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1
Berenbaum, Howard, and Deanna Barch. "The categorization of thought disorder." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24, no. 5 (September 1995): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02144565.
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Mesure, Gérald, Christine Passerieux, Chrystel Besehe, Daniel Widlöcher, and Marie-Christine Hardy-Baylé. "Impairment of Semantic Categorization Processes among Thought-Disordered Schizophrenic Patients." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 3 (April 1998): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300306.
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Objective: To explore semantic categorization strategies in patients with schizophrenia. Method: A short-term memory-recognition task that reveals the effects associated with categorization was created and applied to 2 groups of patients with schizophrenia and depression. Results: Only the schizophrenic subgroup with formal thought disorder (measured using Andreasen's Thought, Language, and Communication [TLC] scale) exhibited a deficiency in semantic categorization strategies during the task. Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis of the impairment of the processes involved in the processing of contextual information inpatients with schizophrenia who suffer from formal thought disorder.
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Meshel, Naphtali S. "Food for Thought: Systems of Categorization in Leviticus 11." Harvard Theological Review 101, no. 2 (April 2008): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816008001788.
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In two interconnected theoretical works published in 1962, Lévi-Strauss argued that the tendency among primitive societies to formulate animal classification systems and to express these systems ritually cannot be explained as a side-effect of social classification, as Durkheim and Mauss had argued, nor can it be explained on the narrow materialistic grounds posited by Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski. The negative evidence adduced by Lévi-Strauss is empirical: animal classification systems are neither limited to societies in which there exists a fixed correlation between social groups and animal species, nor do they pertain to species that are of significant material or symbolic value to the classifying culture. According to Lévi-Strauss, the ritual expression of the mental act of classification functions like a language, containing “stressed” and “unstressed” elements and aiming to convey theoretical messages.
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Snyder, Jacob T. "Leisure in Aristotle’s Political Thought." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 35, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340172.
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Abstract The concept of leisure found in Aristotle’s corpus is both elusive and challenging. It eludes categorization into our current understandings of work and play while at the same time challenging those very conceptions. Here, I attempt to come to grips with Aristotelian leisure by (1) demonstrating its centrality in Aristotle’s thought, (2) explaining leisure as primarily a ‘way of being’ rather than merely the absence of occupation or one of several preconditions to the virtues, and (3) exploring what leisure might mean to liberal democracy. As a ‘way of being’, Aristotelian leisure is more than an absence of work, but is a positive comportment that itself requires virtues, material means, and an education.
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Langacker, Ronald W. "Metaphor in Linguistic Thought and Theory." Cognitive Semantics 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00201002.
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Metaphor is pervasive at all levels of the linguistic enterprise: from the conception of particular phenomena, to the formulation of theories, to “world views” such as the “formalist” and “functionalist” perspectives. Metaphor is not just unavoidable but essential to the enterprise, a source of insight and creativity. But since all metaphors are inappropriate in some respect, they can lead to spurious questions, conceptual confusion, misconception of the target, and pointless arguments. These points are illustrated in regard to several metaphors pertaining to lexicon and lexical meaning. Further illustration is provided by an extended case study comparing the network and exemplar models of categorization. When the actual models proposed are distinguished from their metaphorical descriptions, there is no fundamental conflict.
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Arterberry, Martha E., Susan J. Hespos, Cole A. Walsh, and Carolyn I. Daniels. "Integration of thought and action continued: Scale errors and categorization in toddlers." Infancy 25, no. 6 (September 9, 2020): 851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12364.
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Martí, Daniel, and John Rinzel. "Dynamics of Feature Categorization." Neural Computation 25, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00383.
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In visual and auditory scenes, we are able to identify shared features among sensory objects and group them according to their similarity. This grouping is preattentive and fast and is thought of as an elementary form of categorization by which objects sharing similar features are clustered in some abstract perceptual space. It is unclear what neuronal mechanisms underlie this fast categorization. Here we propose a neuromechanistic model of fast feature categorization based on the framework of continuous attractor networks. The mechanism for category formation does not rely on learning and is based on biologically plausible assumptions, for example, the existence of populations of neurons tuned to feature values, feature-specific interactions, and subthreshold-evoked responses upon the presentation of single objects. When the network is presented with a sequence of stimuli characterized by some feature, the network sums the evoked responses and provides a running estimate of the distribution of features in the input stream. If the distribution of features is structured into different components or peaks (i.e., is multimodal), recurrent excitation amplifies the response of activated neurons, and categories are singled out as emerging localized patterns of elevated neuronal activity (bumps), centered at the centroid of each cluster. The emergence of bump states through sequential, subthreshold activation and the dependence on input statistics is a novel application of attractor networks. We show that the extraction and representation of multiple categories are facilitated by the rich attractor structure of the network, which can sustain multiple stable activity patterns for a robust range of connectivity parameters compatible with cortical physiology.
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Rasulic, Katarina. "Aspects of metonymy in language and thought." Theoria, Beograd 53, no. 3 (2010): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1003049r.
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Based on the theoretical insights from cognitive linguistics, this paper aims to shed fresh light on certain aspects of metonymy as one of the basic mechanisms of conceptualsemantic organization. It is argued that the prototype model of categorization can provide substantial explanatory potential in the linguistic treatment of metonymy, that anthropocentricity is an important aspect of metonymic conceptualization, and that metonymy has multiple roles in the creation of meaning, including meaning extension, meaning construction and meaning imposition. The significance of investigating the multifaceted character of metonymic conceptualization (as well as of figurative language and thought in general) from an interdisciplinary perspective is highlighted as fundamental for a more comprehensive insight into the nature of meaning.
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Старко, Василь. "Categorization, Fast and Slow." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.1.sta.
