Journal articles: 'Cat1'

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Giles, Steven S., Jason E. Stajich, Connie Nichols, Quincy D. Gerrald, J. Andrew Alspaugh, Fred Dietrich, and John R. Perfect. "The Cryptococcus neoformans Catalase Gene Family and Its Role in Antioxidant Defense." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 9 (September 2006): 1447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00098-06.

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ABSTRACT In the present study, we sought to elucidate the contribution of the Cryptococcus neoformans catalase gene family to antioxidant defense. We employed bioinformatics techniques to identify four members of the C. neoformans catalase gene family and created mutants lacking single or multiple catalase genes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, CAT1 and CAT3 encode putative spore-specific catalases, CAT2 encodes a putative peroxisomal catalase, and CAT4 encodes a putative cytosolic catalase. Only Cat1 exhibited detectable biochemical activity in vitro, and Cat1 activity was constitutive in the yeast form of this organism. Although they were predicted to be important in spores, neither CAT1 nor CAT3 was essential for mating or spore viability. Consistent with previous studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the single (cat1, cat2, cat3, and cat4) and quadruple (cat1 cat2 cat3 cat4) catalase mutant strains exhibited no oxidative-stress phenotypes under conditions in which either exogenous or endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species were elevated. In addition, there were no significant differences in the mean times to mortality between groups of mice infected with C. neoformans catalase mutant strains (the cat1 and cat1 cat2 cat3 cat4 mutants) and those infected with wild-type strain H99. We conclude from the results of this study that C. neoformans possesses a robust antioxidant system, composed of functionally overlapping and compensatory components that provide protection against endogenous and exogenous oxidative stresses.

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Hedges, D., M. Proft, and K. D. Entian. "CAT8, a new zinc cluster-encoding gene necessary for derepression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 4 (April 1995): 1915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.4.1915.

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The expression of gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (encoded by the FBP1 gene) depends on the carbon source. Analysis of the FBP1 promoter revealed two upstream activating elements, UAS1FBP1 and UAS2FBP1, which confer carbon source-dependent regulation on a heterologous reporter gene. On glucose media neither element was activated, whereas after transfer to ethanol a 100-fold derepression was observed. This gene activation depended on the previously identified derepression genes CAT1 (SNF1) (encoding a protein kinase) and CAT3 (SNF4) (probably encoding a subunit of Cat1p [Snf1p]). Screening for mutations specifically involved in UAS1FBP1 derepression revealed the new recessive derepression mutation cat8. The cat8 mutants also failed to derepress UAS2FBP1, and these mutants were unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources. The CAT8 gene encodes a zinc cluster protein related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal4p. Deletion of CAT8 caused a defect in glucose derepression which affected all key gluconeogenic enzymes. Derepression of glucose-repressible invertase and maltase was still normally regulated. A CAT8-lacZ promoter fusion revealed that the CAT8 gene itself is repressed by Cat4p (Mig1p). These results suggest that gluconeogenic genes are derepressed upon binding of Cat8p, whose synthesis depends on the release of Cat4p (Mig1p) from the CAT8 promoter. However, gluconeogenic promoters are still glucose repressed in cat4 mutants, which indicates that in addition to its transcription, the Cat8p protein needs further activation. The observation that multicopy expression of CAT8 reverses the inability of cat1 and cat3 mutants to grow on ethanol indicates that Cat8p might be the substrate of the Cat1p/Cat3p protein kinase.

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Frugoli, Julia A., Mark A. McPeek, Terry L. Thomas, and C. Robertson McClung. "Intron Loss and Gain During Evolution of the Catalase Gene Family in Angiosperms." Genetics 149, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.355.

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Abstract Angiosperms (flowering plants), including both monocots and dicots, contain small catalase gene families. In the dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana, two catalase (CAT) genes, CAT1 and CAT3, are tightly linked on chromosome 1 and a third, CAT2, which is more similar to CAT1 than to CAT3, is unlinked on chromosome 4. Comparison of positions and numbers of introns among 13 angiosperm catalase genomic sequences indicates that intron positions are conserved, and suggests that an ancestral catalase gene common to monocots and dicots contained seven introns. Arabidopsis CAT2 has seven introns; both CAT1 and CAT3 have six introns in positions conserved with CAT2, but each has lost a different intron. We suggest the following sequence of events during the evolution of the Arabidopsis catalase gene family. An initial duplication of an ancestral catalase gene gave rise to CAT3 and CAT1. CAT1 then served as the template for a second duplication, yielding CAT2. Intron losses from CAT1 and CAT3 followed these duplications. One subclade of monocot catalases has lost all but the 5′-most and 3′-most introns, which is consistent with a mechanism of intron loss by replacement of an ancestral intron-containing gene with a reverse-transcribed DNA copy of a fully spliced mRNA. Following this event of concerted intron loss, the Oryza sativa (rice, a monocot) CAT1 lineage acquired an intron in a novel position, consistent with a mechanism of intron gain at proto-splice sites.

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Robbertse, Barbara, O. C. Yoder, Anita Nguyen, Conrad L. Schoch, and B. Gillian Turgeon. "Deletion of all Cochliobolus heterostrophus Monofunctional Catalase-Encoding Genes Reveals a Role for One in Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress but None with a Role in Virulence." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 11 (November 2003): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.11.1013.

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The genome of the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus encodes three unlinked monofunctional catalase-encoding (CAT) genes that singly or in combination could offer protection against the harmful effects of oxidative stress. Phylogenetic analysis placed the CAT2 and CAT3 proteins in a cluster with large subunit catalases (CAT3 has a secretory signal sequence and was grouped with known secreted catalases), whereas CAT1 clustered with small subunit catalases. Single, double, and triple cat mutants were created and screened for sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and altered virulence on maize. All mutants deficient in CAT3 had enhanced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, as compared with wild type or with mutants deficient in CAT1, CAT2, or both. All catalase-deficient mutants had normal virulence to maize. Thus, the secreted CAT3 protein protects the fungus from oxidative stress during vegetative growth, but members of this enzyme family, alone or in combination, are not essential for virulence.

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Refli, R., Sukarti Muljopawiro, Kumala Dewi, and Diah Rachmawati. "Expression analysis of antioxidant genes in response to drought stress in the fl ag leaf of two Indonesian rice cultivars." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.8633.

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The objective of this study was to analysis the expression of antioxidant genes in response to droughtstress in Indonesian rice. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression of Cu-ZnSod1, cCu-ZnSod2,MnSod1, cApxa, cApxb, chl-sApx, Cat1, Cat2, Cat3, Gr1, Gr2, and Gr3 genes were assayed in the rice fl ag leaf ofCiherang and Situ Bagendit cultivars subjected to control, mild and severe drought during the grain fi llingphase. Increase in MDA content of Ciherang treated to mild and severe drought was almost two-fold andthree-fold respectively, while MDA content in Situ Bagendit subjected to mild and severe drought increasedapproximately one-fold and two-fold as compared to the control. The semi quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression of cCu-ZnSod1, MnSod1, Cat2, Gr3genes of Ciherang, and cCu-ZnSod2, MnSod1, cApxa, cApxb, chl-sAPX, Cat2 and Gr1 genes of Situ Bagendit increasedin fl ag leaf of plant treated to drought. Expressions of cApxb, chl-sApx, Cat3 of Ciherang and Cu-ZnSod1 and Gr2genes of Situ Bagendit were not changed signifi cantly by drought stress. Decreased expression was shownby cCu-ZnSod2, cApxa, Cat1, Gr1 and Gr2 genes of Ciherang, and Cat1, Cat3 and Gr3 genes of Situ Bagendit. Theresults indicated that the activity of oxidative defense was regulated by four genes; cCu-ZnSod1, MnSod1, Cat2,Gr3 in Ciherang, and eight genes; cCu-ZnSod1, cCu-ZnSod2, MnSod1, cApxa, cApxb, chl-sApx, Cat2 and Gr1 in SituBagendit. Therefore, differences in the number of antioxidant genes controlling oxidative defense systemmight determine the difference of the oxidative defense capacity between both cultivars in response to droughtstress during grain fi lling.

