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1
Makkonen, Katri. "Problems in Distribution of Scientific Knowledge: Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices and Drug Catalogs." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 1 (1993): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2fwa-1rry-vrcw-4pml.
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Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are a popular method of contraception worldwide. However, some serious problems have been associated with them. Finland has developed and now manufactures and exports IUDs. Therefore, drug control and the quality of drug information existing in Finland are significant for other countries, as well. This study analyzes the information in the Finnish commercial drug catalog on copper-releasing IUDs and compares it with the scientific literature, the instructions from the licensing authority, and material in its U.S. counterpart, during the last two decades. The results indicate that the distribution of scientific knowledge to the drug catalogs has often been slow. In the early 1980s Finnish manufacturers did not give any practical information on their products, and then and later the Finnish catalog was less comprehensive than the U.S. catalog. The variations in the control system in different nations were reflected in the contents of the Finnish catalog. For practitioners, drug catalogs are important sources of medical information. The results of this study demonstrate (1) that more attention should be paid to the contents of these catalogs, and (2) the continuous need for up-to-date, unbiased drug information.
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Winda, Syahdu Winda. "Formularium Nasional (FORNAS) dan e-Catalogue Obat Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Korupsi dalam Tata Kelola Obat Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN)." INTEGRITAS 4, no. 2 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v4i2.328.
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In the National Health Insurance (JKN), drug governance have to implement quality control and cost control. The Government has published the National Formulary (FORNAS) as quality control and e-catalogue as price control. FORNAS and e-catalogue are expected to minimize corruption practices in drug prescription and drug procurement. Quality and cost effective drugs have been selected in FORNAS. Use of drug and restrictions are also regulated for each level of health facilities to avoid irrational using. FORNAS is expected to reduce corruption by eliminating bribery/gratification practices to doctors/hospitals by pharmaceutical companies. On the other hand, the corruption holes in the procurement are tried to be reduced through the e-catalogue system. A number of drugs needed have been tendered and negotiated by LKPP at the best price in e-catalogue. Health facilities can carry out drug procurement quickly and transparently without auction process. But in the process of applying FORNAS and e-catalogue as quality control, cost control and to minimize corruption, there are still problems that have not yet been able to reach their goals optimally. Mismatch number of drugs and item of drugs in FORNAS and e-catalogue, differences of drug lists in FORNAS with the Clinical Practice Guidelines (PPK), the absence of rules governing the minimum percentage of FORNAS in Hospital formularies, delays in drug display processes in e-catalogs and weaknesses in e-catalogue application is a series of problems that still hamper FORNAS and e-catalogue as solutions to prevent corruption in JKN drug governance. Relevant agencies (Ministry of Health and LKPP) need to make improvements in the form of regulations that encourage FORNAS compliance at each of the health facility level, fulfillment of FORNAS drug items in e-catalogue, availability of FORNAS in e-catalogue in early year and improvement of e-catalogue application features.
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Genetu Bayih, Abebe, Anjan Debnath, Edward Mitre, et al. "Susceptibility Testing of Medically Important Parasites." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 30, no. 3 (2017): 647–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00111-16.
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SUMMARY In the last 2 decades, renewed attention to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has spurred the development of antiparasitic agents, especially in light of emerging drug resistance. The need for new drugs has required in vitro screening methods using parasite culture. Furthermore, clinical laboratories sought to correlate in vitro susceptibility methods with treatment outcomes, most notably with malaria. Parasites with their various life cycles present greater complexity than bacteria, for which standardized susceptibility methods exist. This review catalogs the state-of-the-art methodologies used to evaluate the effects of drugs on key human parasites from the point of view of drug discovery as well as the need for laboratory methods that correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Kalsum, Ummi. "Implementasi Pengadaan Obat Berdasarkan Permenkes RI Nomor 63 Tahun 2014 di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pelalawan Tahun 2018." Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan 10, no. 1 (2019): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jp.v10i1.1447.
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In health, medicine saves lives and improves the quality of health. Access to medicines is a human right. Permenkes RI No. 63 of 2014 reads To ensure the availability of medicines work units in the health sector are responsible for medicine procurement. In the Dinkes Kabupaten Pelalawan in 2018, the realization of the DAK fund budget was 90.26%, the availability of drugs was 75.78% and 10 SPK had disbursement problems. Research Objectives To find out the problem and the implementation of drug procurement based on the Permenkes RI No. 63 of 2014 in the Dinkes Kabupaten Pelalawan in 2018. Qualitative and Descriptive Design. held from January to July 2019 with 5 informants. The result is lack of human resources, lack of policy socialization, lack of infrastructure. Implementation of Medicine Procurement is carried out based on the Permenkes RI No. 63 of 2014. Obstacles from providers such as lacking or slow response, drug items available in e-catalogs are inadequate, there is a time limit of absorption, the drug cannot be distributed due to stock vacancy, changes in composition, and drugs that are nearing expired.
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Abraham, Milata M., Ryan E. Denton, Richard W. Harper, William L. Scott, Martin J. O'Donnell, and Jacob D. Durrant. "Documenting and harnessing the biological potential of molecules in Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) virtual catalogs." Chemical Biology & Drug Design 90, no. 5 (2017): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13012.
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Nelson, Matthew R., Daniel Wegmann, Margaret G. Ehm, et al. "An Abundance of Rare Functional Variants in 202 Drug Target Genes Sequenced in 14,002 People." Science 337, no. 6090 (2012): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1217876.
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Rare genetic variants contribute to complex disease risk; however, the abundance of rare variants in human populations remains unknown. We explored this spectrum of variation by sequencing 202 genes encoding drug targets in 14,002 individuals. We find rare variants are abundant (1 every 17 bases) and geographically localized, so that even with large sample sizes, rare variant catalogs will be largely incomplete. We used the observed patterns of variation to estimate population growth parameters, the proportion of variants in a given frequency class that are putatively deleterious, and mutation rates for each gene. We conclude that because of rapid population growth and weak purifying selection, human populations harbor an abundance of rare variants, many of which are deleterious and have relevance to understanding disease risk.
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Maryani, Herti, Lusi Kristiana, Pramita Andarwati, Astridya Paramita, and Ira Ummu Aimanah. "Pengelolaan Obat Dengan E-Purchasing Untuk Pasien Program Rujuk Balik Di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama." Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan 22, no. 2 (2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v22i2.1398.
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 PRB is a health service provided to people with chronic diseases. The implementation of PRB has been runningsince 2014, but until now it is still not optimal, one of which is the procurement and availability of medicines. The aim of the study was to study drug management for PRB patients. The research was conducted in Surabaya 2018. This is descriptive research with cross-sectional design. Data collection by in-depth interviews with pharmacy department managers in two FKTP units and pharmacies in Surabaya. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that FKTP doesn’t buy medicine with e-purchasing, because the drug is given by the pharmacy according to the BPJS mapping list. The pharmacy has many obstacles to ordering drugs with e-purchase, so the order is done conventionally. The pharmacy orders drugs in several ways using the Order Letter, calling PBF and ordering via the WhatsApp (WA) application. The Guidelines for Procurement of Medicines with E-Purchasing Procedures Based on E-Catalogs already exist, but socialization must continue to be carried out, especially at the level of Puskesmas and pharmacies. Periodic evaluations must be carried out so that problems and defi ciencies that occur in the fi eld can be immediately resolved.Cooperation and good intentions are needed between various parties so that all involved can benefi t from this program, especially PRB patients.