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The title of this study is inspired by Daniel Kahneman’s best-selling book Thinking, Fast and Slow. In it, the Nobel Prize winner explains in great detail the working of two systems of human reasoning: System 1, which is fast, automatic, associative, subconscious, involuntary and (nearly) effortless, and System 2, which is slow, intentional, logical, conscious, effortful and requires executive control, attention, and concentration. This distinction applies to human categorization as well. Each of the two labels refers, in fact, to a set of systems, which is why the designations Type 1 and Type 2 processes are preferable. The default-interventionist architecture presupposes the constant automatic activation of categories by Type 1 processes and interventions of Type 2 processes if necessary. Type 1 categorization relies on the ‘shallow’ linguistic representation of the world, while Type 2 uses ‘deep’ extralinguistic knowledge. A series of linguistic examples are analyzed to illustrate the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 categorization. A conclusion is drawn about the need to take this distinction into account in psycholinguistic and linguistic research on categorization.
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Skelton, Alice E., Gemma Catchpole, Joshua T. Abbott, Jenny M. Bosten, and Anna Franklin. "Biological origins of color categorization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 8, 2017): 5545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612881114.
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The biological basis of the commonality in color lexicons across languages has been hotly debated for decades. Prior evidence that infants categorize color could provide support for the hypothesis that color categorization systems are not purely constructed by communication and culture. Here, we investigate the relationship between infants’ categorization of color and the commonality across color lexicons, and the potential biological origin of infant color categories. We systematically mapped infants’ categorical recognition memory for hue onto a stimulus array used previously to document the color lexicons of 110 nonindustrialized languages. Following familiarization to a given hue, infants’ response to a novel hue indicated that their recognition memory parses the hue continuum into red, yellow, green, blue, and purple categories. Infants’ categorical distinctions aligned with common distinctions in color lexicons and are organized around hues that are commonly central to lexical categories across languages. The boundaries between infants’ categorical distinctions also aligned, relative to the adaptation point, with the cardinal axes that describe the early stages of color representation in retinogeniculate pathways, indicating that infant color categorization may be partly organized by biological mechanisms of color vision. The findings suggest that color categorization in language and thought is partially biologically constrained and have implications for broader debate on how biology, culture, and communication interact in human cognition.
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Krigolson, Olav E., Lara J. Pierce, Clay B. Holroyd, and James W. Tanaka. "Learning to Become an Expert: Reinforcement Learning and the Acquisition of Perceptual Expertise." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 9 (September 2009): 1833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21128.
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To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the development of perceptual expertise, we recorded ERPs while participants performed a categorization task. We found that as participants learned to discriminate computer generated “blob” stimuli, feedback modulated the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN)—an ERP component thought to reflect error evaluation within medial–frontal cortex. As participants improved at the categorization task, we also observed an increase in amplitude of an ERP component associated with object recognition (the N250). The increase in N250 amplitude preceded an increase in amplitude of an ERN component associated with internal error evaluation (the response ERN). Importantly, these electroencephalographic changes were not observed for participants who failed to improve on the categorization task. Our results suggest that the acquisition of perceptual expertise relies on interactions between the posterior perceptual system and the reinforcement learning system involving medial–frontal cortex.
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Koporec, Gregor, Andrej Košir, Aleš Leonardis, and Janez Perš. "Cognitive Relevance Transform for Population Re-Targeting." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174668.
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This work examines the differences between a human and a machine in object recognition tasks. The machine is useful as much as the output classification labels are correct and match the dataset-provided labels. However, very often a discrepancy occurs because the dataset label is different than the one expected by a human. To correct this, the concept of the target user population is introduced. The paper presents a complete methodology for either adapting the output of a pre-trained, state-of-the-art object classification algorithm to the target population or inferring a proper, user-friendly categorization from the target population. The process is called ‘user population re-targeting’. The methodology includes a set of specially designed population tests, which provide crucial data about the categorization that the target population prefers. The transformation between the dataset-bound categorization and the new, population-specific categorization is called the ‘Cognitive Relevance Transform’. The results of the experiments on the well-known datasets have shown that the target population preferred such a transformed categorization by a large margin, that the performance of human observers is probably better than previously thought, and that the outcome of re-targeting may be difficult to predict without actual tests on the target population.
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Johnstone, Barbara. "Charles Antaki & Sue Widdicombe (eds.), Identities in talk. London: Sage Publications, 1998. Pp. ix, 224. Pb $26.95." Language in Society 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501252051.
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This is a collection of studies of identity in the framework of Conversation Analysis. Many of the essays make explicit use of Harvey Sacks's descriptions of the “membership categorization devices” by which people construct attributions of identity in the course of interaction, as a way of accomplishing particular, situated goals. Many mount explicit arguments against psychological accounts of personal identity and social categorization according to which people bring preexisting identities into interactions. With one or two exceptions, the contributions are well argued, clearly written, and free of the jargon that sometimes makes work in Conversation Analysis inaccessible to outsiders. Readers of Language in Society should find the collection thought-provoking.
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KURINSKI, ELENA, and MARIA D. SERA. "Does learning Spanish grammatical gender change English-speaking adults' categorization of inanimate objects?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 2 (December 2, 2010): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000179.
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Second language acquisition studies can contribute to the body of research on the influence of language on thought by examining cognitive change as a result of second language learning. We conducted a longitudinal study that examined how the acquisition of Spanish grammatical gender influences categorization in native English-speaking adults. We asked whether learning the grammatical gender of Spanish affects adult native English speakers' attribution of gender to inanimate objects. College students enrolled in beginning Spanish participated in two tasks repeatedly (four times) throughout one academic year. One task examined their acquisition of grammatical gender. The other examined their categorization of inanimate objects. We began to observe changes in participants' grammatical gender acquisition and in categorization after ten weeks of Spanish instruction. Results indicate that learning a second language as an adult can change the way one categorizes objects. However, the effect of Spanish grammatical gender was more limited in Spanish learners than in native Spanish speakers; it was not observed for all kinds of objects nor did it increase with learners' proficiency, suggesting that adults learning Spanish reach a plateau beyond which changes in categorization do not occur.
