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Academic literature on the topic 'Catastrophes naturelles – Lutte contre – Mexique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Catastrophes naturelles – Lutte contre – Mexique"
Estrada, Díaz Gabriela. "Mise en pratique de la politique de prévention de catastrophes au Mexique : Enjeux en milieu urbain : Le cas de la ville de Minatitlán." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1076/document.
Full textThis dissertation explores the responses developed by the Mexican government for tackling the challenges presented by natural and man-made risks. The country counts indeed with a number of strategies for managing emergencies, and it performs quite well on reconstructing infrastructures and facilities on the aftermath of the numerous natural disasters that afflict its territory every year. This is possible thanks to the financial means available for reconstruction in the national annual budget. However, the recurrence of natural and man-made disasters, indicate a lack of planning policies and practices that could actually prevent that the existing risks become real disasters, specially in urban areas.The case of study is the city of Minatitlán. This city offers an example of how the disaster prevention policy lacks effectiveness on reducing major risks. In Minatitlán, nature is harsh and inflicts recurring floods in its territory, but human groups have certainly some responsibility in the repetition of disasters since they choose a location rather inadequate for urbanization, and implemented low-resilient development patterns. When oil industry established in the area, it reinforced the characteristics of urbanization (illegal settlements) and contributed to weaken the resistance of the settlement to disasters.At the heart of this study lays an interrogation about the operational conditions of a national disaster prevention policy in Mexico, given the local conditions that intervene in its effectiveness: geographical, socio-economical, institutional and socio-cultural frames. Therefore, the study focuses on a global comprehension of urban systems and how different elements relate to produce a specific condition of vulnerability, taking into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept.The study is presented in three parts. The first one explores the theoretical framework of the following analysis. In the second part, a couple of analysis relied on the use of public information rather accessible in Mexico. The data and texts were used with a laying interrogation about the indications they could give about the risk situations in Mexican urban settlements. Finally, the third part of the dissertation focuses on exploring the socio-cultural factors of vulnerability, namely the social representation of risk, under the premise that it has a major impact on individual and social behavior in risk (and disasters) situations.The case of Minatitlán confirms the tight links among risks and urban development. In this city, the risk has historically represented an opportunity for development. The institutional framework for risk prevention emerges well after the city was a consolidated urban settlement, but it has not been able to offer substantial changes and one can conclude that the current situation arranges a number of groups that do not see any incentive for improving the prevention strategies or enforcing planning measures. Then, a transition towards more resilient scenarios, specially in a context of climate change, is not foreseeable in the coming years.Moreover, the civil protection policy in Mexico favors a top-down public intervention in disaster periods, where each government level intervenes up to their financial and physical powers. At the lowest end of this chain, are local populations, the victims of disasters, are not encouraged to participate or become actual actors of local prevention.This being the current state of affairs in Minatitlán, the public action as well as the social representation of risks and disasters, are both contributing to maintaining a situation where prevention is not the main goal of the disaster policy
Ercole, Robert d'. "Vulnérabilité des populations face au risque volcanique : le cas de la région du volcan Cotopaxi (Equateur)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE19018.
Full textWe are proposing a study on the vulnerability of populations in the face of volcanic hazards primely based on the ecuadorian area case, mainly chosen because of its relation to the colombian catastrophe of nov. 13th 85 (e ruption of nevado del ruiz volcano). We aimed to a global approach of this vulnerability. The physical component of the risk doesn't make up an end in itself , but the first element of a research based on an investigation campain regarding mainly the human component, this latte r beeing generally put in low priority in preventive planification studies. The vulnerability factor weight varies upon the location, or the social group considered. However if the cognitive facto r (hazard perception and assessment of protection means) is far from beeing negligeable, it's mainly the economic, socia l, cultural and logistic factors that seem to influence the human behaviour in the event of an emergency situation. In spite of these constraints, research study tends to show that the so called "natural" risk is not a fatality, even in third world countries as long as there is a true political concern for it, backed up with the proper means of decision. In that view, particular effort has been put on the methodological aspects, and specially on a cartography that put int o light various types and levels of vulnerability of population exposed to the risk of cotopaxi volcano, elements that seems indispensable to be known before starting to get involved with preventive local actions
Catroux, Fanny. "L'impact du risque sur l'évolution du droit : l'exemple des droits de l'urbanisme et de l'environnement." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0005.
Full textLied within contradictory logics, risk and law should theoretically follow separate ways, if not divergent. This original antagonism is surpassed by preventive function assigned to town planning and environment laws. Both of these, closely linked with urbanisation, deal with natural and technological risks. Risks legal framing supposes a prospective approach and a retrospective one as well. The first one is ideally based on risk anticipation while the second one aims at taking care of prejudicial consequences of its realization. This legal treatment also brings change of law by risk. Thus, first observation of antinomy between risk and law gives way to acknowledgment of their reciprocal influence
Orlandini, Jean-Charles. "La prévention des risques naturels par le droit de l'urbanisme." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE0067.