 Abstrak
 Program Rujuk Balik (PRB) adalah pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan kepada penderita penyakit kronis. PRBsudah berjalan sejak tahun 2014, namun masih belum optimal, salah satunya perihal pengelolaan obat. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengkaji pengelolaan obat untuk pasien PRB. Penelitian dilakukan di Surabaya tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam kepada pengelola bagian farmasi di 2 unit Puskesmas dan 2 Apotek di Surabaya. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Puskesmas tidak melakukan pengadaan obat secara e-purchasing, karena obat diberikan oleh apotek sesuai daftar mapping BPJS. Apotek mempunyai banyak kendala dalam melakukan pemesanan obat dengan e-purchase, sehingga pemesanan dilakukan secara konvensional. Apotek melakukan pemesanan obat dengan beberapa cara yaitu menggunakan Surat Pemesanan (SP), menelpon PBF (Perusahaan Besar Farmasi) dan melalui aplikasi WhatsApp (WA).Petunjuk pelaksanaan pengadaan obat dengan prosedur E-Purchasing, berdasarkan E-Catalogue, sudah ada namun sosialisasi harus terus dilakukan terutama di tingkat Puskesmas dan apotek. Evaluasi berkala harus dilakukan agar permasalahan dan kekurangan yang terjadi di lapangan dapat segera diselesaikan. Perlunya kerja sama dan komitmen antar berbagai pihak sehingga semua yang terlibat dapat merasakan manfaat akan program ini, terutama pasien PRB.
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Li, Anran, Bethany K. Okada, Paul C. Rosen, and Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost. "Piperacillin triggers virulence factor biosynthesis via the oxidative stress response in Burkholderia thailandensis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (2021): e2021483118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021483118.
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Natural products have been an important source of therapeutic agents and chemical tools. The recent realization that many natural product biosynthetic genes are silent or sparingly expressed during standard laboratory growth has prompted efforts to investigate their regulation and develop methods to induce their expression. Because it is difficult to intuit signals that induce a given biosynthetic locus, we recently implemented a forward chemical-genetic approach to identify such inducers. In the current work, we applied this approach to nine silent biosynthetic loci in the model bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis to systematically screen for elicitors from a library of Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs. We find that β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, antifungals, and, surprisingly, calcimimetics, phenothiazine antipsychotics, and polyaromatic antidepressants are the most effective global inducers of biosynthetic genes. Investigations into the mechanism of stimulation of the silent virulence factor malleicyprol by the β-lactam piperacillin allowed us to elucidate the underlying regulatory circuits. Low-dose piperacillin causes oxidative stress, thereby inducing redox-sensing transcriptional regulators, which activate malR, a pathway-specific positive regulator of the malleicyprol gene cluster. Malleicyprol is thus part of the OxyR and SoxR regulons in B. thailandensis, allowing the bacterium to initiate virulence in response to oxidative stress. Our work catalogs a diverse array of elicitors and a previously unknown regulatory input for secondary metabolism in B. thailandensis.
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Liyanage, S. Imindu, Prachi Vilekar, and Donald F. Weaver. "Nutrients in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Interaction of Diet, Drugs and Disease." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, no. 1 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.353.
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AbstractIn recent decades, clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have failed at an unprecedented rate. The etiology of AD has since come under renewed scrutiny, both to elucidate the underlying pathologies and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here, diet has emerged as a potential causative/protective agent. A variety of nutrients, including lipids, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and sugars as well as broader dietary patterns and microbiotal interactions have demonstrated associations with AD. Although clinical trials have yet to definitively implicate any singular dietary element as therapeutic or causative, it is apparent that dietary preferences, likely in complex synergies, may influence the risk, onset and course of AD. This review catalogs the impact of major dietary elements on AD. It further examines an unexplored reciprocal association where AD may modulate diet, as well as how potential therapeutics may complicate these interactions. In doing so, we observe diet may have profound effects on the outcome of a clinical trial, either as a confounder of a drug/disease interaction or as a generally disruptive covariate. We therefore conclude that future clinical trials in AD should endeavor to control for diet, either in study design or subsequent analyses.
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Anggriani, Yusi, Prih Sarnianto, Siti Aisyah, and Jenny Pontoan. "Trend Price Analysis of Drug Before and After the Implementation of E-catalogue at the Hospital." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 9, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.44496.
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In 2013, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, launched a new change to drug procurement system, namely e-catalogue, to ensure the availability and affordability of medicines. This system replaces the previous auction drug procurement system. The purpose of the change into e-catalogue system is to facilitate the drug procurement in hospitals without the need to conduct complex negotiation with producers, to reduce the occurrence of mark-ups or inflating drug prices, to equalize drug prices, to support BPJS (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial) activities, and to prevent difficulties in drug distribution in all regions in Indonesia. This study aims to get an overview and magnitude of the impact of e-catalogue application on changes in the price of drugs registered and not registered in e-catalogue at Jakarta Islamic Hospital Cempaka Putih. This research is a longitudinal time series study. The data collection was conducted retrospectively in the period of 2011-2015 taken from procurement data, purchase invoices, and e-catalogue prices from hospital pharmacy installation, which were then categorized based on similar drugs in the hospital. The result shows a decrease in the price of drugs on both e-catalogue drugs (generic, trade names and patents) and non e-catalogue drugs (generic, trade names). On the class of therapy, the biggest price reduction occurred in e-catalogue medicine, such as in antineoplastics, intravenous solution, diabetes, Anti-ashma & COPD, and psycholeptics therapy. Meanwhile, on the category of non e-catalogue, price reduction occurred in systemic antibacterials, antineoplastics, analgesics, cardiac theraphy, and A-acis A-flat A Ulcerants therapy. The magnitude of drug prices reduction ranges from 1% to more than 90% both on e-catalogue drugs and non e-catalogue drugs. On the e-catalogue drugs, the highest price reduction (82.36%) occurred in generic and patent drugs, while on non e-catalogue drugs, reduction occurred in drugs with trade names. The price reduction trend in drug prices based on both type of drugs and therapy class shows a significant decrease in drug prices in the period after the implementation of e-catalogue at Jakarta Islamic Hospital in Cempaka Putih, with a decrease of more than 80%.
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Buck, Marcia L. "Providing Patients with Written Medication Information." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32, no. 9 (1998): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.17455.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the literature and provide recommendations for the development and dissemination of written medication information to patients and their care providers. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–1997) of the English-language literature was performed to identify articles pertaining to the development or use of written medication information. A search of the Internet was conducted by using Yahoo as the guide and “medication information” as the search term. Additional resources were obtained through texts, bibliographies, and catalogs from medical publishers. DATA EXTRACTION: Reports documenting the creation and use of written medication information systems were reviewed, as well as studies of readability and reading skills assessment. Examples of materials available for purchase by laypeople and healthcare providers were also examined. DATA SYNTHESIS: Current statistics support the widespread availability of written medication information for patients and care providers. The goal set forth by the Food and Drug Administration of having 75% of patients receive written information by the year 2000 appears achievable. However, there are still many issues to address. Content is not standardized, and materials are frequently written at reading levels higher than that of the average patient. The development and use of resources requiring only minimal reading skills and an increase in the availability of materials written in Spanish are needed. CONCLUSIONS: Written medication information provides a useful addition to counseling by healthcare professionals. A wide variety of prepared materials is available, as well as resources for those interested in developing tools for a specific patient, population, or setting. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the limitations of some resources. Content and readability must be appropriate for the intended audience for these tools to serve a useful role in patient education.