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Wang, Hua, Heng Huang, Monica Basco, Molly Lopez, and Fillia Makedon. "Self-taught learning via exponential family sparse coding for cost-effective patient thought record categorization." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 18, no. 1 (October 30, 2012): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-012-0614-2.
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Xu, Fei. "Language and conceptual development: Words as essence placeholders." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02540127.
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Perhaps in addition to language being a potential medium of domain-general thought, as suggested by Carruthers, language may also play another role in conceptual development: Words are “essence placeholders.” Evidence is presented from studies on categorization, object individuation, and inductive inference in infancy. The assumption that words are essence placeholders may be a mechanism by which infants acquire kind concepts.
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de Rijk †, L. M. "Semantics and OntologyAn Assessment of Medieval Terminism." Vivarium 51, no. 1-4 (2013): 13–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341242.
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Abstract This paper aims to assess medieval terminism, particularly supposition theory, in the development of Aristotelian thought in the Latin West. The focus is on what the present author considers the gist of Aristotle’s strategy of argument, to wit conceptual focalization and categorization. This argumentative strategy is more interesting as it can be compared to the modern tool known as ‘scope distinction’.
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Wilkinson, J. B., Douglas R. Hausknecht, and George E. Prough. "Reader Categorization of a Controversial Communication: Advertisement versus Editorial." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 14, no. 2 (September 1995): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569501400206.
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Using a disguised, structured technique, the authors collected consumer judgments regarding an editorial advertisement entitled “Of cigarettes and science” sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Respondents were shown an actual newspaper section that contained different types of editorials and advertisements, including the “Of cigarettes and science” item. After the respondents indirectly classified each item as either an editorial or advertisement, they were asked to list at least two characteristics about the appearance or wording of the “Of cigarettes and science” item that caused them to classify it as they did. The majority of respondents thought the item was an advertisement because it looked different from editorial items, was sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and seemed to have a persuasive or promotional content. Over one-fourth of the respondents, however, identified the communication as an editorial because of its lack of direct sales information and its extensive wording. The authors contend that legal and regulatory bodies should consider the effects of both source and intent of the message when arguing consumer impact.
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Perruchet, Pierre, and Annie Vinter. "Feature creation as a byproduct of attentional processing." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9844010x.
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Attributing the creation of new features to categorization requirements implies that the exemplars displayed are correctly assigned to their category. This constraint limits the scope of Schyns et al.'s proposal to supervised learning. We present data suggesting that this constraint is unwarranted and we argue that feature creation is better thought of as a byproduct of the attentional, on-line processing of incoming information.
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SILVA, Daniel Márcio Rodrigues, and Rui ROTHE-NEVES. "Perception of height and categorization of Brazilian Portuguese front vowels." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 32, no. 2 (August 2016): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-4450984064164376868.
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ABSTRACT Cross-linguistic typological observations and theoretical models in phonology suggest that certain speech sound distinctions are more complex then others. One such example is the opposition between mid-high and mid-low vowels, usually thought to be more complex than the opposition between high and mid vowels. The present study provides experimental evidence on speech sound perception which supports this notion. Native Brazilian Portuguese speakers performed vowel classification tasks involving either the distinction between the front high mid /e/ and the front high /i/, or the distinction between the front high mid /e/ and the front low mid /ε/ vowel. Measures of response time and discriminability (d') at the vowel category boundaries were obtained. Participants showed significantly slower responses and lower d' values in the "e-ε" as compared to the "i-e" classification task. Results indicate that perceptually distinguishing /e/ from /ı/ requires more processing time and resources, and involves more complex information than distinguishing /e/ from /i/.
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Brady, Kaylan M., Jonathan A. Blau, Spencer J. Serras, Jeremy T. Neuman, and Richard Sidlow. "Another Case of Multilevel Cervical Disconnection Syndrome Presenting as Neonatal Encephalopathy." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2018 (October 24, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7908753.
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Multilevel cervical disconnection syndrome (MCDS) is a rare malformation of the cervical spine previously documented in two toddlers. We present a case of a newborn first thought to have hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who was subsequently diagnosed with MCDS. The possibility of in utero presentation of the syndrome in this patient and the categorization of this syndrome in the spectrum of basilar skull/upper cervical malformation syndromes is discussed.
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Thornton, Mark. "Was Richard Cantillon a Mercantilist?" Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no. 4 (December 2007): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710701666495.
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Richard Cantillon is considered by many to be the first economic theorist. His contributions span such diverse topics as methodology, value and price theory, population, money, international trade, business cycles, the circular-flow model of the economy, and the price-specie-flow mechanism. His only known book, Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général (hereafter, the Essai), may represent one of the single largest steps forward in the social sciences. Many attempts have been made to classify Richard Cantillon into a well-defined school of thought and he has been claimed as a forerunner by many schools of economic thought, but for purposes of categorization, he is most often placed with the mercantilists. Cantillon lived and wrote before the Physiocrats. He was involved in John Law's Mississippi Bubble, one of the grandest attempts to actualize the mercantilist dream of increasing the supply of money, and he was involved in the merchant trade and merchant banking business, so it would be natural to consider him a mercantilist writer. Those who have classified him as a mercantilist, however, base their categorization mainly on excerpts from the Essai where Cantillon seems to display sympathy with mercantilist policy objectives in such areas as international trade, monetary policy, and economic development.
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Bai, Shuang. "Scene Categorization Through Using Objects Represented by Deep Features." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 09 (February 2017): 1755013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417550138.