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Santos, Isabel, Helena Pires, José M. Almeida, Fernanda Fidalgo, Ana Confraria, Márcia Duarte, Júlio Borlido, and Roberto Salema. "Phylogenetic relationship of potato CAT1 and CAT2 genes, their differential expression in non-photosynthetic organs and during leaf development, and their association with different cellular processes." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 7 (2006): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06024.

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Plants contain multiple forms of catalase (CAT) and their specific functions remain uncertain. We cloned two potato cDNAs corresponding to CAT1 and CAT2 genes, analysed their phylogenetic relationship, and studied their expression and activity in different organs to gain clues to their functions. Phylogenetic trees and the alignment of CAT cDNA sequences provided evidence that CAT1 and CAT2 genes have high identity to catalases of other solanaceous species, but are not phylogenetically closely related to one another, which contradicts the phylogenetic closeness ascribed to these genes. Northern blot analyses revealed that expression of CAT genes is controlled by leaf developmental phase. CAT2 expression was higher in both very young and senescent leaves, whereas CAT1 mRNA accumulated mainly in mature leaf, where the lowest CAT2 expression occurred. CAT1 and CAT2 are also differentially expressed in root, sprout and petal. Expression and activity patterns are consistent with different physiological roles for CAT1 and CAT2 isoforms. CAT1 is considered to be associated with photorespiration whereas CAT2 would fulfill physiological roles unrelated to this process. CAT2 appears to be a multifunctional isoform, associated with glyoxysomal activity in leaf senescence, other processes in non-photosynthetic organs and defence, functions that in other solanaceous species are fulfilled by two different isoforms.

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Almeida, José M., Fernanda Fidalgo, Ana Confraria, Arlete Santos, Helena Pires, and Isabel Santos. "Effect of hydrogen peroxide on catalase gene expression, isoform activities and levels in leaves of potato sprayed with homobrassinolide and ultrastructural changes in mesophyll cells." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 8 (2005): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04235.

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The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on catalase (CAT) isoform activities and amounts and on mRNA levels was studied in leaves from potato plants untreated and treated with homobrassinolide (HBR). Northern blot analysis revealed that 100 mm H2O2 supplied through the leaf petiole for 4 h did not induce CAT expression. In contrast, CAT1 and CAT2 responded differently to longer treatment, as CAT2 transcript levels increased markedly whereas CAT1 transcript levels remained unchanged. Western blot analysis showed disparity between the level of CAT1 transcript and CAT1 amount, which actually decreased after 28 h. CAT2 amount correlated well with transcript accumulation and CAT2 activity as visualised by zymogram analysis. H2O2 modified the relative importance of CAT isoforms. After 4 h, CAT1 was prevalent in untreated and H2O2-treated leaves. After 28 h, CAT2 was prevalent in H2O2-treated leaves; therefore, the quantified increase in total CAT activity in these leaves was due to the rise in CAT2. HBR pre-treatment increased CAT2 basal level not changing the pattern of CAT responses to H2O2, only lowering its amplitude. Even so, ultrastructural studies showed that HBR significantly reduced H2O2 negative effects on cellular sub-structures, allowing better recovery of affected structures and reducing the macroscopic injury symptoms on leaves, thus data point to a HBR protective role.

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Bagnoli, Francesca, Susanna Danti, Valentina Magherini, Radiana Cozza, Anna M. Innocenti, and Milvia L. Racchi. "Molecular cloning, characterisation and expression of two catalase genes from peach." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 4 (2004): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03203.

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Two cDNA clones encoding catalase (Cat1 and Cat2) from peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were identified, that show homologies to other plant catalases. The nucleotide sequences of the two coding regions showed 88% identity to each other. The amino acid sequences predicted from the two full-length clones showed the highest homology to a catalase from cotton and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. and included C-terminal tri-peptides typical of those used to target proteins to peroxisomes. Southern hybridisation analysis suggested the existence of two catalase genes in peach. The expression of Cat1 and Cat2 was determined in seeds, vegetative tissue, leaves during the seasonal cycle and in leaves in response to light / dark treatments. Cat1 had high levels of expression only in leaf tissue and was responsive to light and seasonal changes. Cat2 had high levels of expression in in vitro shoots and was also responsive to seasonal changes, but not to light. In situ hybridisations to leaf tissue indicated that the expression of Cat1 was localised mainly in palisade cells, while Cat2 mRNA was present in the vascular tissue. The results of the expression analysis and in situ hybridisation suggest a role for Cat1 in photorespiration and for Cat2 in stress responses.

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Yang, Ting, Long Qiu, Wanying Huang, Qianyi Xu, Jialing Zou, Qiding Peng, Honghui Lin, and Dehui Xi. "Chilli veinal mottle virus HCPro interacts with catalase to facilitate virus infection in Nicotiana tabacum." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 18 (June 28, 2020): 5656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa304.

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Abstract Plant symptoms are derived from specific interactions between virus and host components. However, little is known about viral or host factors that participate in the establishment of systemic necrosis. Here, we showed that helper component proteinase (HCPro), encoded by Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), could directly interact with catalase 1 (CAT1) and catalase 3 (CAT3) in the cytoplasm of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants to facilitate viral infection. In vitro, the activities of CAT1 and CAT3 were inhibited by the interaction between HCPro and CATs. The C-terminus of HCPro was essential for their interaction and was also required for the decrease of enzyme activities. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein level of CATs were up-regulated in tobacco plants in response to ChiVMV infection. Nicotiana tabacum plants with HCPro overexpression or CAT1 knockout were more susceptible to ChiVMV infection, which was similar to the case of H2O2-pre-treated plants, and the overexpression of CAT1 inhibited ChiVMV accumulation. Also, neither CAT1 nor CAT3 could affect the RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity of HCPro. Our results showed that the interaction between HCPro and CATs promoted the development of plant systemic necrosis, revealing a novel role for HCPro in virus infection and pathogenicity.

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Kim, Hoe-Jin, Geun-Shik Lee, Youn-Kyu Ji, Kyung-Chul Choi, and Eui-Bae Jeung. "Differential expression of uterine calcium transporter 1 and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 1b during rat estrous cycle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 2 (August 2006): E234—E241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00434.2005.

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Calcium-related proteins include the calcium transporters 1 and 2 (CaT1 and CaT2), plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), and calbindin-D9k and -D28k. The expression of CaT1 and PMCA1b and their potential roles in the uterine tissue remain to be clarified. Thus, in the present study, the expression patterns of CaT1 and PMCA1b were examined to predict their roles in rat uterus during the estrous cycle. Both CaT1 and PMCA1b mRNAs were detected in rat uterus. Uterine CaT1 mRNA was highly expressed at diestrus compared with proestrus, whereas PMCA1b expression was not altered during the estrus cycle. To evaluate the sex steroids involved in uterine CaT1 mRNA regulation, 17β-estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) were injected into immature rats. Treatment with P4 or E2 plus P4 resulted in an increase in CaT1 mRNA, but a synergetic effect of E2 plus P4 was not detected. Uterine CaT1 mRNA was induced by P4 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with maximal transcript detected 12 h after the final P4 injection. Treatment with RU486, a progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist, completely blocked P4-induced CaT1 mRNA, indicating that P4 regulates CaT1 mRNA expression via a PR-mediated pathway. In addition, CaT1 mRNA was expressed in uterine endometrium and glandular endometrium at diestrus in P4-treated rats. Together, these results suggest that CaT1 is regulated by P4 at diestrus via a PR-dependent pathway.

