Academic literature on the topic 'Casual discoveries'

AbstractEureka is a “prose poem” published in 1848, where Edgar Allan Poe presents his original cosmology. While starting from metaphysical assumptions, Poe develops an evolving Newtonian model of the Universe which has many and non casual analogies with modern cosmology. Poe was well informed about astronomical and physical discoveries, and he was influenced by both contemporary science and ancient ideas. For these reasons, Eureka is a unique synthesis of metaphysics, art and science.

Among the principal successors to Alexander the Great, Lysimachus is probably the one that has suffered most by neglect in the scanty literary sources at our disposal. His wars with the Getae and their king Dromichaetes are among the few events in his long career which have received more than a casual notice in the historical tradition; no wonder that they have been examined repeatedly both in the context of Lysimachus' political biography and of the history of the region and its Thracian population, the Getae. However, many aspects of the circumstances remain obscure and dubious, and their discussion has more than once ended with the expression of hope that one day new archaeological finds might permit the solution of some of the associated riddles. The recent archaeological discoveries near Sveshtari in north-eastern Bulgaria seem now to warrant a re-examination of these problems.

This paper presents a new set of archival records from Rome on the discovery of a Roman Republican denarii hoard, found by the brothers Birsilio and Luigi Simonazzi on their lands at Calvatone (Cremona, Italy, 1911). Local police forces seized the hoard and alerted the Coin Cabinet of Brera in Milan, where the numismatist Serafino Ricci (1867–1943) evaluated and finally acquired selected coins to increase the museum collections. The “Calvatone (1911) hoard” is an essential case study in the history of Italian numismatic collections, museum studies, and archaeology. These records are particularly worth studying for two main reasons. They show how local and regional authorities dealt with casual archaeological discoveries in northern Italy during the post-Unification period (1861–1918). They also help us to better understand how the Italian government acted to safeguard antiquities according to contemporary law, and how the state collections could be increased by judicial seizures and fresh acquisitions.

The excavations of Young at Gordion (1950–73) made an immeasurable contribution to our understanding of the Iron Age in central Anatolia. Amidst the attention paid to his discoveries of rich burial tumuli and substantial buildings within the elite quarter of the Gordion citadel mound, a series of casual drawings incised on the exterior surface of one of these buildings, Megaron 2, has received less notice. Known informally as ‘doodles’, these drawings range from small cursory sketches to larger complex pictures. They were noted in the Gordion preliminary excavation reports for the 1956 and 1957 seasons and were the subject of a brief study in Archaeology in 1969, but their significance has never been fully assessed. Yet these drawings, while hardly great art, have the potential to offer much valuable information on Phrygian interests and activities and on the Phrygians' sources of artistic inspiration in the late eighth century BC. For this reason I am undertaking a full review of all the stones with incised Phrygian drawings for publication. My goal here is to discuss the technique and subject matter of the drawings, and offer some suggestions about the artistic impetuses which lay behind them.

AbstractAstronomical education in Cuba is not widespread in the educational system; nevertheless the public interest in sciences in general but particularly in Astronomy issues is very high, as it has become reflected by the attention paid to educational and scientific program broadcasts in the national television channels. The “Planetario Habana” Cultural Centre for Science and Technology, which is under construction, is aimed at guiding the interest towards basic sciences and astronomical formation of the people, in the most populated and frequented area of the country. A key objective of this project shall be serving as an instructive motivation and entertainment for the casual or habitual visitors to these facilities, offering them the possibility to enjoy vivid representations, play with interactive amusement equipment and listen to instructive presentations on astronomy and related sciences, all guided by qualified specialists.Another fundamental purpose shall be the establishment of a plan for complementary education in coordination with schools, in order to allow children and young people to participate in activities enabling them to get into the fascinating world of Astronomy, Exploration of Outer Space and Life as a Cosmic Phenomenon.The setting up of the Planetario Habana Cultural Centre for Science and Technology is under the general administration of the Office of the Historian of the City of Havana, and methodologically is being led by the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, and will show in operation the GOTO Planetarium G Cuba custom, obtained under a Japanese Cultural Grant Aid. It will develop into a an unparalleled centre in the national environment for scientific outreach and education of these sciences.Surrounded by the attractiveness of the colonial “ambience’, it shall become a centre for dissemination of information about new discoveries and scientific programs developed at national and international level. Here we present a general view of the project, and its present and future development.