Full textNatural risks safety policy hesitates between two conflicted inclinations : town planning law, enough fitted out but mostly decentralized, and state administrative policy reserved for risks but infringing scope town planning law. Grounds' right is needlessly in competition with the less effective prefectoral risks policy. Its ineffectiveness add to structurals weakness of town planning decentralization for weaken general preventive system of naturals risks. Safety policy suffers from division town planning competence between locals collectivities or with state authorities in spite of its preventive vocation established by montain law, littoral law and L. 121-10 article, whatever its application needs to be improved
Péroumalnaïk, Mathias. "Etude contextuelle d'un système de classeurs de type Pittsburgh adapté dans le cadre de la prévention des risques cycloniques dans la Caraïbe." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0387.
Full textThis study is carried out in the framework of an Interreg IIlb project (European and regional funds): "Forecast of the trajectories, of evolution of the dynamic potential and the impact of hurricanes at the scale of the islands of the Caribbean. ". The objective of that Ph. D thesis is to study the use of a leaming system, the Adapted Pittsburgh Classifier System (APCS), in order to perform a prediction of the impact of the winds related to a cyclonic phenomenon at the Caribbean islands level, and more particulary for the territory we selected to perform this study: the island of Guadeloupe. Our design of the impact of a hurricane was developped in relation to the physical and statistical data that was provided. Due to this data, we had to model hurricanes as ponctual phenomenons, contrary to what they are in reality: continuous phenomenons. Nevertheless, in arder to take in account each possible case of use, we studied the performances and the behavior of APCS on both classification and multi-step problems (reintroduction of the prediction in the cognitive chain). Our measures and experiments allowed us to bring some major improvements to this particular cognitive system, in each case of learning problem previously proposee. We conclude our study by a presentation of the work carried out within a geographic information systems in order to collect the data and to perform and visualize the final prediction. A prototype of the final PREVIOS platform is availale online at the following adress : http://murene. Univ-aq. Fr:8008/
Elise, Kimathy. "Risques et dégâts cycloniques : simulation des vents et images numériques." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0256.
Full textThis thesis is set in the problem of prevention and risk reduction. The study consisted in combining several disciplines to allow the reflexion and decision-making before the passage of a hurricane through the valuation of potential damage but also after its passage by the valuation of damage for the crisis management. This undertaking implicated a research work in two levels of dimensions. A first stage which allowed, in a regional dimension, a first approach of the restitution of the wind field using the atmospheric model ARPS developed by the Oklahoma University and adapted for our applications. So, we deducted the potential resulting damage from the relation between the third power of the wind speed and the destruction induced. The second level is considered more locally, at districts scale, for an evaluation of the post crisis damage, by an analysis work on SPOT images. For better apprehending the global cyclonic risk over Guadeloupe, several scenarios of passage and a strong and a weak category of hurricane are treated. The method is validated by the treatment of the case of the hurricane Hugo. Thus, we could draw up, for each trajectory, hazard maps that we Iink to risk maps. At the same time, concerning the imagery, we applied an operator of buildings' corners to the urban zones which were determined as belonging to the zones at risks in the first level. This allows a fast analysis of the damage and enables us to have an idea of the localization and the importance of the damage
Calimache, Stéphane. "L'Europe et la sécurité civile." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D006.
Full textDejault, Laurent. "Projet de centre médical d'évacuation à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en cas de catastrophe." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M165.
Full textDedieu, François. "La sécurité civile dans la tempête : autopsie organisationnelle de la catastrophe du 27 décembre 1999." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0050.
Full textOur PhD dissertation examines, at the organizational level, the reasons for which a natural catastrophe is unpredictable and how it causes a major break with an ordinary time period. We study the case of the storm known as “Martin” which hit the southern part of France on the 27th of December, 1999. Our study examines two issues : first, the meteorological alarm; Second, the organization of the rescue during the crisis. More specifically, we wanted to understand how the rescue could be coordinated in a situation without preparation. The first part of our dissertation shows that it was really neither an "unlikely" risk, or even a dysfunction of the procedure of alert, but it was a particular category of risk which we qualified as "traitorous": it is a danger hidden under a normal appearance which makes the actors believe, even when they are informed, that they there is no dangerous risk at hand. More broadly, in this case, normal appearance resisted two alert attempts. In the second part, we study the rescue organization during the crisis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of collective action in this situation of disturbance. In order to do so, we examine the modes of coordination at work in the actions of the relief services as set by the ORSEC rescue organization which is a a part of the French national plan. To seize these dynamics and which links crises to an effect of desectorization. Indeed, in the ORSEC plan, most actors, ordinarily autonomous entities (the army, the French national railway, the fire departments etc), found themselves united within the same areas of intervention
Mavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
Full textThis thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Books on the topic "Catastrophes naturelles – Lutte contre – Mexique"
Villevieille, Adelin. Les risques naturels en Méditerranée: Situation et perspective. Paris: Economica, 1997.
Find full textWorld Atlas of Natural Hazards (Hodder Arnold Publication). A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2004.
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