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Anonymous. "New Drug-Free Catalog Released." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 30, no. 7 (1992): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19920701-15.
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Hunt, Martin, Phelim Bradley, Simon Grandjean Lapierre, et al. "Antibiotic resistance prediction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from genome sequence data with Mykrobe." Wellcome Open Research 4 (December 2, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15603.1.
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Two billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to 10 million new cases of active tuberculosis and 1.5 million deaths annually. Universal access to drug susceptibility testing (DST) has become a World Health Organization priority. We previously developed a software tool, Mykrobe predictor, which provided offline species identification and drug resistance predictions for M. tuberculosis from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Performance was insufficient to support the use of WGS as an alternative to conventional phenotype-based DST, due to mutation catalogue limitations. Here we present a new tool, Mykrobe, which provides the same functionality based on a new software implementation. Improvements include i) an updated mutation catalogue giving greater sensitivity to detect pyrazinamide resistance, ii) support for user-defined resistance catalogues, iii) improved identification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, and iv) an updated statistical model for Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing data. Mykrobe is released under MIT license at https://github.com/mykrobe-tools/mykrobe. We incorporate mutation catalogues from the CRyPTIC consortium et al. (2018) and from Walker et al. (2015), and make improvements based on performance on an initial set of 3206 and an independent set of 5845 M. tuberculosis Illumina sequences. To give estimates of error rates, we use a prospectively collected dataset of 4362 M. tuberculosis isolates. Using culture based DST as the reference, we estimate Mykrobe to be 100%, 95%, 82%, 99% sensitive and 99%, 100%, 99%, 99% specific for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol resistance prediction respectively. We benchmark against four other tools on 10207 (=5845+4362) samples, and also show that Mykrobe gives concordant results with nanopore data. We measure the ability of Mykrobe-based DST to guide personalized therapeutic regimen design in the context of complex drug susceptibility profiles, showing 94% concordance of implied regimen with that driven by phenotypic DST, higher than all other benchmarked tools.
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Wulandari, Listyorini, Indasah Indasah, and Byba Melda Suhita. "Analysis of Drug Logistics Management in the Pharmacy Installation of Klaten District Health Office." Journal for Quality in Public Health 3, no. 2 (2020): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v3i2.81.
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Drug is an element supproting the health care system. Logistics management start from the planning process, procurement, storage, distribution, recording and reporting drugs. The purpose of the research was to explore drug logistic management at the pharmacy installation in the working area of Klaten District Health Office. Research design uses descriptive qualitative research. Data collection used indepth interview techniques with a total sample are 12 informants. From the results of the research it was found that drug planning at the health center pharmacy installation was carried out by the drug manager himself or in a team with the assistant pharmacist or treasurer of the health center. The drug needs planning process in the health center is carried out by recapitulating reports from the health center and the other units in the Usage Sheet and the Drug Request Sheet (LPLPO). Drug planning is carried out every month. Drug procurement is carried out by the consumption method and carried out through e-catalog once a year with buffer stock of one and a half years. The drug storage layout is accordance with provisions, safeguarding the quality of the drug by placing drugs on the pallet and shelves but there is no temperature measurement. Examination of drugs that come, drugs needed by the health center and drug distribution have been carried out according to the procedure. The recording and reporting of drugs in the health center uses sympus whereas in other units manually using LPLPO
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Cooper, Barry, and Richard Turbet. "Catalogue of Early Printed Music in Aberdeen Libraries Supplement, 1979–1988." Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 23 (1990): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14723808.1990.10540942.
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This article is a supplement to Barry Cooper's catalogue of 1978 (see below, References). No musical items published before 1801 have entered Aberdeen Public Library since 1979. Of the four Aberdeen University collections mentioned below, Dep is in the library of the Department of Music, while SB and Lib R are in King's College Library. In the course of his original introduction, Barry Cooper mentioned the University's “copyright collection” (p.4), and the inadequacy of its catalogue. Richard Turbet is compiling a checklist of the contents of this collection's 297 volumes, now located within Aberdeen University Library and known as The Stationers’ Hall Collection. As to private collections, Roger Williams has catalogued those in Grampian Region in the care of the National Trust for Scotland, and the catalogues are being prepared for publication. There is early music in the collections at Castle Fraser, Drum Castle, Leith Hall and Brodie Castle. The Montcoffer House private collection, listed in Appendix 3 of the original catalogue, is now housed at Aberdeen University Library MS 2861.
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Hemminki, Elina. "Commercial Information on Drugs: Confusing the Physician?" Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 2 (1988): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800210.
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Physicians' drug prescribing habits are not adequate. This paper gives examples from Finland suggesting that information given by drug industry is likely to create and reinforce poor prescribing. Results from four different studies looking at the content of the Finnish commercial drug catalogues suggest that physicians relying on them may be led astray. Studies on drug representatives' presentations in 1975 and 1986 showed that negative aspects of drugs were often omitted. The confusion created by the double name system (trade names and generic names) is illustrated by a survey, showing that physicians did not often know the generic equivalents of the trade names and vice versa. At the end, predictions of possible changes in commercial drug information are presented.
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Yang, Yongyu, Lu Zhang, Yamin Huang, Hangxing Huang, Shusen Sun, and Jian Xiao. "Based on the Beers Criteria 2019 Edition Over-the-Counter Drugs Risk Confirmation of Elderly Chinese." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5524551.
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Objective. To explore OTC (over-the-counter drugs) in Chinese community pharmacies often causes ADE (adverse drug event) in elderly patients. Methods. Use the drugs in the Beers Criteria 2019 potentially inappropriate medication use (PIM) list as search terms. Search for drugs registered on the National Medical Products Administration of China website before December 2019 to determine the drugs containing PIM active ingredients and, then, search the Chinese OTC selection and conversion catalog database to determine it as OTC. Two databases are considered to be the same drug if they have the same drug composition. Results. The incidence of PIM in elderly patients in our community is relatively high, and the management of OTC may be related to risk factors. Statistics found that 71 OTC contained the Beers Criteria ingredients, including 65 chemicals and six Chinese patent medicines. Varieties of compound preparations accounted for 78.9% and cold medicines accounted for 47.9%. Conclusions. The high detection rate of the Beers Criteria in Chinese OTC suggests that medical practitioners in China, especially community pharmacists, should pay attention to the rational use of OTC in the elderly.
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Tuti, Sri Dias, Umi Athiyah, and Wahyu Utami. "Factors Affecting The Drugs Availability on Program Rujuk Balik (PRB) at PRB Drugs Facility in Ex Karesidenan Kediri (Study of Hipertension Drugs)." JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 16, no. 1 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v16i1.437.