One of the constants in Noam Chomsky’s philosophical, linguistic and ethical positions is the existence of what he calls “human nature”. Following Marx, Darwin and last century’s revolutions in the social sciences, human nature has been one of the most contested conceptual holdovers from modern European philosophy. Chomsky’s discoveries and models on syntax and language make up one of the frameworks to most critically offset the traditional moral dimension of human nature. Contrary to most traditions prior to his work, language can no longer be restricted to either mind, soul or spirit. Language, as Chomsky has continually upheld and sharply refined, is a physical and biological process. But how his notion of human nature derives from this process is complex, as he seems to disregard philosophy’s classic analytic delineation between the descriptive causal realm of human nature and the normative axiological extensions of the same concept. In this paper, we seek to examine the philosophical and ontological implications of Chomsky’s claim that human nature derives from the innate dimension of the language faculty. Not only does Chomsky maintain the category of human nature, he also indexes it to the question of freedom. We thereby argue for the coherence of his proposal and show how it operates to weld the perspective of a modal theory of biologically-rooted creativity to innate conditions specific to his theory of language generation. However, we question whether its restriction to humans alone is sustainable from a scientific perspective by putting forth the claim that Chomsky’s science is in fact a radical ontology of social subjectivation. *** O conceito de natureza humana em Noam Chomsky ***Uma das constantes no posicionamento filosófico, linguístico e ético de Noam Chomsky é a existência do que ele chama de “natureza humana”. Seguindo Marx, Darwin e as revoluções do último século nas ciências sociais, a natureza humana tem sido um dos remanescentes conceituais mais contestados da filosofia moderna europeia. As descobertas e os modelos de Chomsky sobre a sintaxe e a linguagem, configuram um dos quadros que mais objeta criticamente a tradicional dimensão moral da natureza humana. Contrária à maioria das tradições anteriores ao seu trabalho, a linguagem não pode mais ser restringida à mente, alma ou ao espírito. Linguagem, como Chomsky tem constantemente defendido e fortemente aperfeiçoado, é um processo físico e biológico. Mas a maneira que sua noção de natureza humana deriva desse processo é complexa, pois ele parece desconsiderar a clássica delineação analítica da filosofia, entre o reino casual descritivo da natureza humana e as extensões axiológico-normativas do mesmo conceito. Neste artigo, nós procuramos examinar as implicações filosóficas e ontológicas da afirmação de Chomsky à qual a natureza humana deriva da dimensão inata da faculdade da linguagem. Chomsky, não só mantém a categoria da natureza humana, como também a indexa à questão da liberdade. Nós, portanto, argumentamos em favor da coerência de sua proposta e mostramos como ela opera para soldar a perspectiva de uma teoria modal da criatividade biologicamente enraizada, com condições inatas específicas de sua teoria da linguagem gerativa. Entretanto, nós questionamos se a restrição dessa somente aos humanos é sustentável a partir de uma perspectiva científica, ao apresentarmos a afirmação de que a ciência de Chomsky é na verdade uma ontologia radical de subjetivação social.Palavras-chave: Chomsky, Noam; natureza humana; faculdade de linguagem; programa biolinguístico; decodificando Chomsky; liberdade.

