservative input values, such as specified minimum or worst-case conditions, leading to potentially overly conservative conclusions. Probabilistic approaches, on the other hand, can account for inherent variability and provide probabilities of failure; however, there are no current approaches to define an acceptance threshold in the onshore pipeline industry. This paper discusses the probabilistic approach Det Norske Veritas (USA), Inc., (DNV) uses to assess axial crack-like flaws. DNV’s approach incorporates an inelastic fracture mechanics model in combination with Monte Carlo simulations and Paris Law fatigue crack growth to estimate the cumulative probability of failure over time. Topics include the application of this methodology for two primary cases: (1) the defect population can be described with a certain degree of confidence (in-line inspection) and (2) the defect population cannot (hydrostatic pressure test). The potential for using the methodology for determining a case-by-case acceptance threshold will also be explored.
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Baldoni, Gabriela, Gabriela Iribarren, Claudia Garbasz, Pablo Striebeck, Micaela Mayer Wolf, Liliana Fernandez Canigia, and Patricia Galarza. "Persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium: first reports in Argentina." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p044.
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Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is responsible for 15%-20% nongonococcal urethritis in men. In Argentina, the diagnosis is only performed by few laboratories. Single-dose 1 g azithromycin (AZM1D) treatment leads to emergence of macrolide resistance (mutations at 23S rRNA gene, region V, position 2058 or 2059). Recommendations include 5-day AZM (AZM5D) regimen, moxifloxacin as second-line therapy. Doxycycline is only 30% effective. Test of Cure (ToC) is advisable. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the first two clinical cases of persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina. Methods: End point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and ToC. Sanger sequencing analysis of mutations. Results: Case 1: A 26-year-old male patient with occasional heterosexual contacts and no history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) complained urethral thick purulent discharge and dysuria (January 2018), with negative microbiological cultures and Chlamydia trachomatis PCR. The patient received ceftriaxone/AZM1D. However, symptoms persisted (April 2018). Later, doxycycline was prescribed for 1 month. Five days after treatment, the sample was referred to the STI national reference laboratory (NRL) and results were found positive for MG. The patient was given AZM5D. As a result, symptoms disappeared, posterior ToC was found negative, and retrospectively, sequencing 23S rRNA gene showed A2058G transition. Case 2: An 18-year-old male patient with stable heterosexual relationship complained of previous gonococcal urethritis and urethral serous exudate with inflammatory reaction (September 2017), with negative microbiological cultures. The patient received ceftriaxone and AZM1D as initial treatment. Later, he was given doxycycline for 10 days. On February 2018, symptoms reappeared and sample referred to the NRL was positive for MG (negative for other STIs). With AZM1D treatment, symptoms disappeared. After 1 month, the symptoms recurred. Results showed a new MG-positive sample (April 2018). AZM5D administration induced 2 weeks symptoms free and recurrence, requiring moxifloxacin treatment. Symptoms disappeared completely. Posterior ToC is negative. Subsequently, sequencing both samples referred to the NRL showed A2059G transition. Conclusion: The clinical cases presented notified the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of MG infections and use of adequate treatment schemes. We emphasized the relevance of monitoring and surveillance prevalence of macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina.
Reports on the topic "Castel del Monte"
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Skalli, Hasna. Local 'Job Counters' at Casal del Infants: Personal support to help vulnerable young people into work. Oxfam IBIS, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7925.
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After graduating from university, Warda struggled a lot. For a few years, she had to take odd jobs for that had no security, days off or health insurance. Eventually she connected with Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) programme partner Casal Del Infants. With their support, she successfully entered the formal labour market. She was selected by Casal to join a jobs programme, where she was trained for one month as a quality control officer. After completing her training, she obtained a placement in maintenance at an automotive company. This was facilitated through Casal’s ‘Activa Counter’, its employment integration desk. This programme supports internships and helps young people to integrate into the private sector. The programme has gained in popularity over the years and has the potential to help many young people into work.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor