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1
Chester, B., and L. B. Moskowitz. "Rapid catalase supplemental test for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 2 (1987): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.2.439-441.1987.
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Wong, J. D. "Porphyrin test as an alternative to benzidine test for detecting cytochromes in catalase-negative gram-positive cocci." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 10 (1987): 2006–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.10.2006-2007.1987.
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Gaillot, Olivier, Muriel Wetsch, Nicolas Fortineau, and Patrick Berche. "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a New Chromogenic Medium, for Isolation and Presumptive Identification ofStaphylococcus aureus from Human Clinical Specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1587-1591.2000.
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CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation. We conducted a preliminary study with 100 S. aureus and 45 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) stock isolates plated on CSA. All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37°C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies. Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e., culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples. Among the 310 S. aureus isolates recovered by at least one of the two methods, 296 grew as typical mauve colonies on CSA, while only 254 yielded catalase-positive, latex-positive colonies on HBA. The sensitivity of CSA was significantly higher than that of the conventional method (95.5 and 81.9%, respectively;P < 0.001) and allowed the recovery of important clinical isolates that were undetected on blood agar. The specificities of the two methods were not significantly different, although that of CSA was slightly higher (99.4% versus 98.9% for HBA-catalase-latex;P = 0.08). On the basis of its excellent sensitivity and specificity, ease of identification of positive colonies, and absence of complementary testing, CSA can be recommended as a routine plating medium for presumptive identification of S. aureusin clinical specimens.
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Okuda, Masumi, Takako Osaki, Shogo Kikuchi, Junko Ueda, Yingsong Lin, Hideo Yonezawa, Kohei Maekawa, Fuhito Hojo, Shigeru Kamiya, and Yoshihiro Fukuda. "Evaluation of a stool antigen test using a mAb for native catalase for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adults." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.077370-0.
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Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection is important not only for screening of infection but also for epidemiological studies. Stool antigen tests are non-invasive and are convenient to identify H. pylori infection, particularly in children. We evaluated the stool antigen test, which uses a mAb for native catalase of H. pylori developed in Japan. A total of 151 stool samples were collected from participants (52 children and 99 adults) of the Sasayama Cohort Study and stored between −30 and −80 °C. The stool antigen test used was Testmate pylori antigen (TPAg), and was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Furthermore, we conducted a quantitative real-time PCR test and compared the PCR results with those of the TPAg test. When compared with the results in real-time PCR, the sensitivity of TPAg was 89.5 % overall, 82.7 % for children and 92.4 % for adults, and the specificity was 100 %. The accuracy was 93.4 % overall, 90.4 % for children and 94.9 % for adults, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of TPAg between children and adults. Five of 28 children (18 %) and five of 38 adults (13 %) were PCR positive with negative TPAg results. Four of five children with positive PCR and negative TPAg results were given a 13C-urea breath test and all four children tested negative. No significant correlation was observed between the TPAg results and DNA numbers of H. pylori in faeces among children or adults. A stool antigen test (TPAg) using a mAb for native catalase is useful for diagnosis of H. pylori in children and adults. Additionally, this test has particularly high specificity.
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Monika, Siska, Dessy Yoswaty, and Nursyirwani Nursyirwani. "TEST THE ABILITY OF SEDIMENT BACTERIA ISOLATES IN DEGRADATING PHENOL." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.2.1.79-84.
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Phenol degrading bacteria can be found in various habitats in marine environments. This study aims to obtain bacteria from sediments that are able to degrade phenol. The process of bacterial purification and degradation was carried out from August to September 2018 at the Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, University of Riau. Analysis of the reduction in phenol concentration was carried out using the APHA 5530 method using UV-VIS spectrophotometry conducted at the Health and Environment Laboratory. The bacterial isolates used as test bacteria were isolates BF1A, BF4B and BF9C. Bacterial and biochemical tests were carried out for all bacterial isolates. Two isolated showed mehyl red negative, all isolates were motile. Three isolates were positive catalase, able to ferment glucose and sucrose fermented citrate and two isolat were Gram negative bacterial. The three bacterial isolates were able to degrade phenol with the highest degradation for 1ppm shown in isolates BF1A, the highest degradation of concentrations of 2 ppm and 3 ppm was shown in isolates BF9C. Thus, the isolat BF9C was able to degrade the highest phenol.
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Fisher, Christopher W., Dongha Lee, Beth-Anne Dodge, Kristen M. Hamman, Justin B. Robbins, and Scott E. Martin. "Influence of Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase on Ozone Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1405-1409.2000.
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ABSTRACT The effects of ozone at 0.25, 0.40, and 1.00 ppm on Listeria monocytogenes were evaluated in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Differences in sensitivity to ozone were found to exist among the six strains examined. Greater cell death was found following exposure at lower temperatures. Early stationary-phase cells were less sensitive to ozone than mid-exponential- and late stationary-phase cells. Ozonation at 1.00 ppm of cabbage inoculated with L. monocytogenes effectively inactivated all cells after 5 min. The abilities of in vivo catalase and superoxide dismutase to protect the cells from ozone were also examined. Three listerial test strains were inactivated rapidly upon exposure to ozone. Both catalase and superoxide dismutase were found to protect listerial cells from ozone attack, with superoxide dismutase being more important than catalase in this protection.
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DAVIS, CARL E., and SAMUEL CYRUS. "Evaluation of a Rapid Method for Measurement of Catalase Activity in Cooked Beef and Sausage." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.253.
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Catalase (CAT) activity in ground beef and pork was determined on samples cooked from 60 to 71.1°C. One-gram samples of ground round (4% fat), hamburger (24% fat), and commercial pork sausage (38% fat) were cooked in a controlled-temperature waterbath at 65, 68.3, and 71°C. Chilled samples were immersed in direct contact with the cooking water; the test samples were removed every 15 s and immediately immersed in an ice-water bath (0 to 1 °C) to quick-chill the samples to prevent temperature over-run. Samples retained high (HMB value 20+, over range) CAT activity through 90, 60, and 45 s at 65, 68.3, and 71°C, respectively, before showing rapid activity decreases. Four USDA-FSIS approved meat patty heating processes (66.1°C, 41 s; 67.2°C, 26 s; 68.3°C, 16 s; and 69.4°C, 10 s) were analyzed for CAT activity. CAT activity in meat frozen prior to cooking was slightly lower (P < 0.05) than in nonfrozen meat. CAT activity decreased (P < 0.05) among meat treated at 66.1°C for 41 s, at 67.2°C for 26 s, and at 68.3°C for 16 s, but the treatment at 68.3°C for 16 s was not different (P < 0.05) from that at 69.4°C for 10 s. These results show this rapid (20 to 25 min) CAT activity test could be used to establish activity values at specific end-point temperatures for model heat-processed ground beef or sausage products and may be useful to USDAFSIS process inspectors and food processors in quality assurance and HACCP (hazard analysis critical control points) programs for thermal input verification.
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Ahmed, S. M. Ali, Chandan Kumar Roy, Qamrul Hassan Jaigirdar, Rehana Razzak Khan, Ismet Nigar, and Ahmed Abu Saleh. "Identification of Malassezia species from suspected Pityriasis (versicolor) patients." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v9i2.31424.
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Pityriasis versicolor is a chronic, superficial fungal infection affecting the superficial layer of a stratum corneum. Malassezia furfur is the major species involved in pityriasis versicolor. Currently many researchers reported increase in the incidence of other species as a causative agent of pityriasis versicolor. Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from suspected Pityriasis versicolor patients was conducted in the Department of Microbiology and immunology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from September 2013 to August 2014. Ninety two clinically diagnosed patients of Pityriasis versicolor were studied and samples from skin lesion were processed for direct microscopy and culture. Species of Malassezia were identified by cultural characteristics in Dixon's agar media by macro and microscopic observation of the colonies and by catalase test, urease test, esculin test and tween assimilation test. A totalof 92 cases 70(70.08%) were positive by direct microscopy and 50(54.34%) were positive by culture. Malassezia globosa was found in 38(76%) cases as the commonest etiological agent and Malassezia furfur was found in 10(20%) cases and Malassezia obtusa in 2 (4%) cases respectively.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2015; 9 (2): 17-19
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TOWNSEND, W. E., and L. C. BLANKENSHIP. "Methods for Detecting Processing Temperatures of Previously Cooked Meat and Poultry Products - A Review." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.2.128.
