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Journal articles on the topic 'Catarrhini'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Papamichos, Spyros I., Dimitrios Margaritis, and Ioannis Kotsianidis. "Adaptive Evolution Coupled with Retrotransposon Exaptation Allowed for the Generation of a Human-Protein-Specific Coding Gene That Promotes Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Both Haematological Malignancies and Solid Tumours: The Extraordinary Case ofMYEOVGene." Scientifica 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/984706.

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The incidence of cancer in human is high as compared to chimpanzee. However previous analysis has documented that numerous human cancer-related genes are highly conserved in chimpanzee. Till date whether human genome includes species-specific cancer-related genes that could potentially contribute to a higher cancer susceptibility remains obscure. This study focuses onMYEOV, an oncogene encoding for two protein isoforms, reported as causally involved in promoting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in both haematological malignancies and solid tumours. First we document, via stringentin silicoanalysis, thatMYEOVarosede novoin Catarrhini. We show that MYEOV short-isoform start codon was evolutionarily acquired after Catarrhini/Platyrrhini divergence. Throughout the course of Catarrhini evolutionMYEOVacquired a gradually elongated translatable open reading frame (ORF), a gradually shortened translation-regulatory upstream ORF, and alternatively spliced mRNA variants. A point mutation introduced in human allowed for the acquisition of MYEOV long-isoform start codon. Second, we demonstrate the precious impact of exonized transposable elements on the creation ofMYEOVgene structure. Third, we highlight that the initial part of MYEOV long-isoform coding DNA sequence was under positive selection pressure during Catarrhini evolution.MYEOVrepresents a Primate Orphan Gene that acquired, via ORF expansion, a human-protein-specific coding potential.

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2

Cardone, Maria Francesca, Mariana Lomiento, Maria Grazia Teti, Doriana Misceo, Roberta Roberto, Oronzo Capozzi, Pietro D'Addabbo, Mario Ventura, Mariano Rocchi, and Nicoletta Archidiacono. "Evolutionary history of chromosome 11 featuring four distinct centromere repositioning events in Catarrhini." Genomics 90, no. 1 (July 2007): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.01.007.

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3

Simons, E. L., E. R. Seiffert, T. M. Ryan, and Y. Attia. "A remarkable female cranium of the early Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis (Catarrhini, Propliopithecidae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 21 (May 15, 2007): 8731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703129104.

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4

Adams, John S., Mercedes A. Gacad, Andrew J. Baker, Benjamin Gonzales, and Robert K. Rude. "Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini: A phylogenetic appraisal." American Journal of Primatology 9, no. 3 (1985): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350090307.

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5

Dobson, Seth D., and Chet C. Sherwood. "Correlated evolution of brain regions involved in producing and processing facial expressions in anthropoid primates." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0427.

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Anthropoid primates are distinguished from other mammals by having relatively large primary visual cortices (V1) and complex facial expressions. We present a comparative test of the hypothesis that facial expression processing coevolved with the expansion of V1 in anthropoids. Previously published data were analysed using phylogenetic comparative methods. The results of our study suggest a pattern of correlated evolution linking social group size, facial motor control and cortical visual processing in catarrhines, but not platyrrhines. Catarrhines that live in relatively large social groups tended to have relatively large facial motor nuclei, and relatively large primary visual cortices. We conclude that catarrhine brains are adapted for producing and processing complex facial displays.

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6

Roeder, Amy D., Maxime Bonhomme, Corrine Heijmans, Michael W. Bruford, Brigitte Crouau-Roy, Gaby Doxiadis, and Nel Otting. "A Large Panel of Microsatellite Markers for Genetic Studies in the Infra-Order Catarrhini." Folia Primatologica 80, no. 2 (2009): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000211121.

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7

Adams, John S., Mercedes A. Gacad, Robert K. Rude, Mark Deseran, David B. Endres, and Lawrence E. Mallette. "Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels in platyrrhini and catarrhini: A comparative analysis with three different assays." American Journal of Primatology 13, no. 4 (1987): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350130407.

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8

Moyà-Solà, Salvador, Meike Köhler, and David M. Alba. "Egarapithecus narcisoi, a new genus of Pliopithecidae (primates, catarrhini) from the Late Miocene of Spain." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114, no. 4 (March 22, 2001): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1043.