Theoretical background. A number of researches claim that the classical theory of dynamic systems ignores spe-cial cases of incomplete equivalence of mathematic transformations descriptions. Sometimes it is even argued that (con-trary to a prevailing paradigm) the study of purely discriminatory polynomial of control system (the system of differen-tial equations) fails to guarantee the correct judgments about the parametrical stability and system’s stability factors as the probably wrong interpretation of stability may result in accidents and even catastrophes caused by a defectively designed object. Such conclusion obviously ensues from the fact that there are examples of the systems that have the same discriminatory polynomial but differ substantially in the parametrical stability and stability factors under the vari-Bulletin of Lviv State University of Li fe Safety, №19, 2019 35 able parameters. These researches are concerned about the fact that generally used packages of applied programs – for they usually require the equivalent in the classical sense consolidation of differential equations system to a single “standard” form – are not able to secure the veracity of dynamic systems computation and to guarantee the correctness of their characteristics analysis without the application of additional controlling subprograms. For example, there may exist the risks of stability losses in the initial system, however being brought to the differential equations of first order, as a common practice, these risk will become absolutely imperceptible, and, as a result, the source of dangerous casual-ties may occur – accidents and catastrophes in case of the system material embodiment. Thus it is categorically declared the necessity of substantial researches in correctness of the results of engineers and IT specialists and of relevant amendments of bachelors and masters degrees curriculum. The purpose of the research. Thus, it is natural that there is a necessity to find out whether the previously imper-ceptible risks of accidents and catastrophes do exist and whether the classical dynamic systems theory does not take into consideration the unexpected possibilities of its problems correctness losses as a result (in the process) of their equiva-lent transformations. The aim of this article is to substantiate the essence and content of this kind “discoveries”. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system’s simple examples that are to prove the possible risks from the equivalent, in classical sense, transformations of mathematical descriptions.Results and discussion. It has been found out that after the equivalent transformations instability as well as incor-rectness in fact do not “hide”, they do not become invisible and untraceable. The researchers rather consciously do not pay attention to the possible substantial deformations of the system. For indeed, in case of the reduction of the system description to the form of the normal system of differential equations of first order the possibilities of the stability loss become invisible not because the transformations were nonequivalent but because the variability of the system order is not prognosticated, and, therefore, the treatments of initial (where the change of order is obvious) and final systems differ considerably. Here at, the controller equation — the defined first integral — is the manifestation of one more possible system order which cannot be ignored. Actually, much depends on how we define, see, read, interpret the ana-lytical description of a certain phenomenon or process. Different characteristic determinants that identify, materially, different dynamic systems may correspond to the same characteristic polynomial. The determinant may be consciously equivalently transformed (deformed), and any transformed (deformed) determinant will identify a new system. Thus, any transformation – is, without exaggeration, the creation of something new, something different. The process of solving simple linear differential equations with fixed factor and their variation with the aim of so-lutions stability or analytical descriptions correctness evaluation is reduced to the solution of a relevant algebraic prob-lem and the research of its properties and characteristics. Consequently, there is no point in expecting any enigmatic or dramatic unexpectancies when the research is sophisticated and profound. Conclusions. The characteristic determinant reflects the properties of any system more deeply than the character-istic polynomial does. Any equivalent transformations of the system are always visible in the structure of the determi-nant, even if they are not defined in its equation roots (zeroes). In the result of equivalent transformations there certainly emerges a new formation – it looks like the same system but with new properties (otherwise there will be no necessity in any transformations). The loss of robustness is treated as an unexpectancy occurring as a result of motivated defor-mation of the system which is easy prognosticated. Nonrobust systems could have their own perspective. Their exten-sive application is advancing.

OBJECTIVE: To report the uncommon association between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and unroofed coronary sinus. CASE DESCRIPTION: Girl with four years and six months old who was hospitalized for heart surgery. The cardiac problem was discovered at four months of life. On physical examination, the patient presented several café-au-lait spots in the trunk and the limbs and freckling of the axillary and groin regions. Her father had similar skin findings, suggesting the NF1 diagnosis. The cardiac evaluation by echocardiography disclosed an atrial septal defect of unroofed coronary sinus type. This cardiac finding was confirmed at surgery. The procedure consisted of the atrial septal defect repair with autologous pericardium. COMMENTS: NF1 is a common autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. Among the NF1 findings, congenital heart defects are considered unusual. In the literature review, there was no association between NF1 and unroofed coronary sinus, which is a rare cardiac malformation, characterized by a communication between the coronary sinus and the left atrium, resultant from the partial or total absence of the coronary sinus roof. It represents less than 1% of atrial septal defect cases. More reports are important to determine if this association is real or merely casual, since NF1 is a common condition.