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Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations establishes prescribed thermal treatment for a variety of meat and poultry products. These requirements are to ensure the destruction of harmful microorganisms and viruses that cause diseases in humans and livestock. The information presented in this review provides information relative to the current procedures used by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) for monitoring the adequacy of heat treatment of meat and poultry products; and the research activities that have been and are currently being conducted to develop new and/or improved methods for determining the maximum internal temperature of meat and poultry products. Currently, FSIS is using a protein “Coagulation Test” for monitoring the maximum internal temperature (MIT) of both beef and pork products heat processed to temperatures lower than 65°C; a residual “Acid Phosphatase Activity Method” for determining the MIT of canned hams, canned picnics and canned luncheon meat, and a third method, known as the “Bovine Catalase Test”, for the determination of catalase which gives a pass/fail indication at a cooking temperature of 62.8°C for rare roast beef and cooked beef. Since 1957, several attempts have been made to develop new and/or improved methods. These include an evaluation of the enzyme systems and various physical techniques. The lack of new and/or improved methods is not due to the lack of research efforts in this area, as evidenced by this review. The challenge is the development of a method which can accurately determine within ± 1.0°C the endpoint temperature in the temperature range (67.8 – 70.0°C) that is of most interest to FSIS.
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Janosch, D., S. Dubbert, K. Eiteljörge, B. W. K. Diehl, U. Sonnenborn, L. V. Passchier, T. M. Wassenaar, and R. von Bünau. "Anti-genotoxic and anti-mutagenic activity of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as assessed by in vitro tests." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0113.
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Anti-genotoxic or anti-mutagenic activity has been described for a number of Gram-positive probiotic bacterial species. Here we present evidence that Gram-negative Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) also displays anti-genotoxic/anti-mutagenic activity, as assessed in vitro by the Comet Assay and the Ames Test, respectively. This activity was demonstrated by use of the mutagens 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and benzo(a) pyrene (B[a]P). For both assays and all three test agents the anti-genotoxic/anti-mutagenic activity of EcN was shown to be concentration dependent. By the use of extracts of bacteria that were inactivated by various procedures (heat treatment, ultrasound sonication or ultraviolet light irradiation), mechanistic explanations could be put forward. The proposed mechanisms were enforced by treating the bacterial material with proteinase K prior to testing. The mutagen H2O2 is most likely inactivated by enzymic activity, with catalase a likely candidate, while several explanations can be put forward for inactivation of B[a]P. NQO is most likely inactivated by metabolising enzymes, since the formation of the metabolite 4-aminoquinoline could be demonstrated. In conclusion, the in vitro results presented here make a strong case for antimutagenic properties of EcN.
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Adame-Gómez, Roberto, Jeiry Toribio-Jimenez, Amalia Vences-Velazquez, Elvia Rodríguez-Bataz, Maria Cristina Santiago Dionisio, and Arturo Ramirez-Peralta. "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Artisanal Cheeses in México." International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (November 18, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8760357.
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Milk and dairy foods have frequently been implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning, and contaminated raw milk is often involved. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw cow milk cheese produced in Mexico. A total of 78 unpasteurized cow milk cheese samples were screened for S. aureus. The isolates were identified as S. aureus based on morphology, Gram stain, catalase test, coagulase test, and mannitol salt agar fermentation. Isolates were subjected to biotyping, the methicillin resistance was analyzed using the disk diffusion, and the Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) production was examined by a dot-blot analysis. From a total of 78 samples of unpasteurized cheeses analyzed in this study, 44 cheeses were positive for S. aureus; however, a differential contamination between the different types of cheeses was observed, with high risk of contamination in adobero cheese (12, 95% CI 1.75 to 94.20; p=0.002). In this study, the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 18.1% (8/44) and of enterotoxin A producers was 18.1% (8/44). When classified by biotypes, MRSA only belongs to the human ecovar biotype (2/8, 25%) and the D biotype (4/8, 50%). S. aureus producers of enterotoxin A were distributed in specific nonhost biotypes.
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Croxen, Matthew A., Peter B. Ernst, and Paul S. Hoffman. "Antisense RNA Modulation of Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase Levels in Helicobacter pylori Correlates with Organic Peroxide Toxicity but Not Infectivity." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 3359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00012-07.
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ABSTRACT Much of the gene content of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (∼1.7-Mb genome) is considered essential. This view is based on the completeness of metabolic pathways, infrequency of nutritional auxotrophies, and paucity of pathway redundancies typically found in bacteria with larger genomes. Thus, genetic analysis of gene function is often hampered by lethality. In the absence of controllable promoters, often used to titrate gene function, we investigated the feasibility of an antisense RNA interference strategy. To test the antisense approach, we targeted alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC), one of the most abundant proteins expressed by H. pylori and one whose function is essential for both in vitro growth and gastric colonization. Here, we show that antisense ahpC (as-ahpC) RNA expression from shuttle vector pDH37::as-ahpC achieved an ∼72% knockdown of AhpC protein levels, which correlated with increased susceptibilities to hydrogen peroxide, cumene, and tert-butyl hydroperoxides but not with growth efficiency. Compensatory increases in catalase levels were not observed in the knockdowns. Expression of single-copy antisense constructs (expressed under the urease promoter and containing an fd phage terminator) from the rdxA locus of mouse-colonizing strain X47 achieved a 32% knockdown of AhpC protein levels (relative to wild-type X47 levels), which correlated with increased susceptibility to organic peroxides but not with mouse colonization efficiency. Our studies indicate that high levels of AhpC are not required for in vitro growth or for primary gastric colonization. Perhaps AhpC, like catalase, assumes a greater role in combating exogenous peroxides arising from lifelong chronic inflammation. These studies also demonstrate the utility of antisense RNA interference in the evaluation of gene function in H. pylori.
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Abdallah, Noha G., Faten M. Ali, Lamiaa A. Adel, Ahmed M. Elkotb, and Walaa A. Ibrahim. "Prevalence, Resistance Profile and Virulence Genes of Streptococcus agalactiae Colonizing Near-term Pregnant Women Attending Ain Shams University Hospital." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 3 (August 12, 2021): 1490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.3.43.
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Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of infections in pregnant females and non-pregnant adults with chronic diseases (such as diabetes and cancer), also it is the main reason of septicaemia and meningitis in infants. The aim of this study was to figure out how common GBS is in pregnant women, the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolated GBS colonies and check the presence of scpB and rib virulence genes in these isolates. We screened 203 pregnant women attending the Maternity Hospital of Ain Shams University using vaginal sampling. Isolation was done on CHROMagarTM Strep B and sheep blood agar plates then identified via colony characters, Gram stain, test for catalase production, Christie–Atkins–Munch-Petersen (CAMP) test, test for hippurate hydrolysis and latex agglutination test. This was followed by an antibiotic susceptibility test. Finally, Detection of scpB and rib virulence genes by conventional PCR was done. Our study detected that the prevalence rate of GBS in involved pregnant women was 11.33%. A statistically significant association between colonization and history of spontaneous abortion and preterm labor was observed. CHROMagar™ StrepB showed the same sensitivity of sheep blood agar with extensive effort to isolate suspected GBS colonies from blood agar. GBS was 100% sensitive to levofloxacin, linezolid, cefepime, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone. Also, it was highly sensitive to vancomycin (91.3%). Sensitivity to clindamycin, azithromycin, penicillin and ampicillin was (21.70%, 21.70%,47.80%, 47.80%) respectively. The least sensitivity of GBS was to erythromycin ( 8.7%). All isolates possessed the scpB gene (100%) while only 18 isolates (78.26%) had the rib gene.
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LUPPENS, S. B. I., F. M. ROMBOUTS, and T. ABEE. "The Effect of the Growth Phase of Staphylococcus aureus on Resistance to Disinfectants in a Suspension Test." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.124.
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The influence of growth phase on the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the surface-active agents benzalkonium chloride and dodecylbenzyl sulfonic acid and the oxidizing agents sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide was studied. The resistances of cells in different growth phases were compared to those of solid medium cells grown according to the European phase 1 suspension test. Using cells from different growth phases (±3 × 107 CFU ml−1), we found that decline-phase cells were the most resistant cells. However, the decline-phase cell suspension contained more than 90% dead cells. A 10-fold–diluted suspension with a total concentration of cells equal to that of the other cell suspensions still revealed decline-phase cells to be generally the most resistant cell type. However, the resistance was drastically reduced, indicating that the large proportion of dead cells provided significant protection to the viable decline-phase cells. Hydrogen peroxide resistance could be partly explained by the high catalase activity in the dead-cell fraction. Exponential-phase cells were less resistant than decline-phase cells, and, surprisingly, stationary-phase cells were the least resistant of the three. Cells grown according to the European phase 1 suspension test were never the most resistant cells. Their survival was 1 to 3 log units lower than that of the most resistant cells. These findings show that the solid-medium cells currently used in disinfectant tests are not the most resistant cells that can be used.