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Dorey, Stéphan, Fabienne Baillieul, Patrick Saindrenan, Bernard Fritig, and Serge Kauffmann. "Tobacco Class I and II Catalases Are Differentially Expressed During Elicitor-Induced Hypersensitive Cell Death and Localized Acquired Resistance." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 11 (November 1998): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.11.1102.

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Expression of tobacco class I (CAT1) and class II (CAT2) catalases was analyzed in leaves reacting hypersensitively to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or to a fungal glycoprotein elicitor. In TMV-infected plants, Cat1 transcript levels declined rapidly while Cat2 transcripts accumulated strongly. The spatial and temporal changes in catalase transcripts, proteins, and activity during the hypersensitive reaction (HR) were further investigated in tobacco leaves infiltrated with a glycoprotein elicitor. Two functionally different zones were discriminated: the infiltrated tissue in which cells undergo the HR, called the HR-zone 1; and the surrounding tissue showing strong induced defense responses, called the LAR (Localized Acquired Resistance)- zone 2. Levels of Cat1 and Cat2 mRNA and proteins and catalase activity decreased in the HR-zone 1. In the LAR-zone 2, Cat1 transcripts became rapidly undetectable, but levels of Cat2 mRNA and protein and catalase activity increased. Catalase expression in elicitorinfiltrated leaves reflected that in TMV-infected leaves. A strong rise in hydrogen peroxide occurred in the HR-zone 1 and paralleled the CAT activity decline. No H2O2 increase was measured in the LAR-zone 2. There was no correlation between salicylic acid levels and catalase activity. Modulation of catalase activity in tobacco leaves undergoing the HR appeared predominantly supported by changes in catalase transcripts and proteins. We have shown that neither H2O2 nor salicylic acid can be the primary mobile signal diffusing from the HR-zone 1 to the LAR-zone 2 and inducing CAT2 expression. Furthermore, the signaling pathway responsible for decreased CAT2 expression in the HR-zone 1 does not involve reactive oxygen intermediates.

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Suzuki, Katsuhisa, Atsushi Ichimura, Naoto Ogawa, Akira Hasebe, and Kiyotaka Miyashita. "Differential Expression of Two Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenases in Burkholderia sp. Strain TH2." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 20 (October 15, 2002): 5714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.20.5714-5722.2002.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia sp. strain TH2, a 2-chlorobenzoate (2CB)-degrading bacterium, metabolizes benzoate (BA) and 2CB via catechol. Two different gene clusters for the catechol ortho-cleavage pathway (cat1 and cat2) were cloned from TH2 and analyzed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis showed that while both catechol dioxygenases (CatA1 and CatA2) were produced in BA-grown cells, CatA1 was undetectable when strain TH2 was grown on 2CB or cis,cis-muconate (CCM), an intermediate of catechol degradation. However, production of CatA1 during growth on 2CB or CCM was observed when cat2 genes were disrupted. The difference in the production of CatA1 and CatA2 was apparently due to a difference in inducer recognition by the regulators of the gene clusters. The inducer of CatA1 was found to be BA, not 2CB, by using a 2-halobenzoate dioxygenase gene (cbd) disruptant, which is incapable of transforming (chloro)benzoate. It was also found that CCM or its metabolite acts as an inducer for CatA2. When cat2 genes were disrupted, the growth rate in 2CB culture was reduced while that in BA culture was not. These results suggest that although cat2 genes are not indispensable for growth of TH2 on 2CB, they are advantageous.

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Polchi, Paola, Rossella Palmieri, Marco Andreani, Javid Gaziev, Cecilia Alfieri, Gioia De Angelis, Cristiano Gallucci, et al. "Bone Marrow Iron Concentration as a Marker of Iron Accumulation and Marrow Expansion in Patients with Beta Thalassemia Major." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1852.1852.

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Abstract Liver iron concentration (LIC) is a known and accurate marker of iron accumulation and is widely utilized to monitor iron chelation therapy in multiply transfused patients with Beta thalassemia major. Iron concentration in the bone marrow has not been studied and reported before. We utilized atomic absorption spectrophotometry to measure the iron content of marrow biopsy (BIC) in 102 thalassemia patients in various phase of treatment, 74 of them during the course of the disease and 28 patients after successful allogeneic marrow transplant. We observed BIC values below 0.5 mg/g dry weight in 7 healthy donors used as controls. Mean and median BIC were 4.67 and 2.70 (range 0.05 – 59.9) mg/g dw, in 101 valuable patients. Bone Marrow iron concentration (BIC) was calculated at the same time of LIC for each patient and a ratio LIC/BIC was generated. LIC/BIC ratio below 3, ratio between 3 and 10, and above 10 identified three categories of patients each with significant linear correlation between LIC and BIC (0.74; 0.76; 0.81 respectively). Twenty eight patients were in the first category, 48 in the second, and 25 in the third. Mean BIC was 9.47, 3.7, 1.2 mg/g dw and mean LIC was 12.7, 19.6, 22.3 mg/g dw respectively for CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3. Patients were also classified in class of risk for transplant, based on hepatomegaly, presence of liver fibrosis and history of regular or irregular iron chelation. BIC was higher in class 3 patients and in the irregularly chelated patients. Patients in class 1 were prevalently in CAT1 or 2, patients in class 3 were prevalently in CAT2 or 3. BIC value in each of the 3 categories correlated significantly with the whole body iron (WBI) amount, and WBI was significantly different in the three categories being lower in CAT1, that have higher BIC ( 3927 mg; 5894 mg, 7030 mg in CAT1, 2 and 3; p 0.01). Iron chelation quality (regular vs irregular) correlated with BIC value and with BIC category, majority of regularly chelated patients were in the Category 1 vs Category 2 or 3 (p 0.01). Patients before transplant were prevalently in CAT1 and 2, while those post transplant were mostly in CAT3, twelve patients that were studied both before and after transplant, changed from cat 1 to 2 or from cat 2 to 3. Their BIC changed significantly decreasing after BMT (median BIC was 7.8 before transplant and 2.25 after, p=0.002) To investigate the role of genetic hemochromatosis mutations, H63D region and Hamp region in 63 patients were also studied. Mean BIC was 3.08 in 16 patients with H63D mutation compared to 5.59 in those without mutation, and 11/16 had BIC below the median, p=0.03. Significantly more patients with H63D mutation were in CAT3 (p 0.02). Apparently H63D mutation favours accumulation of iron in the body, that was higher in CAT3, but participate also to lowering utilization of introduced iron. In conclusion, patients in category 1 had lower LIC and higher BIC, comprehended 50% of the patients in class 1 of risk, and 45% of the regularly chelated patients. On the contrary, majority of patients post transplant independently of having or not performed an iron removal program were in CAT3. We can draw conclusion that BIC related categories, as described here, give information on the balance between accumulation and utilization of iron. Patients belonging to BIC-Cat 1 correspond to patients that have been treated adequately and with lower iron body burden, better chelation history. They have higher BIC value and lower LIC value. They also are in pre-transplant phase, with active beta-thalassemia, when ineffective erythropoiesis and marrow expansion are more prominent. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the association of marrow iron content with the marrow functionality and expansion.

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Abdoulaye Dan Makaou, Oumarou, Soumahoro Gueu, Marou Gourouza, and Kouassi Benjamin Yao. "Development of semi-synthetic catalyst based on clay and their use in catalytic cracking of petroleum residue." Applied Petrochemical Research 11, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-021-00268-w.