Publicly available datasets in health science are often large and observational, in contrast to experimental datasets where a small number of data are collected in controlled experiments. Variables' causal relationships in the observational dataset are yet to be determined. However, there is a significant interest in health science to discover and analyze causal relationships from health data since identified causal relationships will greatly facilitate medical professionals to prevent diseases or to mitigate the negative effects of the disease. Recent advances in Computer Science, particularly in Bayesian networks, has initiated a renewed interest for causality research. Causal relationships can be possibly discovered through learning the network structures from data. However, the number of candidate graphs grows in a more than exponential rate with the increase of variables. Exact learning for obtaining the optimal structure is thus computationally infeasible in practice. As a result, heuristic approaches are imperative to alleviate the difficulty of computations. This research provides effective and efficient learning tools for local causal discoveries and novel methods of learning causal structures with a combination of background knowledge. Specifically in the direction of constraint based structural learning, polynomial-time algorithms for constructing causal structures are designed with first-order conditional independence. Algorithms of efficiently discovering non-causal factors are developed and proved. In addition, when the background knowledge is partially known, methods of graph decomposition are provided so as to reduce the number of conditioned variables. Experiments on both synthetic data and real epidemiological data indicate the provided methods are applicable to large-scale datasets and scalable for causal analysis in health data. Followed by the research methods and experiments, this dissertation gives thoughtful discussions on the reliability of causal discoveries computational health science research, complexity, and implications in health science research.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo registrar os empréstimos da língua portuguesa na literatura dos viajantes italianos que tiveram contato com os portugueses. Zolli (1995), Zaccaria (1905, 1927) e DAgostino (1994) consideram que o léxico dos viajantes italianos é uma fonte de empréstimos casuals, ou seja, neologismos que não tiveram a oportunidade momentânea de fazer parte da língua italiana ou o foram introduzidos mais tarde. Muitos casuals são utilizados para descrever as coisas novas que os viajantes encontravam e que não existiam ainda na língua italiana. Podemos comparar os casuais aos cometas, que permanecem nos céus por um curto período de tempo, iluminando e imprimindo a sua beleza, mas que logo em seguida desaparecem. A língua portuguesa tem um importante papel na constituição desse conjunto de empréstimos ocasionais, pois, ao registrar os novos elementos encontrados, os viajantes o faziam através da língua portuguesa, em fenômenos de interferência linguística, caracterizando uma aquisição inconsciente ou outras vezes, conscientemente. Para compor os corpora desta pesquisa escolhemos treze viajantes, dos séculos XVI e XVII, que estiveram em colônias e cidades existentes nas possessões ultramarinas. A seguir, selecionamos as ocorrências dos empréstimos e as analisamos à luz das teorias de Alves e Klajn. Portanto, esta pesquisa de doutorado tem por objetivo fazer um levantamento do registro do léxico casual do português na literatura dos viajantes italianos e examinar como esse léxico servia muitas vezes para dar uma cor local (GUSMANI, 1983; ALVES, 1990; APRILE, 2005) ao texto, subjugando a imaginação do leitor e expressando o desejo do viajante de tornar a sua obra imorredoura, eterna.
This research aims to record the loans of the Portuguese language in the literature of Italian travelers who had contact with the Portuguese. Zolli (1995), Zaccaria (1905, 1927) and D\'Agostino (1994) consider that the lexicon of Italian travelers is a source of loans called casuals. Or: Neologisms that have not had the opportunity to be part of the Italian language, but are used to describe the new things that travelers find - and still do not exist in their own language. We can compare the casuals to comets, which remain in the heavens for a short time, lighting up and printing-up its beauty in the skies and then disappearing. So these loans appear momentarily, but do not vanish: get eternally printed, fulfilling their function: to illuminate and give color to the text. The researchs corpora will comprise the Italian travelers, especially those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who were in colonies and overseas possessions. Soon after, we selected occurrences of loans and analyzed in the light of theories of Alves and Klajn. Therefore, this PhD research aims to survey the record of the casual lexicon of Portuguese literature by Italian travelers and examine how this lexicon often served to give a local color (GUSMANI, 1983; ALVES, 1990; APRILE, 2005) to the text, overwhelming the reader\'s imagination and expressing the desire of the traveler make his work undying, and eternal.

