Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Catastrophes naturelles – Lutte contre – Mexique'
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Estrada, Díaz Gabriela. "Mise en pratique de la politique de prévention de catastrophes au Mexique : Enjeux en milieu urbain : Le cas de la ville de Minatitlán." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1076/document.
Full textThis dissertation explores the responses developed by the Mexican government for tackling the challenges presented by natural and man-made risks. The country counts indeed with a number of strategies for managing emergencies, and it performs quite well on reconstructing infrastructures and facilities on the aftermath of the numerous natural disasters that afflict its territory every year. This is possible thanks to the financial means available for reconstruction in the national annual budget. However, the recurrence of natural and man-made disasters, indicate a lack of planning policies and practices that could actually prevent that the existing risks become real disasters, specially in urban areas.The case of study is the city of Minatitlán. This city offers an example of how the disaster prevention policy lacks effectiveness on reducing major risks. In Minatitlán, nature is harsh and inflicts recurring floods in its territory, but human groups have certainly some responsibility in the repetition of disasters since they choose a location rather inadequate for urbanization, and implemented low-resilient development patterns. When oil industry established in the area, it reinforced the characteristics of urbanization (illegal settlements) and contributed to weaken the resistance of the settlement to disasters.At the heart of this study lays an interrogation about the operational conditions of a national disaster prevention policy in Mexico, given the local conditions that intervene in its effectiveness: geographical, socio-economical, institutional and socio-cultural frames. Therefore, the study focuses on a global comprehension of urban systems and how different elements relate to produce a specific condition of vulnerability, taking into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept.The study is presented in three parts. The first one explores the theoretical framework of the following analysis. In the second part, a couple of analysis relied on the use of public information rather accessible in Mexico. The data and texts were used with a laying interrogation about the indications they could give about the risk situations in Mexican urban settlements. Finally, the third part of the dissertation focuses on exploring the socio-cultural factors of vulnerability, namely the social representation of risk, under the premise that it has a major impact on individual and social behavior in risk (and disasters) situations.The case of Minatitlán confirms the tight links among risks and urban development. In this city, the risk has historically represented an opportunity for development. The institutional framework for risk prevention emerges well after the city was a consolidated urban settlement, but it has not been able to offer substantial changes and one can conclude that the current situation arranges a number of groups that do not see any incentive for improving the prevention strategies or enforcing planning measures. Then, a transition towards more resilient scenarios, specially in a context of climate change, is not foreseeable in the coming years.Moreover, the civil protection policy in Mexico favors a top-down public intervention in disaster periods, where each government level intervenes up to their financial and physical powers. At the lowest end of this chain, are local populations, the victims of disasters, are not encouraged to participate or become actual actors of local prevention.This being the current state of affairs in Minatitlán, the public action as well as the social representation of risks and disasters, are both contributing to maintaining a situation where prevention is not the main goal of the disaster policy
Ercole, Robert d'. "Vulnérabilité des populations face au risque volcanique : le cas de la région du volcan Cotopaxi (Equateur)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE19018.
Full textWe are proposing a study on the vulnerability of populations in the face of volcanic hazards primely based on the ecuadorian area case, mainly chosen because of its relation to the colombian catastrophe of nov. 13th 85 (e ruption of nevado del ruiz volcano). We aimed to a global approach of this vulnerability. The physical component of the risk doesn't make up an end in itself , but the first element of a research based on an investigation campain regarding mainly the human component, this latte r beeing generally put in low priority in preventive planification studies. The vulnerability factor weight varies upon the location, or the social group considered. However if the cognitive facto r (hazard perception and assessment of protection means) is far from beeing negligeable, it's mainly the economic, socia l, cultural and logistic factors that seem to influence the human behaviour in the event of an emergency situation. In spite of these constraints, research study tends to show that the so called "natural" risk is not a fatality, even in third world countries as long as there is a true political concern for it, backed up with the proper means of decision. In that view, particular effort has been put on the methodological aspects, and specially on a cartography that put int o light various types and levels of vulnerability of population exposed to the risk of cotopaxi volcano, elements that seems indispensable to be known before starting to get involved with preventive local actions
Catroux, Fanny. "L'impact du risque sur l'évolution du droit : l'exemple des droits de l'urbanisme et de l'environnement." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0005.
