Academic literature on the topic 'Catalyst Percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Catalyst Percentage"
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Yuliasari, Nova, Amri Amri, Risfidian Mohadi, Elfita Elfita, and Aldes Lesbani. "Catalytic Activity of LDH-TiO2 and LDH-ZnO in Photodegradation of Procion Red." Science and Technology Indonesia 8, no. 2 (2023): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.2.252-258.
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Pristine layered double hydroxides (LDHs) which have been modified into LDHs-metal oxide composite were applied as procion red (PR) photodegradation catalysts. The preparation was performed using a low calcination temperature of 300°C. Optimization variations include pH, catalyst weight and catalysis time. The degradation percentages of Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO2 and Mg/Al-ZnO were 51.8%, 72.0% and 89.5%, respectively. The percentage of degradation of Zn/Al LDH, Zn/Al-TiO2 and Zn/Al-ZnO were 44.0%, 61.2% and 58.4%, respectively. The study results showed that all composites produced a greater percentage of PR degradation and better reusability than pristine LDH. Mg/Al LDH-based catalysts tend to catalyze PR better than Zn/Al LDH-based catalysts. PR which is an anionic dye when photodegraded using Mg/Al-ZnO tends to be better than Mg/Al-TiO2 meanwhile Zn/Al-TiO2 and Zn/Al-ZnO have competitive performance.
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Mendoza Bobadilla, Jorge Luis, Adolfo Enrique Guerrero Escobedo, Walter Moreno Eustaquio, Marina Ponce Zavaleta, and Luisa Carbajo Arteaga. "Influence Modeling and optimization of sulphide removal by catalytic oxidation of tannery fur effluents [Modelamiento y optimización de la remoción de sulfuros por oxidación catalítica de efluentes de pelambre de curtiduría]." Journal of Energy & Environmental Sciences 5, no. 1 (2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32829/eesj.v5i1.126.
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The residual effluents from the fur stage of the bovine leather tannery industry are characterized by having a high concentration of sulfides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of aeration time and pH in the residual effluents of the leather stage of the tannery, with the catalysts MnO2 and MnSO4 separately; as well as, determine adjustment models through the response surface methodology and the optimal intervals of the best conditions that lead to a higher percentage of sulfide removal. For this reason, the sulphide removal percentage was evaluated from samples extracted from the pellet stage, by means of catalytic oxidation treatments; varying the catalyst, pH and aeration time. The catalysts used were manganese dioxide (MnO2) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) and for each catalyst the pH was varied in the values of 8.5; 9.5; 10.2 and 13.4; likewise, the aeration time was varied in the values of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes. 64 treatments were carried out, with 3 repetitions each, reporting the average values of the sulfide removal percentage. The response surface methodology was used to adjust the correlation of the variables to a quadratic model; Likewise, through contour graphs the regions with the highest percentage of sulfide removal were easily identified and by superimposing contour graphs the optimal ranges of the variables pH and aeration time were determined for removal percentages greater than 98%. Based on this evaluation, it is proposed for treatments with manganese dioxide, aeration times between 160 to 240 min and pH between 8.5 to 9 and for treatments with manganese sulfate, aeration times between 110 to 240 min and pH between 8.5 to 9.8. The coefficients of multiple determination R2 for the models with catalyst MnO2 and MnSO4 were 97.51% and 95.12% respectively. With the MnSO4 catalyst, higher removal percentages were achieved at a shorter aeration time, compared to the treatments carried out with the MnO2 catalyst.
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Suppiah, Durga Devi. "Synergistic effect of Promoter addition and Nickel Loading for Catalysed Dry Reforming of Methane." Malaysian Catalysis-An International Journal 1, no. 2 (2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mcij.vol1no2.3.
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This paper investigates the synergistic influence of both catalyst active sites Lanthanum promoter and Nickel loading on supported Ni catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM) reaction. Alumina-supported nanosized Ni-based catalysts were synthesized using the impregnation method with varying percentages of Lanthanum promoter. Structural analysis via XRD, SEM and PSD show Nickel and lanthanum were homogeneously dispersed on Al2O3 supported catalyst with a range of 40-90 nm were obtained. Lanthanum addition favours equilibrated reaction equivalent to DRM mechanism. Increasing the La percentage and temperature however shifts the equilibrium to a higher conversion of CH4 (72%) hence higher H2 selectivity (70%).
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Putri, Suriati Eka, Diana Eka Pratiwi, Rachmat Triandi Tjahjanto, and Abd Rahman. "The Effect of Binder Concentration on the Ability of Gelcasting Porous Ceramics as TiO2 Support Catalysts." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v8i1.33168.
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Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of binder concentration on the ability of porous ceramics as TiO2 support catalyst. The porous ceramic synthesis used was the gelcasting method using natural clay as matrix, cassava starch as binder and CMC as dispersant. The concentration of cassava starch binder used were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. The methods used in catalyst supporting are adsorption method and sol gel coating method. Analysis of TiO2 catalyst content in porous ceramics using XRF instrument. The results obtained showed that the concentration of cassava starch affects the ability of porous ceramics as TiO2 catalyst support. The largest percentage of TiO2 catalyst with adsorption method was achieved at a binder concentration of 8% with a catalyst percentage of 38.9% while with sol gel coating method was achieved at a binder concentration of 4% with a catalyst percentage of 20.11%. Keywords: Binder, Cassava Starch, Porous Ceramic, Gelcasting, Support Catalysts
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Lee, Z. S., C. C. Seah, S. H. Habib, R. S. R. M. Hafriz, and N. M. Razali. "Production of green diesel from waste cooking oil via catalytic deoxygenation reaction using metal doped eggshell catalyst." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1372, no. 1 (2024): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012048.
