Journal articles: 'Cat allergy - Homeopathic treatment'

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Ellinger, Liesbeth. "A Cat with an Itch." Homœopathic Links 31, no. 01 (March 2018): 077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629891.

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AbstractLiesbeth Ellinger is a veterinarian working together with three physicians in Centaurea. This homeopathic centre for humans and animals is situated in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. Liesbeth is an experienced teacher in veterinary homeopathy and is also active in research into the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment and prophylaxis for animals. In this article, she shares animal cases.

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Hedlin, Gunilla. "Treatment with cat allergy vaccines." Clinical Experimental Allergy 21, s1 (May 1991): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb01730.x.

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Bodey, A. L., C. J. Almond, and M. A. Holmes. "Double-blinded randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial of individualised homeopathic treatment of hyperthyroid cats." Veterinary Record 180, no. 15 (January 11, 2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104007.

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Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in older cats for which homeopathic treatment has been advocated. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial was performed to look for evidence of efficacy for the use of individualised homeopathy in the treatment of this disease. Using a case definition of a concentration of the thyroid hormone T4 >66 nmol/l, cats were randomised into two treatment arms. Either a placebo or a homeopathic treatment was given to each cat blindly. After 21 days, the T4 levels, weight (Wt) and heart rate (HR) were compared with pretreatment values. There were no statistically significant differences in the changes seen between the two treatment arms following placebo or homeopathic treatment (T4 P=0.96, Wt P=0.16, HR P=0.36) or between the means of each parameter for either treatment arm before and after placebo or homeopathic treatment (all P values >0.13). In a second phase of the study, patients in both treatment arms were given methimazole treatment for 21 days and T4, Wt and HR determined again. Again there were no statistically significant differences between the groups, but there were statistically significant reductions in T4 (P<0.0001) and HR (P=0.02), and a statistically significant increase in Wt (P=0.004) in both groups compared with their pre-methimazole treatment levels. The results of this study failed to provide any evidence of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.

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Kim, Linda S., June E. Riedlinger, Carol M. Baldwin, Lisa Hilli, Sarv Varta Khalsa, Stephen A. Messer, and Robert F. Waters. "Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Using Homeopathic Preparation of Common Allergens in the Southwest Region of the US: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 2005): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e387.

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BACKGROUND: Studies using homeopathy have reported beneficial effects from treating allergy-related conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a homeopathic drug prepared from common allergens (tree, grass, weed species) specific to the Southwest region of the US. METHODS: A 4-week, double-blind clinical trial comparing homeopathic preparations with placebo was conducted in the Phoenix metropolitan area during the regional allergy season from February to May. Participants included 40 men and women, 26–63 years of age, diagnosed with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Study outcomes included allergy-specific symptoms using the rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (RQLQ), functional quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), and the work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Scales from the RQLQ, MOS SF-36, and WPAI questionnaire showed significant positive changes from baseline to 4 weeks in the homeopathic group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Subjects reported no adverse effects during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate potential benefits of the homeopathic intervention in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in the Southwestern US.

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Wiesner, Katharina, Dirk Schramm, and Antje Schuster. "Cushing Syndrome Arising during Alternative Allergy Treatment with Homeopathic Preparations and Snake Venom." Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology 26, no. 2 (June 2013): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ped.2013.0230.

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Norman, P. S., J. L. Ohman, A. A. Long, P. S. Creticos, M. A. Gefter, Z. Shaked, R. A. Wood, et al. "Treatment of cat allergy with T-cell reactive peptides." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 154, no. 6 (December 1996): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.154.6.8970345.

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Suzuki, Itsuo, Fumihisa Okada, Kimiaki Uchimura, Kazuko Ito, Takashi Mitsubayashi, Tooru Akasaka, and Kazuichi Maeda. "DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CAT ALLERGY AND DOG ALLERGY IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN." Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi. The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1, no. 1 (1987): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3388/jspaci.1.25.

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Aabel, S. "Prophylactic and acute treatment with the homeopathic medicine Betula 30c for birch pollen allergy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of consistency of VAS responses." British Homeopathic Journal 90, no. 02 (April 2001): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0471.

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AbstractA study of the consistency of responses by allergic patients in repeated studies of the homeopathic remedy Betula 30c or placebo against birch pollen allergy, was made. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed including participants with a known allergy to birch pollen. Allergy symptoms were assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by patients or parents each day during a 20-day period during two different pollen seasons. The work was carried out in Oslo, Norway during May 1995, 1996 and 1997. There were 51 patients ranging in age from 7 to 50 y. The homeopathic remedy Betula 30c or placebo was given as tablets, both as a prophylactic agent, once a week for 4 weeks before the pollen season started, and as an acute remedy during the pollen season. The mean value of the symptom scores on the visual analogue scale, for all registration days from each patient was the main outcome. The patient groups that received either placebo or Betula 30c for two successive years showed a consistent response (r=0.75, P=0.01 and r=0.70, P=0.003, respectively). No such correlation was found in the two groups that changed remedy from one year to another (either from placebo to Betula or vice versa). Subjective assessment of allergic symptoms to birch pollen differed more from one year to another when different regimens (placebo or homeopathic) had been administered these two seasons, than when the same treatment had been given.

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Banerjee, Aniruddha, Laijun Nahar, Showket Ahmad Bhat, Ashutosha Kumar, Rachna Goenka, Pralay Sharma, Swapan Paul, et al. "Effectiveness of Adjunctive Mother Tinctures to Individualized Homeopathic Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: An Open Randomized Pragmatic Pilot Trial." Homœopathic Links 33, no. 01 (March 2020): 007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701672.

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Abstract Background We evaluated whether adjunctive mother tinctures (MTs) to individualized homeopathy (IH) have significant effect beyond IH alone in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Methods An open, randomized (1:1; IH + MT versus IH only), two parallel arms, pragmatic trial (n = 60) was conducted at National Institute of Homoeopathy, India. Primary outcomes were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC, measured at baseline and 6 months; secondary outcomes were Bengali COPD assessment test (CAT-B) questionnaire and (clinical COPD questionnaire) CCQ-B, measured at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months; and exacerbation frequencies during 6 months. Results Five patients dropped out (IH + MT: 3, IH: 2). Though intragroup changes were significant, intergroup differences of spirometric changes over 6 months were nonsignificant (Mann Whitney U test); FEV1 (P 0–6 = 0.761), FVC (P 0–6 = 0.512), and FEV1/FVC (P 0–6 = 0.741). Over 3 and 6 months, differences of changes in CAT-B (P 0–3 = 0.553 and P 0–6 = 0.900) and CCQ-B (P 0–3 = 0.428 and P 0–6 = 0.953) scores were also nonsignificant. Exacerbation frequencies were nonsignificant between groups over 6 months (p = 1.000). Conclusion Although adjunctive MTs to IH could not produce any treatment benefits in COPD, the trial being underpowered, cautious interpretation is necessary. Trial registration CTRI/2018/04/013394.