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PRB drugs service was given to chronically patients who still need long term treatment therefore there was need to guarantee the availability of medicines for their therapeutic needs. The objectives of this research were to know about PRB drug management, to know drug management support, policy, the availability of PRB drugs, and to analize the effects of drug management, drug management support, and policy on drug availability in PRB drug facility in Ex Karesidenan Kediri. Study on the availability of drugs hypertension due to prevalence of hypertension disease tends to increase from 7.6% in 2007 to 9.5% in 2013. This research used cross sectional approach by giving questionnaires to 18 respondents of PRB drug managers who had fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Those respondents were measured on the capability in PRB drug managements and assessment of PRB drug management support and policy. The questionnaires were valid and reliable. The management, management support, and policy score were tested for effect on PRB drug availability for Hypertension by using multiple linear regression. From this research, it was known that PRB Drug Management, PRB Drug Management Supporting Assessment, and PRB Policy by PRB drug managers in drug service facilities in Ex Karesidenan Kediri were mostly categorized as good enough. The availability of PRB drugs at PRB drugs facility with stock calculations indicated the ability to provide PRB medication to serve PRB prescription of hypertension was 28.71%. While the facilitieas that were able to serve an average of 72.67, thus providing substitution drugs beyond the average of PRB stock of 43.95%. The efforts were done for examples, borrowed similar drugs from regular supplies, medicines administered when they were available, or established the similar drugs at prices closed to e-catalogue. The results of the analysis showed that simultaneously PRB Drug Management factors, PRB Drug Management Supports, and PRB Policy have significant effects on PRB Drug Availability (p<0.10). PRB drug management had the greatest effects on the availability (p<0.10), especially in the case of Drug Selection (p<0.10). Selection of drugs was the first step to be done from a cycle of drug management, where the early step was the step that most determine the next steps. The pharmaceutical management framework affected the availability of PRB drugs, particularly the Drug Management factor, especially in the drug selection step. Drug selection was an early step of the drug management cycle that determined the next step.
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Rahmah, Fathiyah. "Perencanaan dan Pengadaan Obat di Puskesmas “X” Berdasarkan Permenkes Nomor 74 Tahun 2016." Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v6i1.2018.15-20.
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Drugs and medical consumables planning and procurement which contained both flaw and inaccuracy are likely affecting their sustainability in Public Health Center (Puskesmas). This paper aims to study mechanism of drugs planning and procurement implemented by in Puskesmas "X". This was a descriptive research using qualitative approach emphasizing on observational method. This study found there were two sources of drug financing and medical consumables in Puskesmas "X", using the Revenue and Expense Budgeting of the local administration or else, using capitation funds from National Health Coverage program. Drugs planning that financed using the local government revenues and expenses budgeting scheme. Performed under the basis of drug usage that annualy reported. Such planning were conducted in the end of the year to project next year drugs' consumption. Drugs procurement process were performed by preparing drugs consumption report and ordering sheet paper which then submitted to drug logistics unit at Puskesmas "X". Afterwards, procurement processes were performed by accessing e-catalogue as the legal online system provided by the national government. This research concluded that the implementation of the planning and procurement of drugs in Puskesmas has fullfiled and followed in accordance with Health Ministry Regulation Number 74 Year 2016. Keywords : drugs planning, drugs procurement, regulationpublic health center
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Gaspar, Héléna A., Christopher Hübel, and Gerome Breen. "Drug Targetor: a web interface to investigate the human druggome for over 500 phenotypes." Bioinformatics 35, no. 14 (2018): 2515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty982.
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Abstract Summary Results from hundreds of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now freely available and offer a catalogue of the association between phenotypes across medicine with variants in the genome. With the aim of using this data to better understand therapeutic mechanisms, we have developed Drug Targetor, a web interface that allows the generation and exploration of drug–target networks of hundreds of phenotypes using GWAS data. Drug Targetor networks consist of drug and target nodes ordered by genetic association and connected by drug–target or drug–gene relationship. We show that Drug Targetor can help prioritize drugs, targets and drug–target interactions for a specific phenotype based on genetic evidence. Availability and implementation Drug Targetor v1.21 is a web application freely available online at drugtargetor.com and under MIT licence. The source code can be found at https://github.com/hagax8/drugtargetor. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Meehan, Nathan, Michael McClary, and Alexander Garinther. "Behavioral Indicators of Drug Carrying in Open Spaces." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 3 (2018): 448–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18791954.
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This article identifies and describes a set of behavioral indicators associated with illegal drug carrying in public spaces. Through the use of focus group data, our research documents and translates the visual search techniques that veteran law enforcement and drugs experts report using in their work. Here, we catalogue these findings into 10 overarching categories, and discuss how each indicator may be incorporated into an officer’s visual search. Knowledge of these indicators, when combined with proper training and an understanding of a public space, can help law enforcement identify persons who may be carrying drugs. The ability to identify drug-carrying individuals facilitates the interdiction and apprehension of offenders, and also protects the civil rights and liberties of the law-abiding public.
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Suliantoro, Hery, Eldinda Sazida Permatsari, and Naniek Utami Handayani. "USING E-CATALOG SYSTEM TO REDUCE COST IN PROCUREMENT OF DRUGS." J@ti Undip : Jurnal Teknik Industri 11, no. 2 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.11.2.123-128.
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The price of drugs in Indonesia is still relatively expensive in both the government and private sectors. A survey conducted in 2004 showed that the price of patented drugs in Indonesia is 22 to 26 times higher than the International Reference Price (IRP). As for generic drugs, though cheaper than patented drugs, the price is still nine times higher than the IRP. To overcome these problems, the government facilitated the procurement of generic drugs by using the e-Catalog. But not all hospitals can purchases drugs through the e-Catalog, some still use the conventional methods to supply the needs of medicine where the prices are more expensive than the prices of the e-Catalog. The case studies carry out in one of private hospital, and selection of items examined using Kraljic Portfolio Matrix. After doing research, the selected item that is on strategic items is Omeprazole. The price difference is due to different contract system. In the conventional way, the contract made between the Hospital and the main distributor. While, the e-Catalog way, contracts made directly to the pharmaceutical factory through the framework contract with government (LKPP). In the future, the conventional way must be abandoned, because through the e-Catalog, procurement is more efficient, thereby reducing time and costs
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delMoral-Sanchez, Jose-Manuel, Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez, Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez, Andres Navarro-Ruiz, and Marival Bermejo. "Availability of Authorizations from EMA and FDA for Age-Appropriate Medicines Contained in the WHO Essential Medicines List for Children 2019." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 4 (2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040316.
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Lack of age-appropriate commercially drug products availability is a common problem in pediatric therapeutics; this population needs improved and safer drug delivery. In addition, biopharmaceutic aspects, dosage requirements, and swallowing abilities demand pediatric forms different to adult formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the authorization availability from United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) of oral essential medicines for children and analyze its age-appropriateness for oral administration in children. All oral drugs from 7th List of Essential Medicines for Children by World Health Organization (WHO) were selected. Availability of commercial drug products was collected from OrangeBook, Spanish drug product catalogue, British electronic Medicines Compendium, and the International Vademecum. Tablets, effervescent tablets, and capsules were considered as not age-appropriate forms. Liquid forms, powder for oral suspension, mini tablets, granules, and soluble films were considered as age-appropriate forms due to their flexibility. More than 80% of the studied drugs possess a commercial authorization in oral forms in both EMA and FDA. Nevertheless, around 50% of these formulations are not age-appropriate for most pediatric groups. This study shows the lack of age-appropriate medicines for children. More efforts are needed to improve development and approval of pediatric medicines.
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Idda, Maria Laura, Ilaria Campesi, Giovanni Fiorito, et al. "Sex-Biased Expression of Pharmacogenes across Human Tissues." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081206.