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Abstract Green diesel production via catalytic deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO) over metal doped eggshell catalyst was investigated in this work. The catalyst was prepared through liquid-liquid precipitation of 5 transition metal solutions and ground eggshell (ES) as the catalyst support. The prepared catalyst, Fe-ES, Cu-ES, Co-ES, Zn-ES, and Ni-ES were characterized using BET surface area and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. BET surface area data and SEM images of the catalyst shows a promising catalyst physical properties that tailor to the deoxygenation reaction. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) was used to determine the hydrocarbon composition of the oil yield product from the reaction. The reaction also produces gas, soap and liquid acid phase while the remaining unreacted WCO becomes coke. The percentage of all products and coke were calculated using mass balance. Deoxygenation of WCO with Ni-ES catalyst produced highest oil yield at 61.6% with the hydrocarbon content of 56.11%. Ni-ES also produced 22.9% coke; the least percentage compared to other catalyst. The findings proved that Ni-ES catalyst exhibited the highest conversion of WCO into gas and liquid product with a greater yield of oil and minimal coke formation. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of using eggshell catalysts as substitutes for commercial catalysts in green diesel production.
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Hamidi, Nurkholis, Lilis Yuliati, Purnami Purnami, and Naufal Muhammad Faiz. "THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PULVERIZED RICE HUSK WASTE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION WITH NATURAL ZEOLIT." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications 5, no. 2 (2024): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/mechta.2024.005.02.7.
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Rice husk is a type of agricultural waste that generated from rice production activities. The number continues to increase in line with the increasing food needs of the people in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of natural zeolite as a catalyst and to determine the effect of natural zeolite mass percentage variation in the mixture on rice husk waste catalytic combustion by using the thermo gravimetric analysis method. The results of this study show that there is an effect of adding natural zeolite catalysts with the mass percentage of natural zeolite variations on the combustion characteristics and activation energy of each mixture. Increasing the mass percentage of natural zeolite catalysts can affect the reaction process become faster and minimize the effort required, but it was found that if the amount of natural zeolite catalyst is too much, it only adds to the heating load which causes slower reaction. The mixture of rice husks with 10% natural zeolite catalyst is the most optimal mixture because it has the lowest required activation energy value and the combustion reaction phases are achieved at a lower temperature than 5% and 15% mass percentage variations.
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Ali, Syed Danish, Isma Noreen Javed, Usman Ali Rana, et al. "Novel SrO-CaO Mixed Metal Oxides Catalyst for Ultrasonic-Assisted Transesterification of Jatropha Oil into Biodiesel." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 3 (2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16236.
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The transesterification of edible and non-edible oils to produce biodiesel is traditionally carried out using homogeneous catalysts (such as NaOH, KOH, and H2SO4). However, these homogenous catalysts often suffer from multiple drawbacks including their corrosive nature and solubility in the reaction mixture, and high costs associated with their recovery. Recent studies have shown that heterogeneous catalysts based on mixed metal oxides have the potential to address the issues associated with conventional homogeneous catalysts, thereby emerging as an efficient class of catalyst materials for biodiesel production. In this study, we describe a heterogeneous strontium oxide/calcium oxide (SrO-CaO) mixed metal oxides catalyst, which displays remarkable efficiency towards the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of Jatropha oil into biodiesel. The SrO-CaO heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method, and the structural morphology of the as-synthesized catalyst was revealed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption technique coupled with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic structure of the SrO-CaO catalyst. The catalytic activity of this newly developed catalyst showed a high percentage conversion of triglyceride into the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (98.19 %) as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the prepared biodiesel by this ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process was determined by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Five major fatty acid methyl esters were identified, of which 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester was obtained with the highest percentage ~38.22 %. Hence, the study reveals that the SrO-CaO catalyst exhibits high efficiency towards converting Jatropha oil into biodiesel by ultrasonic-assisted transesterification.
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Hodge, Philip, Roger J. Kell, Jianbiao Ma та Hugh Morris. "Polymer-Supported N-Alkyl-α ,α-diphenyl-L- prolinols as Catalysts forthe Alkylation of Aldehydes Using Diethylzinc." Australian Journal of Chemistry 52, № 11 (1999): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch99081.