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Mazón-Suástegui, José, Joan Salas-Leiva, Andressa Teles, and Dariel Tovar-Ramírez. "Immune and Antioxidant Enzyme Response of Longfin Yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) Juveniles to Ultra-diluted Substances Derived from Phosphorus, Silica and Pathogenic Vibrio." Homeopathy 108, no. 01 (November 20, 2018): 043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672197.

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Background This research aimed to observe the effect of homeopathic treatments prepared from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus (H1) and commercial homeopathic medication Phosphoricum acidum and Silicea terra (H2) on the immune and antioxidant response in Seriola rivoliana juveniles under usual culture conditions and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Materials and Methods Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to study changes in the expression of key genes related to immune response, cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β]), adapter protein for cytokine release (MyD88) and piscidin and spectrophotometric techniques to analyze the activity of antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in Seriola rivoliana juveniles at 30 (weaning stage [WS]) and 60 (early juveniles [EJ]) days post-hatching. Results The H1 treatment led to over-expression of the IL-1β and MyD88 genes in fish at WS and EJ with respect to control, contrary to the H2 treatment that led to under-expression of the IL-1β, MyD88 and piscidin genes at the EJ stage. In fish challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, both H1 and H2 led to over-expression of IL-1β and MyD88; H2 caused an over-expression of piscidin. The SOD activity was higher in H1 with respect to H2 and the control group. CAT remained relatively stable with both H1 and H2 treatments. Conclusions The results suggest that the overall effect of H1 was due to the presence of unknown antigens in low concentrations, while the response to H2—specifically during challenge—may have been due to a stimulating effect of nano-structures, prevailing from mother tincture after sequential dilution/succussion, in a pathway similar to that attributed to nano-vaccines.

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Hafner, Rod, Peter Couroux, Kristen Armstrong, Deepen Patel, and Mark Larche. "1. Two Year Persistent Treatment Effect Achieved After 4 Doses of Cat-Peptide Antigen Desensitization (Cat-PAD) in an Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) Model of Cat Allergy." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 2 (February 2013): AB147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1185.

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Schmitz, Nicole, Klaus Dietmeier, Monika Bauer, Melanie Maudrich, Stefan Utzinger, Simone Muntwiler, Philippe Saudan, and Martin F. Bachmann. "Displaying Fel d1 on virus-like particles prevents reactogenicity despite greatly enhanced immunogenicity: a novel therapy for cat allergy." Journal of Experimental Medicine 206, no. 9 (August 10, 2009): 1941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20090199.

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Allergen-specific desensitization is the only disease-modifying therapy currently available for the treatment of allergies. These therapies require application of allergen over several years and some may induce life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. An ideal vaccine for desensitization should be highly immunogenic and should alleviate allergic symptoms upon few injections while being nonreactogenic. We describe such a vaccine for the treatment of cat allergy, consisting of the major cat allergen Fel d1 coupled to bacteriophage Qβ-derived virus-like particles (Qβ–Fel d1). Qβ–Fel d1 was highly immunogenic, and a single vaccination was sufficient to induce protection against type I allergic reactions. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies were shown to be the critical effector molecules and alleviated symptoms by two distinct mechanisms. Although allergen-induced systemic basophil degranulation was inhibited in an FcγRIIb-dependent manner, inhibition of local mast cell degranulation in tissues occurred independently of FcγRIIb. In addition, treatment with Qβ–Fel d1 abolished IgE memory responses upon antigen recall. Despite high immunogenicity, the vaccine was essentially nonreactogenic and vaccination induced neither local nor systemic anaphylactic reactions in sensitized mice. Moreover, Qβ–Fel d1 did not induce degranulation of basophils derived from human volunteers with cat allergies. These data suggest that vaccination with Qβ–Fel d1 may be a safe and effective treatment for cat allergy.

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WOOD, ROBERT A, ELIZABETH F JOHNSON, MARK L VAN NATTA, PEI HUA CHEN, and PEYTON A EGGLESTON. "A Placebo-controlled Trial of a HEPA Air Cleaner in the Treatment of Cat Allergy." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 158, no. 1 (July 1998): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9712110.

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Phipatanakul, Wanda, Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn, Peyton A. Eggleston, Mark Van Natta, Jana Kesavan, Kenneth Schuberth, and Robert A. Wood. "The efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of cat allergen–induced asthma in children." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 109, no. 5 (May 2002): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.123530.

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LILJA, G., B. SUNDIN, V. GRAFFLONNEVIG, G. HEDLIN, H. HEILBORN, K. NORRLIND, K. PEGELOW, and H. LOWENSTEIN. "Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts IV. Effects of 2 years of treatment." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(89)90475-2.

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Corren, Jonathan, Lisa Wheatley, Srinath Sanda, David Larson, Tielin Qin, Pedro Avila, Fuad Baroody, et al. "Effects of Combined Treatment with Cat Allergen Immunotherapy and Tezepelumab on Nasal Allergen Challenge." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 145, no. 2 (February 2020): AB336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.063.

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Rzeszutek, Urszula. "Successful Treatment of a Multi-Drug-Resistant Severely Pruritic Hypersensitivity Dermatitis in a Cat." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2020 (October 14, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897365.

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A 3-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was presented with a severely pruritic dermatitis. After exclusion of flea allergy dermatitis, ectoparasite infestation, retroviral infection, neoplasia, and cutaneous adverse food reaction, a diagnosis of nonflea, nonfood hypersensitivity dermatitis (NFNFHD) was made. The resolution of complicating bacterial infection and yeast overgrowth did not improve the animal’s condition. Numerous antipruritic treatment modalities used during the investigation proved unsuccessful, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive prednisolone doses, oclacitinib, antihistamines, ciclosporin A, and supplementation with essential fatty acids. Allergen-specific serology test results were negative. Treatment with oral dexamethasone allowed a complete resolution of clinical signs. The cat has been successfully maintained in remission for over 12 months. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report of a cat with multi-drug-resistant NFNFHD treated successfully with dexamethasone.

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Saarne, T., T. Neimert-Andersson, H. Grönlund, M. Jutel, G. Gafvelin, and M. van Hage. "Treatment with a Fel d 1 hypoallergen reduces allergic responses in a mouse model for cat allergy." Allergy 66, no. 2 (August 30, 2010): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02468.x.

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Wright, T. M., and J. M. Farber. "5' regulatory region of a novel cytokine gene mediates selective activation by interferon gamma." Journal of Experimental Medicine 173, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.173.2.417.

