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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Catastrophic inversion

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Academic literature on the topic 'Catastrophic inversion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Catastrophic inversion"

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Campbell, Scott B., Todd Larson, Niels M. B. Smeets, Ula El-Jaby, and Timothy F. L. McKenna. "Miniemulsification by catastrophic phase inversion." Chemical Engineering Journal 183 (February 2012): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.092.

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Malhotra, Varun, Rajinder Pal, and Saeed Alhassan. "Catastrophic Phase Inversion of Emulsions Stabilized by Amphiphilic Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanofluids 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2018.1440.

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Lv, Guojun, Fumin Wang, Wangfeng Cai, and Xubin Zhang. "Characterization of the emulsions formed by catastrophic phase inversion." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 450 (May 2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.023.

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Bouchama, F., G. A. van Aken, A. J. E. Autin, and G. J. M. Koper. "On the mechanism of catastrophic phase inversion in emulsions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 231, no. 1-3 (December 2003): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.08.011.

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Sajjadi, Shahriar, Fatemeh Jahanzad, and Michael Yianneskis. "Catastrophic phase inversion of abnormal emulsions in the vicinity of the locus of transitional inversion." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 240, no. 1-3 (June 2004): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.03.012.

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Zang, Duyang, and Paul S. Clegg. "Relationship between high internal-phase Pickering emulsions and catastrophic inversion." Soft Matter 9, no. 29 (2013): 7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm00133d.

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Nienow, A. W. "Break-up, coalescence and catastrophic phase inversion in turbulent contactors." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 108-109 (May 2004): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.020.

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Thakur, Rajeev K., C. Villette, J. M. Aubry, and G. Delaplace. "Dynamic emulsification and catastrophic phase inversion of lecithin-based emulsions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 315, no. 1-3 (February 2008): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.017.

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Bains, Upinder, and Rajinder Pal. "Rheology and Catastrophic Phase Inversion of Emulsions in the Presence of Starch Nanoparticles." ChemEngineering 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040057.

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Emulsions stabilized by solid nanoparticles, referred to as Pickering emulsions, are becoming increasingly important in applications as they are free of surfactants. However, the bulk properties and stability of Pickering emulsions are far from being well understood. In this work, the rheological behavior and catastrophic phase inversion of emulsions in the presence of starch nanoparticles were studied using in-situ measurements of viscosity and electrical conductivity. The aqueous phase consisting of starch nanoparticles was added sequentially in increments of 5% vol. to the oil phase under agitation condition to prepare the emulsions. The emulsions were water-in-oil (W/O) type at low to moderate concentrations of aqueous phase. At a certain critical volume fraction of aqueous phase, catastrophic phase inversion of W/O emulsion to oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion took place accompanied a sharp jump in the electrical conductivity and a sharp drop in the emulsion viscosity. The W/O emulsions were nearly Newtonian at low concentrations of aqueous phase. At high concentrations of aqueous phase, prior to phase inversion, the W/O emulsions exhibited a shear-thickening behavior. The O/W emulsions produced after phase inversion were shear-thinning in nature. The comparison of the experimental viscosity data with the predictions of emulsion viscosity model revealed only partial coverage of droplet surfaces with nanoparticles. With the increase in the concentration of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) in the aqueous phase of the emulsions, the phase inversion of W/O emulsion to O/W emulsion was delayed to higher volume fraction of aqueous phase. Thus SNPs imparted some stability to W/O emulsions against coalescence and phase inversion.

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Dunstan, Timothy S., Paul D. I. Fletcher, and Saeed Mashinchi. "High Internal Phase Emulsions: Catastrophic Phase Inversion, Stability, and Triggered Destabilization." Langmuir 28, no. 1 (December 19, 2011): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la204104m.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Catastrophic inversion"

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Schneider, Alice [Verfasser], Claus A. M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Seidel, and Rybinski Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] von. "Mechanismen der Catastrophic Phase Inversion in Emulsionen aus Polydimethylsiloxanen und Wasser / Alice Schneider. Gutachter: Claus A. M. Seidel ; Wolfgang von Rybinski." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2012. http://d-nb.info/101920205X/34.