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Individual response to drugs is highly variable and largely influenced by genetic variants and gene-expression profiles. In addition, it has been shown that response to drugs is strongly sex-dependent, both in terms of efficacy and toxicity. To expand current knowledge on sex differences in the expression of genes relevant for drug response, we generated a catalogue of differentially expressed human transcripts encoded by 289 genes in 41 human tissues from 838 adult individuals of the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx, v8 release) and focused our analysis on relevant transcripts implicated in drug response. We detected significant sex-differentiated expression of 99 transcripts encoded by 59 genes in the tissues most relevant for human pharmacology (liver, lung, kidney, small intestine terminal ileum, skin not sun-exposed, and whole blood). Among them, as expected, we confirmed significant differences in the expression of transcripts encoded by the cytochromes in the liver, CYP2B6, CYP3A7, CYP3A5, and CYP1A1. Our systematic investigation on differences between male and female in the expression of drug response-related genes, reinforce the need to overcome the sex bias of clinical trials.
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Roberts, Thomas G., Thomas J. Lynch, and Bruce A. Chabner. "The Phase III Trial in the Era of Targeted Therapy: Unraveling the “Go or No Go” Decision." Journal of Clinical Oncology 21, no. 19 (2003): 3683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2003.01.204.
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Purpose: To review characteristics of contemporary phase III oncology trials and create an explicit framework to help clinical researchers prioritize novel therapies for phase III testing. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for all reviews of phase III trials; cataloged all phase III trials in two national clinical trial databases; and reviewed approval criteria of recently approved oncology drugs from public data provided by the US Food and Drug Administration. Industry data not available elsewhere in the medical literature were obtained from a sourcebook published by a large contract research organization. Results: Phase III oncology trials are the most expensive and time-consuming aspect of the drug development process. The results of these trials continue to exert the greatest influence on the treatment decision of oncologists and remain pivotal to the granting of drug approval. Making optimal decisions about which agents to advance to phase III testing may decrease the overall cost of cancer drug development and limit the number of patients exposed to ineffective drugs. A conceptual decision model for prioritizing novel therapies for phase III testing is presented. Conclusion: Cancer drug development has become more complex and expensive, whereas overall clinical progress remains slow. The transition from phase II to phase III requires a strategic decision that is based on new considerations. A greater investment in phase I and II drug trials may be required to provide the information necessary for phase III planning.
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Kinnersley, Ben, Amit Sud, Elizabeth A. Coker, et al. "Leveraging Human Genetics to Guide Cancer Drug Development." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 2 (December 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.18.00077.
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Purpose The high attrition rate of cancer drug development programs is a barrier to realizing the promise of precision oncology. We have examined whether the genetic insights from genome-wide association studies of cancer can guide drug development and repurposing in oncology. Materials and Methods Across 37 cancers, we identified 955 genetic risk variants from the National Human Genome Research Institute-European Bioinformatics Institute genome-wide association study catalog. We linked these variants to target genes using strategies that were based on linkage disequilibrium, DNA three-dimensional structure, and integration of predicted gene function and expression. With the use of the Informa Pharmaprojects database, we identified genes that are targets of unique drugs and assessed the level of enrichment that would be afforded by incorporation of genetic information in preclinical and phase II studies. For targets not under development, we implemented machine learning approaches to assess druggability. Results For all preclinical targets incorporating genetic information, a 2.00-fold enrichment of a drug being successfully approved could be achieved (95% CI, 1.14- to 3.48-fold; P = .02). For phase II targets, a 2.75-fold enrichment could be achieved (95% CI, 1.42- to 5.35-fold; P < .001). Application of genetic information suggests potential repurposing of 15 approved nononcology drugs. Conclusion The findings illustrate the value of using insights from the genetics of inherited cancer susceptibility discovery projects as part of a data-driven strategy to inform drug discovery. Support for cancer germline genetic information for prospective targets is available online from the Institute of Cancer Research.
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Petrov, A. P., and S. N. Bannikov. "Active Shutters of the Internal Combustion Engine Cooling System of a Passenger Car." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 4(709) (April 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-4-41-51.
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The practice of using active shutters in the modern automotive industry is analyzed in this work, and the high efficiency of such systems is emphasized. It is also noted that by using active shutters the aerodynamic drag of the car can be reduced by 6–10 %. The reduction in the engine’s warm-up time provides faster heating of the car interior. All this helps to save fuel and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The possibility of utilizing the radiator’s active shutters with two autonomously controlled sections is considered. CFD numerical modelling is used to conduct the research, and the potential of the proposed active shutters design is determined. The research has shown that besides the high efficiency, the proposed shutters system has a simpler design and reliability associated with several factors. Due to the vertical arrangement of the slats, the shutters do not reduce the efficiency of the engine’s cooling system and the air conditioning system in the passenger compartment. Unlike in the existing designs, in the proposed system the cooling air supply is regulated by separate opening or closing of two independent sections.
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Liu, Zhao, Lijun Shen, Fan Zhang, Tiantian Du, and Yuehua Liu. "PP382 Research On The Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Supply Based On Stakeholder Theory Of China." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, S1 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646232000166x.
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IntroductionChina is one of the twenty-seven countries with a high burden of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the world. Of the new TB patients in China in 2017, about 63,000 are MDR-TB patients, accounting for one-third of the number of new MDR-TB patients worldwide.In the latest “China's 13th Five-Year Plan” national TB prevention and control plan promulgated in 2017, it is clearly emphasized that all regions should gradually incorporate TB into the payment catalogue of special outpatient medical insurance, according to local conditions. However, for this special group of MDR-TB patients, there is no specialized prevention and control policy at the national level, and there are also blind spots in the medical security policy.Responding to the drug needs of MDR-TB patients, it is necessary to provide patients with stable and affordable second-line anti-TB drugs. It is also necessary to understand the overall drug demand for second-line drugs nationwide to guide further policy formulation and budget research.MethodsThrough semi-structured group interviews and key informant interviews, five provinces and cities were investigated. Qualitative analysis was conducted based on stakeholder theory selected doctors and staff from Centers for Disease Control.ResultsThrough investigations in this study, problems like low purchasing price, insufficient purchasing volume, low drug supply efficiency, and monopoly producers were found. Through the analysis of roles and relationships among the major stakeholders in the second-line drug supply system, together with the motivation and resistance factors, it was found that all stakeholders have the motivation to solve the problem and face their dilemmas and obstacles at the same time.ConclusionsPatients with MDR-TB still have difficulties in obtaining medicines. The interests of various stakeholders need to be balanced to improve drug accessibility and affordability. It is recommended to take advantage of the country's centralized procurement, encourage the development and listing of new anti-tuberculosis drugs and generic drugs, and improve the supervision system to ensure the supply of drugs to benefit more patients with tuberculosis.
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Ulrich, Sven, Pierre Baumann, Andreas Conca, Hans-Joachim Kuss, Viktoria Stieffenhofer, and Christoph Hiemke. "SPCCTDM, a Catalogue for Analysis of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Related Contents in the Drug Prescription Information." International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics 1, no. 2 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkdb.2010040101.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has consistently been shown to be useful for optimization of drug therapy. For the first time, a method has been developed for the text analysis of TDM in SPCs in that a catalogue SPC-ContentTDM (SPCCTDM) provides a codification of the content of TDM in SPCs. It consists of six structure-related items (dose, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, overdose, pregnancy/breast feeding, and pharmacokinetics) according to implicit or explicit references to TDM in paragraphs of the SPC, and four theory-guided items according to the information about ranges of plasma concentrations and a recommendation of TDM in the SPC. The catalogue is regarded as valid for the text analysis of SPCs with respect to TDM. It can be used in the comparison of SPCs, in the comparison with medico-scientific evidence and for the estimation of the perception of TDM in SPCs by the reader. Regarding the approach as a model of text mining, it may be extended for evaluation of other aspects reported in SPCs.