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A newly described member of the platelet factor 4 family of cytokine genes, mig, is selectively induced by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and not IFN-alpha, in the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with IFN-gamma activated mig gene transcription as determined by nuclear run-on assays. mig genomic clones were isolated, and constructs containing genomic fragments that included the mig promoter region and the CAT reporter gene were prepared. In RAW 264.7 cells transfected with these constructs, CAT activity was found to be selectively induced by IFN-gamma. A 278-bp genomic fragment containing 235 nucleotides 5' of the transcription start site was sufficient for IFN-gamma-selective induction of CAT activity. Analysis of 5' deletion mutants localized a region essential for activation by IFN-gamma to within 64 nucleotides extending from -235 to -172. A genomic fragment containing this sequence was capable of conferring IFN-gamma inducibility to constructs with a heterologous promoter.

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Namazova-Baranova, Leyla S., Kamilla Y. Efendieva, Julia G. Levina, Elena A. Vishneva, Anna A. Alekseeva, Vera G. Kalugina, Konstantin S. Volkov, Polina S. Arimova, Alina R. Pankova, and Anastasiya D. Lamasova. "Innovative Management Methods for Patients Allergic to Cats." Current Pediatrics 19, no. 4 (September 19, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v19i4.2136.

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The prevalence of allergies to domestic animals increases due to the increase in the number of pets worldwide, followed by serious medical and social problems. Domestic cat (Felis domesticus) is one of the most common pets and one of the most frequent (after dust mite) source of indoor allergens and risk factor for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. This review collects relevant information on the issues of hypersensitivity to cat allergens (the term «cat allergy» will be used later). The authors consider issues of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this condition. Special attention is given to the management of patients with cat allergies and particularly usage of special nutrition for cats that can reduce the level of the main cat allergen Fel d 1 in the environment. Whereas, this leads to decrease of allergic diseases symptoms severity.

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Bašić, Jelena, Jelena Vojinović, Tatjana Jevtović-Stoimenov, Milena Despotović, Tatjana Cvetković, Dragana Lazarević, Gordana Sušić, Vuk Milošević, Mina Cvetković, and Dušica Pavlović. "The association of CAT-262C/T polymorphism with catalase activity and treatment response in juvenile idiopathic arthritis." Rheumatology International 39, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04246-3.

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Aabel, S. "No beneficial effect of isopathic prophylactic treatment for birch pollen allergy during a low-pollen season: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of homeopathic Betula 30c." British Homeopathic Journal 89, no. 04 (October 2000): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0440.

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AbstractThe objective of this research was to determine if the homeopathic medicine Betula 30c is more effective than placebo at reducing symptoms of pollen allergy in patients sensitive to birch pollen. It was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Tablets were given both as a prophylactic agent, once a week four weeks before the pollen season and as an acute remedy during the pollen season. The study was done in Oslo, Norway, in May 1996 and involved 73 children, adolescents and young adults from 7 to 25 y of age. Allergy-symptoms were assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by patients or parents. Main outcome measure was the median (with its 95% confidence interval) of the symptom scores for all the treated patients, each day during a 10-day period. The pollen count was very low in 1996, only three days were high enough to provoke allergic symptoms. Surprisingly, the verum treated patients fared worse than the placebo group; they used more rescue medication and had higher symptom scores during these three days. Homeopaths might attribute the findings to a putative aggravation response, but the results certainly do not lend support to the usefulness of the tested prophylactic approach, under conditions of low allergen exposure.

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Jańczak, Dawid, Elżbieta Gołąb, Dominika Borkowska-Bąkała, and Karolina Barszcz. "Demodex gatoi infestation in British Shorthair cat treated chronically with immunosuppressive drugs." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 4 (2017): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5685.

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To date, only a few cases of Demodex gatoi demodecosis have been reported around the world. D. gatoi is a species of mites that infest cats. The mite is much smaller than D. cati and inhabits the superficial keratin skin layer rather than hair follicles. We describe D. gatoi infestation in a young male British Shorthair cat with pruritic dermatosis treated chronically with immunosuppressive drugs for food allergy. In this report we present the diagnostic process and problems associated with the treatment of D. gatoi infestation in a cat undergoing immunosuppressive therapy

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Feustel, Sina, Fabiola Ayón-Pérez, Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez, Roberto Rodríguez-Echevarría, Homero Contreras-Salinas, Juan Armendáriz-Borunda, and L. V. Sánchez-Orozco. "Protective Effects of Moringa oleifera on HBV Genotypes C and H Transiently Transfected Huh7 Cells." Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6063850.

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Chronic hepatitis B infection treatment implicates a long-lasting treatment. M. oleifera extracts contain compounds with antiviral, antioxidant, and antifibrotic properties. In this study, the effect of M. oleifera was evaluated in Huh7 cells expressing either HBV genotypes C or H for the antiviral, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative responses. Huh7 cells were treated with an aqueous extract of M. oleifera (leaves) at doses of 0, 30, 45, or 60 μg/mL. The replicative virus and TGF-β1, CTGF, CAT, IFN-β1, and pgRNA expressions were measured by real time. HBsAg and IL-6 titers were determined by ELISA. CTGF, TGF-β1, IFN-β1, and pgRNA expressions decreased with M. oleifera treatment irrespective of the HBV genotype. HBsAg secretion in the supernatant of transfected Huh7 cells with both HBV genotypes was decreased regardless of the dose of M. oleifera. Similar effect was observed in proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, which had a tendency to decrease at 24 hours of treatment. Transfection with both HBV genotypes strongly decreased CAT expression, which is retrieved with M. oleifera treatment. M. oleifera treatment reduced fibrosis markers, IL-6, and HBsAg secretion in HBV genotypes C and H. However, at the level of replication, only HBV-DNA genotype C was slightly reduced with this treatment.

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OHMAN, J., D. BENNETT, M. HAPP, M. SETTLES, N. JONES, S. HIRANI, and A. LONG. "817 The cat room model for associating allergen levels with asthma symptoms and evaluating treatment effects of peptide therapy." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 97, no. 1 (January 1996): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(96)81035-9.

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Kaplan, Daniel, and Chrysoula Dosiou. "Two Cases of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism Treated With Homeopathic Remedies Containing Herbal Extracts from Lycopus spp. and Melissa officinalis." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1984.