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Objects in scenes are thought to be important for scene recognition. In this paper, we propose to utilize scene-specific objects represented by deep features for scene categorization. Our approach combines benefits of deep learning and Latent Support Vector Machine (LSVM) to train a set of scene-specific object models for each scene category. Specifically, we first use deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) pre-trained on the large-scale object-centric image database ImageNet to learn rich object features and a large number of general object concepts. Then, the pre-trained CNNs is adopted to extract features from images in the target dataset, and initialize the learning of scene-specific object models for each scene category. After initialization, the scene-specific object models are obtained by alternating between searching over the most representative and discriminative regions of images in the target dataset and training linear SVM classifiers based on obtained region features. As a result, for each scene category a set of object models that are representative and discriminative can be acquired. We use them to perform scene categorization. In addition, to utilize global structure information of scenes, we use another CNNs pre-trained on the large-scale scene-centric database Places to capture structure information of scene images. By combining objects and structure information for scene categorization, we show superior performances to state-of-the-art approaches on three public datasets, i.e. MIT-indoor, UIUC-sports and SUN. Experiment results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Epting, Shane. "Infrastructure, Urban Sprawl, and Naturally-Occurring Asbestos: An Ontological Thought Model for Wicked and Saving Technologies." Open Philosophy 3, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0133.
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AbstractRecently, geologists in Southern Nevada discovered new deposits of naturally occurring asbestos and microscopic fibers in rocks and soil. The danger is that inhaling them can lead to mesothelioma. One problem is that this rare cancer often takes decades to manifest. This discovery abruptly stalled a highway project near Las Vegas. Due to this condition, management developed numerous protocols to keep workers safe. Using this case as a “thought model,” the author challenges an established way of categorizing kinds of technologies as they relate to the concept of being. In turn, this thought model reveals that climate change alters the conditions for being, as recognized in the literature. Advancing this conversation requires that we must reclassify some technologies and develop a categorization for those that reflect a different way of thinking as it concerns being.
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Paradis, Carita, and Caroline Willners. "Antonymy." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 2 (October 24, 2011): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.2.02par.
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This article offers a Cognitive Semantic approach to antonymy in language and thought. Based on a series of recent empirical investigations using different observational techniques, we analyze (i) the nature of the category of antonymy, and (ii) the status of its members in terms of goodness of opposition. Our purpose is to synthesize these empirical investigations and provide a theoretical framework that is capable of accounting for antonymy as a mode of thought in language use and meaning-making. We show that antonymy has conceptual basis, but in contrast to other lexico-semantic construals, a limited number of words seem to have special lexical status as dimensional protagonists. Form–meaning pairings are antonyms when they are used as binary opposites. Configurationally, this translates into a construal where some content is divided by a BOUNDARY. This configuration (or schema) is a necessary requirement for meanings to be used as antonyms and all antonyms have equal status as members. In contrast to categorization by configuration, categorization by contentful meaning structures forms a continuum ranging from strongly related pairings as core members to ad hoc couplings on the outskirts. In order to explain why some lexico-semantic couplings tend to form conventionalized pairs, we appeal to their ontological set-up, the symmetry of the antonyms in relation to the boundary between the meaning structures, their contextual range of use and frequency.
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Formigari, Lia. "Modelli del pensare metaforico." PARADIGMI, no. 1 (May 2009): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-001002.
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- Thought Through an apparently uniform development starting from Aristotle's argumentation theory, more or less strong versions of the cognitive import of metaphor have been advanced. A first turning point can be summarized as the move from external to internal representation (17th and 18th centuries), when metaphor came to be seen, not as an optional linguistic device, but as a necessary modality of categorization, a form of conceptualization complementary to abstraction and, as such, as a primary principle of lexical semantics. A second turning point is still under way. Post-Chomskyan semantic theories have extended the power of metaphor to the formation of basic categories, such as space, time, causation, force etc., that is, to forms rather than the content of knowledge. This opens a still unexplored, or partly explored, perspective in the philosophy of grammar and the analysis of grammatical categories in natural languages. Keywords: Analogy, Categorization, Grammatical categories, Lexical semantics, Metaphor, Philosophy of Grammar
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Yalcin, Fusun. "Application of multivariate statistic and pollution index techniques to determine beach sand element distribution, East of Antalya City." Filomat 34, no. 2 (2020): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2002623y.
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This research was conducted on beach sands in East of Antalya city. The samples collected from 47 locations in the target area were investigated for the existence of possible heavy metal anomaly. The heavy metal contents of the samples were evaluated using categorization of Pollution Index, Enrichment Factor, Potential Ecological Risk, Toxicity Risk Index and statistical applications. Samples were distinguished in different groups of close similarities based on the statistical specifications. There was unequal distribution of elements. Ca, Cr, Fe, Ti and Pb were anomalously concentrated in some samples. Cr, Pb, and Cu showed contaminated and high risk level in some samples. The occurrence of high Cr concentration is thought to be mostly influence by natural activities while Pb and Cu are thought to be mostly due to anthropogenic influence.
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Keeling, Arn. ""A Dynamic, Not a Static Conception": The Conservation Thought of Roderick Haig-Brown." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.2.239.
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As the foremost conservationist in British Columbia from the late 1940s to the late 1960s, the internationally known fishing writer, magistrate, and naturalist Roderick Haig-Brown (1908-1976) fought conservation battles and promoted ecological ideas during a period of aggressive industrial expansion into the province'sresource frontier. This article explores Haig-Brown's conservation ideas and argues that they defy the often sharp categorization by historians of the philosophies underlying conservation and environmentalism. It identifies and discusses three phases in his conservation thought: the modern sportsman ethic, critical resourcism, and ethical conservation. Although he was born and raised in England, Haig-Brown developed his philosophy in the particular social, cultural, political, and environmental context of the mid-century Pacific Northwest. Subsequent readings of Haig-Brown as simply a romantic conservative ignore the dynamic quality of his ideas as they changed during his career. Like the American ecologist Aldo Leopold, Haig-Brown transcends the earlier, utilitarian conservation ideas and the ethical, nonmaterial values associated with environmentalism. This examination of his ideas suggests that the analysis of these movements as ideologically distinct or linearly developed obscures the importance of local variants and historical context.