Full textLied within contradictory logics, risk and law should theoretically follow separate ways, if not divergent. This original antagonism is surpassed by preventive function assigned to town planning and environment laws. Both of these, closely linked with urbanisation, deal with natural and technological risks. Risks legal framing supposes a prospective approach and a retrospective one as well. The first one is ideally based on risk anticipation while the second one aims at taking care of prejudicial consequences of its realization. This legal treatment also brings change of law by risk. Thus, first observation of antinomy between risk and law gives way to acknowledgment of their reciprocal influence
Orlandini, Jean-Charles. "La prévention des risques naturels par le droit de l'urbanisme." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE0067.
Full textNatural risks safety policy hesitates between two conflicted inclinations : town planning law, enough fitted out but mostly decentralized, and state administrative policy reserved for risks but infringing scope town planning law. Grounds' right is needlessly in competition with the less effective prefectoral risks policy. Its ineffectiveness add to structurals weakness of town planning decentralization for weaken general preventive system of naturals risks. Safety policy suffers from division town planning competence between locals collectivities or with state authorities in spite of its preventive vocation established by montain law, littoral law and L. 121-10 article, whatever its application needs to be improved
Péroumalnaïk, Mathias. "Etude contextuelle d'un système de classeurs de type Pittsburgh adapté dans le cadre de la prévention des risques cycloniques dans la Caraïbe." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0387.
Full textThis study is carried out in the framework of an Interreg IIlb project (European and regional funds): "Forecast of the trajectories, of evolution of the dynamic potential and the impact of hurricanes at the scale of the islands of the Caribbean. ". The objective of that Ph. D thesis is to study the use of a leaming system, the Adapted Pittsburgh Classifier System (APCS), in order to perform a prediction of the impact of the winds related to a cyclonic phenomenon at the Caribbean islands level, and more particulary for the territory we selected to perform this study: the island of Guadeloupe. Our design of the impact of a hurricane was developped in relation to the physical and statistical data that was provided. Due to this data, we had to model hurricanes as ponctual phenomenons, contrary to what they are in reality: continuous phenomenons. Nevertheless, in arder to take in account each possible case of use, we studied the performances and the behavior of APCS on both classification and multi-step problems (reintroduction of the prediction in the cognitive chain). Our measures and experiments allowed us to bring some major improvements to this particular cognitive system, in each case of learning problem previously proposee. We conclude our study by a presentation of the work carried out within a geographic information systems in order to collect the data and to perform and visualize the final prediction. A prototype of the final PREVIOS platform is availale online at the following adress : http://murene. Univ-aq. Fr:8008/
Elise, Kimathy. "Risques et dégâts cycloniques : simulation des vents et images numériques." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0256.
Full textThis thesis is set in the problem of prevention and risk reduction. The study consisted in combining several disciplines to allow the reflexion and decision-making before the passage of a hurricane through the valuation of potential damage but also after its passage by the valuation of damage for the crisis management. This undertaking implicated a research work in two levels of dimensions. A first stage which allowed, in a regional dimension, a first approach of the restitution of the wind field using the atmospheric model ARPS developed by the Oklahoma University and adapted for our applications. So, we deducted the potential resulting damage from the relation between the third power of the wind speed and the destruction induced. The second level is considered more locally, at districts scale, for an evaluation of the post crisis damage, by an analysis work on SPOT images. For better apprehending the global cyclonic risk over Guadeloupe, several scenarios of passage and a strong and a weak category of hurricane are treated. The method is validated by the treatment of the case of the hurricane Hugo. Thus, we could draw up, for each trajectory, hazard maps that we Iink to risk maps. At the same time, concerning the imagery, we applied an operator of buildings' corners to the urban zones which were determined as belonging to the zones at risks in the first level. This allows a fast analysis of the damage and enables us to have an idea of the localization and the importance of the damage
Calimache, Stéphane. "L'Europe et la sécurité civile." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D006.
Full textDejault, Laurent. "Projet de centre médical d'évacuation à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en cas de catastrophe." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M165.
Full textDedieu, François. "La sécurité civile dans la tempête : autopsie organisationnelle de la catastrophe du 27 décembre 1999." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0050.