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AbstractTwo semi-synthetic clay-based catalysts were prepared. These catalysts were obtained by incorporating lanthanum oxide (Cat1) and chromium oxide (Cat2). They were then tested for catalytic cracking of a heavy petroleum residue (fuel). The two formulations were carried out in the presence of silica to improve their acidity then underwent an acid activation. The catalysts obtained were characterized by various methods (XRD, FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM). The results showed that the incorporation of oxides and the addition of silica improves the structural characteristics of the final products. The support used was a kaolinite rich clay, having a specific surface area of 15.26 m2/g and acidity of 14 meq/g. These values increase, respectively, to 456.14 m2/g and 50 meq/g for Cat1 and to 475.12 m2/g and 57 meq/g for Cat2. The influence of the type of oxide incorporated, the specific surface area, the porosity and the acidity of the catalysts on their catalytic activity was studied. The nature of the oxide used proved to be decisive on the quality of the catalyst. Thus Cat1, prepared with lanthanum oxide, showed the best performance in cracking the petroleum residue achieving a conversion rate of 74.13% compared to 66.53% for cat2.

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Son, Hokyoung, Kyunghun Min, Jungkwan Lee, Gyung Ja Choi, Jin-Cheol Kim, and Yin-Won Lee. "Mitochondrial Carnitine-Dependent Acetyl Coenzyme A Transport Is Required for Normal Sexual and Asexual Development of the Ascomycete Gibberella zeae." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 9 (July 13, 2012): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00104-12.

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ABSTRACTFungi have evolved efficient metabolic mechanisms for the exact temporal (developmental stages) and spatial (organelles) production of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). We previously demonstrated mechanistic roles of several acetyl-CoA synthetic enzymes, namely, ATP citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs), in the plant-pathogenic fungusGibberella zeae. In this study, we characterized two carnitine acetyltransferases (CATs; CAT1 and CAT2) to obtain a better understanding of the metabolic processes occurring inG. zeae. We found that CAT1 functioned as an alternative source of acetyl-CoA required for lipid accumulation in anACS1deletion mutant. Moreover, deletion ofCAT1and/orCAT2resulted in various defects, including changes to vegetative growth, asexual/sexual development, trichothecene production, and virulence. Although CAT1 is associated primarily with peroxisomal CAT function, mislocalization experiments showed that the role of CAT1 in acetyl-CoA transport between the mitochondria and cytosol is important for sexual and asexual development inG. zeae. Taking these data together, we concluded thatG. zeaeCATs are responsible for facilitating the exchange of acetyl-CoA across intracellular membranes, particularly between the mitochondria and the cytosol, during various developmental stages.

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Liu, Xiaojing, Xin Wang, Xin Yan, Shaobo Li, and Hui Peng. "The Glycine- and Proline-Rich Protein AtGPRP3 Negatively Regulates Plant Growth in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176168.

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Glycine- and proline-rich proteins (GPRPs) comprise a small conserved family that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. GPRPs are relatively short peptides (<200 amino acids) that contain three typical domains, including an N-terminal XYPP-repeat domain, a middle hydrophobic domain rich in alanine, and a C-terminal HGK-repeat domain. These proteins have been proposed to play fundamental roles in plant growth and environmental adaptation, but their functions remain unknown. In this study, we selected an Arabidopsis GPRP (AtGPRP3) to profile the physiological role of GPRPs. Transcripts of AtGPRP3 could be detected in the whole Arabidopsis plant, but greater amounts were found in the rosette, followed by the cauline. The AtGPRP3::GFP fusion protein was mainly localized in the nucleus. The overexpression and knockout of AtGPRP3, respectively, retarded and accelerated the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, while the increase in the growth rate of atgprp3 plants was offset by the complementary expression of AtGPRP3. CAT2 and CAT3, but not CAT1, interacted with AtGPRP3 in the nuclei of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The knockout of CAT2 by CRISPR-Cas9 retarded the growth of the Arabidopsis seedlings. Together, our data suggest that AtGPRP3 negatively regulates plant growth, potentially through CAT2 and CAT3.

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Song, Yurong, Xiaorong Peng, Angela Porta, Hitomi Takanaga, Ji-Bin Peng, Matthias A. Hediger, James C. Fleet, and Sylvia Christakos. "Calcium Transporter 1 and Epithelial Calcium Channel Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Are Differentially Regulated by 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Intestine and Kidney of Mice." Endocrinology 144, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 3885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0314.

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Abstract We examined the expression of calcium transporter 1 (CaT1) and epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) mRNA in the duodenum and kidney of mice. Intestinal CaT1 mRNA level increased 30-fold at weaning, coincident with the induction of calbindin-D9k expression. In contrast, renal CaT1 and ECaC mRNA expression was equal until weaning when ECaC mRNA is induced and CaT1 mRNA levels fall 70%. Long- and short-term adaptation to changes in dietary calcium (Ca) level and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] injection strongly regulated duodenal calbindin D9k and CaT1 mRNA. Following a single dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, induction of CaT1 mRNA occurred rapidly (within 3 h, peak at 6 h of 9.6 ± 0.8-fold) and preceded the induction of intestinal Ca absorption (significantly increased at 6 h, peak at 9 h). Neither renal CaT1 nor ECaC mRNA were strongly regulated by dietary calcium level or 1,25(OH)2D3 injection. Our data indicate that CaT1 and ECaC mRNA levels are differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in kidney and intestine and that there may be a specialized role for CaT1 in kidney in fetal and neonatal development. The rapid induction of intestinal CaT1 mRNA expression by 1,25(OH)2D3, and the marked induction at weaning, suggest that CaT1 is critical for 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated intestinal Ca absorption.

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Mitchell, Tom O., Adam Gledhill, Ross Shand, Martin A. Littlewood, Lewis Charnock, and Kevin Till. "Players’ Perceptions of the Talent Development Environment Within the English Premier League and Football League." International Sport Coaching Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2020-0085.

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There is an increasing awareness of the importance of the environment in academy players’ development, yet limited research has investigated players’ perceptions of their talent development environments (TDEs). This study focused on academy soccer players’ perceptions of their TDE and compared perceptions across the English soccer academy categorization (CAT) system. A total of 136 U.K.-based male soccer players (Mage = 17.7, SD = 1.03 years) representing all four categories (1 = highest to 4 = lowest) of soccer academies aligned to professional soccer clubs completed the TDE Questionnaire-5 (TDEQ-5). The players within the CAT1 academies had significantly more positive perceptions of their support network (p = .01) and holistic quality preparation (p = .03) than their CAT3 counterparts. Across CAT2–CAT3, holistic quality preparation was the least positively perceived subscale within the TDEQ-5, suggesting the need for additional coach education in this area. Soccer academies should consider how they ensure that all areas of their service are associated with optimal TDEs by offering a well-communicated and holistic development experience for their players to enhance effective personal and player development. The findings may have implications for player experience and associated progression rates of lower categorized soccer academies.

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ALP, MURAT. "ENUMERATION OF WHITEHEAD GROUPS OF LOW ORDER." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 12, no. 05 (October 2002): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196702001176.

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In this paper we describe a share package of functions for computing with finite, permutation crossed modules, cat1-groups and their morphisms, written using the [Formula: see text] group theory programming language. The category XMod of crossed modules is equivalent to the category Cat1 of cat1-groups and we include functions emulating the functors between these categories. The monoid of derivations of a crossed module [Formula: see text], and the corresponding monoid of sections of a cat1-group [Formula: see text], are constructed using the Whitehead multiplication. The Whitehead group of invertible derivations, together with the group of automorphisms of X, are used to construct the actor crossed module of X which is the automorphism object in XMod. We include a table of the 350 isomorphism classes of cat1-structures on groups of order at most 30 in [2].