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Abstract Background: Plant extracts from species of Lycopus (bugleweed) and Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) have long been used as folk remedies in the treatment of hyperthyroidism1. In vitro studies have shown that extracts from bugleweed and lemon balm inhibit stimulation of thyroid hormone production by both TSH and Graves’ antibodies1. An in vivo study in rats showed that oral bugleweed extract alters extra-thyroidal T4 conversion2. Case 1: A 64 year-old woman presented for routine examination and was found to have a TSH of 0.01 mIU/L on 6/6/2016. Labs the next month showed FT4 1.4ng/dL (0.8-1.8) and FT3 4.7pg/mL (2.3-4.2). TSI was elevated to 275% (Normal<140%), consistent with Graves’. She did not have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The patient’s cat had been treated for hyperthyroidism with Thyrosoothe (TS), a formulation containing extracts from bugleweed and lemon balm. After being diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, the patient began taking TS. On 9/12/16 the patient’s labs were improved with TSH 0.02mIU/L, FT4 0.88 ng/dL (0.8-1.8) and Total T3 86 (76-181). Three months later, the patient’s TSH was 1.89 with normal FT4, Total T3 and TSI. She took TS for 9 months. Her thyroid function tests have remained normal since starting TS, without the need for any other anti-thyroid medications. Case 2: A 46 year-old female presented with periorbital edema in July 2018 and was referred to an ophthalmologist, who diagnosed her with thyroid eye disease. She was also complaining of palpitations and “jitteriness”. She was found to be hyperthyroid on labs and was treated with methimazole (MMI) between August 2018 and February 2019, requiring doses of up to 10mg BID. In March 2019 she stopped MMI due to transaminitis and began taking a thyroid tincture containing bugleweed and lemon balm extract. She has remained euthyroid on the herbal tincture, her transaminitis has resolved, and she has not required any further anti-thyroid medication. Her TSI, which was 0.84 IU/L (Normal<0.55) in May 2019, normalized to 0.36 IU/L in June 2020, after 15 months on this tincture, which she is still taking. Conclusion: In vitro and rat studies of bugleweed and lemon balm extract have demonstrated anti-thyroidal effects. This is the first report of the use of these plant extracts in the treatment of two patients with Graves’ disease, in whom it led to restoration of euthyroidism and normalization of TSI titers. Further study of the anti-thyroidal effects of bugleweed and lemon balm in humans is warranted to evaluate its potential role as an adjunctive therapy in Graves’ disease.References: 1. Auf’Mkolk, M., et al. “Extracts and Auto-Oxidized Constituents of Certain Plants Inhibit the Receptor-Binding and the Biological Activity of Graves’ Igs*.” Endocrinology, vol. 116, no. 5, May 1985, pp. 1687–93. 2. Winterhoff, H., et al. “Endocrine Effects of Lycopus Europaeus L. Following Oral Application.” Arzneim. Forsch., vol. I, no. 44, 1944.

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Aabel, S., E. Laerum, S. Dølvik, and P. Djupesland. "Is homeopathic ‘immunotherapy’ effective? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with the isopathic remedy Betula 30c for patients with birch pollen allergy." British Homeopathic Journal 89, no. 04 (October 2000): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0430.

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AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine the effect of the homeopathic remedy Betula 30c vs placebo for patients with birch pollen allergy. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out. Tablets were given for 4 weeks during the birch pollen season. The setting was Oslo, Norway, May 1995.Patients were aged between 18 and 50 y; 32 patients received Betula 30c tablets and 34 patients received placebo tablets.The main outcome measure was the total score of 17 different allergy symptoms. Daily total scores were calculated, as well as differences and ratios between the run-in and the following time periods. Point estimates of the median difference between the experimental and placebo groups, with their 95% confidence intervals, were the main measure of effect.No statistically significant difference between the groups was found during the first and last period of May. However, from 8 to 18 May, a clinically interesting difference was revealed between the groups, those receiving Betula 30c having fewer and less serious symptoms. For some days these differences were statistically significant. Surprisingly, this group reported more aggravation from the tablets than did the placebo group.With a statistical power of 70% for a defined clinically interesting difference (25%), the present results indicate that treatment with Betula 30c during the pollen season deserves further attention.

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Calzada, David, Selene Baos, Lucia Cremades, and Blanca Cardaba. "New Treatments for Allergy: Advances in Peptide Immunotherapy." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 19 (May 30, 2018): 2215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171201114353.

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Background: Nowadays, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment able to modulate the course of allergic diseases. Although it has been applied for the last 100 years, treatment with whole allergen extracts is not without its drawbacks: AIT can cause local and systemic adverse events and may produce new IgE sensitization against other allergens present in the extract. Furthermore, the lengthy treatment duration (3-5 years), frequent administration, and high cost of treatment are other disadvantages. For these reasons, there is a need for safer and more effective AIT strategies. One promising approach is the use of synthetic peptides representing the B- or T-cell epitopes of allergens. Objective: This review summarizes the main advances in peptide immunotherapy, from preclinical models to early clinical trials, focusing on house dust mite, bee venom, cat allergy, and Oleaceae pollinosis. Results: Following an extensive review of the relevant literature, we summarize how peptide therapies may change the course of allergic diseases and promote allergen tolerance, thereby ameliorating the main disadvantages of AIT. Although the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet fully defined, they seem to depend on structure, length, peptide sequence, and route of administration. This novel immunotherapy has been demonstrated to modulate the immune system, promoting regulatory T-cell induction and Th2 inhibition. This tolerance-inducing potential has led this therapy to be termed SPIRE (synthetic peptide immuno-regulatory epitopes). Conclusion: Experimental models and clinical trials have demonstrated the usefulness of SPIRE treatment to cure these diseases, opening a new era in allergen therapeutics.

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Aabel, S. "No beneficial effect of isopathic prophylactic treatment for birch pollen allergy during a low-pollen season: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of homeopathic Betula 30c." British Homeopathic Journal 89, no. 4 (2000): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bhj.5800440.

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Platts-Mills, Thomas A. E., Behnam Keshavarz, Jeffrey M. Wilson, Rung-chi Li, Peter W. Heymann, Diane R. Gold, Emily C. McGowan, and Elizabeth A. Erwin. "An Overview of the Relevance of IgG4 Antibodies in Allergic Disease with a Focus on Food Allergens." Children 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050418.

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Antibodies of the IgG4 isotype are strongly associated with allergic disease but have several properties such as not precipitating with allergens, not activating complement and poor binding to Fcγ receptors that argue against a pro-inflammatory role. In keeping with that, IgG4 antibodies are a striking feature of the response to immunotherapy. In two naturally occurring situations IgG4 antibodies are common with low or absent IgE antibodies. The first example is children raised in a house with a cat and the second is eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In many population-based cohorts, the ownership of a cat in early childhood is associated with a decreased prevalence of a cat allergy at age 10. The second example (i.e., EoE) is a novel form of food allergy that is not mediated by IgE and is related to consuming cow’s milk or wheat. In EoE, patients have IgG4 to milk proteins in high > 10 µg/mL or very high > 100 µg/mL titers. Enigmatically these patients are found to have deposits of IgG4 in the wall of their inflamed esophagus. The factors that have given rise to EoE remain unclear; however, changes in food processing over the past 50 years, particularly ultra-heat treatment and the high pressure homogenization of milk, represent a logical hypothesis.