The second of two chapters, a study is presented that quantitatively examined the adolescent and young adult casual video game player from the perspective of age and gender. A total of 1,950 South Korean students self-reported their game play on mobile phones by answering a 92-item questionnaire designed to capture data on technology ownership; preference for game genre and titles; where and how often games were played; what factors influence the selection of games to play, what game features were the most desirable, the rationale behind playing games, and psychophysical changes experienced as a result of playing; as well as, spending habits with regard to game purchases. The findings supported many of the age and gender suppositions made about the casual player. For example, females played mobile games as much as males, and play time was limited to 30 minute increments almost equally among age groups and gender. New discoveries were also found to include positive benefits stemming from mobile games, such as improved mood and feelings of well-being along with better mental attention and focus.

The discovery of isotopes is best understood in the context of the spectacular advances in physics and chemistry that transpired during the last 200 years. Around the year 1800, compounds and elements had been distinguished. About 39 elements were recognized, and discoveries of new elements were occurring rapidly. At about this time, the chemist John Dalton revived the ancient idea of the atom, a word derived from the Greek “atomos,” which literally means “indivisible.” According to Dalton’s theory, all matter is made of atoms which are immutable and which cannot be further subdivided. Moreover, Dalton argued that all atoms of a given element are identical in all respects, including mass, but that atoms of different elements have different masses. Even today, Dalton’s atomic theory would be accepted by a casual reader, yet later developments have shown that it is erroneous in almost every one of its key aspects. Nevertheless, Dalton’s concept of the atom was a great advance, and, with it, he not only produced the first table of atomic weights, but also generated the concept that compounds comprise elements combined in definite proportions. His theory laid the groundwork for many other important advances in early nineteenth-century chemistry, including Avogadro’s 1811 hypothesis that equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of particles, and Prout’s 1815 hypothesis that the atomic weights of the elements are integral multiples of the weight of hydrogen. By 1870, approximately 65 elements had been identified. In that year, Mendeleev codified much of the available chemical knowledge in his “periodic table,” which basically portrayed the relationships between the chemical properties of the elements and their atomic weights. The regularities that Mendeleev found directly lead to the discovery of several “new” elements—for example, Sc, Ga, Ge, and Hf—that filled vacancies in his table and confirmed his predictions of their chemical properties and atomic weights. Similarly, shortly after Rayleigh and Ramsay isolated Ar from air in 1894, the element He was isolated from uranium minerals in 1895; the elements Ne, Kr, and Xe were found in air in 1898; and Rn was discovered in 1900.

Ants are truly amazing creatures. Most species of ant are virtually blind; some of which have no vision at all, yet despite this, they are able to explore and find their way around their environment, discovering and ‘remembering’ routes between their nest and food sources. Ants exhibit complex social behaviours, with different roles assigned to different ants, and they are able to perform organised operations, even, for example, relocating their entire nest. Even a casual observer of an ant colony can see the efficiency and organisation with which they perform tasks such as foraging food. They are able to find and follow shortest paths between locations, negotiating obstacles between them, and this problem is an active area of interest in computer science, particularly in computer game AI.

This chapter is a review of William Faulkner's novel, Soldiers' Pay, arguing that it reveals Faulkner as a “sensitive, observant person with a fine power of objectifying his own and other people's emotions...” Soldiers' Pay is the story of of a wounded aviator who returned home to a small town in Georgia following the conclusion of World War I. The text here claims that Soldiers' Pay is superior to to John Dos Passos's Soldiers Three, because it delves deeper into human nature. Faulkner's title indicated the irony which he discovers in the post-war situation, that irony familiar to returned soldiers, who came back to discover life moving as casually as ever in its old grooves, and people as much untouched by the war as by polar exploration. The text concludes by describing Soldiers' Pay as “a powerful book, done with careful artistry and with great warmth of feeling”.