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Lee, B. M., G. S. Lee, and E. B. Jeung. "165 EXPRESSION OF CALCIUM TRANSPORTER 1 GENE IN THE UTERUS OF RATS DURING PREGNANCY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab165.

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Calcium Transporter 1 (CaT1), which is highly expressed in calcium-absorption organs, i.e. duodenum and kidney, is a critical mediator for calcium uptake during transcellular calcium transport. It has been shown that CaT1 gene is also expressed in the placenta and uterine smooth muscle in female reproductive organs. We previously demonstrated that uterine CaT1 mRNA is highly expressed at diestrus and tightly regulated by progesterone (P4) related to calcium homeostasis for uterine functions during the estrous cycle in rats. Thus, in the recent study, we further examined the expression of CaT1 mRNA in the uterus and placenta of rats to elucidate its role during pregnancy in these tissues. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 2) were employed and their pregnancy days (PD) were determined by a vaginal plug every morning; the rats were euthanized daily (PD 0 to 21). The expression of CaT1 mRNA decreased from PD 0 to 4 and highly increased on PD 5 to 10. Its increased transcripts gradually decreased at the end of pregnancy. Taken together, these results indicate that the expression level of CaT1 mRNA is regulated in the uterus of rats during pregnancy, probably via sex steroid hormones and their receptors through a complex pathway. A further study is warranted to verify relevant factors which regulate CaT1 gene and to provide further insight into its role(s) in the female reproductive tissues.

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ALP, MURAT, and CHRISTOPHER D. WENSLEY. "ENUMERATION OF CAT1-GROUPS OF LOW ORDER." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 10, no. 04 (August 2000): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196700000170.

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In this paper we describe a share package [Formula: see text] of functions for computing with finite, permutation crossed modules, cat1-groups and their morphisms, written using the [Formula: see text] group theory programming language. The category XMod of crossed modules is equivalent to the category Cat1 of cat1-groups and we include functions emulating the functors between these categories. The monoid of derivations of a crossed module [Formula: see text] , and the corresponding monoid of sections of a cat1-group [Formula: see text] , are constructed using the Whitehead multiplication. The Whitehead group of invertible derivations, together with the group of automorphisms of [Formula: see text] , are used to construct the actor crossed module of [Formula: see text] which is the automorphism object in XMod. We include a table of the 350 isomorphism classes of cat1-structures on groups of order at most 30.

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22

Dang, Van Thanh, Anh Thi Hoang, Gia Cat Tuong Tran, Thi Huyen Tran Pham, Le Thi Ha Thanh, and Hoang Loc Nguyen. "Improved expression of Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase gene from Burkholderia cepacia in Escherichia coli." Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science 129, no. 1D (November 24, 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueunijns.v129i1d.5974.

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Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CAT1) is a key enzyme for the ortho-cleavage pathway involved in the degradation of dibenzofuran, a dioxin derivative, which is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. The present study aims to investigate appropriate culture conditions for enhancing the expression of the cat1 gene encoding CAT1 enzyme from Burkholderia cepacia DF4 in Escherichia coli M15. The optimized culture conditions for gene expression are cell density at the time of induction, shaking speed, induction temperature, induction time, and inducer concentration. The highest level for CAT1 was obtained at the IPTG concentration of 1.2 mM, 10 hours after induction at 35 °C, shaking speed 200 rpm with cell density at OD600 0.7.

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23

Zhang, Shan, Cheng Li, Haihua Ren, Tong Zhao, Qi Li, Shufen Wang, Yanfeng Zhang, Fangming Xiao, and Xiaofeng Wang. "BAK1 Mediates Light Intensity to Phosphorylate and Activate Catalases to Regulate Plant Growth and Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041437.

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BAK1 (brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) associated receptor kinase 1) plays major roles in multiple signaling pathways as a coreceptor to regulate plant growth and development and stress response. However, the role of BAK1 in high light signaling is still poorly understood. Here we observed that overexpression of BAK1 in Arabidopsis interferes with the function of high light in promoting plant growth and development, which is independent of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Further investigation shows that high light enhances the phosphorylation of BAK1 and catalase activity, thereby reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Catalase3 (CAT3) is identified as a BAK1-interacting protein by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS analysis. Biochemical analysis confirms that BAK1 interacts with and phosphorylates all three catalases (CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3) of the Arabidopsis genome, and the trans-phosphorylation sites of three catalases with BAK1-CD are identified by LC-MS/MS in vitro. Genetic analyses reveal that the BAK1 overexpression plants knocked out all the three CAT genes completely abolishing the effect of BAK1 on suppression of high light-promoted growth. This study first unravels the role of BAK1 in mediating high light-triggered activation of CATs, thereby degrading H2O2 and regulating plant growth and development in Arabidopsis.

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Nishimura, H., Y. Yang, C. Hubert, J. M. Gasc, K. Ruijtenbeek, J. De Mey, H. A. J. Struijker Boudier, and P. Corvol. "Maturation-dependent changes of angiotensin receptor expression in fowl." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, no. 1 (July 2003): R231—R242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00481.2002.

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An angiotensin (ANG) receptor homologous to the type 1 receptor (AT1) has been cloned in chickens (cAT1). We investigated whether cAT1 expression in various tissues shows maturation/age-dependent changes. cAT1 mRNA levels detected in renal glomeruli [in situ hybridization (ISH)] and kidney extract (RT-PCR) are significantly ( P < 0.01) higher in 19-day embryos (EB) than in chicks (CH, 2–3 wk) and pullets/cockerels (PL/CK, 14–16 wk). The levels in adrenal glands (concentrated in subcapsular regions) are high in EB and further increased in CH and PL/CK. cAT1 mRNA is also detectable in smooth muscle (SM)/adventitia of EB and CH aorta and in the adventitia, but not SM, from PL/CK aortas. The endothelia from small arteries and arterioles, but not from aorta, express cAT1 mRNA (ISH). In all age groups, ANG II induces profound endothelium-dependent relaxation of abdominal aorta, partly (37–47%) inhibitable ( P < 0.01) by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10-4 M), suggesting the presence of ANG receptor in endothelium. l-NAME-resistant ANG II relaxation, examined in a limited number of EB or CH aortas, was reduced by 125 mM K+ or apamin plus charybdotoxin. The results suggest that 1) cAT1 is present in kidney, adrenal gland, and vascular endothelium (heterogeneity exists among arteries) of EB, CH, and PL/CK, and in aortic SM/adventitia of EB/CH but only in adventitia of PL/CK; 2) levels of cAT1 gene expression change during maturation in a tissue-specific manner; and 3) ANG II-induced relaxation may be partly attributable to nitric oxide and potassium channel activation.

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Arvasi, Z., and A. Odabaş. "Computing 2-dimensional algebras: Crossed modules and Cat1-algebras." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 15, no. 10 (November 24, 2016): 1650185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498816501851.

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Simon, Manuel, Maximilian Binder, Gerhard Adam, Andreas Hartig, and Helmut Ruis. "Control of peroxisome proliferation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae byADR1, SNF1 (CAT1, CCR1) andSNF4 (CAT3)." Yeast 8, no. 4 (April 1992): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080407.

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27

Peng, Ji-Bin, Edward M. Brown, and Matthias A. Hediger. "Structural Conservation of the Genes Encoding CaT1, CaT2, and Related Cation Channels." Genomics 76, no. 1-3 (August 2001): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6606.