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9

de Oliveira, Felipe Bandoni, Arthur Porto, and Gabriel Marroig. "Covariance structure in the skull of Catarrhini: a case of pattern stasis and magnitude evolution." Journal of Human Evolution 56, no. 4 (April 2009): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.010.

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10

Stolyarova, Anastasia V., Georgii A. Bazykin, Tatyana V. Neretina, and Alexey S. Kondrashov. "Bursts of amino acid replacements in protein evolution." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181095.

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Evolution can occur both gradually and through alternating episodes of stasis and rapid changes. However, the prevalence and magnitude of fluctuations of the rate of evolution remain obscure. Detecting a rapid burst of changes requires a detailed record of past evolution, so that events that occurred within a short time interval can be identified. Here, we use the phylogenies of the Baikal Lake amphipods and of Catarrhini, which contain very short internal edges which make this task feasible. We detect six salient bursts of evolution of individual proteins during such short time periods, each involving between six and 38 amino acid substitutions. These bursts were extremely unlikely to have occurred neutrally, and were apparently caused by positive selection. On average, in the course of a time interval required for one synonymous substitution per site, a protein undergoes a strong burst of rapid evolution with probability at least approximately 0.01.

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11

Marzke, M. W., K. L. Wullstein, and S. F. Viegas. "Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in catarrhini." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93, no. 2 (February 1994): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330930207.

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12

MANRÍQUEZ, GERMÁN. "Emergence of Darwinian theories on evolution of Homo sapiens (Catarrhini: Hominidae) and their relevance for social sciences." Revista chilena de historia natural 83, no. 4 (December 2010): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2010000400005.

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13

Suárez, C. F., P. P. Cárdenas, E. J. Llanos-Ballestas, P. Martínez, M. Obregón, M. E. Patarroyo, and M. A. Patarroyo. "α1 and α2 domains of Aotus MHC Class I and Catarrhini MHC Class Ia share similar characteristics." Tissue Antigens 61, no. 5 (May 2003): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00045.x.

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14

Venger, O., and A. Venger. "P.175 Orthologs of human monoamine oxidase flavin-containing A associated with variety of psychiatric disorders in Catarrhini." European Neuropsychopharmacology 40 (November 2020): S102—S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.136.

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15

Borrell, A., M. Ponsà, J. Egozcue, A. Rubio, and M. Garcia. "Chromosome abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Macaca fascicularis and Erythrocebus patas (Cercopithecidae, Catarrhini) after X-ray irradiation." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 403, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00079-7.

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16

Galbany, J., S. Moyà-Solà, and A. Pérez-Pérez. "Dental Microwear Variability on Buccal Tooth Enamel Surfaces of Extant Catarrhini and the Miocene Fossil Dryopithecus laietanus (Hominoidea)." Folia Primatologica 76, no. 6 (2005): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000089531.

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17

Mazzoleni, Sofia, Odessa Schillaci, Luca Sineo, and Francesca Dumas. "Distribution of Interstitial Telomeric Sequences in Primates and the Pygmy Tree Shrew (Scandentia)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 3 (2017): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000467634.

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It has been hypothesized that interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs), i.e., repeated telomeric DNA sequences found at intrachromosomal sites in many vertebrates, could be correlated to chromosomal rearrangements and plasticity. To test this hypothesis, we hybridized a telomeric PNA probe through FISH on representative species of 2 primate infraorders, Strepsirrhini (Lemur catta, Otolemur garnettii, Nycticebus coucang) and Catarrhini (Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus petaurista, Chlorocebus aethiops, Colobus guereza), as well as on 1 species of the order Scandentia, Tupaia minor, used as an outgroup for primates in phylogenetic reconstructions. In almost all primate species analyzed, we found a telomeric pattern only. In Tupaia, the hybridization revealed many bright ITSs on at least 11 chromosome pairs, both biarmed and acrocentric. These ITS signals in Tupaia correspond to fusion points of ancestral human syntenic associations, but are also present in other chromosomes showing synteny to only a single human chromosome. This distribution pattern was compared to that of the heterochromatin regions detected through sequential C-banding performed after FISH. Our results in the analyzed species, compared with literature data on ITSs in primates, allowed us to discuss different mechanisms responsible for the origin and distribution of ITSs, supporting the correlation between rearrangements and ITSs.