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Kessler, D. J., M. P. Duyao, D. B. Spicer, and G. E. Sonenshein. "NF-kappa B-like factors mediate interleukin 1 induction of c-myc gene transcription in fibroblasts." Journal of Experimental Medicine 176, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.176.3.787.

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Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a pluripotent cytokine involved in mediating a variety of physiological processes, including induction of cell proliferation upon wound healing. Treatment of quiescent FS-4 human dermal fibroblast cells with IL-1 activates c-myc gene transcription, and nuclear localization of NF-kappa B. Previously, we have noted that the murine c-myc gene contains two functional NF-kappa B sites located at -1101 to -1081 bp (upstream regulatory element [URE]) and +440 to +459 bp (internal regulatory element [IRE]) relative to the P1 promoter. Here we have demonstrated that IL-1 treatment induced binding of NF-kappa B-like proteins (p50/p65) to these c-myc elements. Heterologous promoter-CAT constructs driven by multiple copies of either the URE or IRE were IL-1 inducible when transfected into FS-4 cells. In contrast, constructs harboring elements with two G to C residue conversions, such that they were no longer able to bind NF-kappa B, were not responsive to IL-1. Mutation of these two base pairs at both NF-kappa B sites within a c-myc promoter/exon I-CAT construct, resulted in loss of inducibility with IL-1 upon transfection into quiescent FS-4 cells. Thus, IL-1 significantly induces c-myc expression through positive regulation by NF-kappa B, suggesting a role for this family of factors in activation of proliferation associated with wound healing.

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Zhang, Yan, Jun Cheng, Yuanyuan Li, Ruoxi He, Pinhua Pan, Xiaoli Su, and Chengping Hu. "The Safety and Efficacy of Anti–IL-13 Treatment with Tralokinumab (CAT-354) in Moderate to Severe Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 7, no. 8 (November 2019): 2661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.030.

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Morelli, Simone, Anastasia Diakou, Mariasole Colombo, Angela Di Cesare, Alessandra Barlaam, Dimitris Dimzas, and Donato Traversa. "Cat Respiratory Nematodes: Current Knowledge, Novel Data and Warranted Studies on Clinical Features, Treatment and Control." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040454.

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The nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are the most important parasites inhabiting the airways of cats. They are receiving growing attention from academia, pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians, and are now considered a primary cause of respiratory diseases in feline clinical practice and parasitology. In the past few years, several studies have been conducted in both natural and experimental settings to increase knowledge, provide new insights and fill gaps on respiratory parasitoses of cats. Awareness and knowledge of clinical scenarios towards appropriate and timely diagnosis and prompt and efficacious treatment options have become a priority to investigate. At the same time, chemopreventative approaches have been evaluated to assess the geographical spreading of these parasites and the rise in the number of clinical cases in cat populations of different countries. Given the intense accumulation of novel data, this review presents and discusses the state of the art and the latest updates on the clinical features, treatment, and control of major respiratory parasitoses of cats. Moreover, food for thought is also provided with the aim of spurring on new studies in the near future.

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Nelson, Harold S. "How important is proper dosing for subcutaneous and sublingual allergy immunotherapy?" Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 42, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.210061.

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Background: Results of surveys report that allergists use a wide range of doses for allergy immunotherapy; however, results of randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled studies suggest that the range of the optimum effective dosing is relatively narrow. Objective: To review studies that established effective or less than fully effective doses for allergy immunotherapy. Methods: Studies were reviewed that established effective and ineffective subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy doses. Only those studies that expressed dosing in terms of the content of a major allergen in the maintenance doses were included in defining effective and ineffective doses. Results: Studies were identified that showed effective doses for subcutaneous injection, established in randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials, for short ragweed, timothy grass, house-dust mites, cat and dog dander, birch, and Alternaria. For short ragweed, timothy grass, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and cat and dog dander, less-effective doses were determined, along with effective doses; the less-effective doses were only one-fifth to one-tenth less in allergen content than were the effective doses. Effective doses of cockroach and all fungal extracts except Alternaria have not been established. Information is available on the mean major allergen content of U.S. standardized and a few nonstandardized extracts, which allows the information on effective and ineffective dosing to be used in prescribing subcutaneous allergy immunotherapy. With sublingual allergy immunotherapy, all the approved tablets had multidose studies that determined the optimal dose. For the U.S. liquid extracts, to my knowledge, there are no studies to define effective doses except for ragweed. Conclusions: Although a wide range of doses are prescribed by U.S. allergists, analysis of available data suggests that effective doses fall within a narrow range and that use of doses one-fifth or one-tenth of the effective doses may sacrifice most or all of the potential efficacy of the treatment.

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Hafner, Roderick Peter, Peter Couroux, Annemarie Salapatek, Pascal Hickey, Paul Laidler, Mark Larché, and Deepen Patel. "Immunotherapy – 2080. Fel d 1 derived peptide antigen desensitization results in a persistent treatment effect on symptoms of cat allergy 1 year after 4 doses." World Allergy Organization Journal 6 (2013): P162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-6-s1-p162.

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Ghielmetti, Giovanni, Sarah Schmitt, Ute Friedel, Franco Guscetti, and Ladina Walser-Reinhardt. "Unusual Presentation of Feline Leprosy Caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium in the Alpine Region." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060687.

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A 9-year-old cat was referred with multiple, raised, ulcerative and non-ulcerative nodules in the periocular area, sclera and ear-base region, and on the ventral aspect of the tongue. In addition, a progressive ulcerative skin nodule on the tail was observed. Fine-needle aspirations of multiple nodules from the eyelid and sclera revealed the presence of histiocytes with numerous acid-fast intracellular bacilli. The replication of slowly growing mycobacteria in liquid media was detected from biopsied nodules after three months of incubation. The molecular characterization of the isolate identified Mycobacterium (M.) lepraemurium as the cause of the infection. The cat was treated with a combination of surgical excision and a four-week course of antimicrobial therapy including rifampicin combined with clarithromycin. This is an unusual manifestation of feline leprosy and the first molecularly confirmed M. lepraemurium infection in a cat with ocular involvement in Europe. The successful combination of a surgical and antimycobacterial treatment regimen is reported.

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Campbell, John D., Karen F. Buckland, Sarah J. McMillan, Jennifer Kearley, William L. G. Oldfield, Lawrence J. Stern, Hans Grönlund, et al. "Peptide immunotherapy in allergic asthma generates IL-10–dependent immunological tolerance associated with linked epitope suppression." Journal of Experimental Medicine 206, no. 7 (June 15, 2009): 1535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082901.