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Khotinets, Vera Yuryevna, and Yulia Raisovna Sabrekova. "ETHNOCULTURAL PREFERENCES OF LOGIC AND INTUITIVE THINKING." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-4-745-753.
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The paper analyzes the results of an experimental study of the preferences of logical and intuitive thinking of Udmurt and Russian students (a total of 121 people). In logical thinking, an object is selected from its context and assigned to categories based on necessary and sufficient functions, with the preferred use of rules, including rules of formal logic. Intuitive thinking based on life experience is characterized by integrity and contextuality with a dialectical resolution of obvious contradictions. The research program, developed on the basis of a conceptual categorization model, consisted of a training phase and an experiment phase. In the computer program, categorization “by rule” was performed by determining how much a new object satisfies a rule that defines categories by their necessary and sufficient characteristics; categorization “by pattern” - by similarity of the new object with existing samples. The experiment created a cognitive conflict between thought strategies. The experiment results show that Russian students prefer to classify objects “by rule” in case of positive and negative matches of characteristics, while Udmurt students prefer “by pattern” There were no significant cross-cultural differences between negative match indicators, when the images “according to the rule” were very similar to the training sample from the opposite category. The explanation of the obtained data was carried out in comparison with the “world pictures”, with their cognitive content about the ways of cognition of the surrounding world, embodied in the traditional values of peoples.
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Sukiman, Uki. "KRITIK AL-HAKIM ATAS BARAT DAN TIMUR DALAM NOVEL ’USFUR MIN AL-SYARQ." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2011.10103.
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The clash between Eastern and Western civilization has always been a topic of interest with various responses. Egypt is one of the countries, which has this response. This can be seen from Taufiq al-Hakim’s “Usfur min al-Syarq”. The scholars of modern Egypt thought have divided these responses into three groups: the conservatives, the Westernists, and the moderates. The conservatives tend to preserve the indigenous cultures. The Westernists try to westernize the indigenous cultures, while the moderates hybridize the culture. Through Abrams’ categorization, al-Hakim’s thought can be formulated in three developments. Firstly, the progress of those two civilizations has different directions. Each has its own advantages: the Western deals with earth and the Eastern with heaven. Secondly, the Eastern loses its identity if the Western dominates. Thirdly, al-Hakim hybridizes the positive sides of the two poles.
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Dewinta, Putri, and Adhityawarman Menaldi. "Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Study of Arrhythmia Patient." Humaniora 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v9i2.4715.
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This research aimed to test the efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation methods to decrease anxiety level in arrhythmia patient. Besides that, it was also to discuss how CBT could reduce anxiety level on a subject who had Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and also had the medical disease. This research used the qualitative method. The subject in this research was a 22-years-old single female, called S (initials), who came to community health center (Puskesmas) to get help regarding her uncomfortable feelings about her thoughts and concerns. The subject was given a pre-post test using Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) to see the differences in the anxiety level before, during, and after the treatment. Results of the research show that the level of anxiety in the subject is decreased. The categorization score goes from “very severe anxiety” to “moderate anxiety”. The subject also conveys on the last session that she feels less anxious and that she can control her negative thought.
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Vargas, Rafael. "Knowing, Proposing and Acting: Epistemological Aspects of Medical Practice in the New Millennium." Journal of Family Medicine 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2640-690x.jfm-18-2180.
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In this work, it is analysed how the medical practice is imbued with Cartesian rational thought as well as empiricist thought and it is stated that medicine is an art and is science. It is proposed that the object of knowledge of the medical practice is not the concept of disease but health. It is from the concept of health and normality that medical taxonomy labels individuals as sick. This taxonomy is frequently re-evaluated and reorganized by scientific societies. This sometimes occurs according to new knowledge, but this categorization may also be questioned due to direct intervention or indirect pressure related to interests, especially economic, that are sometimes not clearly visible. Accordingly, an ongoing discussion is needed to keep the medical practice neutral against struggles of interest derived from the health industry. These topics must be considered and debated in medical schools including undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
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Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. "SHIʿI JURISPRUDENCE, SUNNISM, AND THE TRADITIONIST THOUGHT (AKHBĀRĪ) OF MUHAMMAD AMIN ASTARABADI (D. 1626–27)." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 1 (February 2015): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814001421.
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AbstractIn the early 17th century, the Shiʿi juristic tradition experienced the first coherent refutation ofuṣūliyya, theijtihādīrationalism used by the mujtahids, at the hands of Mulla Muhammad Amin Astarabadi (d. 1626–27). The latter rejected the efforts of leading Iraqi and Syrian jurists to applyijtihād(rational legal inference), hadith categorization, anddirāya(scrutiny and stratification of accounts) in deriving Shiʿi law. The main studies on Astarabadi'sakhbārī(traditionist) movement treat it as a reaction to the “influence” of Sunnism on the mujtahids or to their excessive “borrowings” from it, and stress the traditionists’ abhorrence of assimilating any aspect of Sunnism. Underlining the shortcomings of these explanations, this article presents Astarabadi's thought as a discursive development within the Shiʿi juristic tradition, which is part of the grand Islamic tradition. Astarabadi became skeptical of the mujtahids’ epistemology and methodology and was concerned that they jeopardized God's law and hence the believer's salvation. He protested the Safavid monarchs’ legitimation ofuṣūlīlegal authority, the latter's hierarchical features, and, ultimately, the sociopolitical domination of the ʿAmili mujtahids from Jabal ʿAmil in Syria (or modern-day South Lebanon), starting with al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki (d. 1534).
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Wong, Sut I., and Steffen Robert Giessner. "The Thin Line Between Empowering and Laissez-Faire Leadership: An Expectancy-Match Perspective." Journal of Management 44, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 757–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206315574597.