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18

Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, and Isabelle Clisson. "Evolution of an Alu DNA element of type Sx in the lineage of primates and the origin of an associated tetranucleotide microsatellite." Genome 43, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-033.

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A 394-bp DNA fragment, which in human is on chromosome 6 near the MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) gene and encompasses an Alu element and an associated tetranucleotide microsatellite, was sequenced from a large range of primate species to follow its evolutionary divergence and to understand the origin of the microsatellite. This Alu element is found at the same orthologous position in all primates sequenced, but the tetranucleotide repeat is present only in Catarrhini between the 3'-oligo(dA) of the Alu element and the 3' flanking direct repeat. Little intraspecific variation was found. Sequence identity values for this orthologous primate Alu averaged 90% (82-99%) with transitions comprising between 70% and 100% of the observed nucleotide substitutions. Although the insertion of the Alu element predates the separation of these species, the original sequence of the site of integration can still be identified. This identification of the direct repeats suggests an active role of the oligo(dA) of the Alu element in the origin of the tetranucleotide repeats. The microsatellite probably appeared after the insertion of the Alu element, early in the lineage leading to the common ancestor of the hominoids and the Old World monkeys.Key words: evolution, Alu element, microsatellite, primates.

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19

Itoigawa, Akihiro, Takashi Hayakawa, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, and Hiroo Imai. "A natural point mutation in the bitter taste receptor TAS2R16 causes inverse agonism of arbutin in lemur gustation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 5, 2019): 20190884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0884.

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Bitter taste enables the detection of potentially harmful substances and is mediated by bitter taste receptors, TAS2Rs, in vertebrates. Few antagonists and inverse agonists of TAS2Rs have been identified, especially natural compounds. TAS2R16s in humans, apes and Old World monkeys (Catarrhini, Anthropoidea) recognize β-glucoside analogues as specific agonists. Here, we investigated responses of TAS2R16 to β-glucosides in non-anthropoid primates, namely lemurs (Lemuriformes, Strepsirrhini). Salicin acted as an agonist on lemur TAS2R16. Arbutin acted as an agonist in the ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) but as an inverse agonist in black lemur ( Eulemur macaco ) and black-and-white ruffed lemur ( Varecia variegata ). We identified a strepsirrhine-specific amino acid substitution responsible for the inverse agonism of arbutin. In a food preference test, salicin bitterness was inhibited by arbutin in the black lemur. Structural modelling revealed this locus was important for a rearrangement of the intracellular end of transmembrane helix 7 (TM7). Accordingly, arbutin is the first known natural inverse agonist of TAS2Rs, contributing to our understanding of receptor–ligand interactions and the molecular basis of the unique feeding habit diversification in lemurs. Furthermore, the identification of a causal point mutation suggests that TAS2R can acquire functional changes according to feeding habits and environmental conditions.

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20

Leyva-Hernández, Sandra, Ricardo Fong-Zazueta, Luis Medrano-González, and Ana Julia Aguirre-Samudio. "The evolution of brain size among the Homininae and selection at ASPM and MCPH1 genes." Biosis: Biological Systems 2, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/biosis.002.02.0104.

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We examined the evolutionary relationship of the ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) and MCPH1 (microcephalin-1) genes with brain volume among humans and other primates. We obtained sequences of these genes from 14 simiiform species including hominins. Two phylogenetic analyses of ASPM exon 3 and MCPH1 exons 8 and 11 were performed to maximize taxon sampling or sequence extension to compare the nucleotide substitution and encephalization rates, and examine signals of selection. Further assessment of selection among humans was done through the analysis of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions (dN/dS), and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns. We found that the accelerated evolution of brain size in hominids, is related to synchronic acceleration in the substitution rates of ASPM and MCPH1, and to signals of positive selection, especially in hominins. The dN/dS and LD analyses in Homo detected sites under positive selection and some regions with haplotype blocks at several candidate sites surrounded by blocks in LD-equilibrium. Accelerations and signals of positive selection in ASPM and MCPH1 occurred in different lineages and periods being ASPM more closely related with the brain evolution of hominins. MCPH1 evolved under positive selection in different lineages of the Catarrhini, suggesting independent evolutionary roles of this gene among primates.