“Culture shock” is a common phenomenon among visitors to another country, and even the most seasoned traveler can be stymied by local behavioral norms, cultural conventions, and values. Tourists often revel in the sensation of being surrounded by the exotic and unknown. Other visitors, such as foreign exchange students, face a greater challenge as they attempt to forge relationships with native classmates and host families while learning a new language. Immigrants also face a challenge of cultural adaptation when they arrive in their new country, but they have much more at stake than the casual tourist or exchange student. Although the shock experience fades in most cases, immigrants often continue to experience difficulties reconciling the dominating cultural norms and conventions of their new home with their own norms and values. That is, the habitus of the newcomer does not match local norms and expectations. The rules of the game are defined locally, and the stranger who is unfamiliar with the rules will be unable to play effectively or will be excluded from the game altogether. Labor markets and business networks also operate according to a set of rules. For immigrants, being unfamiliar with these rules can have profound effects. For example, many Chinese business-class immigrants who came to Canada as entrepreneurs quickly discovered that the business world operates differently in Vancouver than in Hong Kong or Taipei. Many of their businesses folded and their investments flopped because they were unprepared for stringent regulations, strange business practices, and peculiar consumer behavior (Ley 1999, 2003). Consequently, a large number of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs reoriented their investments back to China, where they knew how to run a business profitably. The return of Chinese entrepreneurs to East Asia is one of the reasons the astronaut family is a common phenomenon in Vancouver. Business regulations and conventions rendered Canada an unattractive place for investment by many Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs. In the labor market, conventions and norms are equally important. Many immigrants are unfamiliar with the norms and conventions of the hiring process in Canada, are unable to judge employers’ expectations, and are unaware of the codes of conduct in the Canadian workplace.

During the early nineteenth century, medical practice became professionalized and medical treatment standardized as medical school training became more popular and medical societies and journals were organized. Dispensary and hospital care increased with the growth in urban populations. Medical students became dissatisfied with the theoretical training in medical schools and turned to private courses from individual physicians and clinical instruction at hospitals and dispensaries. By mid-century, private instruction had become almost as important as medical school training. Because little progress occurred in medical knowledge during the first half of the nineteenth century, the quality of medical care remained low, although it became more standardized due to the greater popularity of medical school training. Diagnosis continued to be unsystematic and superficial. The physical examination consisted of observing the patient’s pulse, skin color, manner of breathing, and the appearance of the urine. Physicians attributed many diseases to heredity and often attached as much credence to the patient’s emotions and surmises as the natural history of the illness. Although the invention of the stethoscope in France in 1819 led to the use of auscultation and percussion, the new diagnostic tools contributed little to medical care in the short run because more accurate diagnoses did not lead to better treatment. Few useful drugs existed in the materia medica and they were often misused. According to Dowling, the United States Pharmacopoeia of 1820 contained only 20 active drugs, including 3 specifics: quinine for malaria, mercury for syphilis, and ipecac for amebic dysentery. Alkaloid chemistry led to the isolation of morphine from opium in 1817 and quinine from cinchona bark in 1820. Morphine was prescribed with a casual indifference to its addictive properties and quinine was widely used in nonmalarial fevers, where it was ineffective and produced dangerous side effects. Strychnine, a poisonous alkaloid isolated in 1818, was popular as a tonic for decades, and colchine, another alkaloid discovered in 1819, was widely used for gout despite its harmful side effects. Purgatives and emetics remained the most widely used drugs, although mineral drugs replaced botanical ones among physicians trained in medical schools because their actions were more drastic and immediate.