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Singh, S., R. K. Sharma, S. Malhotra, R. Pothuraju, and U. K. Shandilya. "Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC17 ameliorates type-2 diabetes by improving gut function, oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat-diet fed and streptozotocintreated rats." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0090.
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Restoration of dysbiosed gut microbiota through probiotic may have profound effect on type 2 diabetes. In the present study, rats were fed high fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks and injected with low dose streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. Diabetic rats were then fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC 17 and L. rhamnosus GG with HFD for six weeks. L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 improved oral glucose tolerance test, biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, glycosylated haemoglobin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in blood and liver), bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in cecum, expression of glucagon like peptide-1 producing genes in cecum, and adiponection in epididymal fat, while decreased propionate proportions (%) in caecum, and expression of tumour necrosis factor-α and interlukin-6 in epididymal fat of diabetic rats as compared to diabetes control group. These findings offered a base for the use of L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 for the improvement and early treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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BYRNE, R. D., J. R. BISHOP, and J. W. BOLING. "Estimation of Potential Shelf-life of Pasteurized Fluid Milk Utilizing a Selective Preliminary Incubation." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.11.805.
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Selective preliminary incubation, followed by bacterial enumerations or detection techniques, was used to indicate potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. Commercial whole milk samples, stored at 7°C, were analyzed for bacterial and biochemical parameters and potential shelf-life using daily organoleptic evaluation. Prior to analysis, each sample was subjected to the following preliminary incubations: milk alone, milk with benzalkonium chloride, milk and broth, milk and broth with benzalkonium chloride, and milk and a dairy gram-negative broth. The following bacterial enumerations were conducted: Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count, modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count (Petrifilm and agar methods), and Moseley Keeping Quality test (Petrifilm and agar methods). Catalase detection (headspace pressure and flotation time) and impedance detection times were also determined. Initial Standard Plate and Coliform counts (Petrifilm and agar methods) were conducted on each fresh sample but were not used for shelf-life prediction. Many of the preliminary incubations, in conjunction with enumeration or detection combinations, (especially modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count and impedance microbiology) gave good correlations to shelf-life (−0.89 and 0.91, respectively). Thus, these methods could be used to indicate the potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk.
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Gul, Ambreen, Yasir Rasheed, Kaleem Imdad, Raheela Yasmin, Aneela Jamil, and Ummara Aslam. "ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN." PAFMJ 71, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 1056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i3.5451.
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Objective: To investigate the prevalence of S. aureus in hospitalized patients of Islamabad.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Study Duration: Pakistan Institute of Medical Science, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Lab, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, from Sep 2017 to Sep 2018.
Methodology: A total of 500 samples were collected. The isolates were divided into four study groups according to their source of origin i.e. group 1 (dermal group), group 2 (nasal group), group 3 (blood group) and group 4 (urine group). Gram staining, catalase test and DNA se media analysis were done for validation of S. aureus. Disc diffusion test (for antibiotic susceptibility), Oxacillin disc test (to differentiate between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus) and minimal inhibitory concentration (for susceptibility to vancomycin), were performed.
Results: Degree of the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus was 21%, 17%, 9% and 8% in group 1, 2, 3 & 4 respectively. The overall prevalence of staphylococcus aureus was 19.5% in all isolates. The disc diffusion test showed the descending resistance pattern of isolates i.e. 100, 94, 94, 76, 58, 55, 47, 43, 40 and 37% for penicillin, ciprofloxacin, Kanamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, oxazolidinone, sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, clindamycin, and cipoxin respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentration found only one sample resistant at 2ug/l concentration of Vancomycin. Moreover, Oxacillin disc test showed 52% methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus while 48.2% methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among all isolates.
Conclusion: There is an increase in the frequency of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Single vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus strain was also isolated.
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Bartoskova, Marta, Radka Dobsikova, Vlasta Stancova, Ondrej Pana, Dana Zivna, Lucie Plhalova, Jana Blahova, and Petr Marsalek. "Norfloxacin—Toxicity for Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Focused on Oxidative Stress Parameters." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/560235.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to a fluoroquinolone norfloxacin, using selected oxidative stress parameters as a target. Toxicity tests were performed on zebrafish according to the OECD Guidelines number 203 and number 215. In the Subchronic Toxicity Test, a significant (P<0.01) increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase was found. In the test, norfloxacin did not affect lipid peroxidation and catalytic activity of glutathione reductase. From the results, we can conclude that norfloxacin has a negative impact on specific biochemical processes connected with the production of reactive oxygen species in fish tested.
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MOHAMOOD, A., A. R. DATTA, and B. E. ERIBO. "Application of a Synthetic Listeriolysin O Gene Probe to the Identification of β-Hemolytic Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Ground Beef." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.5.385.
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The synthetic gene probe is a 20 mer oligonucleotide, derived from listeriolysin O gene sequence of Listeria monocytogenes and shown to be specific for strains of this organism. This probe was used in a DNA-colony hybridization assay to evaluate its suitability in detecting (β-hemolytic L. monocytogenes in ground beef. Thirty-six ground beef samples were plated onto three media: Trypticase soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract, lithium chloride-phenylethanol-moxalactam agar and Martin's agar, both directly and after selective enrichment in Food and Drug Administration broth. Of the 118 gram-positive and catalase-positive isolates selected from the plates, only 24 gave detectable hybridization signal with the probe. CAMP-test and standard biochemical tests also revealed that only these 24 probe positive isolates were (β-hemolytic L. monocytogenes. Of the 36 samples of ground beef, 6 were positive for Listeria spp., out of which 4 were L. monocytogenes.
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Joachim, Agricola, Sabrina J. Moyo, Lillian Nkinda, Mtebe Majigo, Sima Rugarabamu, Elizabeth G. Mkashabani, Elia J. Mmbaga, Naboth Mbembati, Said Aboud, and Eligius F. Lyamuya. "Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Health Care Workers in Tertiary and Regional Hospitals in Dar es Salam, Tanzania." International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (September 10, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5058390.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among health care workers (HCWs) increases the risk of spreading the organism in hospital settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and October 2016 among HCWs in tertiary and regional hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to determine the MRSA nasal carriage rate. Nasal swabs were collected from HCWs and cultured on mannitol salt agar. S. aureus was identified based on colonial morphology, Gram staining, catalase, coagulase, and DNase test results. MRSA was detected using the cefoxitin disk. Among 379 HCWs enrolled, 157/379 (41.4%) were colonized with S. aureus, of whom 59 (37.6%) were MRSA carriers giving an overall prevalence of 59/379 (15.6%). MRSA carriage was high among HCWs in Temeke (56.9%) and Amana (37.5%) regional hospitals. A high proportion of MRSA carriage was detected among nurses (35, 45.5%). MRSA isolates showed high resistance toward kanamycin (83.7%), gentamicin (83.1%), ciprofloxacin (71.2%), and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (46.8%) compared to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates (p≤0.001). In conclusion, we found a high nasal carriage of MRSA and resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents among HCWs. Implementation of infection control measures including contact precautions, urgent reporting of MRSA laboratory results, and routine MRSA screening of HCWs is highly needed to reduce MRSA spreading.
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Chhanda, Mousumi Sarker, Imran Parvez, Nazmi Ara Rumi, Md Hafiz All Hosen, and Md Rezaul Islam. "Identification of pathogenic bacteria from infected Thai koi (Anabas testudineus)." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v5i1.41046.
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A study was conducted for identification of pathogenic bacteria from Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) and an experimental infection test was run for identifying the actual causative agent of the infection. Due to perform the experiment, the fish sample was collected from different fish farm located in Fulbari, Dinajpur to the Microbiology lab of the HSTU-Dnajpur campus and placed in tray for taking sample from different infected part such as gill, slime, muscle, fin of the fish by using wire loop then these were taking in the nutrient ager medium for observing the culture of bacteria. After then specific culture media, Salmonella-Shigella media, Mannitol salt agar media, Mac-Conkey (MaC) agar media and Eosin Methylene Blue media were used for observing specific bacterial characteristics. Then biochemical tests, Methyl red (MR), Voges-proskaure test, Triple sugar iron test, Indole test were performed for bacterial identification. As a result Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Klebshiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were confirmed. Catalase test and Simon citrate test was also performed. Then Grams staining method was followed for microscopic observation of identified bacteria. Then experimental infection test was performed in Aquaculture lab by setting up 5 aquarium holding fresh fish. The fresh water and identified bacteria were added specifically to the aquarium and it was continued for 15 days for observing infectious symptoms. After 15 days the fish with Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were showed infectious symptoms but other did not any change in physical appearance. So it can be said that Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. are able to show ulcerative symptoms in Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) that is a bacterial infection.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 56-62
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COSBY, DOUGLAS E., STEPHEN E. CRAVEN, MARK A. HARRISON, and NELSON A. COX. "Bacterial Isolates from the Chicken Gizzard and Ceca with In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Salmonella typhimurium." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.2.120.