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Polystyrene beads containing N-alkyl-α,α-diphenyl-L-prolinol moieties (7) linked to the support via a long N-alkyl group, which also serves as a spacer chain, have been prepared. When used to catalyse the reactions of aldehydes with diethylzinc at 10 mole % in toluene at 20°C they afford the expected alcohols in 59–83% e.e. Where comparisons can be made with the results obtained with N-methyl-α,α-diphenyl-L-prolinol (3), the PS(polymer- supported) catalysts afford lower percentage e.e. values. Evidence is provided that this is due in part to the presence of the spacer chain, and in part because with the PScatalysts not all the catalyst sites are readily accessible. The latter means that the PScatalysts cannot compete satisfactorily with the uncatalysed reactions between aldehydes and diethylzinc which produce racemates. Thus, if higher percentage e.e. values are to be obtained in future with PS α,α-diphenyl-L-prolinol derivatives, the catalyst sites will most likely need to be bound to the polymer via the phenyl groups or substituents on the five-membered ring.
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Sun, D., X. Z. Li, M. Brungs, and D. Trimm. "Encapsulation of heavy metals on spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (1998): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0625.
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Vanadium and nickel were found as major contaminants on spent FCC catalyst at levels of 3518 ppm and 3225 ppm, respectively. XPS results indicated that vanadium and nickel were in oxide form on spent FCC catalysts. Leaching tests (TCLP) showed that vanadium from spent FCC catalysts poses an environmental problem if disposed by landfill. It was found that encapsulation treatment with up to 60 wt % spent FCC catalyst in Portland cement, is an effective means of stabilization. The strength of standard specimens containing catalyst was much lower than that of standard specimens made with same weight percentage of sand.
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Guerrero Fajardo, Carlos Alberto, Yvonne N’Guyen, Claire Courson, and Anne Cécile Roger. "Fe/SiO2 catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde." Ingeniería e Investigación 26, no. 2 (2006): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v26n2.14735.
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Selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde was analysed with iron catalysts supported on silica prepared by the sol-gel method, leading to obtaining a large support surface area facilitating high dispersion of iron on silica’s amorphous surface. Seven catalysts were prepared; one of them corresponded to the silica support and another five having an iron load 0.1-0.5% in weight. Catalyst 7 (0.5% Fe in weight) was prepared with neutral pH control and had the most homogeneous characteristics since it did not present isolated iron species, corroborated by SEM and TEM analysis. The highest BET areas were 1,757 and 993 m2.g-1 for 0.5% Fe catalysts, having an average 36% microporosity and 43% mesoporosity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the catalyst’s amorphous structure. Catalytic activity was carried out with catalyser 7 at atmospheric pressure in a quartz reactor using a CH4/O2/N2=7.5/1/4 reaction mixture at 400-750°C temperature range. Reaction products were analysed by gas chromatography with TCD. The heterogeneous catalysts displayed greater methane conversion (but with methanol selectivity) whereas homogenous catalyst 7 gave better results regarding formaldehyde. The highest conversion percentage (8.60% mol) for catalyser 7 was presented at 650°C. Formaldehyde selectivity was 50% mol in the 600-650°C range and maximum yield (0.31g HCHO/Kg catalyst) was found in this range; it was thus considered that 650°C for the reaction was thereby the best operating temperature.
Book chapters on the topic "Catalyst Percentage"
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Farag, Hamdy, and Masahiro Kishida. "Kinetic Models for Complex Parallel–Consecutive Reactions Assessment of Reaction Network and Product Selectivity." In Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9975-5.ch012.
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Kinetic models were developed to account for the partial contributions of intermediates in complex parallel–consecutive reactions. The models allow precise estimation of the apparent rate constants of all steps in such a reaction network. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) over CoMo-based alumina and carbon catalysts, and over an unsupported molybdenum sulfide catalyst, were investigated in a batch reactor and used to represent this type of reaction. The HDS reactions proceeded through two parallel–consecutive reaction pathways, i.e., direct desulfurization (DDS) and hydrogenation (HYD), in which two main intermediates, namely biphenyl and partially hydrogenated DBT, were involved. Different selectivities in terms of yield fraction (percentage ratio of HYD/DDS) were observed for these catalysts. The results are discussed in the context of proposed HDS reaction networks. Use of these models enables more accurate assessment of differences among the performances of different catalysts.
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Zhang, Xin, Hui Shi, and Bo-Qing Xu. "Performance Control of Нуdrogenation Catalysis by Tuning the Percentage of Cationic Gold in Au/ZrO2 Catalyst." In Science and Technology in Catalysis 2006. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53202-2.50109-3.
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M, Subburaj, M. T. Ramesan, Mity Thambi, and P. P. Pradyumnan. "CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF CHLORINATED NATURAL RUBBER." In Futuristic Trends in Chemical Material Sciences & Nano Technology Volume 3 Book 14. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3becs14p3ch4.
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Chlorinated natural rubber (CNR) was prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of chloroform using phase transfer catalyst. The chlorination in CNR was monitored by FTIR and UV spectroscopy and these studies indicated the formation of dichloro cyclopropyl ring to the double bond of natural rubber (NR). XRD and SEM analysis revealed the extent of chlorination in natural rubber. Electrical properties such as AC conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss of CNR was higher than that of NR. Conductivity of NR increased with the increase in the concentration of chlorine percentage. LOI values indicated that the chemical modification imparts better flame resistant to NR.
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Ishola, Niyi Babatunde, Kelechi Ernest Okpalaeke, and Eriola Betiku. "Computational Approaches to the Biodiesel Production Process and Optimization: Neem Oil Methyl Esters as an Example." In Developments in Biodiesel. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781837672530-00340.