Full textOur PhD dissertation examines, at the organizational level, the reasons for which a natural catastrophe is unpredictable and how it causes a major break with an ordinary time period. We study the case of the storm known as “Martin” which hit the southern part of France on the 27th of December, 1999. Our study examines two issues : first, the meteorological alarm; Second, the organization of the rescue during the crisis. More specifically, we wanted to understand how the rescue could be coordinated in a situation without preparation. The first part of our dissertation shows that it was really neither an "unlikely" risk, or even a dysfunction of the procedure of alert, but it was a particular category of risk which we qualified as "traitorous": it is a danger hidden under a normal appearance which makes the actors believe, even when they are informed, that they there is no dangerous risk at hand. More broadly, in this case, normal appearance resisted two alert attempts. In the second part, we study the rescue organization during the crisis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of collective action in this situation of disturbance. In order to do so, we examine the modes of coordination at work in the actions of the relief services as set by the ORSEC rescue organization which is a a part of the French national plan. To seize these dynamics and which links crises to an effect of desectorization. Indeed, in the ORSEC plan, most actors, ordinarily autonomous entities (the army, the French national railway, the fire departments etc), found themselves united within the same areas of intervention
Mavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
Full textThis thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Sanchez, Colina Gustavo Antonio. "Physique et ingénierie des catastrophes naturelles : techniques accélérométriques et optiques pour le suivi de pénétration d'intrus solides dans des sols liquifiés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH020/document.
Full textThe subject of this thesis are the methods and experimental technics to help in the assessment of the underlying principles for the landslides, runaways and the other phenomena playing a main role in soil liquefaction and hence, on the falling or settling of buildings. This thesis conjugates geophysics’ to granular materials physics’ experiments, and it allowed to develop new measurement devices based on embedded microcontrollers
Gérin, Sarah. "Une démarche évaluative des Plans de Prévention des Risques dans le contexte de l'assurance des catastrophes naturelles : Contribution au changement de l'action publique de prévention." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582692.
Full textBeraud, Hélène. "Initier la résilience du service de gestion des déchets aux catastrophes naturelles : le cas des territoires urbains et de l'inondation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1046/document.
Full textImproving the resilience of urban areas against flooding is one of the main principles for flood prevention. Thinking in terms of resilience, i.e. enabling for the system to maintain or recover acceptable operating levels after disaster, allows to think differently and to anticipate post disaster period. The role of waste management system in resilience of urban territories has been little studied. However, during flooding, water degrades everything it touches, thereby producing very important quantities of waste. Blocked infrastructures, attacks on health and environment, psychological impacts, and deterioration in the area's image are the impacts made by poor management of this new waste. Therefore, adapting waste management system and anticipating flooding contributes to improving urban areas' resilience. That's why, this thesis suggests an approach allowing to assess resilience of waste management system. This approach proposes three steps : 1) study of capacity of waste management system to know waste management needs of the urban system. For this, a method allowing to quantify and to describe the waste that could be generated by flood was developed ; 2) study of capacity of waste management system to maintain an acceptable operating level compared with the urban system solicitations. For this, vulnerability assessment methods and reliability assessment methods were applied ; 3) study of capacity of waste management system to mobilize others waste management infrastructures in the larger scale, if it is unable to adapt itself to perturbation. This approach was applied to a concrete case
Prudhomme, Claire. "Ingénierie de simulation multi-agents conduite par la connaissance pour évaluer l'efficacité des plans de gestion de catastrophes." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK060.
Full textProtecting humans from disasters has been an active mission of governments and experts through the definition of disaster management plans. Defining disaster response strategies is crucial in order to reduce the number of victims and the economic impact. In order to select which response plan is best suited to a specific disaster situation, these plans must be evaluated. However, such evaluation is limited by the high cost of exercises and the specificity of existing simulation models. The approach defended in this thesis combines techniques from Semantic Web and multi-agent simulation to evaluate disaster management response plans. It is composed of four steps : (1) modeling disaster management knowledge, (2) modeling simulations, (3) designing simulations, and (4) analyzing simulation results based on clustering. First, explicit expert knowledge and data is used to create a knowledge model for disaster management. Second, simulation models are conceived based on the knowledge model. Thirdly, generative programming is used for simulation design. Finally, simulation results are used to calculate the plan’s effectiveness for each simulation. Unsupervised learning clustering identifies the application context related to the calculated effectiveness. The effectiveness and the associated application context enrich the initial knowledge model. This approach was applied to a case study based on the French NOVI plan in the city of Montbard, France
Hequet, Nicolas. "La responsabilité administrative des personnes publiques découlant des ouvrages de protection contre les inondations et submersions marines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0016.