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Galindo, Alvarez Johanna Maria. "Étude de l'inversion de phase catastrophique lors de l'émulsification de produits visqueux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL015N/document.

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Ce travail porte sur la description et la compréhension de l’inversion de phase catastrophique utilisée pour l’émulsification de produits visqueux, à travers l’analyse des effets de formulation et de procédé sur la fraction de phase dispersée à laquelle le processus se produit et sur les mécanismes mis en jeu. Les suivis rhéologique et conductimétrique simultanés in situ de l’émulsification ont permis, du point de vue procédé, de mettre en avant l’influence du débit d’addition de la phase aqueuse sur la formation d’émulsions multiples du type e/H/E lesquelles, en augmentant notablement la fraction de phase dispersée apparente, sont responsables de l’inversion dès de faibles fractions de phase dispersée ajoutée. Au niveau formulation, l’augmentation de la viscosité de l’huile induit de manière remarquable la tendance de cette phase à devenir le milieu dispersé, conduisant à une inversion pour de très faibles fractions de phase aqueuse et donc à des émulsions finales très concentrées (de 80 à 95% en volume). Le suivi au microscope du phénomène d’inversion de phase par l’intermédiaire d’un écoulement de type « squeezing flow », a permis d’établir les conditions et les mécanismes conduisant à une inversion complète ou seulement partielle. La viscosité relative des phases aqueuse et huileuse est responsable d’une inversion catastrophique suivant un mécanisme de type agglomération – coalescence plutôt que de type inclusion/fuite tel que généralement admis. L’établissement d’un modèle mathématique basé sur les bilans de population et le caractère fractal du phénomène a permis de décrire l’évolution de la taille des gouttes multiples ainsi que la fraction de phase dispersée ajoutée à laquelle l’inversion se produit
This study deals with the description and understanding of catastrophic phase inversion during high viscous oil emulsification, through the analysis of the effects of formulation and process variables on the dispersed phase fraction at which the inversion is triggered and on the involved mechanisms. The simultaneous follow – up in situ of viscosity and conductivity measurements allowed, from a process point of view, to emphasize on the effect that the aqueous phase addition rate has on the formation of multiple w/O/W emulsions. Due to the formation of w/o/W emulsions, the volume of the effective dispersed phase greatly increases while at the same time, if the aqueous phase is added by very small fractions inversion of the w/o/W system can occur. In relation with formulation, an increase in oil viscosity greatly increased the tendency of the oily phase to become the dispersed phase. At the same time, it promoted the formation of highly concentrated emulsions (about 80 to 95 % in volume) after the inversion had occurred. The microscopical follow-up of emulsion morphology by means of squeezing flow, allowed us to establish the conditions and mechanisms that lead to partial or complete inversion. Even though literature sources lead us believe that inversion will occur through the “inclusion/escape” mechanism, experimental results showed that the relative viscosity between the phases promoted inversion through the mechanism of “agglomeration – coalescence” rather than “inclusion/escape”. A mathematical model based on population balances and on the fractal nature of multiple emulsions allowed us to describe the multiples drop size and effective dispersed phase evolution until inversion phenomena

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Barros, Frederico Macedo Fernandes. "Structuration and rheology of Pickering emulsions by the interaction of particles with different degrees of hydrophobicity." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1032.