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Li, Chuyu, Xinyao Pan, Wingting Leung, Zengshu Huang, Jing Zhou, and Ling Wang. "Interpretation of the changes in 2018 National Essential Medicine List (NEML) from the specialists." Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine 02, no. 02 (2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2575900019200015.
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On 25 October 2018, National Essential Medicine List (NEML) of China was formally published by National Health Commission and it has been executed since 1 November. The new NEML, which includes 685 drugs with more than 1110 kinds of dosage forms and more than 1810 kinds of specifications, further standardizes dosage forms and specifications of drugs. The new catalog not only increases the number of categories, but also optimizes the structure of the drug list. It highlights the need for basic drugs in aspects of common diseases, chronic diseases, serious diseases and public health. Besides, the normalization of dosage forms and specifications, and the persistence of emphasizing the combination of Western and Chinese medicine are both the characteristics of it. This news report is composed of several parts including brief introduction of NEML, the difference between NEML and National Directory of Health Insurance (NDHI) which is likely to be confused with NEML, the dissection of the change of medicine varieties, relevant policies and potential issues of NEML. We intend to give a comprehensive interpretation of NEML from different perspectives.
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Charlton, Frank W., Hayley M. Pearson, Samantha Hover, et al. "Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets for Viral Infections: Further Discoveries and Future Perspectives." Viruses 12, no. 8 (2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080844.
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Ion channels play key roles in almost all facets of cellular physiology and have emerged as key host cell factors for a multitude of viral infections. A catalogue of ion channel-blocking drugs have been shown to possess antiviral activity, some of which are in widespread human usage for ion channel-related diseases, highlighting new potential for drug repurposing. The emergence of ion channel–virus interactions has also revealed the intriguing possibility that channelopathies may explain some commonly observed virus induced pathologies. This field is rapidly evolving and an up-to-date summary of new discoveries can inform future perspectives. We herein discuss the role of ion channels during viral lifecycles, describe the recently identified ion channel drugs that can inhibit viral infections, and highlight the potential contribution of ion channels to virus-mediated disease.
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Martei, Yehoda M., Sebathu Chiyapo, Surbhi Grover, et al. "Availability of WHO Essential Medicines for Cancer Treatment in Botswana." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00063.
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Purpose Stock outs of cancer drugs are potentially fatal but have not been systematically studied in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the availability and alignment of the Botswana National Essential Medicines List (NEML) for cancer drugs with the WHO’s Essential Medicines List (EML). Methods The availability and cost of cancer drugs were analyzed using data from a weekly stock catalog sent by Botswana’s Central Medical Store to all pharmacy departments in government hospitals. Comparative data were extracted from the WHO EML and the “International Drug Price Indicator Guide-2014” from the Management Sciences for Health. Interviews with key informants were used to collect data on the Botswana NEML and the drug supply chain in the public sector. Results The 2015 Botswana NEML for cancer had 80.5% alignment with the WHO EML. At least 40% of essential drugs were out of stock for a median duration of 30 days in 2015. Stock outs affected chemotherapy drugs included in first-line regimens for treating potentially curable diseases such as cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer and were not associated with buyer price of therapy. Analyses showed that the median price ratio for procured drugs was greater than 1 for 61% of the NEML drugs, which suggests inefficiency in procurement in the public sector. Conclusions Botswana has one of the highest alignments of NEML to the WHO EML in the sub-Saharan African region, which is consistent with investment in the health care system evident in other clinical spheres. Better quantification of chemotherapy requirements using data from the National Cancer Registry and resource-sensitive treatment guidelines can help reduce stock outs and facilitate more effective and efficient procurement processes.
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Satibi, Satibi, Achmad Fudholi, Eirene Copalcanty Tuko, and Gabriela Larasati Swastiandari. "The Inventory Control, Storage Facilities and Distribution at Pharmaceutical Industry in Supporting Drugs Availability of JKN Era." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 9, no. 1 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.43162.
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The drugs availability is still a problem in the health system in Indonesia. The number of JKN participants increasing the need for generic drugs. Pharmaceutical industry has a role to produce affordable and good quality medicines by implementing good supply chain. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of inventory control, storage and distribution facilities in the pharmaceutical industry in supporting drugs availability in the JKN era. This is a descriptive research with qualitative method and uses purposive sampling. Data was collected in depth interview with employees from the PPIC and SCM in Pharma A, Pharma B, Pharma C and Pharma D that collaborated with BPJS Kesehatan and become drug providers in e-catalogue tender. Data analysis consisted of making interview transcripts, interpreting data, and triangulation. The results of the analysis showed that inventory control has an influence in the pharmaceutical industry in supporting the drugs availability due to a mismatch between demand and need, thereby increasing the occurrence of stock over or stock out. Facilities of storage has an influence in the pharmaceutical industry in supporting the drugs availability due to overload storage facilities so that the storage method was not optimal and has to pay other costs to rent warehouses. Distribution has an influence in the pharmaceutical industry in supporting the drugs availability because the costs for distribution must reach a minimum order to be distributed and the choice of transportation modes for distribution may be increased the lead time that caused the drug vacancies.
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Singh, Pooja, Kaylene Okada, Amelia Spinrad, Nancy Pire-Smerkanich, and Eunjoo Pacifici. "3570 The Regulatory Landscape of Products to Treat Opioid Overdose." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (2019): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.138.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Since 1971, Naloxone has been the only FDA approved opioid antagonist indicated for use after opioid overdose. New formulations of Naloxone have been introduced into the market, including an injectable, auto-injector, and nasal spray. However, Naloxone is short-acting and as such often requires multiple doses and may induce severe withdrawal symptoms. This study examines the regulatory framework to understand the evolution of products indicated to treat opioid overdose and the landscape of therapies in development. Furthermore, this study examines how the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other government agencies have approached the opioid crisis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A PubMed search of “naloxone AND opioid overdose” with the filter “humans” was conducted to understand Naloxone’s regulatory framework. The term “naloxone” was searched on the Drugs@FDA: Approved Drug Products database. Additionally, “nalmefene” was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov. To examine the opioid antagonist market landscape, a PubMed search of “opioid antagonist AND opioid overdose” with the filters “humans” and “clinical trial,” and a ClinicalTrials.gov search of “opioid antagonist and opioid overdose,” were conducted. Government agency reports were reviewed and cataloged. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary findings suggest a lack of innovation in the development of novel opioid antagonists. Most literature review findings focused on already-marketed Naloxone products, including the original injectable approved in 1971, the 2014 Evzio Auto-Injector, and the 2015 Narcan Nasal Spray (Figure 1). For example, there were 14 results yielded from the FDA approvals database, but none of these results represented a new opioid antagonist molecule. A longer-acting opioid antagonist, Nalmefene injectable, was approved in 1995 but has since been removed from the market due to low sales. Our initial ClinicalTrials.gov search using condition “opioid overdose” and other terms “opioid antagonist”,revealed no new studies being conducted on alternative opioid antagonist treatments for opioid overdose. Findings only focused on the distribution, co-dispensing, intervention, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Naloxone (Figure 2). However, a Google search yielded one new trial with an opioid antagonist by Opiant Pharmaceuticals, almost fifty years after FDA’s approval of Naloxone. A ClinicalTrials.gov search was then performed using the search term “nalmefene” to find whether Opiant Pharmaceuticals’ trial was in the ClinicalTrials.gov database. However, the Opiant trial is phase I, and as such does not require reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov. In 2017, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched an initiative for longer-acting opioid antagonist formulations. In 2018, Opiant Pharmaceuticals announced positive phase I results for intranasal Nalmefene. The potential return of Nalmefene in intranasal form may play a significant role in reducing overdoses, especially in cases where a longer-acting opioid antagonist is necessary. Opiant Pharmaceuticals’ trial commenced after the NIH announced their initiative; furthermore, the NIH’s National Institute on Drug Abuse granted the company $7.4 million to further the investigation of this drug. We will continue to research drugs that have previously been studied for the indication of treating opioid overdose in the United States and abroad and catalog them. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The abuse and misuse of opioids in the United States has caused an epidemic accounting for over 115 opioid-overdose deaths each day, devastating our nation, both socially and economically. The United States spends $78.5 billion annually to combat the misuse of these drugs. Due to the severity of the opioid crisis, efforts to better understand approved therapies and investigational products in development to treat opioid overdose will be of significance moving forward. This research can inform agencies who are developing strategies to reduce opioid overdoses and pharmaceutical product developers about the current opioid antagonist landscape.