Full textIn accordance with article 33 of the 16 september 1807 act relating to the draining of marshes, owners of dams are legally responsible for maintaining and monitoring the dams’ security. Various laws have clarified and strengthened the management and maintenance duty of dams over time to provide a sense of security. Despite the fact that the dams are built to protect people’s security, they have been considered as “hazardous structures” due to the potential risk of collapse. In addition, the legal concept of ‘dams disaster’ has emerged and been established, recognizing the limits of water proofing works as well as improvement and maintenance works and legally recognizing even unexpected disasters. Flooding and submersions occurred during last two decades demonstrated a significant lack of adequate maintenance for dams throughout the mainland France. The cause of lack of maintenance can be attributed to a complicated structure of ownership, which include many stakeholders and also to the owners’ unwillingness or lack of funding to make investments required for improvement and maintenance works. But, these stakes often go beyond the protection of their property. Furthermore, the responsibility of dam owners has been allocated to local authorities to offset deficiencies, but it was done so without preparing financial measures necessary for maintenance works and fully assessing the level of funds needed
Magalhães, Alexandra de Oliveira. "Aléas et risques naturels (inondations, mouvements de terrain) dans le Nordeste du Brésil : une approche géographique appliquée à la Région du Cariri (Crato et Barbalha, Ceará)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC058.
Full textIn the Southern countries as elsewhere, the increasing seriousness of the consequences of natural disasters illustrates the essential part of an increasing vulnerability of populations, property and infrastructures, linked with demographic growth, poverty, social disparities and insufficient planning. In Brazil, legislative and operational responses followed the disasters which had occurred between 2008 and 2011 in several regions. Geographers should play an essential part in the preparation of such measures. This is the scope of this thesis, which is based upon a geographical approach of the question in the Cariri region of Northeast Brazil. This work also includes a comparative approach, in order to analyze lessons from the French experience in the domain of risk management and prevention, and to study the possibilities of transposing them in the Brazilian context. The analysis of local geographical factors (types of hazards, population and property at risk) is followed by that of information obtained about floods which occurred in the study area during the time of our research work and before. It also includes original data on mass movements at various scales which were identified from field work. Risk perception and management are investigated by the means of a questionnaire submitted to residents neighbouring rivers identified as dangerous. Part of these data are transcribed in the form of maps, in an attempt to draw a zonation of hazards, population and property at risk at local scale, in order to provide useful elements for an urban planning including risk management and prevention. This work is put in perspective through a review of disasters and risks at national scale, and of the measures that were taken at federal and more local scales. This review is used as a basis for a comparative study which bears on the management of natural disasters in France (Draguignan). Although the needs in delimitation of areas at risk are the same in both countries, the consequences which are drawn are different since, until now, there is no equivalent of the regulatory zoning of the French « PPRI », at least in the study area. However, if lessons can be transposed from one country to the other, this is mainly in this regulatory domain. Future orientations that can be retained from this work are mainly found in improvements that can be expected from wider and better organized interdisciplinary collaborations
Karouni, Ali. "Réalisation d'une plate-forme fondée sur la théorie de la décision, l'optimisation et la diffusion pour prévoir, modéliser et gérer une catastrophe naturelle : les feux de forêts." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0043.
