Academic literature on the topic 'Castrum Inui'

Abstract In 2006, the Soprintendenza Archeologica del Lazio began an excavation at the site of Fosso dell’Incastro on the coastline of Ardea. A well-preserved settlement buried under huge sand dunes was discovered, featuring a Roman castrum created in the fourth century BCE around a sanctuary dating back to the mid-sixth century BCE. Its characteristics not only suggested that the ancient site was Castrum Inui, previously known only through the ancient literary sources (e.g., Virgil, Servius and Macrobius), but also that its sanctuary could be attributed to an inconspicuous local deity, Inuus—often correlated with Pan and Sol. In its final phase (the early Imperial period), the sanctuary housed three sacred buildings: Temple A, Temple B, and a small shrine dedicated to Aesculapius. Temple B, the site of Inuus’ worship, was constructed in the Etrusco-Italic style during the first quarter of the fifth century BCE, while Temple A was built during the mid-second century BCE. Temple B was oriented to the southwest, one typical for religious buildings connected to chthonic cults; two altars built during the fourth century BCE were placed along the façade of the temple, one facing the east and on the axis of the temple, the second close to its southwest corner. It was also enhanced with an acroterion depicting the head of a warrior with the skin and horns of a goat or cow over his helmet, a motif that establishes a connection between Innus, Pan and Faunus. Temple A, on the other hand, faced the northeast and was enhanced with a sculpted pediment in high relief showing an assembly of gods and possibly Aeneas. Both its orientation and the iconography of the pediment suggest that it was dedicated to Aeneas Indiges, a pan-Latin version of the old cult of Inuus.

Knox, P L dan Marston SA (2004) serta de Blij dan Murphy (2003) mengemukakan pentingnya perspektif keruangan merupakan ranah epistemologi keilmuan / pendekatan untuk membedah fenomena muka bumi. Objek studi geografi meliputi fenomena muka bumi, adanya relasi timbal balik, interaksi, dan interdependensi antar fenomena (Harvey, D, 1986). Geografi meliputi geografi fisik yang mempelajari faktor fisik di permukaan bumi yang menjadi lingkungan hidup manusia dan geografi manusia mengkaji perilaku dan aktifitas manusia (Viles,H dalam Castree, N; Rogers,A; dan Sherman, D, 2005). (Hagget, P, 1984) menjelaskan mengenai objek formal geografi yang menekankan pendekatan dan prinsip keruangan sebagai inti dalam analisis geografi meliputi pola dari sebaran gejala tertentu di permukaan bumi (Spatial Pattern), keterkaitan atau hubungan sesama antar gejala (Spatial System), dan perkembangan atau perubahan yang terjadi pada gejala (Spatial Procces). de Blij dan Murphy (2003), awalnya menyebutkan kerangka kerja geografi adalah lima tema yakni location, interaction human and the enviroment, regions, place, and movement. Pada saat ini tema geografi yang tidak kalah penting dari kelima tema yang telah disebutkan adalah landscape (de Blij dan Murphy, 2003). Knox dan Marston (2004) menjelaskan analisis keruangan dengan memperhatikan lima konsep yakni lokasi, jarak, ruang, aksesibilitas, dan keruangan. Kata Kunci: spatial, geografi, manusia

La tesi ha per oggetto lo studio delle fortificazioni di Ardea e del Castrum Inui - lo scalo portuale della città – che, in quanto elementi caratterizzanti dell’urbanistica antica, hanno consentito una rilettura delle trasformazioni della città e del suo territorio. Il lavoro si compone essenzialmente di tre sezioni; in una prima parte introduttiva sono state descritte le caratteristiche geomorfologiche dei siti oggetto della ricerca ed è stata ripercorsa la storia degli studi e delle ricerche. Nella seconda parte sono state analizzate le trasformazioni dei due siti a partire dalle più antiche attestazioni - risalenti all’età del Bronzo in area urbana ed all’età arcaica nel Castrum - sino all’età imperiale; l’analisi di ogni fase è stata introdotta da uno studio relativo al contesto storico con lo scopo di determinare quali fossero gli eventi, non solo relativi ad Ardea, ma più in generale alle città del Latium Vetus, che potessero aver determinato le trasformazioni urbanistiche; sono state di volta in volta particolarmente approfondite le questioni relative alle opere di difesa e le relazioni di queste ultime con l’organizzazione dell’abitato e del porto. La possibilità di studiare un monumento inedito quale la fortificazione in opera quadrata del Castrum Inui ha fornito importanti elementi di confronto che hanno permesso di riconoscere l’esistenza di differenti fasi costruttive anche nelle mura urbane, sinora mai individuate. Infine la terza sezione è costituita dalla schedatura delle fortificazioni e comprende l’analisi dei singoli tratti attualmente visibili, realizzata descrivendone le caratteristiche costruttive e dando particolare risalto al dato metrologico, che si è rivelato particolarmente utile al fine della definizione cronologica delle diverse fasi costruttive; lo studio è pertanto completato dalle tabelle contenenti i dati relativi alla misurazioni dei blocchi ed alla posa in opera degli stessi. La tesi è infine corredata da due appendici: la prima raccoglie i testi delle citazioni tratte dalle fonti letterarie relative ad Ardea, la seconda un ampio apparato fotografico che comprende sia la documentazione relativa ai resti nello stato attuale di conservazione, sia la documentazione d’archivio che ha permesso di analizzare anche le caratteristiche dei tratti distrutti.
The thesis concerns the study of the fortifications of Ardea and Castrum Inui - the city harbour - which, being characteristic elements of the ancient town-planning, allowed a reinterpretation of the city and region transformations. The job consists of three sections. The first introductory section is focused on the geomorphology of the sites and on the retrace of the history of former studies and researches. In the second part were analyzed the transformation of the two sites from the earliest archaeological statements – dating back to Bronze Age in the urban area and to archaic age in the Castrum – to the imperial age. The analysis of each phase is introduced by a study on the historical context in order to determine what were the events, not only related to Ardea but more generally to the cities of Latium Vetus, which might have generated the urban transformation. From time to time were examined the issues relating to defence works and their relations with the organization of the city and its port. The opportunity to explore a formerly unpublished monument like the opus quadratum fortification of Castrum Inui has provided important elements of confrontation that led to recognize the existence of different construction phases even in the city walls, never identified up to now. Finally, the third section is the filing of the fortifications and includes the analysis of currently visible rests, made by describing the construction characteristics with particular emphasis on metrology data, which has been used for the chronological definition of the various construction phases. The study is therefore supplemented by tables containing measurements and information regarding the blocks and their installation. The thesis is finally accompanied by two appendices: the first one collects quotations pertaining Ardea coming from literary sources, the second one is a large photographic collection including both the documentation of the remains in its present state of preservation, and the archival records which helped to analyze the characteristics of destroyed traits.