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Data-based machine learning techniques or computational intelligence techniques have been gaining research interest recently because of the complexity, ambivalence, and non-linear nature of biodiesel production systems. In this chapter, a minireview of the various modeling and optimization techniques regarding biodiesel processes is presented. To demonstrate the application of some of these tools, two learning machine methods, viz. adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the artificial neural network model (ANN), were utilized in modeling the production process of neem oil methyl esters (NOME) via transesterification of esterified neem oil (ENO). The results showed that the ANFIS model [correlation coefficient (R) = 0.9993 and mean relative percentage deviation (MRPD) = 0.2624] was marginally superior to ANN (R = 0.9989, MRPD = 0.3038). ANN combined with a genetic algorithm (ANN–GA) and ANFIS–GA were used to optimize the biodiesel system to obtain the most favorable operating conditions. ANFIS–GA gave a maximum NOME yield (99.45 wt%) using a methanol/ENO molar ratio of 9 : 1, solid catalyst loading 0.98 wt%, and reaction time 75 min compared with ANN–GA with a maximum NOME yield (98.85 wt%) using a methanol/ENO molar ratio of 13 : 1, solid catalyst loading 0.56 wt% and reaction time 60 min. The results showed that both machine learning tools could accurately predict the NOME yield and represent the complex system investigated.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Fertilizers." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0017.
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Fertilizers for soil on which plants grow come in a variety of forms, such as organic, inorganic, single nutrient, double nutrient, complete fertilizer (contains N, P, and K in that order), speciality fertilizers, composts, and manures. Information about each of these forms follows. Most of the N used in fertilizers is derived from a synthetic process developed by Europeans called the “Claude-Haber process.” This process uses nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere along with hydrogen gas (H2) from natural gas in a device where pressure can be increased and temperature can be raised. The reaction is accelerated using an iron catalyst and removing the product (NH3) as it is formed. The Fe catalyst is subject to poisoning from impurities, such as As, Co, P, or S. Anhydrous ammonia has the highest percentage of N and the cheapest per unit of N since no processing is involved. Anhydrous (without water) ammonia is a gas but when compressed changes to a liquid. For application to soils a pressurized tank is required with a device to inject the liquid ammonia into the soil. Upon release of pressure, the liquid changes back to a gas; however, the ammonia gas reacts with the moisture in the soil to form NH4+ that is available for plants. One problem with ammonia is that NH3 gas is toxic to seedlings and growing plants, so must be applied prior to planting. This limits its use for landscape projects. Salt solutions of aqua ammonia are obtained by dissolving ammonia gas, ammonium nitrate, or urea in water. The amount dissolved will vary the concentration of N in the final product. This can be used in landscape projects, but care must be used as this material can salt out and plug up orifices when sprayed onto a soil. There is no real difference between liquid or solid fertilizers, provided the percentage of N is the same. Ammonia Nitrate [NH4NO3] (33.5% N) Ammonium nitrate is formed by ammonia gas reacting with nitric acid: . . . NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 . . . This material is hygroscopic (absorbs water from the air) and requires moisture-proof bags for storage.
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Nor Paizin, Muhsin. "Zakat Collection From Foreign Workers in Malaysia." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3452-6.ch005.
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Foreign labor in Malaysia has been recently estimated to range between 1 to 2 million. Recent figures show that there are about 1.8 million registered or regular foreign workers, and the rest are unregistered (undocumented or irregular) workers. To understand the potential, we need to take consideration that zakat payment should be made by those who gained income above a specific nisab. In order to obtain the number of foreign workers under this category, the authors refer to the percentage of foreign workers (expatriates) who work under category I and II of employment passes (monthly salary above RM5,000 per month). The religiosity factor has to be addressed carefully to at least change Muslim foreign workers' outlook in life to become potential zakat payers. The mosque is recognized as an important Islamic institution to act as a catalyst in the evolution of zakat management in Malaysia. Nonetheless, the target of potential zakat collection should be more on higher educated foreign workers by giving special incentives to them if they are paying zakat in Malaysia.
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Antonio-Cruz, Rocío, Nora Alicia Purata-Pérez, María Berzabé Vázquez-González, and Radamés Trejo-Valencia. "Remediation of soils contaminated by hydrocarbons using a polymeric material (carboxymethylcellulose gel)." In CIERMMI Women in Science Engineering and Technology TXV. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2021.6.99.111.