Full textDuring the last decades, the number of occurrences of natural disasters has increased noticeably which lead to catastrophic results on human as well as properties and green areas. But despite the huge amount of damages, this helps to draw the attention of researchers, organizations and the various governmental and non-governmental sectors towards analyzing these phenomena, their causes & effects, allowing to recognize their behaviors and the methods to predict their occurrence and thus reaching the phase of risk management contributing to prevent their incidence or limit the consequences. As the risk of happening often exists, the instantaneous presence of dangers is also possible. Here appears the importance of any effort that serves to tackle such crises. In this contribution, the phenomenon of forest fires is studied. In Lebanon, green areas declined dramatically during the last decades, what imposes an urgent intervention with strict governmental policies and support of non-governmental organizations. The global orientation is towards techniques that predict high fire risks, allowing for precautions to preclude fire occurrences or at least limit their consequences. Forest fire prediction proves to contribute in preventing fire occurrence or reducing its catastrophic impacts in worst cases on human lives, properties and green forestry
Léone, Sébastien. "Les populations de haute-montagne face aux contraintes naturelles : les vallées de Chamonix et Vallorcine : 1730-1914." Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE29008.
Full textBonfanti, Godlive. "L'habitat et les cyclones tropicaux : analyses comparées en région carai͏̈be d'un indicateur de la vulnérabilité urbaine." Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20004.
Full textThe @vulnerability analysis is the way hurricane risk quantitative assessment in urban area is approached in this research. Back analyses of hurricane Hugo in Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe, french indies), hurricane Georges in Santo-Domingo (Dominican Republic) and hurricane Irene in La Havana (Republic of Cuba) are carried out in order to get datas on the (damages) impacts of the wind on housing. The assessment of vulnerability of housing exposed to hurricane methodology is build, tested and validate in several representative neibourghoods of these caribbean in growing cities. Moreover, the quantitative approach is added with a sociologic analysis of the way inhabitants are invested in the mitigation process through retrofitting mesures based on construction code application - and to include it in the vulnerability assessment of housing face to hurricane. The application can provide risk managers proposition of mesures to increase the building code putting into practice
Labeur, Christine. "Des catastrophes et des hommes : portrait d'une sociabilité événementielle. : le quotidien des inondations dans la basse vallée du Rhône entre 1755 et 2003." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10078.
Full textNatural disasters have regularly been in the news in France. These extreme weather events call into question the entire chain of natural hazard management because they are regarded as resulting from a meteorological phenomenon of extraordinary magnitude, but also especially serious malfunctions in the protection of populations against natural elements, especially during the alert . This key moment, which determines much of the event, remains difficult to control despite the progress made by agencies to forecast weather. Indeed, it is essentially based on individual initiatives and raises the question of accountability of managers towards unplanned actions, the latter may even exacerbate the crisis. This thesis’ objective is to study the reactivity of the population during a disaster and to show what is special about sociability event, phenomenon microsocial both temporary and strongly turned towards others. The study site is flooding in the lower Rhone Valley between 1755 and 2003. Using the historical approach is justified primarily by the desire to highlight the permanence in human behavior during disasters and then by the need to illustrate the present concept of risk culture. The empirical data consist of archive material and interviews with key players in disaster. These data were analyzed by standard methods of content analysis and statistical methods (textual data analysis with Alceste© and the study of social networks by the relational data with R©)
Peltier, Anne. "La gestion des risques naturels dans les montagnes d'Europe occidentale : étude comparative du Valais (Suisse), de la vallée d'Aoste (Italie) et des Hautes-Pyrénées (France)." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20072.
Full textComparative analysis shows that for two centuries there has been a certain convergence of speeches and public policies about risks: the approach on climatic change succeeded the speech on the deforestation of mountains, and legal hazard mapping replaced the afforestation and forests protection. However, a finer analysis reveals important differences in the repartition of the competences among the different actors of risk management, with the application of preventive information and more importantly hazard mapping. The political organisation, which gives a more or less significant role to local communities in the development of zoning, constitutes one of the explanations of these differences. Equally to be taken into consideration is the political culture as well as risk philosophy, which associates the present and inherited political, social, economic and cultural contexts as well as the dominant representations in the administrations
Bourguignon, David. "Événements et territoires - le coût des inondations en France : analyses spatio-temporelles des dommages assurés." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30042/document.