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Ramadan, NM, LL Schultz, and SJ Gilkey. "Migraine Prophylactic Drugs." Cephalalgia 17, no. 2 (1997): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702073.x.
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Objectives: In order to understand the pattern of utilization of migraine prophylactic drugs by US physicians, we reviewed the scientific rigor of published trials of anti-migraine medications, assessed their cost, and tested the correlation, if any, between utilization, scientific rigor and cost. Materials and methods: Scientific rigor of published reports. We identified all placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trials of migraine prophylactic agents through Medline search, major Headache textbooks and proceedings of major scientific meetings where headache-related topics are discussed. We excluded trials that did not include placebo treatment during the active phase of the study. The trials were reviewed and rated for scientific rigor using a 5-point scale (scientific score [ss]; 1 = low, 5:: good), blinded to the physicians' utilization data and cost of the drugs. Studies that did not show benefit of the active drug over placebo were scored 1 to 5, thus allowing for the reverse logic of negative studies. US physicians' utilization. Neurologists and primary care physicians (PCP) completed phone-mail-phore questionnaires which inquired about first and second choices of migraine prophylaxis. These choices were averaged to obtain a weighted average percent usage of each drug. Cost. The average wholesale price (AW°) of each drug was obtained from data published by Adelman and Von Seggern, and from the Amerisource (7/9/96) catalog. Statistical analysis: Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between the average ss, physician use, and cost of each drug. Results: Propranolol (ss = 1.44), amitriptyline (ss = 2.33) and verapamil (ss = 1.00) were the three preferred migraine prophylactic drugs by both neurologists and PCPs. Approximately 10% of neurologists said that divalproex (ss = 3.75) would be their first or second choice. The selective serotonin reuptake blockers were favored by 13.21% of PCPs. All other prophylactic drugs were felt to be first or second line of treatment by less than 10% of either neurologists or PCPs. Except for one study (ss = 1) that showed that propranolol reduced the migraine frequency by 76% over placebo, trials of the three most preferred medications failed to demonstrate that the active drug is >50% better than placebo, i.e. the difference in headache frequency when on placebo vs active drug is >50%. Of the drugs available in the United States, flurbiprofen and metoprolol achieved the best ss (5.00 and 4.03, respectively) but their efficacy over placebo (23% and 14-33%, respectively) and cost ($67.2 and $65.6) were unfavorable. Neurologists and PCPs chose migraine prophylaxis on the basis of scientific merit ( r = 0.644, p = 0.018; r = 0.576, p = 0.05, respectively) but not cost ( r = 0.254, p = 0.45; r = 0.255, p = 0.455). Conclusion: The three most commonly chosen migraine prophylactic agents have not been shown irrefutably to prevent migraine. Furthermore, their benefit, if any, does not exceed 50% over placebo. The well-conducted recent trials that demonstrated the efficacy of divalproex in migraine prevention are steps in the right direction of finding the “ideal migraine preventative agent”. Until that drug is discovered, it is difficult to argue that one migraine prophylactic medication is superior to another and accordingly should be used as a first line of treatment.
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de Sousa, Ana Carolina C., Keletso Maepa, Jill M. Combrinck, and Timothy J. Egan. "Lapatinib, Nilotinib and Lomitapide Inhibit Haemozoin Formation in Malaria Parasites." Molecules 25, no. 7 (2020): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071571.
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With the continued loss of antimalarials to resistance, drug repositioning may have a role in maximising efficiency and accelerating the discovery of new antimalarial drugs. Bayesian statistics was previously used as a tool to virtually screen USFDA approved drugs for predicted β-haematin (synthetic haemozoin) inhibition and in vitro antimalarial activity. Here, we report the experimental evaluation of nine of the highest ranked drugs, confirming the accuracy of the model by showing an overall 93% hit rate. Lapatinib, nilotinib, and lomitapide showed the best activity for inhibition of β-haematin formation and parasite growth and were found to inhibit haemozoin formation in the parasite, providing mechanistic insights into their mode of antimalarial action. We then screened the USFDA approved drugs for binding to the β-haematin crystal, applying a docking method in order to evaluate its performance. The docking method correctly identified imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, and lomitapide. Experimental evaluation of 22 of the highest ranked purchasable drugs showed a 24% hit rate. Lapatinib and nilotinib were chosen as templates for shape and electrostatic similarity screening for lead hopping using the in-stock ChemDiv compound catalogue. The actives were novel structures worthy of future investigation. This study presents a comparison of different in silico methods to identify new haemozoin-inhibiting chemotherapeutic alternatives for malaria that proved to be useful in different ways when taking into consideration their strengths and limitations.
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Thabrany, H., and Z. Abidin. "Evaltuation of The National Drug Formularium and Electronic Catalog For The Indonesian UHC." Value in Health 20, no. 9 (2017): A898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.2749.
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Ouellette, Tom W., Galen EB Wright, Britt I. Drögemöller, Colin JD Ross, and Bruce C. Carleton. "Integrating disease and drug-related phenotypes for improved identification of pharmacogenomic variants." Pharmacogenomics 22, no. 5 (2021): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2020-0130.
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Aim: To improve the identification and interpretation of pharmacogenetic variants through the integration of disease and drug-related traits. Materials & methods: We hypothesized that integrating genome-wide disease and pharmacogenomic data may drive new insights into drug toxicity and response by identifying shared genetic architecture. Pleiotropic variants were identified using a methodological framework incorporating colocalization analysis. Results: Using genome-wide association studies summary statistics from the UK Biobank, European Bioinformatics Institute genome-wide association studies catalog and the Pharmacogenomics Research Network, we validated pleiotropy at the ABCG2 locus between allopurinol response and gout and identified novel pleiotropy between antihypertensive-induced new-onset diabetes, Crohn’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease at the IL18RAP/SLC9A4 locus. Conclusion: New mechanistic insights and genetic loci can be uncovered by identifying pleiotropy between disease and drug-related traits.
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Kwami, Robert. "Towards a comprehensive catalogue of Eve drum mnemonics∗." Journal of African Cultural Studies 11, no. 1 (1998): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13696819808717824.