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Empowering leadership and laissez-faire leadership are generally thought to represent quite different leadership styles—the former more active and directed in follower development and the latter more passive and dismissive of followers’ needs. The present study questions this sharp differentiation. Building on leader categorization theory, we suggest that empowering leadership can be perceived by followers as laissez-faire depending on followers’ empowerment expectations. Specifically, we propose that when leaders’ behaviors are not aligned with followers’ expectations (either higher or lower), followers may evaluate them as being laissez-faire. A two-stage field study of 150 leader-follower dyads employing a cross-level polynomial regression analysis supported our expectation-match hypotheses. Furthermore, followers’ perceptions of laissez-faire leadership as a mediator subsequently lead to lower leader effectiveness evaluation. Consequently, our results indicate that empowering and laissez-faire leadership in the perceptions of followers are closer to each other than researchers previously thought.
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Mathy, Fabien, and Jacob Feldman. "The Influence of Presentation Order on Category Transfer." Experimental Psychology 63, no. 1 (January 2016): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000312.
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Abstract. This study of supervised categorization shows how different kinds of category representations are influenced by the order in which training examples are presented. We used the well-studied 5-4 category structure of Medin and Schaffer (1978) , which allows transfer of category learning to new stimuli to be discriminated as a function of rule-based or similarity-based category knowledge. In the rule-based training condition (thought to facilitate the learning of abstract logical rules and hypothesized to produce rule-based classification), items were grouped by subcategories and randomized within each subcategory. In the similarity-based training condition (thought to facilitate associative learning and hypothesized to produce exemplar classification), transitions between items within the same category were determined by their featural similarity and subcategories were ignored. We found that transfer patterns depended on whether the presentation order was similarity-based, or rule-based, with the participants particularly capitalizing on the rule-based order.
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Bonin, Patrick, Margaux Gelin, Vivien Dioux, and Alain Méot. "“It is alive!” Evidence for animacy effects in semantic categorization and lexical decision." Applied Psycholinguistics 40, no. 4 (May 28, 2019): 965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000092.
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AbstractAnimacy is one of the basic semantic features of word meaning and influences perceptual and episodic memory processes. However, evidence that this variable also influences lexicosemantic processing is mixed. As animacy is a semantic variable thought to have evolutionary roots, we first examined its influence in a semantic categorization task that did not make the animacy dimension salient, namely, concrete-abstract categorization. Animates were categorized faster (and more accurately) than inanimates. We then assessed the influence of animacy in two lexical decision experiments. In Experiment 2, we mostly used legal nonwords, whereas in Experiment 3, we varied the context of the nonwords across participants in such a way that the discriminability between words and nonwords was either high or low. Animates yielded faster decision times than inanimates when legal nonwords were used (Experiment 2) and when the discriminability between words and nonwords was low (i.e., “difficult nonwords” in Experiment 3), but the difference between the two types of words was not reliable when discriminability was high (e.g., illegal strings of letters, i.e., “easy nonwords” in Experiment 3). The findings suggest that animacy is a core meaning-related dimension that influences a large number of processes involved in perception, episodic memory, and semantic memory.
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McKenna, Katherine M. J. "E. Cora Hind’s Feminist Thought: “The Woman’s Quiet Hour” in the Western Home Monthly, 1905–1922." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008958ar.
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E. Cora Hind was a turn of the 20th Century ‘First Wave’ feminist who has received little scholarly attention. This is remarkable, since in her time she was known world-wide as the agricultural editor of the Manitoba Free Press where she worked from 1901 until her death in 1942. This paper examines her column, “The Woman’s Quiet Hour” in The Western Home Monthly written from 1905 to 1922. The column provides a rich record of the thoughts of a self-educated intelligent feminist mind which defies easy categorization. Cora Hind was a staunch equity feminist, a union supporter and a resolute advocate for the single working girl. She also often expressed a conventional idealized view of the importance of maternal values. She was an ardent defender of the British Empire and immigrant assimilation, yet opposed discrimination and showed great appreciation of diverse cultural heritages. She was a leading member of conservative middle-class women’s organizations, yet her feminist views became so radical that they likely led to the abrupt end of her column. Hind was a complex and at times contradictory character whose social and political thought can teach us much about her own day as well as today’s feminist heritage.
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Khan, Sardaraz, and Roslan Ali. "DICHOTOMY OF LANGUAGE & THOUGHT IN THE INTERPRETATION OF METAPHOR IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp95-117.
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Previous literature either deciphered the literary and rhetorical aspects of metaphor or focused on its conceptual basis in the interpretation of the Quran. No attempt has so far been made to harness the linguistic and conceptual metaphor approaches to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the metaphors in the Quran. This paper reviews the existing literature on the interpretation of metaphor in the Quran from different theoretical perspectives. The review reveals that the application of different theoretical approaches has led to the dissociation of language and thought in the interpretation of metaphors. The linguistic approaches miss the bulk of conventional metaphors, while the cognitive approaches ignore the linguistic aspects of metaphor. The findings also reveal that the linguistic studies of metaphor concern themselves with the rhetorical beauty of the Holy Quran, while the conceptual metaphor studies explore the generic categorization of concepts. This paper calls for a more elaborate mechanism, which can account for both the linguistic and conceptual aspects of metaphor, to fill the gap between the linguistic and conceptual knowledge in the existing literature for a comprehensive interpretation of metaphors in the Quran.
Keywords: Cognitive models, conceptual metaphor, lexical concept, linguistic metaphor, majaz, metaphor.
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2021). Dichotomy of language & thought in the interpretation of metaphor in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 95-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp95-117
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Kinnahan, Linda. "Tourism and Taxonomy: Marianne Moore and Natasha Trethewey in Jefferson’s Virginia." Humanities 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8040180.