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In recent years, the pollution caused by hydrocarbon spills has increased, and this leads to research to mitigate the deterioration caused to the environment, therefore, this work has the purpose of remedying a contaminated soil due to the explosion of the Well Terra 123 of Mexican Oil (PEMEX) occurred in October 2013, which left in its wake contamination, death of animals and diseases in the population, causing both environmental and health effects on the inhabitants of the region such as vitiligo, problems vision, throat, cough and flu (Reporte Indigo, 2019). The studies carried out by Duran in 2015 on "Environmental impact on the indigenous communities of Nacajuca, Tabasco, due to the explosion of the Well Terra 123", gathered evidence of the impact that this oil accident had on the health of those close to it to the facilities and the environment. This chapter will deal with the remediation of soil contaminated by hydrocarbons due to the explosion of the Terra 123 Well, using a polymeric material (carboxymethylcellulose gel), which was synthesized at the laboratory level using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), glutaraldehyde (GA) as agent of crosslinking and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a catalyst for synthesis. The CMC gel was incorporated into the contaminated soil for the absorption of the hydrocarbon for a period of three months. The samples were collected from the soil contaminated with hydrocarbon from Terra 123 well, located in Oxiacaque, Nacajuca, Tabasco, and the effectiveness was studied in two stages: (1) The soil particle was decreased by sieving and (2) Pre and post soil analyzes were carried out (moisture percentage and fat content). In addition, the CMC gels were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques before and after being incorporated into the contaminated soil. The amount of hydrocarbon initially contained in the soil was made using the Soxhlet method, obtaining 0.99 mg of hydrocarbon / kg of soil.
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N. El-Shall, Fatma, Karema M. Haggag, Mohamed M. El-Molla, and Ahmed I. Hashem. "Synthesis of Polyurethane Acrylate Oligomers Using Microwave Irradiation Energy as Aqueous Binder for Textile Printing." In Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112425.
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Polyurethane acrylate oligomer has been synthetized using microwave irradiation as a green chemistry and synthetized using thermal heating for comparison. Using microwave irradiation, it was possible to either synthesize polyurethane acrylate oligomers without catalyst and/or solvent or achieved at a record time representing 1/12 of the reaction time needed for normal thermal heating. Polyurethane acrylate oligomers synthesized using microwave irradiation possess enhanced thermal stability than the thermal heating synthesized one. The crystallinity percentages of microwave-synthesized polyurethanes are higher than the thermal heating-synthesized polymer. Several experimental measurements applied to the samples like X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectra, and transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) etc. The overall morphology of the synthesis of polyurethane acrylate oligomers using microwave irradiation was investigated by TEM, which indicated regular, ordered, and homogeneous polymers within nanosized particle distribution. The disappearance of isocyanate bands on IR charts are strong evidence for the success of the preparation processes for polyurethane acrylate oligomers by all used methods.
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Herrier, G., and B. L. Su. "08-O-02-Highly ordered mesoporous silicas synthesis using deca-(oxyethylene) oleylether as surfactant: variation of the weight percentage of surfactant and incorporation of transition metal cations." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(01)81334-3.
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Singh, Vijeta, Sunishtha Singh Yadav, Vandana Chauhan, Shikha Shukla, and Krishan Kumar Vishnolia. "Applications of Nanoparticles in Various Fields." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6527-8.ch011.
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Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny particles having dimensions ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. Nanoparticles are field of profound scientific interest, on account of diverse conceivable applications in various fields such as electronic, optical, agriculture, biomedical, etc. Many of the interesting properties of nanoparticles are intimately linked on shape and size of nanomaterials. In nanoparticles, percentage of surface atoms are high; nanoparticles show properties dependent on shape which are utilized in catalysis, optics, data storage, etc. Further, the physical properties of nanoparticles such as melting point, density, optical properties, electrical conductivity, chemical stability, etc. make them suitable candidates to be utilized in several fields. Many of the nanoparticles have been widely studied and many applications explored for example gold and silver nanoparticles, while research is being carried out to investigate the probable applications in several other fields. This review provides the readers a summary of the applications of various nanoparticles.
Conference papers on the topic "Catalyst Percentage"
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Sa'diyah, Khalimatus, Christyfani Sindhuwati, Profiyanti Hermien Suharti, Fatkhur Rohman, and Cucuk Evi Lusiani. "Coconut Shell, Rice Husk, and Corn Cob Pyrolysis with Zeolite Catalyst." In The 6th International Conference on Science and Engineering. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-hjtvs0.
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Recycling garbage with the pyrolysis technique to make liquid smoke is one effort to utilize biomass waste. Because it includes acetic acid and phenol, which aid in food preservation, liquid smoke can be used on foods. The goal of this research was to look into the usage of zeolite catalysts in the production of liquid smoke from various types of biomass via catalytic pyrolysis. Coconut shells, corn cobs, and rice husks are used as biomass. The investigation began with the activation of the zeolite catalyst, with the goal of cleansing the catalyst of impurities and boosting its activity by opening the pores. The catalytic pyrolysis process was then carried out at 350°C for 2 hours while adjusting the quantity of catalyst addition (4%, 5%, and 6%). Catalytic pyrolysis liquid smoke is collected and evaluated. As a preservative, studied liquid smoke is applied to skipjack tuna. Based on the quality of commercial liquid smoke, the results showed that coconut shell liquid smoke with a percentage of 6% zeolite added was the most optimal liquid smoke. 6.5% yield, yellowish brown hue, slightly pungent aroma, pH value 2, density 1.132 g/ml, acid content 24%, and viscosity 1.3090 cP were the features of 6% zeolite coconut shell liquid smoke.