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Treatment of patients with allergic asthma using low doses of peptides containing T cell epitopes from Fel d 1, the major cat allergen, reduces allergic sensitization and improves surrogate markers of disease. Here, we demonstrate a key immunological mechanism, linked epitope suppression, associated with this therapeutic effect. Treatment with selected epitopes from a single allergen resulted in suppression of responses to other (“linked”) epitopes within the same molecule. This phenomenon was induced after peptide immunotherapy in human asthmatic subjects and in a novel HLA-DR1 transgenic mouse model of asthma. Tracking of allergen-specific T cells using DR1 tetramers determined that suppression was associated with the induction of interleukin (IL)-10+ T cells that were more abundant than T cells specific for the single-treatment peptide and was reversed by anti–IL-10 receptor administration. Resolution of airway pathophysiology in this model was associated with reduced recruitment, proliferation, and effector function of allergen-specific Th2 cells. Our results provide, for the first time, in vivo evidence of linked epitope suppression and IL-10 induction in both human allergic disease and a mouse model designed to closely mimic peptide therapy in humans.

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Kulmer, Lisa-Maria, Maria Sophia Unterköfler, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Varvara Janovska, Matus Pagac, Michaela Svoboda, Luigi Venco, and Michael Leschnik. "First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091104.

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This case report is about a seven-year-old male neutered European Shorthair cat infected by Dirofilaria immitis as the first reported autochthonous Dirofilaria immitis infection in Austria. There was no history of periods abroad. Echocardiography showed suspected D. immitis in the right cardiac chamber with increased pulmonary pressure and ascites. Surgical removal of the heartworms was performed. Twenty adult heartworms were removed by transvenous jugular approach under general anesthesia and stored in 4% formalin. Five out of 20 specimens were examined via light and stereomicroscopy and feline heartworm infection was confirmed. Amplification of a 203 bp or 724 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was unsuccessful. After surgery the cat developed acute renal failure but recovered quickly. One year later, the cat underwent a control examination including echocardiography and blood work. There were no more D. immitis detectable at echocardiography. Lung pressure was mildly increased. Complete blood count and creatinine were unremarkable. The Knott’s test and Dirofilaria-Antigen-test produced negative results. The cat did not show any clinical signs during the follow-up period. The aim of this case report is to highlight the growing risk of acquiring infection with D. immitis not only for Austrian dogs, but also for cats. This case report represents the first report of autochthonous D. immitis infection in Austria. Moreover, even if the prognosis in cats with caval syndrome due to feline heartworm disease is guarded to poor, surgical removal of the filariae can be a successful treatment option.

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Hussein, Abdelaziz M., Elsayed A. Eid, Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah, Medhat Taha, and Lashin S. Lashin. "Exercise and Stevia Rebaudiana (R) Extracts Attenuate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Underlying Mechanisms." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 7 (September 9, 2020): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200420084444.

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Background and Aims: In the current work, we studied the effects of exercise and stevia rebaudiana (R) extracts on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic rats and their possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: : Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups; a) normal control group, b) DM group, type 2 diabetic rats received 2 ml oral saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ Exercise, type 2 diabetic rats were treated with exercise for 4 weeks and d) DM+ stevia R extracts: type 2 diabetic rats received methanolic stevia R extracts. By the end of the experiment, serum blood glucose, HOMA-IR, insulin and cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK-MB), cardiac histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH and CAT), myocardial fibrosis by Masson trichrome, the expression of p53, caspase-3, α-SMA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by immunostaining in myocardial tissues were measured. Results: T2DM caused a significant increase in blood glucose, HOMA-IR index, serum CK-MB and LDH, myocardial damage and fibrosis, myocardial MDA, myocardial α-SMA, p53, caspase-3, Nrf2 and TH density with a significant decrease in serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT (p< 0.05). On the other hand, treatment with either exercise or stevia R extracts significantly improved all studied parameters (p< 0.05). Moreover, the effects of stevia R was more significant than exercise (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Both exercise and methanolic stevia R extracts showed cardioprotective effects against DCM and Stevia R offered more cardioprotective than exercise. This cardioprotective effect of these lines of treatment might be due to attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, sympathetic nerve density and fibrosis and upregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2.

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Lunyakova, M. A., V. G. Demikhov, N. V. Inyakova, and E. A. Panina. "Atypical presentation of bartonellosis with hepatolienal lesions." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 20, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-1-136-144.

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Cat scratch disease is caused by the gram-negative intracellular bacterium Bartonella henselae (B. henselae). Human infection occurs mainly through cat scratches and bites. In typical cases, the clinical course is presented by a primary affect on the skin and regional lymphadenitis. The atypical presentation of infection can occur with fever, abdominal, ocular and neurological manifestations. A special feature of the abdominal form is the presence of solitary or multiple hypo/anechoic foci of different size and shape in the liver and spleen. B. henselae infection is one of the most common mimics of malignant lymphoma, when the spleen is involved in combination with B symptoms (weight loss, night sweats and prolonged fever). A history of recent contact with cats and diagnostic IgG titers to B. henselae indicate infection. There is no consensus on the choice of antimicrobial drug and the duration of therapy for systemic forms. The article presents its own experience in the diagnosis and treatment of such patients. The patient's parents agreed to use the information, including the child's photo, in scientific research and publications.

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Choi, Jeong Uk, Na Kyeong Lee, Hyungseok Seo, Seung Woo Chung, Taslim A. Al-Hilal, Seong Jin Park, Seho Kweon, et al. "Anticoagulation therapy promotes the tumor immune-microenvironment and potentiates the efficacy of immunotherapy by alleviating hypoxia." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, no. 8 (August 2021): e002332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002332.

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PurposeHere, this study verifies that cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) accelerates hypoxia, which is detrimental to the tumor immune microenvironment by limiting tumor perfusion. Therefore, we designed an oral anticoagulant therapy to improve the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy by alleviating tumor hypoxia.Experimental designA novel oral anticoagulant (STP3725) was developed to consistently prevent CAT formation. Tumor perfusion and hypoxia were analyzed with or without treating STP3725 in wild-type and P selectin knockout mice. Immunosuppressive cytokines and cells were analyzed to evaluate the alteration of the tumor microenvironment. Effector lymphocyte infiltration in tumor tissue was assessed by congenic CD45.1 mouse lymphocyte transfer model with or without anticoagulant therapy. Finally, various tumor models including K-Ras mutant spontaneous cancer model were employed to validate the role of the anticoagulation therapy in enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.ResultsCAT was demonstrated to be one of the perfusion barriers, which fosters immunosuppressive microenvironment by accelerating tumor hypoxia. Consistent treatment of oral anticoagulation therapy was proved to promote tumor immunity by alleviating hypoxia. Furthermore, this resulted in decrease of both hypoxia-related immunosuppressive cytokines and myeloid-derived suppressor cells while improving the spatial distribution of effector lymphocytes and their activity. The anticancer efficacy of αPD-1 antibody was potentiated by co-treatment with STP3725, also confirmed in various tumor models including the K-Ras mutant mouse model, which is highly thrombotic.ConclusionsCollectively, these findings establish a rationale for a new and translational combination strategy of oral anticoagulation therapy with immunotherapy, especially for treating highly thrombotic cancers. The combination therapy of anticoagulants with immunotherapies can lead to substantial improvements of current approaches in the clinic.