Full textCost analysis of past flood events is essential for public and private stakeholders to improve the management and risk prevention. For instance, past events lessons learnt allow floodplain managers to justify their preventive measures or insurers to comfort by experience the assessments made on their portfolio's exposure. Yet only the most deadly, costly or dramatic (in the media at least) floods are being studied. Few in number, information and data are available on less damaging events which are more local and frequent, but they are difficult to use because they are produced by a variety of actors who do not communicate with each other and have different scopes of actions.The aim of this PhD work is to promote the sharing of knowledge between public and private stakeholders to better understand the origin of the claims and propose new ways to improve the flood prevention. The research is therefore based on the concept of natural event spatio-temporal scopes, the flood damage assessment and territorial observation
Lavigne, Franck. "Les lahars du volcan Merapi, Java central, Indonésie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20003.
Full textThe present work is a study of geomorphology and risks associated with lahars (volcanic debris flows or mudflows) at the merapi volcano area, central java (indonesia). The aims of the study are twofold: 1) to understand the triggering and flow processes; 2) to improve the surveillance and warning systems in lahar-prone areas. The first part of this dissertation describes the study area (the highly populated island of java and the merapi volcano) and presents the research topic (lahar, which is an intricate object of investigation) and methods, based on instrument sourced data and field data. The second part of the dissertation is a thematic presentation of the research results at mt merapi. Lahar triggering is complex. Triggering rainfall thresholds vary widely over space and time, and is mainly influenced by the synoptic origin of rainfall. This part also deals with the sedimentary budget and geomorphological changes within the boyong channel. The denudation rate at merapi is one of the highest in the world, due to the high frequency of lahars. Only 10% of the erosion takes place at less than 1000m in elevation, which indicates that the bulking factor of lahar is poor, due to a rapid reduction of sediment and great variations of sediment concentration during the flow. The main differentiating feature comes from the presence of transient and unsteady phases within the lahar, which often alternates with normal streamflow. The third part of this dissertation is dedicated to lahar hazard and risk zonation. Two methods are proposed: the first one is micro-zonation. The results are six detailed hazard-zone maps for flooding and lahar at the 1/10,000 scale in rural areas and 1/2,000 scale within yogyakarta city. The second method is based on a gis, which includes hazards, vulnerability assessment of property and qualitative appraisal of factors relating to peoples vulnerability
Cetin, Esra. "Analysis and modeling of crustal deformation using InSAR time series along selected active faults within the Africa-Eurasia convergence zone." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH010/document.
Full textThis Ph.D. thesis is conducted in the frame of the -co-tutellell scholarship (EOST-ITU) provided by French Embassy in Ankara. ln addition, a 10-month scholarship « Bourse excellence Eiffel » ,and 8-month scholarship « TUBITAK 22148 - joint Ph.D. » were other sources of support for the preparation of this thesis.The convergence between African and Eurasian plates is at the origin of active tectonic structures that generate large and destructive earthquakes. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of fault behavior and the earthquake cycle by analyzing surface deformation along selected active faults during the periods of co-, post-and inter-seismic deformation within the Africa-Eurasia convergence zone. ln this context, slow deformation observed at the surface and associated with the earthquake cycle is analyzed using Synthetic Aperture Radar lnterferometry (lnSAR) time series technique, and modeled with elastic dislocation methods
Buffet, Christophe. "L'adaptation au changement climatique : construction, cadrages et acteurs, des arènes globales de négociations aux populations vulnérables du Bangladesh." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0091.
Full textClimate change is now considered as one of the biggest challenge of our century. If the reduction of emissions remains primordial, climatologists' projections prove that adaptation to its impacts has already become unavoidable. This imperative has expanded at all scales since the early 2000s, from the global arenas of negotiations (COPs) to the populations considered as the most vulnerable. Through a multidisciplinary approach including science studies (STS), political sciences and socio-anthropology, this thesis analyses the political, institutional, epistemic and practical construction of adaptation. It highlights multiple interactions between science and policy, as well as the framing of different actors that contributed to this construction. A particular emphasis is placed ori Bangladesh, which became a "hot spot" of adaptation, and on NGOs. As multiscalar actors, NGOs mobilized their expertise to participate and set adaptation on the agenda of COPs and to implement community-based adaptation programmes
Do, khac Xuan thao. "Risques naturels et développement durable : Transformer les contraintes en opportunités. : exemple des risques liés aux inondations et aux cavités souterraines dans le Saumurois." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0090.