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Bacterial isolates (197) obtained from the gizzard and ceca of 20 broiler and 40 specific-pathogen-free chickens, 21 days to 8 months of age, were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Salmonella typhimurium. One-hundred forty strains were characterized as gram negative and oxidase negative, typical of the Enterobacteriaceae. Five of the gram-negative and oxidase-negative isolates demonstrated inhibitory activity against six strains of S. typhimurium after 10- and 20-fold concentration and ammonium sulfate precipitation of the cell-free supernatant fluid from a culture grown in M9 minimal medium. Three isolates were identified as lactobacilli, 40 other strains exhibited Gram stain, oxidase, and catalase reactions typical of the Lactobacillus spp., and three known lactobacilli were included in the evaluation. Limited inhibitory activity was exhibited by these 46 isolates when tested against six S. typhimurium strains. Fourteen other strains not characterized as presumptive enterobacteria or lactic acid bacteria demonstrated little or no inhibitory activity against the six test strains.
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Ahankoub, Maryam, Gashtasb Mardani, Payam Ghasemi-Dehkordi, Ameneh Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi, Abbas Doosti, Mohammad-Saeid Jami, Mehdi Allahbakhshian-Farsani, Javad Saffari-Chaleshtori, and Mohammad Rahimi-Madiseh. "Biodecomposition of Phenanthrene and Pyrene by a Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208314666200128103513.
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Background: Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) can be used for bioremediation of the biological pollutants into nonhazardous or less-hazardous substances, at lower cost. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of these contaminants that associated with a risk of human cancer development. Genetically engineered E. coli that encoded catechol 2,3- dioxygenase (C230) was created and investigated its ability to biodecomposition of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement. We revised patents documents relating to the use of GEMs for bioremediation. This approach have already been done in others studies although using other genes codifying for same catechol degradation approach. Objective: In this study, we investigated biodecomposition of phenanthrene and pyrene by a genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Methods: Briefly, following the cloning of C230 gene (nahH) into pUC18 vector and transformation into E. coli Top10F, the complementary tests, including catalase, oxidase and PCR were used as on isolated bacteria from spiked soil. Results: The results of HPLC measurement showed that in spiked soil containing engineered E. coli, biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene comparing to autoclaved soil that inoculated by wild type of E. coli and normal soil group with natural microbial flora, were statistically significant (p<0.05). Moreover, catalase test was positive while the oxidase tests were negative. Conclusion: These findings indicated that genetically manipulated E. coli can provide an effective clean-up process on PAH compounds and it is useful for bioremediation of environmental pollution with petrochemical products.
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Maurya, A. K., V. L. Nag, S. Kant, R. A. S. Kushwaha, M. Kumar, A. K. Singh, and T. N. Dhole. "Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria among Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Tertiary Care Centers in Northern India." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/465403.
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The reports of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) associated with extrapulmonary diseases are increasing in tertiary care hospitals. Despite a significant increase in knowledge about NTM infections, they still represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of NTN among extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in tertiary care centers in Northern India. A total of 227 culture positive isolates from 756 cases were tested for niacin production and catalase assay. BIO-LINE SD Ag MPT64 TB test and final identification and differentiation between MTBC and different species of NTM were further confirmed by GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS assay. 71 cases (9.3%) were positive for AFB by ZN staining and 227 cases (30.1%) were positive for mycobacteria by culture. Niacin production and catalase activity were negative in 62/227 (27.4%) strains and after using a panel of different biochemicals and final confirmation by GenoType Mycobacterium CM assay. Out of 227 cultures tested, 165 (72.6%) strains were confirmed asM. tuberculosiscomplex, and 62 (27.4%) were confirmed as NTM. The most common NTM species identified wereM. fortuitum17 (27.5%) andM. intracellulare13 (20.9%). The rapid identification of NTM species may help in targeted therapy and management of the diseases.
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Heifets, Leonid, and Tracy Sanchez. "New Agar Medium for Testing Susceptibility ofMycobacterium tuberculosis to Pyrazinamide." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1498-1501.2000.
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A new agar medium to perform pyrazinamide (PZA) susceptibility testing with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been developed. This medium has an acidic pH of 6.0 instead of the usual for agar media, pH 6.8, to provide optimal conditions for PZA activity, and it also differs from conventional Middlebrook 7H10/7H11 agar in that animal serum (fetal or calf bovine or fetal equine serum) is used instead of oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase to support good growth of M. tuberculosis at the low pH of 6.0. A critical concentration of 900 or 1,200 μg of PZA/ml in this medium made it possible to differentiate between PZA-susceptible and PZA-resistant clinical isolates. This agar medium has the following advantages compared to a liquid medium: it allows determination of the actual proportion of PZA-resistant bacteria in the isolate and it is simple and inexpensive. In addition, it has the potential of being used for a direct susceptibility test with PZA, but this approach will require further confirmation. Further studies to develop critical concentrations of other drugs for this low-pH medium, as well as to investigate the possibility of cultivation in regular (non-CO2) incubators, are in progress.
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Tarassova, Kairi, Radi Tegova, Andres Tover, Riho Teras, Mariliis Tark, Signe Saumaa, and Maia Kivisaar. "Elevated Mutation Frequency in Surviving Populations of Carbon-Starved rpoS-Deficient Pseudomonas putida Is Caused by Reduced Expression of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 11 (April 3, 2009): 3604–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01803-08.
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ABSTRACTRpoS is a bacterial sigma factor of RNA polymerase which is involved in the expression of a large number of genes to facilitate survival under starvation conditions and other stresses. The results of our study demonstrate that the frequency of emergence of base substitution mutants is significantly increased in long-term-starved populations ofrpoS-deficientPseudomonas putidacells. The increasing effect of the lack of RpoS on the mutation frequency became apparent in both a plasmid-based test system measuring Phe+reversion and a chromosomalrpoBsystem detecting rifampin-resistant mutants. The elevated mutation frequency coincided with the death of about 95% of the cells in a population ofrpoS-deficientP.putida. Artificial overexpression of superoxide dismutase or catalase in therpoS-deficient strain restored the survival of cells and resulted in a decline in the mutation frequency. This indicated that, compared to wild-type bacteria,rpoS-deficient cells are less protected against damage caused by reactive oxygen species. 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine (GO) is known to be one of the most stable and frequent base modifications caused by oxygen radical attack on DNA. However, the spectrum of base substitution mutations characterized inrpoS-deficientP.putidawas different from that in bacteria lacking the GO repair system: it was broader and more similar to that identified in the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the formation of large deletions was also accompanied by a lack of RpoS. Thus, the accumulation of DNA damage other than GO elevates the frequency of mutation in these bacteria. It is known that oxidative damage of proteins and membrane components, but not that of DNA, is a major reason for the death of cells. Since the increased mutation frequency was associated with a decline in the viability of bacteria, we suppose that the elevation of the mutation frequency in the surviving population of carbon-starvedrpoS-deficientP.putidamay be caused both by oxidative damage of DNA and enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair fidelity.
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Imran, Fareeha, Muna Malik, Amina Asif, Gulnaz Akhtar, Sidra Zaman, and Asma Noveen Ajmal. "Changing Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Species over the Last Eight Years in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v10i2.615.
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Background: Acinetobacter spp. is a highly resistant nosocomial pathogen that leads to a broad range of human infections resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Due to unpredictable MDR patterns of Acinetobacter spp., it is imperative to know the institutional prevalent susceptibility profiles of these residing pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Acinetobacter species over the last 8 years in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.Material and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Lahore General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Eight-year data was gathered from January 2012 to December 2019. All specimens were handled according to standard operating procedures in the microbiology laboratory of the Pathology department of Lahore General Hospital. The Acinetobacter spp. were identified in the laboratory by Gram staining, oxidase test, catalase test and Triple sugar iron fermentation and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern was noted.Results: The highest yield of Acinetobacter spp. from the clinical specimen was isolated from pus followed by tracheal secretion, blood, and urine in the last three years (from 2017 to 2019). Most of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). There was a progressive increase in resistance of Acinetobacter spp. The highest progression in resistance was observed among the cephalosporin and quinolone group of antibiotics.Conclusions: Increased resistance to commonly used antimicrobials against Acinetobacter species has been observed with the highest resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins.
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Chen, Guozhu, and Herb E. Schellhorn. "Controlled induction of the RpoS regulon inEscherichia coli, using an RpoS-expressing plasmid." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-096.