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Fereydouni, B., C. Drummer, N. Aeckerle, S. Schlatt, and R. Behr. "The neonatal marmoset monkey ovary is very primitive exhibiting many oogonia." REPRODUCTION 148, no. 2 (August 2014): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0068.

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Oogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. Human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as OCT4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. In human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. As a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. The same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys (Catarrhini). By contrast, proliferating oogonia were found in adult prosimians (now called Strepsirrhini), which is a group of ‘lower’ primates. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the new world monkeys (Platyrrhini) and is increasingly used in reproductive biology and stem cell research. However, ovarian development in the marmoset monkey has not been widely investigated. Herein, we show that the neonatal marmoset ovary has an extremely immature histological appearance compared with the human ovary. It contains numerous oogonia expressing the pluripotency factors OCT4A, SALL4, and LIN28A (LIN28). The pluripotency factor-positive germ cells also express the proliferation marker MKI67 (Ki-67), which has previously been shown in the human ovary to be restricted to premeiotic germ cells. Together, the data demonstrate the primitiveness of the neonatal marmoset ovary compared with human. This study may introduce the marmoset monkey as a non-human primate model to experimentally study the aspects of primate primitive gonad development, follicle assembly, and germ cell biology in vivo.

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Doronina, Liliya, Olga Reising, and Jürgen Schmitz. "Gene Conversion amongst Alu SINE Elements." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060905.

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The process of non-allelic gene conversion acts on homologous sequences during recombination, replacing parts of one with the other to make them uniform. Such concerted evolution is best described as paralogous ribosomal RNA gene unification that serves to preserve the essential house-keeping functions of the converted genes. Transposed elements (TE), especially Alu short interspersed elements (SINE) that have more than a million copies in primate genomes, are a significant source of homologous units and a verified target of gene conversion. The consequences of such a recombination-based process are diverse, including multiplications of functional TE internal binding domains and, for evolutionists, confusing divergent annotations of orthologous transposable elements in related species. We systematically extracted and compared 68,097 Alu insertions in various primates looking for potential events of TE gene conversion and discovered 98 clear cases of Alu–Alu gene conversion, including 64 cases for which the direction of conversion was identified (e.g., AluS conversion to AluY). Gene conversion also does not necessarily affect the entire homologous sequence, and we detected 69 cases of partial gene conversion that resulted in virtual hybrids of two elements. Phylogenetic screening of gene-converted Alus revealed three clear hotspots of the process in the ancestors of Catarrhini, Hominoidea, and gibbons. In general, our systematic screening of orthologous primate loci for gene-converted TEs provides a new strategy and view of a post-integrative process that changes the identities of such elements.

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23

Pozzi, Luca, Jason A. Hodgson, Andrew S. Burrell, and Todd R. Disotell. "The stem catarrhine Saadanius does not inform the timing of the origin of crown catarrhines." Journal of Human Evolution 61, no. 2 (August 2011): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.008.

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24

Ryan, Timothy M., Mary T. Silcox, Alan Walker, Xianyun Mao, David R. Begun, Brenda R. Benefit, Philip D. Gingerich, et al. "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (June 13, 2012): 3467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0939.

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Our understanding of locomotor evolution in anthropoid primates has been limited to those taxa for which good postcranial fossil material and appropriate modern analogues are available. We report the results of an analysis of semicircular canal size variation in 16 fossil anthropoid species dating from the Late Eocene to the Late Miocene, and use these data to reconstruct evolutionary changes in locomotor adaptations in anthropoid primates over the last 35 Ma. Phylogenetically informed regression analyses of semicircular canal size reveal three important aspects of anthropoid locomotor evolution: (i) the earliest anthropoid primates engaged in relatively slow locomotor behaviours, suggesting that this was the basal anthropoid pattern; (ii) platyrrhines from the Miocene of South America were relatively agile compared with earlier anthropoids; and (iii) while the last common ancestor of cercopithecoids and hominoids likely was relatively slow like earlier stem catarrhines, the results suggest that the basal crown catarrhine may have been a relatively agile animal. The latter scenario would indicate that hominoids of the later Miocene secondarily derived their relatively slow locomotor repertoires.

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Kim, Jaebum, Marta Farré, Loretta Auvil, Boris Capitanu, Denis M. Larkin, Jian Ma, and Harris A. Lewin. "Reconstruction and evolutionary history of eutherian chromosomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 27 (June 19, 2017): E5379—E5388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702012114.