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Les émulsions de Pickering ont suscité un intérêt croissant dans de nombreux domaines de la recherche en raison de leur grande stabilité et versatilité. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la fabrication des systèmes complexes et originaux qui peuvent être obtenus avec différentes particules. Cette étude a consisté dans l'analyse des différents paramètres physico-chimiques des particules, des milieux liquides et des systèmes dispersées, et leur relation avec le comportement mécanique et la structure des émulsions afin de prédire et de moduler les caractéristiques de ces dernières. Nous avons étudié plus particulièrement pour la première fois, le diagramme de phase concernant les inversions de phase du type catastrophique et transitionnelle des émulsions de Pickering. Nous avons utilisé des particules de silice avec des structures et hydrophobicités différentes. En particulier, nous avons montré que le mélange de particules de différente hydrophobicités peut moduler finement l'inversion de phase aussi bien que les propriétés rhéologiques et structurales des émulsions. La fabrication de membranes à partir des émulsions de Pickering précédentes a été proposée comme un exemple de l'utilisation de ces systèmes modèles pour la conception de matériaux complexes
Pickering emulsions have gained interest in many fields of research due their properties like higher stability and versatility. Special attention has been given to the processing of complex and original systems which can be obtained by using different particles. This study consists in the analysis of the different physicochemical parameters of particles, liquid media as well dispersion systems, and their relationship with emulsions structural and mechanical behavior in order to predict and modulate the emulsions characteristics. We studied extensively for the first time the phase diagram of catastrophic and transitional phase inversion of Pickering emulsions. We used silica particles with different structure and hydrophobicity. In particular we showed that mixing particles with different hydrophobicity can finely modulate the phase inversion as well the rheological and structural properties of the emulsions. The manufacturing of emulsified membranes based on previous Pickering emulsions was proposed as an example of the use of these systems as templates for the design of complex materials

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Carli, Cynthia de. "Nanoemulsões encapsulando quercetina produzidas pelo método do ponto de inversão da emulsão (EIP): estabilidade físico-química e avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vitro e em produto cárneo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-14062017-113435/.

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A quercetina é um flavonoide com alta atividade antioxidante reconhecida. Devido a este fato, a indústria alimentícia tem buscado alternativas para a aplicação deste bioativo como antioxidante em matrizes alimentícias. No entanto, incorporar a quercetina em formulações alimentícias pode ser desafiador, pois sua molécula tem relativo grau de hidrofobicidade. Os métodos de encapsulação em nanoemulsões podem tornar viável a proteção do flavonoide, bem como permitir sua dispersibilidade em meios aquosos . O objetivo do presente trabalho foi produzir nanoemulsões (fase oleosa: óleo de girassol) encapsulando quercetina pelo método do ponto de inversão da emulsão (EIP, emulsion inversion point), determinando parâmetros de operação que viabilizem um futuro escalonamento do processo, e a realização de um estudo de caso sobre a incorporação das nanodispersões em patê de frango. Os parâmetros de produção que foram avaliados foram : tipo e concentração de tensoativo (razão SOR, razão tensoativo:óleo), concentração de óleo, concentração de cosolvente e velocidade de agitação. Foram produzidas nanoemulsões utilizando dois tensoativos diferentes, Tween 80 e Brij 30. As porcentagens de quercetina encapsulada foram 0,15 e 0,30% (m/m). Dentre estas, a concentração de 0,30% foi a mais viável para a aplicação no patê de frango, por apresentar melhor distribuição de tamanho de gotícula (diâmetro hidrodinâmico), não apresentar variação significativa de oxidação lipídica e maior conservação da quercetina encapsulada por um período de 90 dias. Os valores de tensão interfacial obtidos mostram que a quercetina provoca abaixamento da tensão interfacial do sistema, o que pode indicar que a quercetina forma um complexo com os tensoativos utilizados, fato que influencia decisivamente na sua localização nas nanogotas. Das formulações testadas para patê de frango contendo quercetina, apenas a formulação usando quercetina livre não apresentou boa avaliação nos itens cor e sabor. Tal resultado justifica a necessidade da incorporação da quercetina em nanoemulsões para não causar alterações sensoriais no produto.
Quercetin is a flavonoid with recognized high antioxidant activity Due to this fact, the food industry has been trying to use it as an alternative as a preservative in food matrices. However, incorporating quercetin into food formulations may be challenging due to its relative degree of hydrophobicity. Encapsulation methods in nanoemulsions may render the protection of the flavonoid viable, as well as enable its dispersibility in aqueous media. The objective of the present study was to produce nanoemulsions (oil phase: sunflower oil) encapsulating quercetin by the emulsion inversion point method (EIP), determining operating parameters that enable a future process scale-up. A case study on the incorporation of nanodispersions into chicken patê was also carried out. The production parameters evaluated were: type and concentration of surfactant (SOR ratio, surfactant:oil ratio), soybean oil concentration, cosolvent concentration and stirring speed. Nanoemulsions were produced using two different surfactants, Tween 80 and Brij 30. The percentages of encapsulated quercetin were 0.15 and 0.30% (m / m). Among these, the concentration of 0.30% was the most feasible for application in chicken pâté, since it presented better droplet size distribution (hydrodynamic diameter), did not present significant variation of lipid oxidation and higher capacity of preserving encapsulated quercetina for a period of 90 days. The interfacial tension values obtained show that quercetin lowered the interfacial tension of the system, which may indicate that quercetin forms a complex with the surfactants used, a fact that decisively influences its location in the nanodroplets. Among the formulations tested in chicken pâté containing quercetin, only the formulation using free quercetin did not show good acceptance evaluation on the color and taste itens. Such an evaluation was important as it justifies the need for the incorporation of quercetin into nanoemulsions in order to not cause significant sensorial changes in the product.