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RpoS, an alternative sigma factor produced by many Gram-negative bacteria, primarily controls genes that are expressed in stationary phase in response to nutrient deprivation. To test the idea that induction of RpoS in the exponential phase, when RpoS is not normally expressed, increases RpoS-dependent gene expression, we constructed a plasmid carrying the rpoS gene under the control of an IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible T7lac promoter. Northern and Western analyses revealed that levels of RpoS mRNA and protein, respectively, increased in response to the inducer IPTG. Assays of changes in RpoS-dependent functions (catalase activity and glycogen accumulation), confirmed that induced RpoS was functional in exponential phase and was sufficient for the expression of RpoS-dependent functions. Controlled expression of RpoS and RpoS-dependent genes by plasmid-encoded rpoS may thus offer a useful tool for the study of RpoS-dependent gene expression.Key words: RpoS, regulon, gene expression, Escherichia coli.
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Myers-Morales, Tanya, Clarissa Cowan, Michael E. Gray, Christine R. Wulff, Carol E. Parker, Christoph H. Borchers, and Susan C. Straley. "A Surface-Focused Biotinylation Procedure Identifies the Yersinia pestis Catalase KatY as a Membrane-Associated but Non-Surface-Located Protein." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 18 (July 20, 2007): 5750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02968-06.
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ABSTRACT This study identified major surface proteins of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. We applied a novel surface biotinylation method, followed by NeutrAvidin (NA) bead capture, on-bead digestion, and identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The use of stachyose during biotinylation focused the reaction to the surface. Coupled with NA pulldown and immunoblot analysis, this method determined whether a protein was accessible to the surface. We applied the method to test the hypothesis that the catalase KatY is a surface protein of the plague bacterium Y. pestis. A rabbit serum recognized the catalase KatY as a major putative outer membrane-associated antigen expressed by Y. pestis cells grown at 37°C. Similar findings by other groups had led to speculations that this protein might be exposed to the surface and might be a candidate for evaluation as a protective antigen for an improved plague vaccine. KatY was obtained only in the total membrane fraction, and stachyose greatly reduced its biotinylation as well as that of the periplasmic maltose binding protein, indicating that KatY is not on the bacterial surface. LC-MS-MS analysis of on-bead digests representing ca. 109 cells identified highly abundant species, including KatY, Pal, and OmpA, as well as the lipoprotein Pcp, all of which bound in a biotin-specific manner. Pla, Lpp, and OmpX (Ail) bound to the NA beads in a non-biotin-specific manner. There was no contamination from abundant cytoplasmic proteins. We hypothesize that OmpX and Pcp are highly abundant and likely to be important for the Y. pestis pathogenic process. We speculate that a portion of KatY associates with the outer membrane in intact cells but that it is located on the periplasmic side. Consistent with this idea, it did not protect C57BL/6 mice against bubonic plague.
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Fan, Zhen-Yu, Yi-Ping Xiao, Wei Hui, Guan-Rong Tian, Jung-Sook Lee, Keun Chul Lee, and Zhe-Xue Quan. "Altererythrobacter dongtanensis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.024380-0.
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A Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterial strain, JM27T, was isolated from a tidal flat of Dongtan Wetland, Chongming Island, China. The strain formed smooth yellow colonies on R2A plates. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 30–37 °C), at pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–9.0) and in the presence of 0–1 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Catalase test was positive and oxidase test was negative. Ubiquinone 10 (Q10) was the major respiratory quinone. C18 : 1ω7c and C17 : 1ω6c were the most abundant fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain JM27T was 66.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed highest similarity to that of Altererythrobacter marinus H32T (96.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Altererythrobacter of the family Erythrobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, whole-cell fatty acids, polar lipid compositions, and biochemical and physiological characteristics, strain JM27T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter for which the name Altererythrobacter dongtanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM27T ( = KCTC 22672T = CCTCC AB 209199T).
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Mundim, Guilhermo Justino, Roberto Alexandre Dezena, Ana Carolina Santana de Oliveira, Paulo Roberto da Silva, Marilda Cardoso, Gilberto de Araújo Pereira, César Augusto de Morais, and Ana Paula Sarreta Terra. "Avaliação da presença de Staphylococcus aureus nos leitos do Centro de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro, em relação à posição no colchão antes e após a limpeza." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36, no. 6 (December 2003): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822003000600007.
Full textAbstract:
Através de meios de cultura, foi pesquisada a posição de colônias de Staphylococcus aureus em colchões, visando avaliar a eficácia do procedimento de limpeza e desinfecção dos leitos do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (Uberaba). Foram analisadas amostras de 50 colchões no período de 22 de outubro de 2000 a 16 de janeiro de 2001. As amostras foram coletadas e semeadas, pela técnica de esgotamento, em dois meios de cultivo (ágar sangue e manitol) com posterior realização de provas de catalase e coagulase . Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney, Kruswkal- Wallis e Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test com nível de significância p < 0,05. Foram utilizadas 600 placas de meio de cultivo. Houve crescimento em 94 (15,6%), sendo 82 (87,2%) antes e 12 (12,8%) após a limpeza e desinfecção. Em relação à posição no leito, as amostras semeadas no meio de cultivo com manitol mostraram que não houve redução significativa na posição inferior do leito (p>0,05). Os resultados apontam e alertam para falhas no procedimento de limpeza e desinfecção dos leitos hospitalares por nós estudados.
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Ateba, Collins Njie, Kgothatso Pontsho Lekoma, and David Tonderai Kawadza. "Detection of vanA and vanB genes in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from groundwater using multiplex PCR analysis." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (August 27, 2013): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.037.
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A total of 22 groundwater samples were randomly collected from three rural communities in the Mafikeng area. Bile esculin agar was used for selective isolation of enterococci. Standard preliminary tests (Gram staining, oxidase test, catalase test) and confirmatory tests (Prolex™ Streptococcal Grouping Rapid Latex Agglutination test kit) were used to determine the identities of presumptive enterococci. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed on all positively identified enterococci; percentage resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were generated. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect vanA and vanB genes vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). A total of 179 enterococci were positively identified and the proportion of isolates from Dibate (62.5%) was higher compared to those from Majemantsho and Motlhabeng (22.3 and 15.0, respectively). A large proportion (81.5 to 100%) of the isolates from Dibate, Motlhabeng and Majemantsho were resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin and penicillin G. Two main MAR phenotypes, PG-VA-Ap-A-OX and PG-VA-Ap-OX, were identified. Multiplex PCR analysis of 50 VRE indicated that 17 (34%) were positive for vanA and vanB genes. This highlights the need to determine the cause of vancomycin resistance in enterococci in the sampled sites and suggests that sequence analysis be used to confirm the identities of these amplicons.
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YAN, JIAQI, JIAN LI, HONGWEI ZHAO, NI CHEN, JIANKANG CAO, and WEIBO JIANG. "Effects of Oligochitosan on Postharvest Alternaria Rot, Storage Quality, and Defense Responses in Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) Fruit." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-480.
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Effects of oligochitosan (OCH) on postharvest rot caused by Alternaria alternata in Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) fruit were investigated. An in vitro test indicated that mycelial growth of A. alternata was strongly suppressed by OCH at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g/liter. The half-inhibition concentration of OCH against this fungus was 0.76 and 1.69 g/liter on days 4 and 6 of incubation, respectively. Lesion area and disease incidence in the jujube fruit inoculated with A. alternata were remarkably reduced by the OCH treatments at concentrations higher than 1 g/liter, but 5 g/liter OCH was considered the optimal treatment for inhibiting disease development. OCH also significantly reduced postharvest natural decay, promoted fruit firmness, delayed decline in soluble solids and loss of ascorbic acid, and increased total phenolic compounds during storage at 0°C and 85 to 95% relative humidity. Biochemical evaluations revealed that the activities of the main defense-related enzymes in the jujube fruit, including phenylalanine ammonia–lyase, peroxidase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase, were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) by OCH treatment. OCH increased superoxide dismutase activity but decreased catalase activity and, consequently, elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in the fruit. These results suggest that OCH might trigger several defense mechanisms in the jujube fruit for disease control in addition to its direct antifungal activity. OCH could be a viable alternative to conventional control of postharvest diseases of horticultural products.
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Nagai, Fumiko, Yohei Watanabe, and Masami Morotomi. "Slackia piriformis sp. nov. and Collinsella tanakaei sp. nov., new members of the family Coriobacteriaceae, isolated from human faeces." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 2639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.017533-0.