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Whole-genome assemblies of 19 placental mammals and two outgroup species were used to reconstruct the order and orientation of syntenic fragments in chromosomes of the eutherian ancestor and six other descendant ancestors leading to human. For ancestral chromosome reconstructions, we developed an algorithm (DESCHRAMBLER) that probabilistically determines the adjacencies of syntenic fragments using chromosome-scale and fragmented genome assemblies. The reconstructed chromosomes of the eutherian, boreoeutherian, and euarchontoglires ancestor each included >80% of the entire length of the human genome, whereas reconstructed chromosomes of the most recent common ancestor of simians, catarrhini, great apes, and humans and chimpanzees included >90% of human genome sequence. These high-coverage reconstructions permitted reliable identification of chromosomal rearrangements over ∼105 My of eutherian evolution. Orangutan was found to have eight chromosomes that were completely conserved in homologous sequence order and orientation with the eutherian ancestor, the largest number for any species. Ruminant artiodactyls had the highest frequency of intrachromosomal rearrangements, and interchromosomal rearrangements dominated in murid rodents. A total of 162 chromosomal breakpoints in evolution of the eutherian ancestral genome to the human genome were identified; however, the rate of rearrangements was significantly lower (0.80/My) during the first ∼60 My of eutherian evolution, then increased to greater than 2.0/My along the five primate lineages studied. Our results significantly expand knowledge of eutherian genome evolution and will facilitate greater understanding of the role of chromosome rearrangements in adaptation, speciation, and the etiology of inherited and spontaneously occurring diseases.

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Mu, Yuan, Ran Tian, Linlin Xiao, Di Sun, Zepeng Zhang, Shixia Xu, and Guang Yang. "Molecular Evolution of Tooth-Related Genes Provides New Insights into Dietary Adaptations of Mammals." Journal of Molecular Evolution 89, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-021-10017-1.

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AbstractMammals have evolved different tooth phenotypes that are hypothesized to be associated with feeding habits. However, the genetic basis for the linkage has not been well explored. In this study, we investigated 13 tooth-related genes, including seven enamel-related genes (AMELX, AMBN, ENAM, AMTN, ODAM, KLK4 and MMP20) and six dentin-related genes (DSPP, COL1A1, DMP1, IBSP, MEPE and SPP1), from 63 mammals to determine their evolutionary history. Our results showed that different evolutionary histories have evolved among divergent feeding habits in mammals. There was stronger positive selection for eight genes (ENAM, AMTN, ODAM, KLK4, DSPP, DMP1, COL1A1, MEPE) in herbivore lineages. In addition, AMELX, AMBN, ENAM, AMTN, MMP20 and COL1A1 underwent accelerated evolution in herbivores. While relatively strong positive selection was detected in IBSP, SPP1, and DSPP, accelerated evolution was only detected for MEPE and SPP1 genes among the carnivorous lineages. We found positive selection on AMBN and ENAM genes for omnivorous primates in the catarrhini clade. Interestingly, a significantly positive association between the evolutionary rate of ENAM, ODAM, KLK4, MMP20 and the average enamel thickness was found in primates. Additionally, we found molecular convergence in some amino acid sites of tooth-related genes among the lineages whose feeding habit are similar. The positive selection of related genes might promote the formation and bio-mineralization of tooth enamel and dentin, which would make the tooth structure stronger. Our results revealed that mammalian tooth-related genes have experienced variable evolutionary histories, which provide some new insights into the molecular basis of dietary adaptation in mammals.