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In the poetry of modernist Marianne Moore and contemporary American poet Natasha Trethewey, we find tours of historic places that are associated with the country’s founding history. How does the activity of the tour contemplate the ways in which historical knowledge takes shape and around what priorities and ideals? Exploring this question, these poems stage touristic encounters that serve not only to document the places visited but to question the frames by which a site is “seen” in relation to—often in support of—selected versions of American history. The impact of systems of classification and categorization that are common to the development of taxonomic thought, embraced by Thomas Jefferson and other early Americans, comes under inspection in these touristic poems.
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Quinn, Paul C., and Peter D. Eimas. "A Reexamination of the Perceptual-to-Conceptual Shift in Mental Representations." Review of General Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 1997): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.271.
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The authors discuss the origins of categorical representations in young infants, using recent evidence on the categorization of animals. This evidence suggests that mature conceptual representations for animals derive from the earliest perceptually based representations of animals formed by young infants, those based on the surface features characteristic of each species, including humans. The shift from perceptually to conceptually based representation is a gradual and continuous process marked by initial, relatively simple, perceptually based representations coming to include more and more specific values of common animal properties. Development is thus a process of enrichment by perceptual systems, including that for language, and without the need of specialized processes that alter the nature of human thought and the representation of human knowledge.
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Tosiek, Piotr. "THE PROSPECTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: A LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALIST PERSPECTIVE." Srpska politička misao 68, no. 2/2020 (August 3, 2020): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.6822020.6.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the probability of institutional reforms resulting from the debate on EU future held as a part of the “Conference on the Future of Europe” initiated in 2020. In the theoretical dimension, the analysis is based on the application of the liberal intergovernmentalist approach with its three assumptions: the strict categorization of intergovernmental decision-making built on the triad ‘preferences-negotiations-institutions’, the concept of demoicracy, and the need for differentiated integration. On this basis, three hypotheses for each reform are presented and verified, which leads to determination of their possible implementation. The main thought is the statement that, when adopting the liberal intergovernmentalism, the EU will remain an intergovernmental organization, founded on societies organized in nation states, but at the same time internally differentiated in terms of the quality of membership.
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AZIZ, SADAF. "Making a Sovereign State: Javed Ghamidi and ‘Enlightened Moderation’." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 3 (April 7, 2011): 597–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000163.
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AbstractThis paper takes a critical look at a recent attempt by the Pakistani state to manage religious thought and practice, under the broad banner of ‘Enlightened Moderation’. One of the key Islamic thinkers associated in popular imagination with this project is Javed Ahmed Ghamidi. In contextualizing the work and role of Ghamidi, it is tempting to work backwards from his opinions on Islamic truth to situate him as a reformer whose interventions are primarily oriented to the task of reconciling Islam to conditions of liberal modernity. Against such a tendency it is argued here that such an exercise of classification and categorization needs to be undertaken with greater care as against a critique of the imperialist typology of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ Islams, a project of delineating authentic from inauthentic Islams has also more recently been activated.
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Hoppe, Robert. "Heuristics for practitioners of policy design: Rules-of-thumb for structuring unstructured problems." Public Policy and Administration 33, no. 4 (June 4, 2017): 384–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076717709338.
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This article is an attempt to bridge the divide between academics and practitioners. Informed by both design theory and the reality of policy work, its focus is on ‘problems’. From a practitioners’ perspective, policy design is both an intellectual and political process, an inevitable oscillation between ‘puzzling’ and ‘powering’, in which ‘messy’ or unstructured problems are re-structured from problems as webs of ‘undesirable situations’ to problems as specific, time-and-space bound ‘opportunities for improvement’. This requires a questioning habitus in practitioners of policy design. Using a socio-cognitive theory of problem processing, this paper shows how policy design is an iterative process of problem sensing, problem categorization, problem decomposition and problem definition. For each of these stages, appropriate rules-of-thumb for questioning and answering can be suggested that induce thought habits and styles for responsive and solid policy designs.
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STOCK, PAUL. "“ALMOST A SEPARATE RACE”: RACIAL THOUGHT AND THE IDEA OF EUROPE IN BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND HISTORIES, 1771–1830." Modern Intellectual History 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244311000035.
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This article explores the association between racial thought and the idea of Europe in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It begins by noting the complexities surrounding the word “race” in this period, before considering whether—and on what grounds—contemporary race thinkers identify a “European race” or “races”. This reveals important ambiguities and correlations between anatomical, genealogical and cultural understandings of human difference. The essay then discusses how some of these ideas find expression in British encyclopedias, histories and geographical books. In this way, it shows how racial ideas are disseminated, not just in dedicated volumes on anatomy and biological classification, but also in general works which purport to summarize and transmit contemporary received knowledge. The article draws upon entries on “Europe” in every British encyclopedia completed between 1771 and 1830, as well as named source texts for those articles, tracing how the word “Europe” was used and what racial connotations it carried. Some entries imply that “European” is either a separate race entirely, or a subcategory of a single human race. Others, however, reject the idea of a distinctive European people to identify competing racial groups in Europe. These complexities reveal increasing interest in the delineation of European identities, an interest which emerges partly from long-standing eighteenth-century debates about the categorization and comprehension of human difference. In addition, they show the diffusion of (contending) racial ideas in non-specialist media, foreshadowing the growing prominence of racial thought in the later nineteenth century.
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Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. "Spaces of Meanings and Translators’ Identities." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 44, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2020.44.1.11-26.
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<p>The focus of the paper is the analysis of translators’ identities as expressed in Polish-to-English and English-to-Polish translations understood in terms of informed choices from spaces of meanings. The first part of the paper deals with the relation of approximate correspondences between thought and reality on the one hand, and between thought, image, linguistic system and cultural emotional type on the other. The concept of semantic approximation in communication, introduced in Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (2010, 2012) is shown to be conditioned by cognitive categorization problems of the language user, as well as a conscious choice of the syntactic structure and meanings in discourse. The conscious choices from meaning spaces are motivated by the translator’s subjective intentions, as well as constraints imposed by the Target Language systems (displaced equivalence patterns), limitation on the translator’s linguistic repertory and by Source Culture and Target Culture models and conventions. In the second part the study an interpretation is proposed of semantic and cultural SL and TL similarities, meaning displacement and reconceptualization in monolingual and intercultural communication and translation to account for the translator’s linguistic and cultural identity dynamics, with a varying emotional message. It is illustrated by examples of Polish-to-English and English-to-Polish translations.</p>
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PHILIPONA, DAVID L., and J. KEVIN O'REGAN. "Color naming, unique hues, and hue cancellation predicted from singularities in reflection properties." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 3-4 (May 2006): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806233182.