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Bronner, Cyrille. "Utilisation des données opérationnelles pour l'aide à la décision en situation accidentelle impliquant une substance dangereuse : application à l'identification du terme source." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EMSE0021.

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Lors d’un accident majeur d’origine chimique, les sapeurs-pompiers et les experts des cellules d’appui doivent faire face à des phénomènes complexes (explosions, dispersions de produits toxiques) et ne disposent souvent que d’éléments incertains et imprécis, rendant difficile le diagnostic de la situation. Dans les premiers instants qui constituent la phase d’urgence, la « source » d’émission du flux dangereux est souvent mal connue mais elle est pourtant indispensable pour avoir une vision globale de l’événement, prévoir son évolution et prendre les décisions visant à limiter les conséquences. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif de développer des méthodologies et des outils d’aide à la décision destinés aux primo intervenants des situations d’urgence d’origine chimique. Ces outils doivent permettre, à partir de l’exploitation des données opérationnelles, d’accéder d’une part à la nature d’une substance a priori inconnue, d’autre part « au terme source » impliqué (débit, quantité). Pour identifier une substance inconnue ou tout au moins les dangers qu’elle présente, l’approche consiste à utiliser les données descriptives et les symptômes recueillis in situ. Une base de données a été conçue et un logiciel a été développé pour faciliter l’exploitation de ces données opérationnelles. L’incertitude et l’imprécision inhérentes à ces données ont été prises en compte, notamment à l’aide de la théorie des probabilités. L’évaluation des conséquences requiert, en plus de la nature de la substance impliquée, la connaissance précise du « terme source ». Aussi, une méthode inverse a été proposée afin d’évaluer le terme source à partir des conséquences observées et/ou mesurées (surpressions, concentrations). Elle consiste en l’utilisation d’un algorithme génétique couplé à un modèle de calcul de flux. La méthode développée a été appliquée et validée sur les explosions de solides pour lesquelles il s’agit de calculer avec précision la masse d’explosif ayant détonée. L’algorithme a ensuite été validé sur des accidents survenus sur les sites d’AZF et de Nitrochimie
In the event of a major chemical accident, often only uncertain and inaccurate facts are available to the fire-fighters and crisis management units, which makes a diagnosis of the situation difficult. Further, the emission source (initial conditions) is often badly known in the first instant but is however absolutely necessary to have a global view of the event and predict its development to take good decisions and to limit consequences. This research work aims at developing, for the emergency first responders, methodologies and decision-making support tools, specific to chemical accidents. This thesis addresses two problems, in one hand to identify the a priori unknown chemical substance, in the other hand to assess the source term (rate, quantity …). To identify an unknown chemical substance or, at least, the associated hazards, the developed method consists in using data collected in situ which can be descriptive data (as colour, odour) or symptoms observed on victims. On these bases, a methodology and a software have been developed to make easier the exploitation of operational data, taking into account inherent uncertainty and inaccuracy, in particular by using the probability theory. In addition to the identification of the chemical substance, consequences assessment requires to know precisely the source term. So, an inverse method has been proposed to evaluate the source term by using the observed or/and measured consequences (overpressures, concentrations …). This method is based on a genetic algorithm coupled with an analytic explosion model. The algorithm was then validated on two accidents (AZF and Nitrochimie sites) and provides good estimations of the mass of the explosive having detonated. The benefit of our method is its ability to solve problem with more than one unknown parameter, e. G. The explosive mass together with the location of the epicentre of the explosion which could not be possible with methods usually used