Full textThe Saumur Communauté d'Agglomération is a territory subjected to several natural hazards such as floods by the Loire river or the Thouet river as well as ground movements due to hillsides and underground cavities.These natural hazards can generate risks and constitute constraints with regard to local public policies which consider them as obstacles to the proper development of the territory and as additional obligations in terms of regulations and information of the people. Nevertheless, by taking a different look and by adopting the global, cross-disciplinary, anticipatory, cross generational vision from sustainable development, these hazards can also be source of wealth and, if taken into account, source of opportunities. This intrinsic wealth is embedded in the patrimonial value of species, habitats, spaces, history, territorial identity and landscapes - value that has been acknowledged by UNESCO. This wealth also comes from realised gains from securitisation of the territory, its inhabitants, activities and goods made possible thanks to implementation of local preventive policies and risk management policies as well as technical and institutional innovations, more integrated development policies and territorial governance
Ulusoy, Inan. "Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l'Est, Turquie) et risques naturels associés." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730602.
Full textCarladous, Simon. "Approche intégrée d’aide à la décision basée sur la propagation de l’imperfection de l’information – application à l’efficacité des mesures de protection torrentielle." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM008/document.
Full textMany torrential protective check dams have been built in French mountainous areas since the 19th century. They aim to reduce risk in torrential watersheds. Analysis of their effectiveness is needed to assess residual risk and to choose the best maintenance strategy in a context of reduced budgets. Chapter I introduces main issues due both to definition of effectiveness concept and also the several criteria and system scales that have to be assessed. Moreover, required expertise is based on imperfect information, provided by several sources with different reliability levels. To help such decisions, this thesis proposes to break down general assessment into several smaller decision-making problems. In chapter II, dependability analysis tools and Evidential Reasoning based-decision-aiding methods (ER-DAMs), using fuzzy sets and possibility theories, are chosen to help individual decisions. Chapters III to V then introduce new developments. Effectiveness concept is first defined. A multi-scale dependability analysis helps to describe each decision-making problem. ER-DAMs are then adapted to help effectiveness assessment at each system’s scale. Technical improvements are provided to these methods for a better knowledge representation and final decision. Improved methods are then associated. Finally, individual problems and associated methods are integrated in a generic methodology to help torrential protective measures’ effectiveness assessment at watershed scale. The last chapter VI focuses on discussion of integrative aspects and of ER-DAMs’ specific developments. It gives some elements to improve methods but also to help operational implementation of the generic methodology
Gouhier, Mathieu. "Application du radar Doppler (VOLDORAD) à l'étude de la dynamique des éruptions Stromboliennes de l'Etna." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731252.
Full textLe, Duff Matthieu. "Les risques naturels côtiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie : contribution pour une gestion intégrée : De la caractérisation du risque à la participation citoyenne, quelques perspectives pour la prévention des risques aux îles Loyauté." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0005.
Full textThe metropolitan strategy for the prevention of natural risks was built around a central tool, the Risk Prevention Plan. The other dimensions of prevention appear secondary, in particular, the aspect relating to the information of the population. The latter does not seem to receive the attention that it should despite the different regulatory frameworks built over time, as evidenced by the evaluation reports of the national major risk management strategy. The thesis questions the relevance of transposing this prevention model in New Caledonia. A territory whose historical, political, social, cultural and environmental specificities are such that the structuring tools of metropolitan policy appear to be poorly adapted or simply inapplicable. Put into practice in the Loyalty Islands, where land tenure is mainly governed by customary law, our approach aims to understand risk prevention more on the scale of an area, namely the coast, than through a given hazard, by involving populations and territorial actors. We will study the different types of pressure that can be exerted there, such as shoreline erosion and marine submersions. All this will be done while seeking to integrate the Aboriginal vision associated with both of these "natural hazards", as well as the particular space that is the shoreline. Finally, the thesis proposes avenues and tools that could be adopted and developed by the authorities of New Caledonia, in order to lead to the construction of a risk prevention model that has become a real tool for the sustainable development of territories
Caimi, Annalisa. "Cultures constructives vernaculaires et résilience : entre savoir, pratique et technique : appréhender le vernaculaire en tant que génie du lieu et génie parasinistre." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH011/document.