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Three Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped organisms (strains YIT 12062T, YIT 12063T and YIT 12064) were isolated from human faeces. Strain YIT 12062T was asaccharolytic and possessed a DNA G+C content of 58.3 mol%. Cells of strain YIT 12062T were negative for catalase, oxidase, urease, hydrolysis of aesculin and gelatin, nitrate reduction and indole production. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YIT 12062T was assigned to the genus Slackia (91.7–96.0 % sequence similarities to type strains of Slackia species). Biochemical data showed that the isolate was phenotypically distinct from all recognized species of the genus Slackia. Strain YIT 12062T therefore represents a novel species in the genus Slackia, for which the name Slackia piriformis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIT 12062T (=DSM 22477T=JCM 16070T). Following 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strains YIT 12063T and YIT 12064, which were isolated from different subjects, were shown to be most closely related to species of the genus Collinsella (93.8–95.1 % similarities to type strains). Although their phenotypic characteristics were very similar and they shared >99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and >97±1.8 % DNA–DNA relatedness, the two isolates could be discriminated by RAPD fingerprints. The DNA G+C contents of strains YIT 12063T and YIT 12064 were 60.8 and 61.0 mol%, respectively. They were saccharolytic in API test systems, positive for aesculin hydrolysis and negative for catalase, oxidase, urease, indole production, nitrate reduction and gelatin hydrolysis. The major end products of glucose fermentation of these strains were lactate, acetate and formate. Biochemical data supported the affiliation of strains YIT 12063T and YIT 12064 to the genus Collinsella and showed that they were phenotypically distinct from all recognized species of the genus Collinsella. Strains YIT 12063T and YIT 12064 therefore represent a novel species of the genus Collinsella, for which the name Collinsella tanakaei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIT 12063T (=DSM 22478T=JCM 16071T).
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Wu, Xiao-Yue, Gang Zheng, Wen-Wu Zhang, Xue-Wei Xu, Min Wu, and Xu-Fen Zhu. "Amphibacillus jilinensis sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, alkaliphilic bacillus from a soda lake." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 2540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.018259-0.
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A facultatively anaerobic, alkaliphilic, spore-forming, Gram-positive-staining rod, designated Y1T, was isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from sediment of a soda lake in Jilin province, China. The strain was not dependent on Na+ but was highly halotolerant and grew optimally in medium JY with 0.5 M Na+ (0.06 M NaHCO3 and 0.44 M NaCl). The optimum pH for growth was 9.0, with a range of pH 7.5–10.5. No growth occurred at pH 7.0 or 11.0. The strain was mesophilic, with a temperature range of 15–45 °C and optimum growth at 32 °C. Strain Y1T was able to use certain mono- and oligosaccharides. Soluble starch and casein were hydrolysed. The methyl red test, Voges–Proskauer test and tests for catalase and oxidase activities were negative. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed 93.4–96.8 % sequence similarity to members of the genus Amphibacillus. The DNA G+C content was 37.7 mol% (T m method). The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain Y1T with respect to Amphibacillus tropicus DSM 13870T and Amphibacillus sediminis DSM 21624T was 48 and 37 %, respectively. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and the DNA–DNA relatedness data as well as its physiological and biochemical properties, strain Y1T represents a novel species of the genus Amphibacillus, for which the name Amphibacillus jilinensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y1T (=CGMCC 1.5123T =JCM 16149T).
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Lin, Shih-Ting, Li-Ting Wang, Yen-Chi Wu, Jia-Rong Jeremy Guu, Tomohiko Tamura, Koji Mori, Lina Huang, and Koichi Watanabe. "Weissella muntiaci sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Formosan barking deer (Muntiacus reevesi)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003937.
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A Gram-stain-positive strain, 8 H-2T, was isolated from faeces of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) barking deer in Taiwan. Cells of the strain were short rod-shaped, non-motile, non-haemolytic, asporogenous, facultatively anaerobic, heterofermentative and did not exhibit catalase and oxidase activities. Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA, pheS and dnaA gene sequences demonstrated that the novel strain was a member of the genus Weissella . On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the type strains of Weissella oryzae (99.2 %), Weissella confusa (97.8 %), Weissella cibaria (97.6 %) and Weissella soli (97.3 %) were the closest neighbours to strain 8 H-2T. The concatenated housekeeping gene sequence (pheS and dnaA) similarities of 8 H-2T to closely related type strains were 72.5–84.9 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 40.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values with these type strains were 70.2–75.4% and 25.1–30.1 %, respectively. Phenotypic and genotypic test results demonstrated that strain 8 H-2T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Weissella , for which the name Weissella muntiaci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 8 H-2T (=BCRC 81133T=NBRC 113537T).
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Gitman, Melissa R., Ajay Obla, Adriana Van de Guchte, Emilia Mia Sordillo, Jose Polanco, Marilyn Chung, Irina Oussenko, Melissa L. Smith, Deena R. Altman, and Harm Van Bakel. "2129. When Is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus not Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1809.
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Abstract Background As part of active surveillance in our NICU for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two isolates representing modified S. aureus (MODSA), which are Methicillin resistant but lacking mecA or C were identified. Our current microbiology laboratory workflow for screening for MRSA involves plating isolates on chromoID agar (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France) as well as on sheep blood agar (SBA). Β hemolytic colonies on SBA that are catalase and coagulase positive are set up for confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France). Methods These 2 isolates (from Baby 1 and Baby 2) tested positive for green colonies on the chromoagar plates. The Vitek 2 subsequently identified both these isolates as MRSA. However, for research purposes, all positive NICU MRSA isolates are tested via whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Both isolates were identified by WGS as methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). We subsequently went back and performed additional workup on these isolates. Isolates were plated on SBA and chromagar again and incubated for 24 hours. 2 colonies of different morphologies from the chromagar plates and 3 from the SBA were randomly selected and subcultured to chromagar and SBA for a total of 5 subcultures. Each of the subcultures was tested using staphaurex, mannitol salt agar and the Cepheid Xpert MRSA assay and all were confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus. Results All 10 isolates tested negative by the Cepheid Xpert MRSA assay for MRSA. Phenotypic testing was set up again for all ten isolates using the vitek GP panel, as well as cefoxitin disk, and oxacillin E test using Mueller–Hinton agar supplemented with 2% NaCl as per CLSI methods. See table attached for results. Conclusion In conclusion, these two cases highlight the difficulty in identifying non-MecA, non-MecC-mediated MRSA isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. This is particularly important as more laboratories rely on testing for MecA by PCR for surveillance testing. These 2 cases were further complicated by heterogeneous sub-populations of Staphylococcus aureus. Failure to recognize these variant forms of MRSA can lead to difficulties in implementing appropriate therapy and infection control measures. Improved methodologies are needed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Pyun, Chang-Won, Tae-Su Seo, Dae-Jung Kim, Tae-Woo Kim, and Jung-Shik Bae. "Protective Effects of Ligularia fischeri and Aronia melanocarpa Extracts on Alcoholic Liver Disease (In Vitro and In Vivo Study)." BioMed Research International 2020 (April 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9720387.
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Hepatic protective effects of Ligularia fischeri (LF) and Aronia melanocarpa (AM) against alcohol were investigated in vitro and in vivo test. LF, AM, and those composed mixing material (LF+AM) were treated in HepG2 cell. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were significantly increased in each singleness extract and mixed composite. The protective effect on alcoholic liver damage was investigated by animal models. Serum alcohol level and acetaldehyde level were significantly decreased by LF+AM treatment in acute experimental model. In the chronic mouse model study, we had found that the increased plasma liver damage index (alkaline phosphatase) by alcohol treatment was declined by oral administration of LF+AM extraction composite. As well as, it was identified that the protection effect was induced by increasing catalase activity and suppressing COX-2, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 mRNA expressions. CYP2E1 mRNA expression was also increased. These results suggest that oral ingestion of LF and AM mixed composite is able to protect liver against alcohol-induced injury by increasing alcohol metabolism activity and antioxidant system along with decreasing inflammatory responses.
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Foddai, Antonio, Christopher T. Elliott, and Irene R. Grant. "Optimization of a Phage Amplification Assay To Permit Accurate Enumeration of Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 24, 2009): 3896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00294-09.