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Rondón, González Marianna. "Inversion de phase d'émulsions induite par agitation." Thesis, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL017N/document.

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Ce travail porte sur l’inversion de phase catastrophique induite par l’agitation continue d’un système anormal eau-huile-surfactif, sans addition de phase, afin de réaliser des émulsions eau-dans-huile concentrées et finement dispersées. Les suivis rhéologiques et conductimétriques des systèmes sous agitation indiquent que l’inversion passe, en général, par la formation d’une émulsion multiple e/H/E dans laquelle une partie de la phase continue est inclue comme gouttelettes dans les gouttes de phase dispersée. Ainsi, le volume apparent de phase dispersée augmente jusqu’à atteindre une valeur critique à laquelle l’inversion se produit. Afin de maîtriser ce processus, l’influence de variables de formulation, composition et agitation sur le mécanisme d’inversion et sur ses paramètres caractéristiques a été étudié. Les données recueillies permettent de choisir les conditions de formulation et de procédé pour préparer, en un temps minimal, des émulsions E/H avec des propriétés requises
This study deals with the catastrophic phase inversion produce by continuous stirring of an abnormal water-oil-surfactant system, without internal phase addition, in order to prepare concentrated and fine water-in-oil emulsions. The simultaneous conductivity and viscosity measurements of the system under stirring show that generally, the inversion takes place through the formation of a multiple w/O/W emulsion in which a portion of the external phase is continuously included as droplets in the dispersed phase drops. Consequently, the dispersed phase apparent volume increases until a critical value is reached and the inversion is triggered. In order to control this process, the influence of formulation, composition and stirring variables on the inversion mechanism and on its characteristic parameters is studied. The data collected can be used to prepare, in a minimal time, emulsions with required properties, by controlling the formulation and process conditions

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Books on the topic "Catastrophic inversion"

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Vaessen, Gerardus Eberhard Johannes. Predicting catastrophic phase inversion in emulsions. Eindhoven: University of Eindhoven, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Catastrophic inversion"

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Perazzo, Antonio, and Valentina Preziosi. "Catastrophic Phase Inversion Techniques for Nanoemulsification." In Nanoemulsions, 53–76. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811838-2.00003-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Catastrophic inversion"

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Pavlou, Dimitrios G., and Muk Chen Ong. "Damping Effect on the Wave Propagation in Carbon Steel Pipelines Under Fluid Hammer Conditions." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54194.