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Muthiya, S. Jenoris, Induja Saravanan, Gajalakshmi Balachandran, and 1Lt P. S. Raghavan. "Experimental Investigation in Diesel Oxidation Catalyst by Developing a Novel Catalytic Materials for the Control of HC, CO and Smoke Emissions." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0458.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel-powered engines are used worldwide for efficient transportation and stationary power generation. The significant drawback of a diesel engine is its harmful emissions. The stringent emission norms enforced by the different organization demands effective catalyst system to control the gaseous emissions. Diesel oxidation catalysts are the extensively used technique for diesel engines to control HC and CO emissions. Currently the catalyst in the diesel oxidation system employs precious metals such as Pt/Pd/Rh to reduce the emissions and makes the DOC system expensive. This paper presents a cost-effective catalyst prepared to employ non-noble mixed oxides of copper and nickel supported on non-conventional support (i.e.) ceria doped calcium borophosphates (Ce-SCaPB). Initially, ceramic beads (5mm X 5mm) were coated with (Ce-SCaPB) support material. Secondly, the copper and nickel salts were deposited on the Ce-SCaPB coated ceramic beads and subsequently reduced and calcined. The crystallinity and phase formation was studied using XRD technique and SEM image showed particle size ranging between 40 - 50 nm. These catalyst coated beads were loaded into the fabricated DOC reactor and was retrofitted into the tailpipe of the engine exhaust. The experimental emission testing was carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer. In engine testing, catalytic material are tested individually to evaluate his reduction percentage. The engine test was conducted under different engine loads (0-100%) and the emission readings were taken for each load. Uncertainty analysis is calculated for the results and the results showed a higher reduction in CO, HC and smoke emissions.</div></div>
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Bayryamov, Stanislav G., and Vasil P. Kopchev. "The influence of catalyst (p-TSA) weight percentage on reaction rate during the oleic acid esterification process with trimethylolpropane." In 2022 8th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeae53789.2022.9831245.
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McGary, Bradley, Judi Steciak, Ralph Budwig, and Steve Beyerlein. "Measuring Ignition Temperature and the Rate of Energy Generation From Canola Methyl Ester and Soy Methyl Ester in Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixtures on Platinum-Rhodium." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63976.
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A heated plug flow reactor was used to study the reactions of nonflammable mixtures of canola methyl ester-oxygen and soybean methyl ester-oxygen diluted with nitrogen over a coiled 90%:10% platinum:rhodium wire catalyst. The temperature the catalyst needed to reach to initiate surface reactions (ignition temperature) and the subsequent rate of energy generation were determined. The absolute volume fraction of fuel was varied from 0.238% to 0.445% and the relative fuel-oxygen equivalence ratio, φ, was varied between 0.4 and 1.0. The 127 micrometer diameter Pt-Rh wire was coiled and suspended crosswise in the quartz tube of the reactor. Evaporated biodiesel was delivered by heated nitrogen into the apparatus and blended with oxygen in a mixing nozzle. The wire catalyst was electrically heated and acted as a resistance thermometer to measure its average temperature. Ignition temperatures increased with increasing equivalence ratio and volumetric fuel vapor percentage, thus indicating initial fuel coverage of the catalyst surface. Temperatures as low as 912 K at φ = 0.4 for 0.268% Soy Methyl Ester (SME) and as high as 991 K at φ = 1.0 for 0.445% Canola Methyl Ester (CME) were recorded. The rate of energy generated due to surface reactions for both biodiesels decreased with increasing equivalence ratio and generated less energy as fuel percentages decreased. The lowest and highest rates of energy generation were both obtained from experiments with CME with 6.9 W/cm2 at φ = 1 for 0.268% fuel and 25.3 W/cm2 at φ = 0.4 for 0.445% fuel. The extremes of the rate of heat generated from SME reactions were 5.1 W/cm2 and 28.6 W/cm2, both at φ = 0.4, with 0.238% and 0.417% fuel, respectively. Another outcome of this work was achieving steady evaporation of microliter/hour heavy fuel vapor flow rates. This was aided by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine thin-film vaporization temperatures. CME and SME had the lowest evaporation temperatures of 188 K and 186 K, respectively.
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Loprete, Jason, Rodrigo Ristow Hadlich, Amanda Sirna, Dimitris Assanis, Tala Mon, and Eleni Kyriakidou. "Exhaust Slip-Stream Sampling System for Aftertreatment Device Testing." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2703.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Design, testing, and implementation of new aftertreatment devices under various engine operating conditions is necessary to meet increasingly stringent regulatory mandates. One common aftertreatment device, the catalytic converter, is typically developed at a reduced scale and tested using predefined fluid compositions sourced from bottle gases and can undergo both species and temperature cycling in addition to steady-state testing. However, these bench-top conditions may differ from real-world operation in terms of flow-rates, species composition, and temperatures experienced. Transitioning from small-scale bench-top testing to full-scale engine applications requires larger monoliths that therefore have a significant amount of catalyst slurry to be washcoated, which increases cost and fabrication time. Being able to experience realistic emission streams under scaled flowrates would allow for a physically smaller catalyst testing at matched space velocities resulting in faster, more cost-effective determination of aftertreatment device effectiveness. This work documents the design and performance of an intermediary-scale (5-50 SLPM) setup to aid in the catalyst testing process. This is accomplished using a secondary exhaust branch to flow a variable percentage of exhaust from the main branch. The system siphons exhaust via a slip-stream approach driven by a venturi ejector, which is commonly used in automotive applications to dilute samples for emissions analysis. Instead, the pre-diluted flow from the ejector is routed through the catalyst, where post catalyst emissions testing occurs. The system is evaluated under a range of engine operating conditions with varied equivalence ratio and intake pressures to affect exhaust out temperatures / catalyst inlet temperature which is critical for testing catalyst activation. Emissions are recorded in both the main and secondary branch with no aftertreatment device installed to verify compositional parity. Initial results show that the two branches produce self-similar engine-out emissions, but with the ability to scale flow and modulate temperature through the secondary catalyst testing branch.</div></div>
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Tomaraei, Golnaz, Jaegeun Lee, Seung Min Kim, Moataz Abdulhafez, and Mostafa Bedewy. "Suppression of Catalyst Diffusion Into Alumina Support in Dynamic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotube." In ASME 2023 18th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2023-104979.