In schools, we listen. We listen to discoveries. We listen to tensions. We listen to revelations. Listening informs us about others and about ourselves. At the heart of teaching, there is listening. How good are we at listening? Do we give the speaker our full attention? Some of us specialize in distracted listening. We veer off course. We drift as we “listen” to a student telling us about his important news. We plan our lesson as we “listen” to lunchroom talk. We craft our rebuttal as we “listen” to someone disagreeing with us. As with so many other behaviors, our listening can have wide ranges of intensity. We can become so absorbed in our school duties that we develop a habit of not listening. Often, it seems, listening becomes a casualty of multitask­ing: “listening” as we grade papers, read an announcement, straighten our room. Yet news has also reached us that multitask­ing may not be as desirable as or effective as we think. When do we still our minds and bodies to just listen? • When a student expresses frustration in completing an assign­ment or learning task, gently “ask, listen, and learn” about the obstacle she is facing. • When a parent is worried about his child’s behavior, “ask, listen, and learn” to best formulate your compassionate response. • When a committee is at odds about projected changes, set the tone by “asking, listening, and learning” to further the goals of mutual, respectful problem- solving. When we infuse our schools with active listening and respon­sive commentary, we upgrade our levels of vitality and vigor. We supplant the detached “surface listening” with active, quizzical listening that provides real communication, real connection. As an experiment, devote one day to attentive, focused lis­tening at school. Notice what happens on your “listening day.” Any time you can demonstrate your willingness to listen to someone with a minimum of self- defensiveness or criticism, you are cultivating virtues within yourself that have a high payoff in self- respect.

On 16 April AD 2000 the 60th birthday of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark was celebrated. To mark this particular day seventeen new tapestries were placed in Christiansborg Palace, in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The tapestries depict the history of the Danish monarchy throughout 1,000 years. In the middle of the banqueting hall hangs the first and one of the largest tapestries about the Viking period. Here the history of King Gorm’s lineage begins: King Gorm the Old, his Queen Thyre, their son Harald Bluetooth, his son Svein, and Svein’s son Canute the Great, who ended up ruling over the whole of Denmark and England. Above the heads of the kings, ‘paganism’ fights against Christianity (Hornum 2000, 85). The most stately and noble monument in the history of Denmark are the Jelling Monuments. The Jelling Monuments stand as a key site in the archaeological and historical explanation of the political and religious transformations of the Scandinavian world at the end of the Viking Period. The site consists of the two largest burial mounds in Denmark, two runic stones dating from the Viking Period, and the church situated between the burial mounds. Since 2005, new excavations have expanded the monument area with the discovery of a huge stone setting depicting the outline of a ship measuring almost 360 metres in length, and a four-sided wooden palisade, which once encircled an area of approximately 12.5 hectares. The Northern Mound with a burial chamber is the centre for both the stone-ship and the entire expanse of the newly discovered palisade. Archaeological investigations in Jelling began as early as AD 1586, when Caspar Markdanner, King Frederik II’s lord lieutenant at Koldinghus Castle, raised one of the two rune-stones known at the site to an upright position so that its honour and dignity would be restored. In 1591 the lord lieutenant had an etching made of the entire site, and in 1643 Ole Worm drew up the first description of the monuments.

Empirical methods used for studying design thinking have included verbal protocols, case studies, and controlled experiments. Studies have looked at the role of design methods, strategies, tools, environment, experience, and group dynamics. Early empirical studies were casual and exploratory with loosely defined objectives and informal analysis methods. Current studies have become more formal, factor controlled, aiming at hypothesis testing, using statistical DOE and analysis methods such as ANOVA. Popular pursuits include comparison of experts and novices, identifying and overcoming fixation, role of analogies, effectiveness of ideation methods, and other various tools. A variety of data may be collected, related to both the process and the outcome (designs).There are still no standards for designing, collecting and analyzing data, partly due to the lack of cognitive models and theories of design thinking. Data analysis is tedious and the rate of discoveries has been slow. Future studies may need to develop computer based data collection and automated analyses, which may facilitate collection of massive amounts of data with the potential of rapid advancement of the rate of discoveries and development of cognitive models of design thinking.