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De Ramos Filho, Florêncio Gomes, and Fábio César Janotti. "INFLUÊNCIA DE CATALISADORES DE CRAQUEAMENTO CATALÍTICO EM LEITO FLUIDIZADO (FCC) NAS PROPRIEDADES TÉRMICAS DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DE POLI(TEREFTALATO DE ETILENO)." Revista Univap 26, no. 51 (August 27, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v26i51.2427.

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Devido à versatilidade e facilidade de acesso à matéria-prima, a utilização de materiais plásticos vem crescendo aceleradamente nos últimos anos em nossa sociedade. O poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET), em especial, utilizado principalmente em embalagens, representa elevado percentual dos materiais plásticos descartados após o uso e, por isso, novos métodos de reciclagem vêm sendo desenvolvidos ao longo dos últimos tempos. Dando início a estudos que possam, no futuro, levar à viabilização do co-processamento de resíduo sólido de PET em conjunto com as cargas convencionais dos processos tradicionais de FCC para a obtenção de hidrocarbonetos líquidos e gasosos, dando assim uma destinação mais nobre ao PET pós-consumo, avaliou-se, através de termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), a influência de dois tipos de catalisadores industriais de FCC (CAT1 e CAT2) à base de zeolitas, que por questões de segredo industrial não será revelada a sua composição, nas propriedades térmicas do PET pós-consumo, já que o processo industrial de FCC trata-se de um processo térmico-catalítico. Observou-se que o catalisador CAT1 apresentou melhores resultados para o aspecto de formação de menor quantidade de resíduo após a decomposição térmica do polímero, levando a uma maior conversão deste em outros produtos, e o catalisador CAT2 apresentou melhores resultados no aspecto da diminuição da entalpia de fusão do polímero.

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Peng, Ji-Bin, Xing-Zhen Chen, Urs V. Berger, Stanislawa Weremowicz, Cynthia C. Morton, Peter M. Vassilev, Edward M. Brown, and Matthias A. Hediger. "Human Calcium Transport Protein CaT1." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 278, no. 2 (November 2000): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.3716.

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30

Martín, Lorena, Mónica Comalada, Luc Marti, Ellen I. Closs, Carol L. MacLeod, Rafael Martín del Río, Antonio Zorzano, et al. "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases l-arginine transport through the induction of CAT2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290, no. 5 (May 2006): C1364—C1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00520.2005.

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l-Arginine transport is crucial for macrophage activation because it supplies substrate for the key enzymes nitric oxide synthase 2 and arginase I. These enzymes participate in classic and alternative activation of macrophages, respectively. Classic activation of macrophages is induced by type I cytokines, and alternative activation is induced by type II cytokines. The granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), in addition to inducing proliferation and differentiation of macrophages, activates arginase I, but its action on l-arginine transport is unknown. We studied the l-arginine transporters that are active in mouse primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and examined the effect of GM-CSF treatment on transport activities. Under basal conditions, l-arginine entered mainly through system y+L (>75%). The remaining transport was explained by system y+ (<10%) and a diffusion component (10–15%). In response to GM-CSF treatment, transport activity increased mostly through system y+ (>10-fold), accounting for about 40% of the total l-arginine transport. The increase in y+ activity correlated with a rise in cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, GM-CSF induced an increase in arginase activity and in the conversion of l-arginine to ornithine, citrulline, glutamate, proline, and polyamines. BMM obtained from CAT2-knockout mice responded to GM-CSF by increasing arginase activity and the expression of CAT1 mRNA, which also encodes system y+ activity. Nonetheless, the increase in CAT1 activity only partially compensated the lack of CAT2 and l-arginine metabolism was hardly stimulated. We conclude that BMM present mainly y+L activity and that, in response to GM-CSF, l-arginine transport augments through CAT2, thereby increasing the availability of this amino acid to the cell.

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Casagrande, Pedro de Orleans, Danilo Reis Coimbra, and Alexandro Andrade. "BURNOUT IN ELITE TENNIS PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT JUNIOR CATEGORIES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 2 (March 2018): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182402181208.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Burnout syndrome manifests in athletes in the form of three main symptoms/characteristics: emotional and physical exhaustion, sport devaluation, and reduced sense of accomplishment. Faced with the need to achieve optimum performance, young tennis players are exposed to several stressors than can lead to burnout, yet few reports on burnout in tennis have been researched. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze burnout in elite tennis players in different junior categories (CAT14, CAT16, CAT18). Methods: A total of 130 athletes, including 102 men (x=15.14±1.3) and 28 women (x=15.04±1.13), were selected for this cross-sectional study. Burnout was measured using a version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Results: CAT18 tennis players had higher rates of overall burnout and sport devaluation compared with CAT16 and CAT14 players. CAT14 and CAT16 players had higher scores for “reduced sense of accomplishment,” in association with sport devaluation. Conclusion: Differences found in CAT18 players may reflect the demands of transition from the junior to the professional circuit. Reduced sense of accomplishment should be monitored in athletes, to prevent burnout and cessation of sports activities. Level of Evidence III; retrospective comparative.

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Wu, Feng, Brian Cholewa, and David L. Mattson. "Characterization of l-arginine transporters in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): R1506—R1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.r1506.

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Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) expresses a large amount of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The present study was designed to characterize the transport of NOS substrate,l-arginine, in a suspension of bulk-isolated IMCD cells from the Sprague-Dawley rat kidney. Biochemical transport studies demonstrated an l-arginine transport system in IMCD cells that was saturable and Na+ independent ( n = 6).l-Arginine uptake by IMCD cells was inhibited by the cationic amino acids l-lysine, l-homoarginine, and l-ornithine (10 mmol/l each) and unaffected by the neutral amino acids l-leucine, l-serine, andl-glutamine. Both l-ornithine ( n = 6) and l-lysine ( n = 6) inhibited NOS enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner in IMCD cells, supporting the important role of l-arginine transport for NO production by this tubular segment. Furthermore, RT-PCR of microdissected IMCD confirmed the presence of cationic amino acid transporter CAT1 mRNA, whereas CAT2A, CAT2B, and CAT3 were not detected. These results indicate that l-arginine uptake by IMCD cells occurs via system y+, is encoded by CAT1, and may participate in the regulation of NO production in this renal segment.

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Vassilev, P. M., J. B. Peng, M. A. Hediger, and E. M. Brown. "Single-Channel Activities of the Human Epithelial Ca 2+ Transport Proteins CaT1 and CaT2." Journal of Membrane Biology 184, no. 2 (November 15, 2001): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00232-001-0085-2.

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Baidya, Sachin, Rocio M. Duran, Jessica M. Lohmar, Pamela Y. Harris-Coward, Jeffrey W. Cary, Sung-Yong Hong, Ludmila V. Roze, John E. Linz, and Ana M. Calvo. "VeA Is Associated with the Response to Oxidative Stress in the Aflatoxin Producer Aspergillus flavus." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 8 (June 20, 2014): 1095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00099-14.

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ABSTRACT Survival of fungal species depends on the ability of these organisms to respond to environmental stresses. Osmotic stress or high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause stress in fungi resulting in growth inhibition. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have developed numerous mechanisms to counteract and survive the stress in the presence of ROS. In many fungi, the HOG signaling pathway is crucial for the oxidative stress response as well as for osmotic stress response. This study revealed that while the osmotic stress response is only slightly affected by the master regulator veA , this gene, also known to control morphological development and secondary metabolism in numerous fungal species, has a profound effect on the oxidative stress response in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus . We found that the expression of A. flavus homolog genes involved in the HOG signaling pathway is regulated by veA . Deletion of veA resulted in a reduction in transcription levels of oxidative stress response genes after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, analyses of the effect of VeA on the promoters of cat1 and trxB indicate that the presence of VeA alters DNA-protein complex formation. This is particularly notable in the cat1 promoter, where the absence of VeA results in abnormally stronger complex formation with reduced cat1 expression and more sensitivity to ROS in a veA deletion mutant, suggesting that VeA might prevent binding of negative transcription regulators to the cat1 promoter. Our study also revealed that veA positively influences the expression of the transcription factor gene atfB and that normal formation of DNA-protein complexes in the cat1 promoter is dependent on AtfB.