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Zimmermann, Francis. "Inconspicuous Turmeric." Asian Medicine 9, no. 1-2 (2014): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341310.
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Some 20 to 40 herbs play a major role in contemporary ayurvedic pharmaceuticals. Recurrent in compound formulas, most of the time, however, they remain inconspicuous ingredients which, when you follow their trail over the whole catalogue of medicines offered for sale on the ayurvedic market, function as shifters that connect formulas with one another and eventually account for the overall consistency of the pharmacopoeia. Shifters are the subject of this paper. Turmeric (Curcuma longa), one of the most significant entries of the flora medica involved, is taken as an example of such shifters, and an exhaustive study was made of the use of turmeric in the catalogue of pharmaceuticals manufactured by the Arya Vaidya Sala (avs), based in Kottakkal, Kerala. To expose the specificities, saliencies, and connections of turmeric in compound medicines, we shall refer upstream to the textual sources of the Kottakkal catalogue, and compare Kottakkal products downstream with relevant proprietary medicines incorporated in the catalogue of another powerful and highly regarded firm, the Himalaya Drug Company, based in Bangalore.
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Rudolf, Jeffrey D., Chin-Yuan Chang, Ming Ma, and Ben Shen. "Cytochromes P450 for natural product biosynthesis in Streptomyces: sequence, structure, and function." Natural Product Reports 34, no. 9 (2017): 1141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7np00034k.
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Alsudir, Samar A., Abdulaziz Almalik, and Ali H. Alhasan. "Catalogue of self-targeting nano-medical inventions to accelerate clinical trials." Biomaterials Science 9, no. 11 (2021): 3898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1bm00235j.
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Dimitrova, N. H., I. A. Dermen, N. D. Todorova, et al. "CATALOGIC 301C model – validation and improvement." SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 28, no. 6 (2017): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062936x.2017.1343255.
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Southworth, Maurice W., and Francine B. Perler. "Inteins in Microbial Genomes: Distribution, Mechanism, and Function." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.13.
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Inteins are self-splicing protein elements (134 to 608 amino acids). Over 125 inteins have been cataloged in InBase, the on-line intein database (http://www.neb.com/neb/inteins.html), which includes the Intein Registry[1]. Inteins naturally present in pathogenic microbes represent novel, yet unexploited drug targets. Understanding the chemistry of the splicing reaction has allowed the manipulation of inteins, which are now used in many protein engineering applications[2].
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Iida, A., S. Saito, A. Sekine, et al. "Catalog of 668 SNPs detected among 31 genes encoding potential drug targets on the cell surface." Journal of Human Genetics 48, no. 1 (2003): 0023–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100380300004.
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Lumley, James A., Gary Sharman, Thomas Wilkin, Matthew Hirst, Carlos Cobas, and Michael Goebel. "A KNIME Workflow for Automated Structure Verification." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 25, no. 8 (2020): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555220907091.
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Adequate characterization of chemical entities made for biological screening in the drug discovery context is critical. Incorrectly characterized structures lead to mistakes in the interpretation of structure–activity relationships and confuse an already multidimensional optimization problem. Mistakes in the later use of these compounds waste money and valuable resources in a discovery process already under cost pressure. Left unidentified, these errors lead to problems in project data packages during quality review. At worst, they put intellectual property and patent integrity at risk. We describe a KNIME workflow for the early and automated identification of these errors during registration of a new chemical entity into the corporate screening catalog. This Automated Structure Verification workflow provides early identification (within 24 hours) of missing or inconsistent analytical data and therefore reduces any mistakes that inevitably get made. Automated identification removes the burden of work from the chemist submitting the compound into the registration system. No additional work is required unless a problem is identified and the submitter alerted. Before implementation, 14% of samples within the existing sample catalog were missing data on initial pass. A year after implementation, only 0.2% were missing data.
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Mercer, S. J. "‘The Drug of War’ – a historical review of the use of Ketamine in military conflicts." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 95, no. 3 (2009): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-95-145.
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AbstractAnaesthesia for surgery during armed conflict was traditionally based on simple and reliable techniques. These often required a minimum of equipment and drugs while ensuring rapid and safe patient recovery. Ketamine, which first became available in Britain in the 1970s, was thought to offer certain favorable characteristics for use as a military anaesthetic agent. This article discusses the use of ketamine in many of the major armed conflicts that have occurred since its introduction. It also catalogues the methods used by anaesthetists at the time and their opinions of the drug’s success.
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Hamid, Abdulaziz B., and Ruben C. Petreaca. "Secondary Resistant Mutations to Small Molecule Inhibitors in Cancer Cells." Cancers 12, no. 4 (2020): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040927.
Full textAbstract:
Secondary resistant mutations in cancer cells arise in response to certain small molecule inhibitors. These mutations inevitably cause recurrence and often progression to a more aggressive form. Resistant mutations may manifest in various forms. For example, some mutations decrease or abrogate the affinity of the drug for the protein. Others restore the function of the enzyme even in the presence of the inhibitor. In some cases, resistance is acquired through activation of a parallel pathway which bypasses the function of the drug targeted pathway. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) produced a compendium of resistant mutations to small molecule inhibitors reported in the literature. Here, we build on these data and provide a comprehensive review of resistant mutations in cancers. We also discuss mechanistic parallels of resistance.
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Schuler, Gregory D. "Pieces of the puzzle: expressed sequence tags and the catalog of human genes." Journal of Molecular Medicine 75, no. 10 (1997): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050155.
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Sitterlé, Emilie, Alix T. Coste, Thomas Obadia, et al. "Large-scale genome mining allows identification of neutral polymorphisms and novel resistance mutations in genes involved in Candida albicans resistance to azoles and echinocandins." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 4 (2020): 835–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz537.
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Abstract Background The genome of Candida albicans displays significant polymorphism. Point mutations in genes involved in resistance to antifungals may either confer phenotypic resistance or be devoid of phenotypic consequences. Objectives To catalogue polymorphisms in azole and echinocandin resistance genes occurring in susceptible strains in order to rapidly pinpoint relevant mutations in resistant strains. Methods Genome sequences from 151 unrelated C. albicans strains susceptible to fluconazole and caspofungin were used to create a catalogue of non-synonymous polymorphisms in genes involved in resistance to azoles (ERG11, TAC1, MRR1 and UPC2) or echinocandins (FKS1). The potential of this catalogue to reveal putative resistance mutations was tested in 10 azole-resistant isolates, including 1 intermediate to caspofungin. Selected mutations were analysed by mutagenesis experiments or mutational prediction effect. Results In the susceptible strains, we identified 126 amino acid substitutions constituting the catalogue of phenotypically neutral polymorphisms. By excluding these neutral substitutions, we identified 22 additional substitutions in the 10 resistant strains. Among these substitutions, 10 had already been associated with resistance. The remaining 12 were in Tac1p (n = 6), Upc2p (n = 2) and Erg11p (n = 4). Four out of the six homozygous substitutions in Tac1p (H263Y, A790V, H839Y and P971S) conferred increases in azole MICs, while no effects were observed for those in Upc2p. Additionally, two homozygous substitutions (Y64H and P236S) had a predicted conformation effect on Erg11p. Conclusions By establishing a catalogue of neutral polymorphisms occurring in genes involved in resistance to antifungal drugs, we provide a useful resource for rapid identification of mutations possibly responsible for phenotypic resistance in C. albicans.