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Buckner, Janet C., Katharine M. Jack, Amanda D. Melin, Valérie A. M. Schoof, Gustavo A. Gutiérrez-Espeleta, Marcela G. M. Lima, and Jessica W. Lynch. "Major histocompatibility complex class II DR and DQ evolution and variation in wild capuchin monkey species (Cebinae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0254604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254604.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important gene complex contributing to adaptive immunity. Studies of platyrrhine MHC have focused on identifying experimental models of immune system function in the equivalent Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). These genes have thus been explored primarily in captive platyrrhine individuals from research colonies. However, investigations of standing MHC variation and evolution in wild populations are essential to understanding its role in immunity, sociality and ecology. Capuchins are a promising model group exhibiting the greatest habitat diversity, widest diet breadth and arguably the most social complexity among platyrrhines, together likely resulting in varied immunological challenges. We use high-throughput sequencing to characterize polymorphism in four Class II DR and DQ exons for the first time in seven capuchin species. We find evidence for at least three copies for DQ genes and at least five for DRB, with possible additional unrecovered diversity. Our data also reveal common genotypes that are inherited across our most widely sampled population, Cebus imitator in Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Notably, phylogenetic analyses reveal that platyrrhine DQA sequences form a monophyletic group to the exclusion of all Catarrhini sequences examined. This result is inconsistent with the trans-species hypothesis for MHC evolution across infraorders in Primates and provides further evidence for the independent origin of current MHC genetic diversity in Platyrrhini. Identical allele sharing across cebid species, and more rarely genera, however, does underscore the complexity of MHC gene evolution and the need for more comprehensive assessments of allelic diversity and genome structure.

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Barry, John C., Louis L. Jacobs, and Jay Kelley. "An early middle miocene catarrhine from Pakistan with comments on the dispersal of catarrhines into Eurasia." Journal of Human Evolution 15, no. 6 (September 1986): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(86)80030-6.

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29

Adel, Susan, Felix Karst, Àngels González-Lafont, Mária Pekárová, Patricia Saura, Laura Masgrau, José M. Lluch, et al. "Evolutionary alteration of ALOX15 specificity optimizes the biosynthesis of antiinflammatory and proresolving lipoxins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 30 (July 13, 2016): E4266—E4275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604029113.

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ALOX15 (12/15-lipoxygenase) orthologs have been implicated in maturational degradation of intracellular organelles and in the biosynthesis of antiinflammatory and proresolving eicosanoids. Here we hypothesized that lower mammals (mice, rats, pigs) express 12-lipoxygenating ALOX15 orthologs. In contrast, 15-lipoxygenating isoforms are found in higher primates (orangutans, men), and these results suggest an evolution of ALOX15 specificity. To test this hypothesis we first cloned and characterized ALOX15 orthologs of selected Catarrhini representing different stages of late primate evolution and found that higher primates (men, chimpanzees) express 15-lipoxygenating orthologs. In contrast, lower primates (baboons, rhesus monkeys) express 12-lipoxygenating enzymes. Gibbons, which are flanked in evolution by rhesus monkeys (12-lipoxygenating ALOX15) and orangutans (15-lipoxygenating ALOX15), express an ALOX15 ortholog with pronounced dual specificity. To explore the driving force for this evolutionary alterations, we quantified the lipoxin synthase activity of 12-lipoxygenating (rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, pig, humIle418Ala) and 15-lipoxygenating (man, chimpanzee, orangutan, rabbit, ratPhe353Ala) ALOX15 variants and found that, when normalized to their arachidonic acid oxygenase activities, the lipoxin synthase activities of 15-lipoxygenating ALOX15 variants were more than fivefold higher (P < 0.01). Comparative molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations indicated that, for the 15-lipoxygenating rabbit ALOX15, the energy barrier for C13-hydrogen abstraction (15-lipoxygenation) was 17 kJ/mol lower than for arachidonic acid 12-lipoxygenation. In contrast, for the 12-lipoxygenating Ile418Ala mutant, the energy barrier for 15-lipoxygenation was 10 kJ/mol higher than for 12-lipoxygenation. Taken together, our data suggest an evolution of ALOX15 specificity, which is aimed at optimizing the biosynthetic capacity for antiinflammatory and proresolving lipoxins.

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Evanovich, Eliane, Patricia Jeanne de Souza Mendonça-Mattos, and Maria Lúcia Harada. "Molecular Evolution of the Glycosyltransferase 6 Gene Family in Primates." Biochemistry Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9051727.