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Shima, Yoichiro, Tomoji Maeda, Shin Aizawa, Isao Tsuboi, Daisuke Kobayashi, Ryo Kato, and Ikumi Tamai. "l-arginine import via cationic amino acid transporter CAT1 is essential for both differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes." Blood 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3166.

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In the present study, we examined the role in hematopoiesis of cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1), which transports l-arginine, l-lysine, l-ornithine, and l-histidine. The expression level of human CAT1 (hCAT1) mRNA in mononuclear cells (MNCs) fractionated according to lineage-selective markers was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of CAT1 in glycophorin A-positive erythroid cells was 8 times higher than in nonfractionated MNC (control) cells. Characteristics of l-arginine uptake by K562 cells, an established leukemic cell line used as an erythroid model, were similar to those of CAT1 in regards to saturation kinetics, sodium independence, and substantial inhibition of l-arginine uptake by N-ethylmaleimide, which is a specific inhibitor of system y+ amino acid transporter. Removal of l-arginine from the culture medium prevented both proliferation and differentiation of K562 cells, while removal of l-lysine or l-histidine had little effect on differentiation, though proliferation was blocked. Hematopoietic stem cells obtained from human cord blood failed to develop into erythroid cells in the absence of l-arginine in the culture medium. These findings indicate that hCAT1 is involved in erythroid hematopoiesis through its role in importing l-arginine, which appears to be essential for the differentiation of red blood cells.

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Stewart, D. R., and G. H. Stabenfeldt. "Relaxin Activity in the Pregnant Cat1." Biology of Reproduction 32, no. 4 (May 1, 1985): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod32.4.848.

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Vilaboa, J. M. Fernández, M. P. López López, and E. Villanueva Novoa. "Cat1-Hopf Algebras and Crossed Modules." Communications in Algebra 35, no. 1 (December 26, 2006): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927870601041516.

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38

Masuda, Mari, Naomi Kakushima, Susan G. Wilt, Sandra K. Ruscetti, Paul M. Hoffman, Aikichi Iwamoto, and Michiaki Masuda. "Analysis of Receptor Usage by Ecotropic Murine Retroviruses, Using Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Cationic Amino Acid Transporters." Journal of Virology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 8623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.10.8623-8629.1999.

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ABSTRACT Entry of ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) into host cells is initiated by interaction between the receptor-binding domain of the viral SU protein and the third extracellular domain (TED) of the receptor, cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1). To study the molecular basis for the retrovirus-receptor interaction, mouse CAT1 (mCAT1) was expressed in human 293 cells as a fusion protein with jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP). Easily detected by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis with anti-GFP antibodies, the mCAT1-GFP fusion protein was expressed in an N-glycosylated form on the cell surface and in the Golgi apparatus, retaining the ecotropic receptor function. The system was applied to compare Friend MuLV (F-MuLV) and its neuropathogenic variant, PVC-211 MuLV, which exhibits a unique cellular tropism and host range, for the ability to use various CAT family members as a receptor. The results indicated that F-MuLV and PVC-211 MuLV could infect the cells expressing wild-type mCAT1 at comparable efficiencies and that rat CAT3, but not mCAT2, conferred a low but detectable level of susceptibility to F-MuLV and PVC-211 MuLV. The data also suggested that CAT proteins might be expressed in an oligomeric form. Further application of the system developed in this study may provide useful insights into the entry mechanism of ecotropic MuLV.

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Zewde, Tewabech, Feng Wu, and David L. Mattson. "Influence of dietary NaCl on L-arginine transport in the renal medulla." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): R89—R93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00309.2003.

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Previous work demonstrated that l-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase, is carried into inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells via system y+, that the major system y+ gene product in IMCD is the cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1), and that blockade of l-arginine uptake in the renal medulla decreases NO and leads to systemic hypertension. The present study determined the influence of dietary sodium intake on l-arginine uptake in IMCD, on CAT1 immunoreactive protein in the renal medulla, and on the hypertensive response to blockade of l-arginine uptake in the renal medulla. Transport studies in bulk-isolated IMCD demonstrated that l-arginine uptake by IMCD was significantly greater (663 ± 100 pmol·mg-1· min-1, n = 6) in rats exposed to a low-sodium diet (0.4% NaCl) compared with rats on a normal (1% NaCl, 519 ± 78 pmol·mg-1·min-1, n = 6) or high-sodium diet (4.0% NaCl, 302 ± 27 pmol·mg-1·min-1, n = 6). Immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that CAT1 immunoreactive protein was significantly decreased by ∼30% in rats maintained on a high-NaCl diet ( n = 5) compared with rats on a low-NaCl diet ( n = 5). In contrast to the l-arginine transport and immunoblotting data, in vivo blockade of l-arginine uptake led to hypertension of equal magnitude in rats maintained on a low- or high-NaCl diet. These results indicate that sodium loading leads to a decrease in immunoreactive CAT1 protein in the rat renal medulla, resulting in decreased l-arginine uptake capacity. The decrease in l-arginine uptake capacity, however, does not alter the blood pressure response to l-arginine uptake inhibition in the renal medulla.

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Banjarnahor, Sofna, Roman N. Rodionov, Jörg König, and Renke Maas. "Transport of L-Arginine Related Cardiovascular Risk Markers." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 3975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123975.

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L-arginine and its derivatives, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) and L-homoarginine, have emerged as cardiovascular biomarkers linked to cardiovascular outcomes and various metabolic and functional pathways such as NO-mediated endothelial function. Cellular uptake and efflux of L-arginine and its derivatives are facilitated by transport proteins. In this respect the cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT2 (SLC7A1 and SLC7A2) and the system y+L amino acid transporters (SLC7A6 and SLC7A7) have been most extensively investigated, so far, but the number of transporters shown to mediate the transport of L-arginine and its derivatives is constantly increasing. In the present review we assess the growing body of evidence regarding the function, expression, and clinical relevance of these transporters and their possible relation to cardiovascular diseases.

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Bernas, Tytus, and Jurek Dobrucki. "Extracellular Reduction of Cat1 Free Radical by Transformed Human Hepatocytes." Bioscience Reports 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020213400556.

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Redox activities associated with plasma membranes of nonphagocytic animal and plant cells have been reported by several authors. However, the natural substrates, structure and biological role of these putative enzyme systems are not known. Data indicating extracellular reduction of a nitroxide free radical Cat1 (1-oxy-4-trimethylamine-2,2,6,6,tetramethyl-piperidine) by hepatocytes were thought to be artefactual. We report evidence in support of a notion that Cat1 as well as a tetrazolium salt, CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride), are reduced extracellularly, probably at the cell surface, by human HepG2 hepatoma cells. These data provide evidence confirming the existence of a yet unidentified reducing activity associated with outer surface of plasma membranes of transformed human hepatocytes.

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Hultström, Michael, Frank Helle, and Bjarne M. Iversen. "AT1 receptor activation regulates the mRNA expression of CAT1, CAT2, arginase-1, and DDAH2 in preglomerular vessels from angiotensin II hypertensive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 1 (July 2009): F163—F168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00087.2009.