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Abstract The utilization of rapid thermal processing capabilities in chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enables creating dynamic growth recipes engineered to independently control each of the following stages: catalyst nanoparticle preparation by thin film dewetting, and nucleation of CNTs by catalytic growth. While higher temperature pretreatment during the catalyst preparation step enables extending the catalytic lifetime to greatly increase the growth yield by more than three folds, revealing the mechanism of such improvement is crucial. Here, we combine multilayer modeling of ellipsometry results with cross-section scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in order to quantify the evolution of the iron nanocatalyst on alumina thin film stacks as a function of both temperature and time of heating in a reducing environment. Cross section STEM shows the diffusion of iron into the underlying alumina support layer, and our ellipsomettry results confirm that this diffusion is suppressed at high temperature of 900 °C, compared to 700 °C. Importantly, our measurements support the hypothesis that both the loss of iron catalyst from the surface and the rate of subsurface diffusion are higher at the low annealing temperatures, because of a lower density alumina phase. We utilize SEM to estimate the percentage of iron on the surface after dewetting, which is used in the top-most layer in the stack for ellipsometry modeling. Moreover, we show that an interface layer of both iron and alumina is necessary to include in order to accurately model the multilayer system. By comparing two different sets of samples with 1 nm iron on 10 nm alumina as well as with 10 nm iron on 100 nm alumina, we confirm that these findings can be extended to different ranges of thickness.
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Hossain, Muhammad E., Mohammad K. Hossain, Mahesh V. Hosur, and Shaik Jeelani. "Investigation of Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) Effects on the Flexural and Thermal Behavior of E-Glass/Polyester Composites." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39336.
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Properties of polymeric composites can be enhanced tailoring with nanomaterials such as CNFs, CNTs, nanoclay etc. A high intensity ultrasonic liquid processor was used to infuse CNFs into the polyester matrix which was then mixed with catalyst using a high speed mechanical agitator. Both conventional and nanophased GRPC were fabricated by VARTM. Flexure tests were performed on the conventional, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4 wt.% CNF-filled GRPC. The results showed 49% and 31% increase in the flexural strength and modulus, respectively, with increasing loading percentage of CNFs up to 0.2%. DMA showed 92% increase in the storage modulus, and slight increase in the Tg in the nanophased GRPC, respectively, as compared to the conventional GRPC. TGA exhibited insignificant effect of CNFs in the decomposition temperature. TMA showed less CTE in the nanophased GRPC. SEM evaluations revealed relatively less damage in fractured surfaces of the nanophased GRPC.
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Ye, Zhengmao. "GDI Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment System Analysis and Oxygen Sensor Based Identification, Modeling and Control of Lean NOx Trap." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0696.
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This paper presents a thorough analysis of the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. The mechanism of the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems is investigated using chemical thermodynamics. The physical models of three-way-catalyst (TWC) and lean NOx trap (LNT) are presented. The objective is to propose an alternative approach for the identification of A/F ratio and oxygen concentration in the exhaust systems to substitute the costly oxygen sensors. A simple control scheme is included within the model identification and prediction results are compared with the testing data from the universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor and from the heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) sensor. The oxygen storage effect has an essential impact on the LNT storage and purge operations, which will also affect the overall fuel economy of GDI engine systems. Its influence on the fuel economy has been estimated by numerical simulations, which is correspondent to the extra percentage of fuel consumption.