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A sudden reduction of the fluid flow yields a pressure shock, which travels along the pipeline with a high speed. Due to this transient loading, dynamic hoop stresses are developed, that may cause catastrophic damages in pipeline integrity. The vibration of the pipe wall is affected by the flow parameters as well as by the elastic and damping characteristics of the material. Most of the studies on dynamic response of pipelines (a) neglect the effect of the material damping, and (b) are usually limited to harmonic pressure oscillations. The present work is an attempt to fill the above research gap. To achieve this target, an analytic solution of the governing motion equation of pipelines under moving pressure shock is derived. The proposed methodology takes into account both elastic and damping characteristics of the steel. With the aid of Laplace and Fourier integral transforms and generalized functions properties, the solution is based on the transformation of the dynamic partial differential equation into an algebraic form. Analytical inversion of the transformed dynamic radial deflection variable is achieved, yielding the final solution. The proposed methodology is implemented in an engineering example; and the results are shown and discussed.

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Pougatch, Konstantin, and Martha Salcudean. "Computational Investigation of Liquid Spray Dispersion Modification by Conical Nozzle Attachments." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31037.

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Liquid sprays characteristics such as the droplet size and the dispersion angle are determined by the atomizer design and the physical properties of the liquid and the surrounding gas. One of the options to change these characteristics is to attach a specially designed piece to the nozzle exit. While there can be a variety of shapes of such attachments, we chose a conical geometry to exploit its axial symmetry and, at the same time, obtain the results that can be generalized to other configurations. Thus, we investigate an addition of the conically shaped attachment to the premixed gas-assisted high-pressure atomizer with the previously developed numerical model. It is a two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian model with a catastrophic phase inversion that was developed for compressible gas-liquid mixtures and can be applied to both the flow through the nozzle-atomizer and to the dispersion of the spray. The model also accounts for the break-up and coalescence effects of bubbles and droplets. Our investigation reveals that the conical nozzle attachments act as spray limiters by reducing the natural expansion angle of a spray. Also, the droplets produced by the nozzle with a conical addition tend to be larger than the ones obtained with a stand alone nozzle. The largest droplets were generated by the smallest attachment angle considered −10°. With the increase of the angle, the spraying characteristics become closer to the ones of the stand alone nozzle. It can be concluded that the conical shape of the attachments with a relatively small angle may be used when higher jet penetration and lower dispersion are desirable. The attachments with larger angles do not offer a substantial difference from the stand alone nozzle. Another important conclusion is that the dispersion of the jet is determined by the radial momentum transferred to the liquid before or immediately after the phase inversion takes place. Thus, for improved dispersion, the area where the atomization is taken place should not be restricted.

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Lyon, Matthew. "Systematic Approach to Catastrophic Inversions of Epoxy Emulsions." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.278.

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Pougatch, Konstantin, Martha Salcudean, and Jennifer McMillan. "Average Droplet Diameter Spatial Distribution in a Spray After Gas-Assisted Atomization." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39737.

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Gas-assisted atomization is used in many industries to produce finely dispersed droplets. Knowledge about the droplet size distribution guides the design and development of the nozzle as well as of the whole processes. This knowledge can be obtained through experimental and modeling works that usually complement each another. In this paper we present an application of the mathematical model previously developed for gas-assisted atomization to the prediction of the average droplet diameter distribution in a spray and compare the results with experimental findings. The model is based on a two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian treatment of the motion of the phases with a catastrophic phase inversion (atomization). It also includes the compressibility effects for the gaseous phase and can be applied to both the flow through the nozzle-atomizer and to the dispersion of the spray. The model accounts for the break-up and coalescence of bubbles and droplets due to interfacial shear and collisions. The diameter of the particle (bubble or droplet) is represented by its local mean average value that varies throughout the flow field. Simulations are conducted for the flow of air and water through the convergent-divergent nozzle, which is similar to the one used in commercial fluid cokers, a bitumen upgrading apparatus, for steam-assisted atomization of bitumen. It is found that while there are wide experimentally observed local distributions of the particle diameter, the concept of the average diameter still allows for satisfactory predictions of its average values and spatial variations. In agreement with the experiments, the numerical model demonstrated that the largest droplet diameter is located in the axial area, and the diameter values reduce towards the periphery of the jet. In addition, the average diameter increases slightly and its radial variation becomes more uniform as the distance from the nozzle orifice increases.

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