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Glycosyltransferase 6 gene family includes ABO, Ggta1, iGb3S, and GBGT1 genes and by three putative genes restricted to mammals, GT6m6, GTm6, and GT6m7, only the latter is found in primates. GT6 genes may encode functional and nonfunctional proteins. Ggta1 and GBGT1 genes, for instance, are pseudogenes in catarrhine primates, while iGb3S gene is only inactive in human, bonobo, and chimpanzee. Even inactivated, these genes tend to be conversed in primates. As some of the GT6 genes are related to the susceptibility or resistance to parasites, we investigated (i) the selective pressure on the GT6 paralogs genes in primates; (ii) the basis of the conservation of iGb3S in human, chimpanzee, and bonobo; and (iii) the functional potential of the GBGT1 and GT6m7 in catarrhines. We observed that the purifying selection is prevalent and these genes have a low diversity, though ABO and Ggta1 genes have some sites under positive selection. GT6m7, a putative gene associated with aggressive periodontitis, may have regulatory function, but experimental studies are needed to assess its function. The evolutionary conservation of iGb3S in humans, chimpanzee, and bonobo seems to be the result of proximity to genes with important biological functions.

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Tarver, J. E., P. C. J. Donoghue, and M. J. Benton. "Is evolutionary history repeatedly rewritten in light of new fossil discoveries?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1705 (September 2010): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0663.

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Mass media and popular science journals commonly report that new fossil discoveries have ‘rewritten evolutionary history’. Is this merely journalistic hyperbole or is our sampling of systematic diversity so limited that attempts to derive evolutionary history from these datasets are premature? We use two exemplars—catarrhine primates (Old World monkeys and apes) and non-avian dinosaurs—to investigate how the maturity of datasets can be assessed. Both groups have been intensively studied over the past 200 years and so should represent pinnacles in our knowledge of vertebrate systematic diversity. We test the maturity of these datasets by assessing the completeness of their fossil records, their susceptibility to changes in macroevolutionary hypotheses and the balance of their phylogenies through study time. Catarrhines have shown prolonged stability, with discoveries of new species being evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and thus have had little impact on our understanding of their fossil record, diversification and evolution. The reverse is true for dinosaurs, where the addition of new species has been non-random and, consequentially, their fossil record, tree shape and our understanding of their diversification is rapidly changing. The conclusions derived from these analyses are relevant more generally: the maturity of systematic datasets can and should be assessed before they are exploited to derive grand macroevolutionary hypotheses.

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Begun, David R. "European Miocene catarrhine diversity." Journal of Human Evolution 20, no. 6 (June 1991): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90025-q.

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Geissmann, T. "Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." Human Evolution 2, no. 6 (December 1987): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02437428.

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Geissmann, T. "Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." Human Evolution 5, no. 4 (August 1990): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02437252.

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Anderson, Connie M., and Craig F. Bielert. "Adolescent exaggeration in female catarrhine primates." Primates 35, no. 3 (July 1994): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382726.

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Kelley, Jay. "Sex determination in Miocene catarrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96, no. 4 (April 1995): 391–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330960406.

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Maier, Wolfgang. "The nasopalatine duct and the nasal floor cartilages in catarrhine primates." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 81, no. 3 (November 13, 1997): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/81/1997/289.

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Simons, Elwyn L., and D. Tab Rasmussen. "Skull ofCatopithecus browni, an early tertiary catarrhine." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100, no. 2 (June 1996): 261–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199606)100:2<261::aid-ajpa7>3.0.co;2-#.

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Aliaga‐Martínez, Andrés, Alejandro Romero, Jordi Galbany, R. Adriana Hernández‐Aguilar, and Alejandro Pérez‐Pérez. "Buccal dental microwear texture and catarrhine diets." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23219.

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Rose, M. D. "Quadrupedalism in some Miocene catarrhines." Journal of Human Evolution 26, no. 5-6 (May 1994): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1025.

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Fornalé, Francesca, Stefano Vaglio, Caterina Spiezio, and Emanuela Prato Previde. "Red-green color vision in three catarrhine primates." Communicative & Integrative Biology 5, no. 6 (November 2012): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.21414.

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Buck, Laura T., Jay T. Stock, and Robert A. Foley. "Levels of Intraspecific Variation Within the Catarrhine Skeleton." International Journal of Primatology 31, no. 5 (August 20, 2010): 779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9428-0.

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Hiramatsu, Chihiro, Amanda D. Melin, William L. Allen, Constance Dubuc, and James P. Higham. "Experimental evidence that primate trichromacy is well suited for detecting primate social colour signals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1856 (June 14, 2017): 20162458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2458.