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Psychophysical studies suggest that different colors have different perceptual status: red and blue for example are thought of as elementary sensations whereas yellowish green is not. The dominant account for such perceptual asymmetries attributes them to specificities of the neuronal representation of colors. Alternative accounts involve cultural or linguistic arguments. What these accounts have in common is the idea that there are no asymmetries in the physics of light and surfaces that could underlie the perceptual structure of colors, and this is why neuronal or cultural processes must be invoked as the essential underlying mechanisms that structure color perception. Here, we suggest a biological approach for surface reflection properties that takes into account only the information about light that is accessible to an organism given the photopigments it possesses, and we show that now asymmetries appear in the behavior of surfaces with respect to light. These asymmetries provide a classification of surface properties that turns out to be identical to the one observed in linguistic color categorization across numerous cultures, as pinned down by cross cultural studies. Further, we show that data from psychophysical studies about unique hues and hue cancellation are consistent with the viewpoint that stimuli reported by observers as special are those associated with this singularity-based categorization of surfaces under a standard illuminant. The approach predicts that unique blue and unique yellow should be aligned in chromatic space while unique red and unique green should not, a fact usually conjectured to result from nonlinearities in chromatic pathways.
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Heldke, Lisa. "Farming Made Her Stupid." Hypatia 21, no. 3 (2006): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2006.tb01118.x.
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This essay is an examination of stupid knowing, an attempt to catalog a particular species of knowing, and to understand when, how, and why the label “stupid” gets applied to marginalized groups of knowers. Heldke examines the ways the defining processes work and the conditions that make them possible, by considering one group of people who get defined as stupid: rural people. In part, the author intends her identification and categorization of stupid knowing to support the work of theorists of resistance who have identified ways that those marginalized as stupid knowers use the cloak of their purported stupidity in the aid of their resistance. Heldke also hopes to add to the existing critique of the hierarchies of knowing an understanding of one particular way one form of knowledge is devalued: stupidification. Why are some forms of knowledge actually regarded as leaving one incapable of other forms of rational thought?
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Goyvaerts, Samuel, and Fokke Wouda. "Dutch Responses to Lockdown Liturgies. Analysis of the Public Debate on Sacraments During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies 36 (December 31, 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/yrls.36.3-17.
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Analyzing the discourse around sacraments – most notably the Eucharist – in Dutch newspapers in the first months of restrictions issued to combat the coronavirus pandemic, this article categorizes the various manifestations of liturgical life encountered and presents the main theological interests at stake. The article is structured according to the four types of adaptations to liturgical life displayed in the sample of articles, readers’ letters, and opinion pieces included in this study: abstinence, spectator liturgy, private domestic liturgy, and embedded domestic liturgy. This categorization helps to track the theological presuppositions involved, some of which have been explicitly articulated in the sample. These arguments are then collected and discussed. In doing so, this article lists significant responses to the liturgical practices that emerged during the first lockdown of 2020 in the Netherlands and analyses the most important themes involved, formulating some of the implications for the future of liturgical practice and thought.
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Divjak, Dagmar, and Antti Arppe. "Extracting prototypes from exemplars What can corpus data tell us about concept representation?" Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 221–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0008.
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AbstractOver the past four decades, two distinct alternatives have emerged to rule-based models of how linguistic categories are stored and represented as cognitive structures, namely the prototype and exemplar theories. Although these models were initially thought to be mutually exclusive, shifts from one mechanism to the other have been observed in category learning experiments, bringing the models closer together. In this paper we implement a technique akin to varying abstraction modelling, that assumes intermediate abstraction processes to underlie category representations and categorization decisions; we do so using familiar statistical techniques such as regression and clustering that track frequency distributions in input. With this model we simulate, on the basis of actual usage of Russian try verbs and Finnish think verbs as observed in corpora, how prototypes for near-synonymous verbs could be formed from concrete exemplars at different levels of abstraction.In so doing, we take a closer look at the cognitive linguistic flirtation with multiple categorization theories, suggesting three improvements anchored in the fact that cognitive linguistics is a usage-based theory of language. Firstly, we show that language provides support for considering single prototype and full exemplar models as opposite ends along a continuum of abstraction. Secondly, we present a methodology that simulates how prototypes can be obtained from exemplars at more than one level of abstraction in a systematic and verifiable way. And thirdly, we illustrate our claims on the basis of work on verbs, denoting intangible events that are neither stable in nor independent of time and express relational concepts; this implies that verbs are more susceptible to their meanings being influenced by the concepts they relate.
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CODERRE, EMILY L., JASON F. SMITH, WALTER J. B. VAN HEUVEN, and BARRY HORWITZ. "The functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2015): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000188.
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The need to control multiple languages is thought to require domain-general executive control in bilinguals such that the executive control and language systems become interdependent. However, there has been no systematic investigation into how and where executive control and language processes overlap in the bilingual brain. If the concurrent recruitment of executive control during bilingual language processing is domain-general and extends to non-linguistic control, we hypothesize that regions commonly involved in language processing, linguistic control, and non-linguistic control may be selectively altered in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. A conjunction of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a flanker task with linguistic and non-linguistic distractors and a semantic categorization task showed functional overlap in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in bilinguals, whereas no overlap occurred in monolinguals. This research therefore identifies a neural locus of functional overlap of language and executive control in the bilingual brain.