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Hafner, R. P., J. Efthimiou, A. Salapatek, D. Patel, and M. Larche. "Persistent Treatment Effect Achieved at One Year After 4 Doses of Fel d 1-Derived Peptide Immunotherapy in an Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) Model of Cat Allergy." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 2 (February 2012): AB144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.485.

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Tseng, Victoria L., Janet Lee, Fei Yu, Omar Sirsy, and Anne L. Coleman. "Associations between factors related to atopic disease and glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118771837.

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Introduction: Previous studies have suggested associations between glaucoma and serum sensitization to specific allergens. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between inciting factors for atopic disease, atopic diseases and symptoms, and glaucoma in the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: The study population included adult participants of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. Inciting factors for atopic disease included pet ownership, mildew/musty smell in home, cockroaches in home, use of water treatment devices, and crowded living conditions. Atopic diseases and symptoms included hay fever, eczema, any allergy, sneezing problems, and sinus infections. The outcome was glaucoma defined by the Rotterdam criteria. Covariates included age, gender, ethnicity, and allergy-related medication use. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between each exposure and glaucoma prevalence, controlling for all covariates. Statistical analyses were weighted by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey multistage sampling design. Results: The weighted study population included 83,205,587 subjects, of whom 2,657,336 (3.2%) had glaucoma. After adjusting for covariates, factors associated with increased glaucoma included cat ownership (odds ratio =1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–3.87) and mildew/musty smell in home (odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–3.84; borderline significance), while history of eczema was associated with decreased glaucoma (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.02–0.99). Conclusion: In National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, self-reported cat ownership is associated with increased glaucoma prevalence, while a mildew/musty smell in home may have a borderline association with increased glaucoma prevalence. These findings are possibly related to laboratory associations identified in the same population and further studies are needed to identify potential mechanisms to explain these associations.

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Raue, Katharina, Jonathan Raue, Daniela Hauck, Franz Söbbeler, Simone Morelli, Donato Traversa, Manuela Schnyder, Holger Volk, and Christina Strube. "Do All Roads Lead to Rome? The Potential of Different Approaches to Diagnose Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Infection in Cats." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050602.

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An infection with the cat lungworm, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, can be subclinical, but it can also cause severe respiratory clinical signs. Larvae excretion, antibody levels, clinical assessment findings of the respiratory system and diagnostic imaging findings were recorded and compared for six cats with experimental aelurostrongylosis. In five cats, patency started 33–47 days post infection (pi), but two cats excreted larvae only in long intervals and low numbers. Positive ELISA results were observed in four cats with patent aelurostrongylosis, starting between five days before and 85 days after onset of patency. One seropositive cat remained copromicroscopically negative. Mild respiratory signs were observed in all cats examined. A computed tomographic (CT) examination of the lungs displayed distinct alterations, even in absence of evident clinical signs or when larvae excretion was low or negative. The thoracic radiograph evaluation correlated with the CT results, but CT was more distinctive. After anthelmintic treatment in the 25th week post infection, pulmonary imaging findings improved back to normal within 6–24 weeks. This study shows that a multifaceted approach, including diagnostic imaging, can provide a clearer diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Furthermore, a CT examination provides an alternative to post mortem examination and worm counts in anthelmintic efficacy studies.

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Corey, Jacquelynne P. "Environmental Control of Allergens." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 111, no. 3P2 (September 1994): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01945998941113p202.

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Allergy therapy properly consists of three possible treatment methods that can be used singly or in combination: environmental control (avoidance), pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. What allergens are effectively treated by environmental control? There are several broad groups of allergens with which we are concerned: indoor allergens such as dust, animal dander, molds (indoor), and cockroach; and outdoor allergens such as trees, grasses, weeds, and molds (outdoor); and, lastly, foods. The largest body of work has been collected regarding the effectiveness of indoor allergens, especially dust mites and cat. Scientifically proven measures exist for dust mites, cats, and infant formulas. Practical advice for controlling the environment for other furred animals, cockroaches, molds, and pollens are summarized. More research on effective avoidance measures for these other allergens is needed to help our patients control their environment effectively.

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Pomerantz, R. J., M. B. Feinberg, D. Trono, and D. Baltimore. "Lipopolysaccharide is a potent monocyte/macrophage-specific stimulator of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression." Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.1.253.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potently stimulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1-long terminal repeat (HIV-1-LTR) CAT constructs transfected into monocyte/macrophage-like cell lines but not a T cell line. This effect appears to be mediated through the induction of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that LPS induces a DNA binding activity indistinguishable from NF-kappa B in U937 and THP-1 cells. LPS is also shown to dramatically increase HIV-1 production from a chronically infected monocyte/macrophage-like cloned cell line, U1, which produces very low levels of HIV-1 at baseline. The stimulation of viral production from this cell line occurs only if these cells are treated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) before treatment with LPS. This stimulation of HIV-1 production is correlated with an increase in the level of HIV-1 RNA and and activation of NF-kappa B. LPS is not able to induce HIV-1 production in a cloned T cell line. The effect of LPS on HIV-1 replication occurs at picogram per milliliter concentrations and may be clinically significant in understanding the variability of the natural history of HIV-1 infection.

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Lee, H., M. Arsura, M. Wu, M. Duyao, A. J. Buckler, and G. E. Sonenshein. "Role of Rel-related factors in control of c-myc gene transcription in receptor-mediated apoptosis of the murine B cell WEHI 231 line." Journal of Experimental Medicine 181, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.181.3.1169.