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Primate trichromatic colour vision has been hypothesized to be well tuned for detecting variation in facial coloration, which could be due to selection on either signal wavelengths or the sensitivities of the photoreceptors themselves. We provide one of the first empirical tests of this idea by asking whether, when compared with other visual systems, the information obtained through primate trichromatic vision confers an improved ability to detect the changes in facial colour that female macaque monkeys exhibit when they are proceptive. We presented pairs of digital images of faces of the same monkey to human observers and asked them to select the proceptive face. We tested images that simulated what would be seen by common catarrhine trichromatic vision, two additional trichromatic conditions and three dichromatic conditions. Performance under conditions of common catarrhine trichromacy, and trichromacy with narrowly separated LM cone pigments (common in female platyrrhines), was better than for evenly spaced trichromacy or for any of the dichromatic conditions. These results suggest that primate trichromatic colour vision confers excellent ability to detect meaningful variation in primate face colour. This is consistent with the hypothesis that social information detection has acted on either primate signal spectral reflectance or photoreceptor spectral tuning, or both.

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Dobson, Seth D., and Chet C. Sherwood. "Mosaic Evolution of Brainstem Motor Nuclei in Catarrhine Primates." Anatomy Research International 2011 (May 29, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/236894.

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Facial motor nucleus volume coevolves with both social group size and primary visual cortex volume in catarrhine primates as part of a specialized neuroethological system for communication using facial expressions. Here, we examine whether facial nucleus volume also coevolves with functionally unrelated brainstem motor nuclei (trigeminal motor and hypoglossal) due to developmental constraints. Using phylogenetically informed multiple regression analyses of previously published brain component data, we demonstrate that facial nucleus volume is not correlated with the volume of other motor nuclei after controlling for medulla volume. Our results show that brainstem motor nuclei can evolve independently of other developmentally linked structures in association with specific behavioral ecological conditions. This finding provides additional support for the mosaic view of brain evolution.

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de Sousa, Alexandra A., Chet C. Sherwood, Patrick R. Hof, and Karl Zilles. "Lamination of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Catarrhine Primates." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 81, no. 2 (2013): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346495.

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Simons, Evan A., Kevin Turley, and Stephen R. Frost. "Phylogenetic Perspectives on Catarrhine Talo‐Crural Joint Phenotypic Plasticity." Anatomical Record 302, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 1977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24180.

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Moffett, Elizabeth A., Scott D. Maddux, and Carol V. Ward. "Sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth among catarrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152, no. 4 (October 17, 2013): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22372.

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White, Suzanna, Christophe Soligo, Matt Pope, and Simon Hillson. "Taxonomic variation in the supraorbital region of catarrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 171, no. 2 (November 24, 2019): 198–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23975.

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Russo, Gabrielle A., and Liza J. Shapiro. "Morphological correlates of tail length in the catarrhine sacrum." Journal of Human Evolution 61, no. 3 (September 2011): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.006.

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Sumner, P., and J. D. Mollon. "Catarrhine photopigments are optimized for detecting targets against a foliage background." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 1963–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.13.1963.

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The colour vision of many primates is trichromatic, whereas that of all other mammals is thought to be dichromatic or monochromatic. Moreover, the triplets of cone pigments in different catarrhines (Old World apes and monkeys) are strikingly similar in their spectral positions. We ask whether the selective advantage of trichromacy lies in an enhanced ability to find edible leaves or fruit. Further, we ask whether any factor in these two search tasks has constrained the particular set of cone spectral sensitivities observed in all catarrhines. We measured the spectral properties of the natural environments of six primate species in Uganda: Pan troglodytes, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus ascanius, Lophocebus albigena, Colobus guereza and Colobus badius. We concentrated on the fruit and leaves in their diets and the leaves of the trees that make up the background against which these diet items must be found. We plotted these measured stimuli in colour spaces appropriate for each primate species, and found that both frugivory and folivory are facilitated by the extra dimension of colour vision found in catarrhines but lacking in most other mammals. Furthermore, by treating the task of searching for food as a signal-detection task, we show that, of all possible combinations of cone sensitivities, the spectral positions of the actual primate pigments are optimal for finding fruit or young leaves against the background of mature leaves. This is because the variance of the chromaticities of the mature leaves is minimised in one channel of the primate's colour vision, so allowing anything that is not a mature leaf to stand out.

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