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Jatana, Gurneesh S., Flavio Dal Forno Chuahy, and James Szybist. "Effect of Split-Injection Strategies on Engine Performance and Emissions under Cold-Start Operation." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0236.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The recently concluded partnership for advancing combustion engines (PACE) was a US Department of Energy consortium involving multiple national laboratories focused on addressing key efficiency and emission barriers in light-duty engines. Generation of detailed experimental data and modeling capabilities to understand and predict cold-start behavior was a major pillar in this program. Cold-start, as defined by the time between first engine crank and three-way catalyst light-off, is responsible for a large percentage of NOx, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate matter emissions in light-duty engines. Minimizing emissions during cold-start is a trade-off between achieving faster three-way catalyst light-off, and engine out emissions during that period. In this study, engine performance, emissions, and catalyst warmup potential were monitored while the engine was operated using a single direct injection (baseline case) as well as a two-way-equal-split direct injection strategy. These injection strategies were analyzed at a range of cold-start-operation relevant retarded spark timings of up to 25 degrees after top dead center of firing (dATDCf). A stoichiometric 2-bar NIMEP steady-state condition was used for all cases to simulate cold-start operation. Significant improvement in engine stability was observed with the two-way-split injection strategy at the retarded spark timings allowing for up to 2.5x increase in exhaust heat rate when engine operation is stability constrained. Similar fuel-loss-to-oil trends with exhaust heat rate were observed for both single and two-way-split injection strategies. However, the two-way split injection was observed to produce higher NOx emissions per unit exhaust heat rate. A single data point run with three-way-split direct injection at a very retarded spark-timing of 30 dATDCf pointed to further improvements in engine stability and reduction in fuel-loss-to-oil as compared to single injection strategy. Engine stability decreased as spark timing was initially retarded with a single injection but was observed to plateau and stabilize beyond spark timing of 10 dATDCf. For the two-way-split-injection strategy, retarding the start of injection (SOI) timing of the second injection led to a decrease in engine stability as well as an increase in soot emissions.</div></div>
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Zhang, Shuyang, Xiaoxin Wang, and Peiwen Li. "Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Desulfurized Jet-A Fuel." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59095.
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On-board hydrogen production via catalytic autothermal reforming is beneficial to vehicles using fuel cells because it eliminates the challenges of hydrogen storage. As the primary fuel for both civilian and military air flight application, Jet-A fuel (after desulfurization) was reformed for making hydrogen-rich fuels in this study using an in-house-made Rh/NiO/K-La-Ce-Al-OX ATR catalyst under various operating conditions. Based on the preliminary thermodynamic analysis of reaction equilibrium, important parameters such as ratios of H2O/C and O2/C were selected, in the range of 1.1–2.5 and 0.5–1.0, respectively. The optimal operating conditions were experimentally obtained at the reactor’s temperature of 696.2 °C, which gave H2O/C = 2.5 and O2/C = 0.5, and the obtained fuel conversion percentage, hydrogen yield (can be large than 1 from definition), and energy efficiency were 88.66%, 143.84%, and 64.74%, respectively. In addition, a discussion of the concentration variation of CO and CO2 at different H2O/C, as well as the analysis of fuel conversion profile, leads to the finding of effective approaches for suppression of coke formation.
Reports on the topic "Catalyst Percentage"
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de Brauw, Alan, Daniel Gilligan, Laura Leavens, Fekadu Moges, Shalini Roy, and Mulugeta Tefera. Impact Evaluation of the SHARPE Programme in Ethiopia: Academic Report. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/crpp6.
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The Strengthening Host and Refugee Populations in Ethiopia (SHARPE) programme uses a market systems development approach to promote increased self-reliance and economic opportunities for refugees and host communities through the piloting and scaling of interventions across different sectors. This approach is based upon understanding the economic barriers that refugee and host communities face, and working with key stakeholders – including businesses, government, and service providers – to improve market function for people in these regions. This report focuses on evaluating the impacts of investments SHARPE has made in the financial market system, which have focused on developing markets for digital financial services in refugee hosting areas. A highlight of the evaluation are two co-developed randomized control trials, designed to help SHARPE and its partners overcome constraints found while implementing the programme. The report finds evidence that robust markets for digital financial services are emerging in refugee hosting areas near Jijiga and are a little farther behind in Dollo Ado. Enrolment in the mobile money product, HelloCash, has been quite robust, though lower among women and refugees. HelloCash users are more likely to report financial inclusion (beyond inclusion through Hello Cash); they are 8.8 percentage points more likely to report being self-employed; they are 6.1 percentage points more likely to report typically having enough income; and they appear less food insecure than non-users. To try to enrol more women and refugees and catalyse HelloCash use among those groups, we conducted two randomized trials, one which allowed high volume customers to refer customers and receive a small bonus for doing so, and one which provided inactive customers with small incentives to start using the system. The former trial led to increased enrolment, but the share of women and refugees enrolling did not change; the latter led to increased use among women, but not refugees. We conclude with some ideas about further experiments to catalyse more use among refugees.
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Petsinis, Vassilis. Between ‘Kingmakers’ and Public Indifference: Croatia’s National Conservative Right in the European Elections of 2024. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0064.
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This chapter focuses on Croatia and deals with the national conservative Domovinski Pokret/Homeland Movement (DP) party. In the latest European elections, the DP garnered a percentage of 8.82% (65,383 votes and one seat), taking third spot after the ruling (centre-right) Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and the ‘Rivers of Justice’ coalition spearheaded by the (centre-left) Social Democrat Party (SDP). I begin the present chapter by sketching a typology of the constituent segments along the broad spectrum of the European right wing and situate the DP within it. I then offer a summary of the DP’s founding principles vis-à-vis further European integration and clarify the extent to which these principles were reflected in the party’s stances and active engagement in the latest European elections. I then identify the main catalysts behind the DP leadership’s success in mobilizing target groups and galvanizing electoral support for the party. Keywords: Radical Right, National Conservatives, European Elections, Euroscepticism, Croatia, Ukraine