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Treatment of immature murine B lymphocytes with an antiserum against their surface immunoglobulin (sIg)M results in cell death via apoptosis. The WEHI 231 B cell line (IgM, kappa) has been used extensively as a model for this anti-Ig receptor-mediated apoptosis. Anti-sIg treatment of WEHI 231 cells causes an early, transient increase in the levels of c-myc messenger RNA and gene transcription, followed by a rapid decline below control values. Given the evidence for a role of the c-myc gene in promoting apoptosis, we have characterized the nature and kinetics of changes in the binding of Rel-related factors, which modulate c-myc promoter activity. In exponentially growing WEHI 231 cells, multiple Rel-related binding activities were detectable. The major binding species was identified as p50/c-Rel heterodimers; only minor amounts of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) (p50/p65) were detectable. Cotransfection of an inhibitor of NF-kappa B (I kappa B)-alpha expression vector reduced c-myc-promoter/upstream/exon1-CAT reporter construct activity, indicating the role of Rel factor binding in c-myc basal expression in these cells. Treatment with anti-sIg resulted in a rapid transient increase in the rate of c-myc gene transcription and in the binding of Rel factors. At later times, formation of p50 homodimer complexes occurred. In cotransfection analysis, p65 and c-Rel expression potently and modestly transactivated the c-myc promoter, respectively, whereas, overexpression of the p50 subunit caused a significant drop in its activity. The role of activation of Rel-family binding was demonstrated directly upon addition of the antioxidant pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, which inhibited the anti-sIg-mediated activation of the endogenous c-myc gene. Similarly, induction after anti-sIg treatment of a transfected c-myc promoter was abrogated upon cotransfection of an I kappa B-alpha expression vector. These results implicate the Rel-family in Ig receptor-mediated signals controlling the activation of c-myc gene transcription in WEHI 231 cells, and suggest a role for this family in apoptosis of this line, which is mediated through a c-myc signaling pathway.

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KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ), A. F., and M. N. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ). "Otitis externa in the dog and the eat." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 49, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15779.

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Otitis externa is the most common disorder of the cat ear canal in small animals, with a higher incidence in dogs than in cats. It has a multifactorial etiology comprising of numerous predisposing, primary and perpetuating factors. The most important primary causes are atopy, food allergy, otodectic mange, foreign bodies, endocrinopathies and keratinisation disorders. Bacteria and yeasts residing in the ear canal usually complicate the initial lesions thus leading to the establishment of ceruminous or suppurative otitis externa. Otitis media and chronic hyperplastic changes of the ear canal are hold responsible for the perpetuation of the disease. A diagnosis is easily made from the history, the cleaning of the ear canal and otoscopy, the cytologic and parasitologic examination of ear exudates, the bacterial culture and sensitivity testing and the radiography (cartilage mineralization, otitis media). Evaluation and treatment of the underlying skin disease is always necessary. Therapy of otitis externa depends on identifying and controlling the predisposing and primary factors, whenever possible. Medical treatment includes cleaning of the ear canals and the middle ear, applying topicals and/or administering systemic medications (acaricides, antifungal agents, antibiotics, glucocorticoids). Corrective surgeries are indicated in the refractory to medical treatment cases.

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Smith, Brandon, Erin K. McCreary, and J. Alex Viehman. "353. Starry Night, Starry Bright, A Lil’ Doxy Will Help You See the Light." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S245—S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.548.

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Abstract Background Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis (BHNR) is a rare complication of cat scratch disease (CSD) occurring in 1–2% of cases. BHNR requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential vision loss. Doxycycline, in combination with rifampin, is consider the treatment of choice. Empiric therapy is often started based on clinical suspicion prior to serologic confirmation. We present a case of BHNR requiring doxycycline graded challenge. Methods We report a case of a 45-year-old female with a past history of multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab presenting with acute right-sided vision loss. She reported suffering a cat scratch 6 weeks prior and had noteworthy tick exposure. She was admitted to our hospital for progressively worsening vision loss. MRI brain demonstrated right-sided enhancement consistent with retinitis. Ophthalmology exam suggestive of infectious papillitis, neuroretinitis, and granulomatous inflammation. Results Infectious diseases (ID) was consulted with concern for BHNR and a history of a severe tetracycline allergy, throat swelling age 17. Given declining vision and a differential including both Lyme disease and BHNR, the decision was made to empirically treat with doxycycline while awaiting serologic studies. She successfully underwent doxycycline graded challenge (10mg administered IV followed by 100mg administered IV one hour later) and ultimately completed a 6-week course of doxycycline in combination with 2 weeks of rifampin followed by 4 weeks of azithromycin. Bartonella serologies returned positive 1:256 and her Lyme screen was negative. At her 6-week follow up, her vision had significantly improved but not yet returned to baseline. Retina images Visual field testing Conclusion Doxycycline serves as a treatment of choice for BHNR; however, our patient reported a severe, likely IgE-mediated reaction to tetracycline 28 years prior. She subsequently tolerated the first doxycycline graded challenge at our institution. Unlike B-lactam allergies, there is a paucity of literature exploring the cross-reaction potentials of various tetracyclines. Limited evidence has suggested that cross-reactions are not absolute. Tetracycline allergies present an opportunity for antimicrobial stewardship. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Vasilyeva, E. A., Yu E. Rusak, E. N. Efanova, and L. N. Lebedeva. "Food and inhalation sensitization in atopic dermatitis." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 1 (2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-17-20.

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Aim: to study the association of food and inhalation sensitization with the severity of atopic dermatitis (AtD) in order to improve its treatment and prevention methods. Patients and Methods: the study included 50 patients with AtD from 2 to 44 years old. The study included clinical and laboratory research methods. The survey analyzed the history and anamnesis vitae, estimated the age at the AtD onset, determined the nature of concomitant pathology, the possible causes of cutaneous exacerbation, the allergic severity in the family history, the severity score on the SCORAD (Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis) scale and the efficacy of previous therapy. The immunological examination consisted of the quantitative determination of specific IgE and IgG antibodies in the blood serum to inhaled and food allergens by immunochemiluminescence assay on an IMMULITE 2000 XPi analyzer. Results: according to the detection frequency of IgE to food allergens in patients with AtD: the leading positions were taken by the chicken egg (egg white in 26% of cases, egg yolk in 20%); IgE to banana was detected in 17% of cases; in 12% — to cow’s milk, more common — to the β-lactoglobulin fraction. When studying the activity of inhaled allergens, respiratory sensitization to the cat epithelium was detected in 26% of cases, and to black birch — in 24%. Hypersensitivity to herbs (wormwood, herbal mixture) and house dust allergens (8%, respectively) was found much less common. In severe AtD, IgE to respiratory allergens prevailed: at n=38, the IgE concentration to cat epithelium and black birch was 12.4±1.4 IU/mL each. Besides, there was a significant sensitization to food allergens, namely, the IgE concentration to egg white — 5.4±0.9 IU/mL. Conclusion: the study revealed the sensitization of patients with AtD to food (mainly egg white, egg yolk, banana and cow’s milk) and respiratory (mainly cat epithelium, black birch) allergens. Determination of the IgE concentration in the blood serum of patients showed that there was a significant concentration increase to egg white, cat and black birch in severe AtD. Therefore, it is advisable to test for specific allergens in all patients with moderate to severe AtD. KEYWORDS: food sensitization, inhalation sensitization, atopic dermatitis, allergy, allergens, antibodies, immunochemiluminescence assay, IgE, triggers. FOR CITATION: Vasilyeva E.A., Rusak Yu.E., Efanova E.N., Lebedeva L.N. Food and inhalation sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):17–20. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-17-20.

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