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ABSTRACT A commercially available phage amplification assay, FASTPlaqueTB (Biotec Laboratories, Ipswich, United Kingdom), when used according to the manufacturer's instructions, does not permit accurate enumeration of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to optimize the phage amplification assay conditions to permit accurate quantification of viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells. The burst time for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was initially determined to inform decisions about optimal incubation time before plating, and then other test parameters were altered to evaluate how the correlation between plaque and colony counts was affected. The D29 mycobacteriophage replicates more slowly in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis than in Mycobacterium smegmatis (used to optimize the commercial test originally), and the mean burst time for four M. avium subsp. paratuberulosis strains was 210 ± 36.8 min at 37°C compared to 63 ± 17.5 min for M. smegmatis mc2 155. To achieve 100% correlation between plaque and colony counts, the optimized phage assay includes the following: (i) resuspension of the samples to be tested in Middlebrook 7H9 broth containing 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase and 2 mM calcium chloride, followed by overnight incubation at 37°C before performance of the phage assay; (ii) a 2-h incubation of the sample with D29 mycobacteriophage before viricide treatment; and (iii) a further 90-min incubation after viricide treatment and neutralization up to the burst time (total incubation time, 210 min) before plating with M. smegmatis mc2 155 in 7H9 agar. The optimized phage amplification assay was able to detect 1 to 10 CFU/ml of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in spiked milk or broth within 48 h, as demonstrated by the results of several blind trials.
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Sohn, Jae Hak, Jung-Hyun Lee, Hana Yi, Jongsik Chun, Kyung Sook Bae, Tae-Young Ahn, and Sang-Jin Kim. "Kordia algicida gen. nov., sp. nov., an algicidal bacterium isolated from red tide." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02689-0.
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A bacterium (named OT-1T) that showed algicidal activity was isolated from sea water of Masan Bay, Korea, during an outbreak of red tide. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that the isolate formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides group. No species with a validly published name showed ⩾93 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain OT-1T. The isolate had major amounts of iso-branched and 3-hydroxy iso-branched fatty acids and menaquinone 6 and a DNA G+C content of 34 mol%; these chemotaxonomic characters also supported the placement of the organism in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The strain was Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, non-gliding, flexirubin-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive and halophilic. Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions were obligately required for growth. The strain utilized various sugars as sole carbon sources and degraded gelatin, skimmed milk and starch. Several phenotypic characters can be used to differentiate the test strain from phylogenetically related marine bacterial genera. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, it is proposed that strain OT-1T should be assigned to the family Flavobacteriaceae as Kordia algicida gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is OT-1T (=KCTC 8814PT=NBRC 1000336T).
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Koziel, Monika, Pat O’Doherty, Peter Vandamme, Gerard D. Corcoran, Roy D. Sleator, and Brigid Lucey. "Campylobacter corcagiensis sp. nov., isolated from faeces of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_8 (August 1, 2014): 2878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.063867-0.
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An investigation of the prevalence of Campylobacter ureolyticus in a variety of animals led to the identification of the strain CIT 045T, in the faeces of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Originally, believed to be Campylobacter ureolyticus based on the colony morphology and positive urease test, analysis of 16S rRNA and hsp60 gene sequences of this isolate revealed that the strain differs significantly from other species of the genus Campylobacter described to date. Species-specific primers for 16S rRNA and hsp60 genes were designed and used to identify two additional strains isolated from faeces samples from other macaques. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and hsp60 genes revealed ≤95 % and ≤82 % sequence similarity to recognized species of the genus Campylobacter respectively. All three isolates formed a distinct group within the genus Campylobacter based on their 16S rRNA and hsp60 sequences and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) profiles. The unique species status was further supported by phenotypic characteristics of the isolates. All isolates were found to be oxidase-, catalase- and urease-positive, they grew well at 37 °C and 42 °C and produced H2S on TSI (triple-sugar iron) and SIM (sulfide indole motility) media. The name Campylobacter corcagiensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species, with the strain CIT 045T as the type strain CIT 045T ( = LMG 27932T, CCUG 64942T).
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Wei, Ziyan, Tong Wu, Yao Huang, Guoxin Zhu, Yumin Zhang, Yingchao Geng, and Fang Peng. "Pseudolysobacter antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003984.
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A novel strain, designated AQ6-296T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctic. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-endospore-forming, non-motile, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 4–28 °C (optimum, 20 °C) and at pH 6.0–7.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). NaCl was not obligatory for growth. Colonies were pale yellow after growth for 3 days at 20 °C on Reasoner's 2A agar. The strain was weakly positive for oxidase and the catalase test was negative. The only respiratory quinone was Q-8. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3OH, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminolipids, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences (the highest similarity at 92.4 % to Lysobacter dokdonensis ) indicated that strain AQ6-296T is within the family Xanthomonadaceae . The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 58.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain AQ6-296T is considered to represent a novel genus and species in the family Xanthomonadaceae , for which the name Pseudolysobacter antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AQ6-296T (CCTCC AB 2016313T=KCTC 52744T).
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Ahmed, Zulfiqar, Muhammad Sufyan Vohra, Muhammad Noman Khan, Ayaz Ahmed, and Taseer Ahmed Khan. "Antimicrobial role of Lactobacillus species as potential probiotics against enteropathogenic bacteria in chickens." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 02 (February 28, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10542.
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Introduction: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial community resulted in a ban on drugs as the growth promoter in poultry feed. This situation demands to explore alternatives as food supplements with health benefit to poultry. Therefore, probiotic microorganisms, which are considered as safe and possess various health benefits can be a choice. Present study was designed to explore the probiotic potential of the isolated lactobacillus species in chickens.
Methodology: Out of 220 samples, 100 Lactobacillus species were isolated from various regions of chicken intestine. They were further characterized on the basis of morphology, staining and catalase test. Species-level identification was made by amplifying Lactobacillus specific 16S rRNA gene. Out of 100 isolates, 21 were selected for sequencing on the basis of band intensity.
Results: Among 21 sequences, 16 were identified as L. paracasei (n = 6), L. salivarius (n = 3), L. johnsonii (n = 3), and L. agilis, L. fermentum, L. sakei, and L. curvatus (n = 1 each). These strains were found to be significantly acid-tolerant with 81.68 - 85.01% survival rate at pH 2)and bile-tolerant with 81.96 -84.65% survival rate at 0.3% bile. Except three; all strains showed salt tolerance to 2% and 4% NaCl. Among 21 Lactobacillus strains, 6 showed good antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli.
Conclusion: Lactobacillus species with probiotic property can be used in poultry feed formulation for their health benefit to combat gastrointestinal infections.
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Lau, Susanna K. P., Shirly O. T. Curreem, Cherry C. N. Lin, Ami M. Y. Fung, Kwok-Yung Yuen, and Patrick C. Y. Woo. "Streptococcus hongkongensis sp. nov., isolated from a patient with an infected puncture wound and from a marine flatfish." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_7 (July 1, 2013): 2570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.045120-0.
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A bacterium, HKU30T, was isolated from the infected tissue of a patient with wound infection after puncture by a fish fin. Cells are facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains. Colonies were non-haemolytic. The strain was catalase, oxidase, urease and Voges–Proskauer test negative. It reacted with Lancefield’s group G antisera and was resistant to optochin. It grew on bile aesculin agar and in 5 % NaCl. It was unidentified by three commercial identification systems. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the bacterium shared 98.2, 97.7, 97.4 and 97.1 % nucleotide identities with Streptococcus iniae , Streptococcus pseudoporcinus , Streptococcus parauberis and Streptococcus uberis , respectively. The DNA G+C content was 35.6±0.9 mol% (mean±sd). In view of the occupational exposure of the patient, an epidemiological study was performed to isolate the bacterium from marine fish. Two strains, with similar phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to those of HKU30T, were isolated from a three-lined tongue sole (Cynoglossus abbreviatus) and an olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of four additional housekeeping genes, groEL, gyrB, sodA and rpoB, showed that the three isolates formed a distinct branch among known species of the genus Streptococcus , being most closely related to S. parauberis (CCUG 39954T). DNA–DNA hybridization demonstrated ≤53.8 % DNA relatedness between the three isolates and related species of the genus Streptococcus . A novel species, Streptococcus hongkongensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HKU30T ( = DSM 26014T = CECT 8154T).
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Houf, Kurt, Stephen L. W. On, Tom Coenye, Jan Mast, Jan Van Hoof, and Peter Vandamme. "Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov., isolated from broiler carcasses." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63103-0.
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Twenty Gram-negative, rod-shaped, slightly curved, non-spore-forming bacteria that gave a negative result in Arcobacter species-specific PCR tests but that yielded an amplicon in an Arcobacter genus-specific PCR test were isolated from 13 unrelated broiler carcasses. Numerical analysis of the profiles obtained by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins clustered all isolates in a single group distinct from the other Arcobacter species. DNA–DNA hybridization among four representative strains exhibited DNA binding values above 91 %. DNA–DNA hybridization with reference strains of the current four Arcobacter species revealed binding levels below 47 %. The G+C contents ranged between 26·8 and 27·3 mol%. Pairwise comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the mean values for similarity to the type strain of Arcobacter cryaerophilus (97·5 %), Arcobacter butzleri (96·5 %), Arcobacter skirrowii (96·0 %) and Arcobacter nitrofigilis (95·0 %). The levels of similarity to Campylobacter and Helicobacter species were below 88 and 87 %, respectively. The isolates could be distinguished from other Arcobacter species by the following biochemical tests: catalase, oxidase and urease activities; reduction of nitrate; growth at 25 and 37 °C under aerobic conditions; growth on 2–4 % (w/v) NaCl media; and susceptibility to cephalothin. These data demonstrate that the 20 isolates represent a single novel Arcobacter species, for which the name Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov. is proposed, with LMG 21996T (=CCUG 48482T) as the type strain.