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Previously, we found increased expression of l-arginine metabolizing enzymes in both kidneys from two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats (Helle F, Hultstrom M, Skogstrand T, Palm F, Iversen BM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F78–F86, 2009). In the present study, we investigate whether AT1 receptor activation can induce the changes observed in 2K1C. Four groups of rats were infused with 80 ng/min ANG II or saline for 14 days and/or given 60 mg·kg−1·day−1 losartan. Gene expression was studied in isolated preglomerular vessels by RT-PCR. Dose-responses to ANG II were studied in isolated preglomerular vessels with and without acute NOS inhibition [10−4 mol/l NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)]. Expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), caveolin-1, and arginase-2 were not changed by ANG II infusion. CAT1 (0.3 8 ± 0.07 to 0.73 ± 0.12, P < 0.05), CAT2 (1.14 ± 0.29 to 2.74 ± 0.48), DDAH2 (1.09 ± 0.27 to 2.3 ± 0.46), and arginase-1 (1.08 ± 0.17 to 1.82 ± 0.22) were increased in ANG II-infused rats. This was prevented by losartan treatment, which reduced the expression of eNOS (0.97 ± 0.26 to 0.37 ± 0.11 in controls; 0.8 ± 0.16 to 0.36 ± 0.1 in ANG II-infused rats) and caveolin-1 (2.49 ± 0.59 to 0.82 ± 0.24 in controls and 2.59 ± 0.61 to 1.1 ± 0.25 in ANG II-infused rats). ANG II (10−10 mol/l) caused vessels from ANG II-infused animals to contract to 53 ± 15% of baseline diameter and 90 ± 5% of baseline diameter in controls ( P < 0.05) and was further enhanced by l-NAME to 4 ± 4% of baseline diameter ( P < 0.05). In vivo losartan treatment reduced the reactivity of isolated vessels to 91 ± 2% of baseline in response to 10−7 mol/l ANG II compared with 82 ± 3% in controls ( P < 0.05) and prevented the increased responsiveness caused by ANG II infusion. In conclusion, CAT1, CAT2, DDAH2, and arginase-1 expression in renal resistance vessels is regulated through the AT1 receptor. This finding may be of direct importance for NOS and the regulation of preglomerular vascular function.

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Bai, Shiping, Keying Zhang, Xuemei Ding, Jianping Wang, Qiufeng Zeng, Huanwei Peng, Jie Bai, Yue Xuan, Zuowei Su, and Bin Wu. "Uptake of Manganese from the Manganese-Lysine Complex in Primary Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cells." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080559.

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Organic manganese (Mn) sources can replace inorganic Mn as dietary Mn supplements in poultry. To compare the uptake of Mn from the Mn-lysine complex (MnLys) and MnSO4, we first established the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) model and used it to determine Mn uptake. The MnLys increased the uptake of Mn compared to MnSO4. The uptake of Mn decreased in the IECs with Fe addition in the medium regardless of the Mn sources. The MnLys decreased the Mn2+ efflux transporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA level but did not influence the Mn2+ influx transporter divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. The results above indicated that the increase of Mn accumulation for MnLys at least partly was due to the decrease of Mn efflux by reduced FPN1 expression. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide, an L-lysine transport system y+ inhibitor, decreased the uptake of Mn from MnLys but did not affect the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The cycloheximide, as an L-lysine transport system b0,+ activator, increased the uptake of Mn from MnLys, whereas they did not influence the uptake of Mn from MnSO4. The MnLys increased the system y+ members cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 1 and CAT2, and system b0,+ components rBAT and b0,+AT mRNA expression when compared to MnSO4. These results suggested that the uptake of MnLys complex might be transported by CAT1/2 and system b0,+, which was different from the ionized Mn2+ uptake pathway. In conclusion, the uptake of Mn from MnLys complex not only might be uptake through the ionized Mn2+ pathway, but also appeared to be transported through the CAT1/2 and system b0,+ in primary chicken IECs.

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Lino-Neto, Teresa, Maria Conceição Piques, Cátia Barbeta, Manuel F. Sousa, Rui M. Tavares, and Maria Salomé Pais. "Identification of Zantedeschia aethiopica Cat1 and Cat2 catalase genes and their expression analysis during spathe senescence and regreening." Plant Science 167, no. 4 (October 2004): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.05.030.

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Peng, Ji-Bin, Liyan Zhuang, Urs V. Berger, Rosalyn M. Adam, B. Jill Williams, Edward M. Brown, Matthias A. Hediger, and Michael R. Freeman. "CaT1 Expression Correlates with Tumor Grade in Prostate Cancer." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 282, no. 3 (April 2001): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4638.

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Huamán, Meylin, Crhistian Pérez, Jorge Rodríguez, Marjorie Killerby, Stephane Lovón, and Lilia Chauca. "Caracterización genética y patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana en cepas de Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium en cuyes de crianza intensiva." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 31, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): e17542. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v31i1.17542.

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El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la caracterización fenotípica y genética de 35 aislados de Salmonella Typhimurium provenientes de sistemas de producción de cuyes en la región Lima, Perú, con relación a la resistencia a antimicrobianos. Se determinó el perfil de 11 antibióticos (florfenicol, sulfametoxazol, doxiciclina, oxitetraciclina, amoxicilina, enrofloxacina, norfloxacina, levofloxacina, ciprofloxacina, colistina y fosfomicina), genotipificación por técnicas de ERIC-PCR y perfil de genes de resistencia a quinolonas (qnrB, qnrD, qnrR, aa6), tetraciclinas (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD), fenicoles (cat1, cat2, cmlA, cmlB) y sulfametoxazol (sul1, sul2). Los resultados indican la presencia de multidrogo resistencia en un 80% (n=28) de las cepas, siendo la resistencia más común al antibiótico colistina (91.4%), seguido del sulfametoxazol (68.6%) y enrofloxacina (62.9%), y con una moderada resistencia a amoxicilina (20%), ciprofloxacina (20%) y norfloxacina (11.43%). Nueve de 14 genes de resistencia fueron detectados, con una mayor frecuencia de los genes tetB (71.4%), sulI (57.1%) y cat2 (48.6%). Se observó la presencia de siete perfiles genéticos diferenciados (A-G) distribuidos en dos clústeres genéticos, siendo el perfil D más frecuente (54.3%) seguido del perfil C (28.6%) de frecuencia. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de cepas de Salmonella Typhimurium con moderada variabilidad y perfiles de multidrogo resistencia con la presencia de genes de resistencia, principalmente para tetraciclinas y sulfonamidas.

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Peng, Ji-Bin, Edward M. Brown, and Matthias A. Hediger. "Apical Entry Channels in Calcium-Transporting Epithelia." Physiology 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/nips.01440.2003.

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The identification of the apical calcium channels CaT1 and ECaC revealed the key molecular mechanisms underlying apical calcium entry in calcium-transporting epithelia. These channels are regulated directly or indirectly by vitamin D and dietary calcium and undergo feedback control by intracellular calcium, suggesting their rate-limiting roles in transcellular calcium transport.

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Addiego, Leslie A., Toshihiko Tsutsui, Dennis R. Stewart, and George H. Stabenfeldt. "Determination of the Source of Immunoreactive Relaxin in the Cat1." Biology of Reproduction 37, no. 5 (December 1, 1987): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod37.5.1165.

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Vassilev, Peter M., Ji-Bin Peng, Justin Johnson, Matthias A. Hediger, and Edward M. Brown. "Inhibition of CaT1 Channel Activity by a Noncompetitive IP3 Antagonist." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 280, no. 1 (January 2001): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.4110.

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Temel, Sedat. "Crossed squares, crossed modules over groupoids and cat1−2−groupoids." Categories and General Algebraic Structures with Application 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/cgasa.13.1.125.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cat1'

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