Full textIn areas prone to natural hazards, many of the buildings that make up the built environment are constructed almost exclusively through the experience and the direct observation of local builders, without the support of any architect or engineer. In these regions, communities have developed over time a variety of strategies to cope with natural phenomena through patterns of social behaviours and building approaches intended to prevent and/or to reduce their exposure to local risks. Similarly, local builders have often integrated natural hazards into their daily practices, developing singular techniques, building details or devices aiming to reduce the vulnerability of the built environment. The concept of building culture embraces the social and technical aspects related to the construction process and to the development of corresponding knowledge and know-how, intrinsically reflecting the multiplicity of human societies and their indissoluble connection with the territories they inhabit. The vernacular as characterization of ways of building, living and protecting oneself proves to be a valuable source of practices, techniques and measures, tested over the years and during multiple hazards, for contemporary construction of sustainable, accessible and safe built-environments. This research explores the potential of vernacular building cultures in enhancing local resilience; and this starting from - constructive and behavioural – practices developed by individual people and groups living in contexts geographically exposed to natural hazards. Based on a strong interaction between theory and action, this research undertakes a (re)discovery of vernacular knowledge through two thematic focuses. One examines disaster resilient vernacular provisions and devices which have demonstrated their effectiveness to reduce vulnerability of the built environment to various types of natural hazards. The other one considers ways for their identification and direct contribution to strengthening capacities of communities and institutions for disaster risk management. This research combines a technical analysis with the development of a methodological tool, contributing to set up a project approach strongly rooted into contextual specificities, linking culture and practice, past experience and future needs, disaster response and preparedness
Jia, Xiaojuan. "Fuzzy logic based decision support system for mass evacuation of cities prone to coastal or river flood." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858055.
Full textVeyrat-Charvillon, Stéphane. "ELABORATION D'UNE MÉTHODE DE PRÉDICTION DU VOLUME MAXIMAL D'UNE LAVE TORRENTIELLE (PREVENT)Géomorphologie torrentielle,Topographie de terrain et Stéréophotogrammétrie sur photographies aériennes d'archivesTorrents du Manival, du Merdarêt et des Arches (Alpes-du-Nord, Isère, France)." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011428.
Full textRobert, Jérémy. "Pour une géographie de la gestion de crise : de l'accessibilité aux soins d'urgence à la vulnérabilité du territoire à Lima." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766252.
Full textDer, Sarkissian Rita. "L'utilisation de l'information géospatiale comme outil d'aide à la réduction des risques de catastrophe ; Etudes de cas du gouvernorat de Baalbek-Hermel/Liban." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE1165/document.
Full textGiven that natural disasters are spatial phenomenon, the application of geographical information systems (GIS) has proven to be a convenient and reliable tool for the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) process. GIS can serve DRR as a database for data gathering, integration and incorporation,an output viewer, a tool for hazard maps production, a calculator for exposure, a model builderfor determining assets’ vulnerabilities, a near real time crisis tracker, etc… Nevertheless, GIS applications have been integrated unevenly across the different phases of the DRR cycle.Moreover, the effective use of these technologies requires further research and development,especially in developing countries where numerous barriers hamper the use of GIS for civil protection. The task is further complicated at the local level in rural areas such as our study area Baalbek‐Hermel, Governorate of Lebanon. Restrictions include limited human and financial resources and a lack of critical spatial data required to support GIS application to DRR. To what extent could GIS be efficient in DRR actions in a developing country like Lebanon where themajority of assets at risk is ever‐growing and the government has other urgent priorities than tocommit to DRR plans? Several case‐studies in Baalbek‐Hermel were taken to test these assumptions and discuss the adaptation of GIS techniques to make them effective and to be able to serve the whole DRR cycle; hazard, vulnerability, risk and damage assessment, emergency and evacuation planning, land‐use zoning, recovery and resilience building. Challenges in the deployment of GIS technologies in each afore mentioned phase of the DRR cycle and how they may be overcome were discussed, considering indigenous approaches for the application of technologies and innovations in DRR. The results of this dissertation suggested ways to control some of the barriers hampering the effective use of GIS for DRR in developing countries. Thus,DRR practitioners in Lebanon and other developing countries could harness this potential in anattempt to reduce hazard vulnerability and improve disaster reduction capacity