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van Ingen, Jakko, Enrico Tortoli, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Marie B. Coyle, John A. Crump, Anne B. Morrissey, P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen, Martin J. Boeree, and Dick van Soolingen. "Mycobacterium sherrisii sp. nov., a slow-growing non-chromogenic species." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.024752-0.
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‘Mycobacterium sherrisii’ is an undescribed species that appears to be emerging, in particular, among HIV-positive patients originating from Africa. To describe ‘M. sherrisii’, to ensure that the species name is validly published and to define its phylogenetic position, we collected 11 of these strains reported in five previous studies, and subjected them to biochemical identification, cell-wall mycolic acid analysis and sequencing of multiple housekeeping genes. The bacteria formed smooth and generally non-chromogenic colonies after 2–3 weeks of subculture at 24–37 °C; photochromogenic and scotochromogenic pigmentation were exhibited by three and two strains, respectively. The strains were positive for the heat-stable catalase test, but negative in tests for hydrolysis of Tween 80, nitrate reduction, β-glucosidase and 3-day arylsulfatase. Mycolic acid patterns, obtained by HPLC, resembled a trimodal profile similar to those of type strains of Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium lentiflavum, Mycobacterium triplex and Mycobacterium genavense. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the 11 strains differed by 4 bp (99.7 % similarity) from that of the type strain of the closest related species, M. simiae ATCC 25275T. Levels of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial hsp65 and rpoB gene sequence similarity between the two taxa were 95.8 % (271/283 bp), 97.5 % (391/401 bp) and 95.2 % (700/735 bp), respectively. On the basis of these results, we propose the formal recognition of Mycobacterium sherrisii sp. nov. The type strain is 4773T ( = ATCC BAA-832T = DSM 45441T).
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Lin, Shih-Ting, Li-Ting Wang, Hsing-Min Wang, Tomohiko Tamura, Koji Mori, Lina Huang, and Koichi Watanabe. "Lactobacillus suantsaicola sp. nov. and Lactobacillus suantsaiihabitans sp. nov., isolated from suan-tsai, a traditional fermented mustard green product of Taiwan." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003522.
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Four Gram-stain-positive strains, R7T, R11, R19T and R27, were isolated from suan-tsai, a traditional fermented mustard green product of Taiwan. Cells were rod-shaped, non-motile, non-haemolytic, asporogenous, facultatively anaerobic, heterofermentative, and did not exhibit catalase and oxidase activities. Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA, pheS and rpoA gene sequences demonstrated that these novel strains were members of the genus Lactobacillus . 16S rRNA and the concatenated pheS and rpoA gene sequence similarities between strains R7T and R11, and strains R19T and R27 were very high (>99.8 % similarity), respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the type strains of Lactobacillus paralimentarius (98.5 %), Lactobacillus kimchii (98.5 %), Lactobacillus alimentarius (98.1 %) and Lactobacillus bobalius (98.1 %) were the closest neighbours to strains R7T and R11, and the type strains of Lactobacillus brevis (98.9 %), Lactobacillus cerevisiae (98.4 %), Lactobacillus hammesii (98.4 %), Lactobacillus koreensis (98.4 %) and Lactobacillus yonginensis (98.0 %) were the closest neighbours to strains R19T and R27, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values of R7T and R19T with the closely related type strains were 78.9–80.1% and 75.7–80.5 %, respectively. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization values were 22.8–23.6% and 21.0–23.1 %, respectively. Phenotypic and genotypic test results demonstrated that these strains represent two novel species of the genus Lactobacillus , for which the name Lactobacillus suantsaicola sp. nov. (R7T=BCRC 81127T=NBRC 113530T) and Lactobacillus suantsaiihabitans sp. nov. (R19T=BCRC 81129T=NBRC 113532T) are proposed.
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Liao, Xianzhi, Qiliang Lai, Junpeng Yang, Chunming Dong, Dengfeng Li, and Zongze Shao. "Alcanivorax sediminis sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Pacific Ocean." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004285.
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A taxonomic study was carried out on strain PA15-N-34T, which was isolated from deep-sea sediment of Pacific Ocean. The bacterium was Gram-stain-positive, oxidase- and catalase-positive and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at salinity of 0–15.0% NaCl and at temperatures of 10–45 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PA15-N-34T belonged to the genus Alcanivorax , with the highest sequence similarity to Alcanivorax profundi MTEO17T (97.7 %), followed by Alcanivorax nanhaiticus 19 m-6T (97.3 %) and 12 other species of the genus Alcanivorax (93.4 %–97.0 %). The average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain PA15-N-34T and type strains of the genus Alcanivorax were 71.46–81.78% and 18.7–25.2 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c; 31.2 %), C16 : 0 (25.0 %) and summed feature 3 (14.6 %). The DNA G+C content was 57.15 mol%. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. The novel strain can be differentiated from its closest type strain by a negative test for urease and the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol and aminolipid. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain PA15-N-34T represents a novel species within the genus Alcanivorax , for which the name Alcanivorax sediminis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain PA15-N-34T (=MCCC 1A14738T=KCTC 72163T).
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Wong, Stella Y. Y., Irene R. Grant, Mendel Friedman, Christopher T. Elliott, and Chen Situ. "Antibacterial Activities of Naturally Occurring Compounds against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 19 (August 1, 2008): 5986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00981-08.
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ABSTRACT The antibacterial activities of 18 naturally occurring compounds (including essential oils and some of their isolated constituents, apple and green tea polyphenols, and other plant extracts) against three strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (a bovine isolate [NCTC 8578], a raw-milk isolate [806R], and a human isolate [ATCC 43015]) were evaluated using a macrobroth susceptibility testing method. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was grown in 4 ml Middlebrook 7H9 broth containing 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase, 0.05% Tween 80 (or 0.2% glycerol), and 2 μg/ml mycobactin J supplemented with five concentrations of each test compound. The changes in the optical densities of the cultures at 600 nm as a measure of CFU were recorded at intervals over an incubation period of 42 days at 37�C. Six of the compounds were found to inhibit the growth of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The most effective compound was trans-cinnamaldehyde, with a MIC of 25.9 μg/ml, followed by cinnamon oil (26.2 μg/ml), oregano oil (68.2 μg/ml), carvacrol (72.2 μg/ml), 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (74 μg/ml), and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (90.4 μg/ml). With the exception of carvacrol, a phenolic compound, three of the four most active compounds are aldehydes, suggesting that the structure of the phenolic group or the aldehyde group may be important to the antibacterial activity. No difference in compound activity was observed between the three M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains studied. Possible mechanisms of the antimicrobial effects are discussed.
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Matusiewicz, Malgorzata, Katarzyna Neubauer, Paulina Lewandowska, Andrzej Gamian, and Malgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka. "Reduced Transferrin Levels in Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9541370.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of unclear etiopathogenesis and challenging diagnosis, frequently complicated by anemia and malnutrition. C-reactive protein (CRP) remains the only biochemical marker of clinical relevance. The aim of this study was to test hypothesis that transferrin, coinfluenced by inflammation, malnutrition, anemia, and oxidative stress, may better reflect global IBD patient’s condition than any other more specific index. Transferrin and other indices of inflammation, anemia, malnutrition, and oxidative stress were measured in 137 IBD patients (Crohn’s disease (CD): n=63 and ulcerative colitis (UC): n=74) and 97 controls. Transferrin is reduced in active CD and UC and negatively correlates with the disease activity scores (CD: ρ=-0.49; UC: ρ=-0.52). In UC, transferrin correlates negatively with CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leukocytes, platelets, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and TNF-α and positively with albumins, cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, iron, and paraoxonase-1. In CD, transferrin correlates negatively with CRP, leukocytes, platelets, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 and positively with albumins, iron, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1, superoxide dismutase-1, and paraoxonase-1. The associations with inflammation and anemia/malnutrition were more pronounced in UC and with oxidative stress in CD. As UC activity marker, transferrin outperforms ESR and hemoglobin, indices used in calculating the disease clinical severity score.