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Journal articles on the topic 'Cathaya'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Schmid, Rudolf. "Cathaya." Taxon 41, no. 4 (1992): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222427.

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2

Tan, Chao, David E. Boufford, and Yong Yang. "Nomenclature and typification of Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae)." PhytoKeys 215 (December 15, 2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.215.96362.

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In 1958, Chun and Kuang described Cathaya Chun & Kuang as a new genus of Pinaceae. They included one fossil species, C. loehri (Engelh. & Kink.) Chun & Kuang and two extant species, C. argyrophylla Chun & Kuang and C. nanchuanensis Chun & Kuang. Under Art. 40.1 of the Shenzhen Code, they did not validly publish Cathaya because they did not designate a type species for the generic name. Four years later (Chun and Kuang 1962), they again published on Cathaya (in Chinese) where they cited the 1958 publication and included one species C. argyrophylla (with C. nanchuanensis in s

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3

Tan, Chao, David E. Boufford, and Yong Yang. "Nomenclature and typification of Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae)." PhytoKeys 215 (December 15, 2022): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.215.96362.

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In 1958, Chun and Kuang described Cathaya Chun & Kuang as a new genus of Pinaceae. They included one fossil species, C. loehri (Engelh. & Kink.) Chun & Kuang and two extant species, C. argyrophylla Chun & Kuang and C. nanchuanensis Chun & Kuang. Under Art. 40.1 of the Shenzhen Code, they did not validly publish Cathaya because they did not designate a type species for the generic name. Four years later (Chun and Kuang 1962), they again published on Cathaya (in Chinese) where they cited the 1958 publication and included one species C. argyrophylla (with C. nanchuanensis in s

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4

Doweld, Alexander B. "On Cathaya, living and fossil (Pinaceae)." Taxon 67, no. 1 (2018): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/671.14.

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5

Winterscheid, Heinrich, and Rolf Gossmann. "Validation of Cathaya vanderburghii (Pinaceae) from European Neogene." Phytotaxa 302, no. 2 (2017): 188–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.9.

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Winterscheid, Heinrich, Gossmann, Rolf (2017): Validation of Cathaya vanderburghii (Pinaceae) from European Neogene. Phytotaxa 302 (2): 188-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.9

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6

Da-Yong, FAN, ZHANG Wang-Feng, CHEN Zhi-Gang, and XIE Zong-Qiang. "ACCLIMATION OF CATHAYA ARGYROPHYLLA TO LIGHT ACROSS." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 29, no. 5 (2005): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2005.0095.

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7

WINTERSCHEID, HEINRICH, and ROLF GOSSMANN. "Validation of Cathaya vanderburghii (Pinaceae) from European Neogene." Phytotaxa 302, no. 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.9.

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Here we supply an effective publication and validation of the fossil-species Cathaya vanderburghii out of the European Neogene by designating a type and providing an English diagnosis and description.

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8

García Esteban, Luis, Paloma de Palacios, Alberto García-Iruela, Francisco García-Fernández, Lydia García-Esteban, and David González de Vega. "Comparative Wood Anatomy in Pinaceae with Reference to Its Systematic Position." Forests 12, no. 12 (2021): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121706.

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The wood anatomy of 132 species of the genera Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga was studied to determine the elements that characterise the xylem of each genus and discuss possible groupings by wood anatomy for comparison with clades established by molecular phylogeny. The presence of resin canals and ray tracheids supports the family Pinaceae, although the absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and their occasional presence in Abies and Pseudolarix weakens it. Based on wood structure, Pinaceae clearly supports division into

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9

Farjon, Aljos. "Cathaya loehrii , a misnomer for a Pliocene conifer cone." TAXON 41, no. 4 (1992): 721–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222397.

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10

Doweld, Alexander B. "(2420) Proposal to conserve the name Cathaya Chun & Kuang against Cathaya Karav. (Gymnospermae: Pinales)." Taxon 65, no. 1 (2016): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/651.20.

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11

Xie, Zongqiang. "Cathaya argyrophylla, an endemic species in China , and related studies." Biodiversity Science 03, no. 2 (1995): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.1995018.

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12

Xie, Zongqiang, and Chen Weilie. "The present status and the future of Cathaya argyrophylla forest." Biodiversity Science 02, no. 1 (1994): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.1994002.

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13

Zhou, Zhibo, Peng Xie, Kerui Huang, et al. "Symbiotrophs dominate rhizosphere soil fungal community stability of the Cathaya argyrophylla." Applied Soil Ecology 204 (December 2024): 105719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105719.

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14

Ge, Song, De-yuan Hong, Hai-qun Wang, Zheng-yu Liu, and Can-ming Zhang. "Population Genetic Structure and Conservation of an Endangered Conifer, Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 159, no. 2 (1998): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297556.

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15

Shu-Tang, XING, LI Yu-Hua, SUN Xue, LUN Zhi-Ming, and VAARIO Lu-Min. "AN EFFECTIVE IN VITRO PROTOCOL FOR INCREASING MYCORRHIZAL FORMATION RATE OF CATHAYA ARGROPHYLLA." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 30, no. 2 (2006): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0043.

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16

Hong-Wei, WANG, DENG Hui-Sheng, TAN Hai-Ming, et al. "POLLEN VIABILITY AND VARIATION IN <EM>CATHAYA ARGYROPHYLLA</EM>." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 31, no. 6 (2007): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0149.

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17

Saito, Takeshi, Wei-Ming Wang, and Tomio Nakagawa. "Cathaya(Pinaceae) pollen from Mio-Pliocene sediments in the Himi area, central Japan." Grana 39, no. 6 (2000): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173130052504324.

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18

Vaario, Lu-Min, Shu-Tang Xing, Zong-Qiang Xie, Zhi-Ming Lun, Xue Sun, and Yu Hua Li. "In situ and in vitro colonization of Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae) by ectomycorrhizal fungi." Mycorrhiza 16, no. 2 (2005): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0026-5.

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19

Wei, Tao, Cai-Ling Wang, Hong-Na Kao, Hai-Ling Yang, Xiao-Ru Wang, and Qing-Yin Zeng. "Molecular and catalytic characterization of a phi class glutathione transferase from Cathaya argyrophylla." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 40 (February 2012): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.10.010.

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20

He, Zhi, Chao Zhang, Xi Dong, et al. "History cooling events caused migrations of endangered Cathaya argyrophylla into low latitude refuges." Global Ecology and Conservation 48 (December 2023): e02733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02733.

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21

Saito, Takeshi, Arata Momohara, and Chiyomi Yamakawa. "Discovery of Cathaya (Pinaceae) pollen from the Pliocene Koka Formation, Kobiwako Group, Shiga Prefecture, Japan." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 107, no. 10 (2001): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.107.667.

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22

Wang, Zhao-Shan, Hai-Qin Sun, Hong-Wei Wang, and Song Ge. "Isolation and characterization of 50 nuclear microsatellite markers for Cathaya argyrophylla , a Chinese endemic conifer." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 11 (2010): e117-e120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000270.

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23

He, Wen-Jun, Zhao-Hui Fu, Guang-Zhi Zeng, et al. "Terpene and lignan glycosides from the twigs and leaves of an endangered conifer, Cathaya argyrophylla." Phytochemistry 83 (November 2012): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.013.

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24

Xiong, Limin, Naoki Okada, and Takeshi Fujiwara. "THE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF TEN SPECIES IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR REGION OF CHINA." IAWA Journal 21, no. 2 (2000): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000244.

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About 250 trees, representing 10 species, were collected from the Chinese Three Gorges Reservoir region as part of a study to use tree rings as indicators of environmental change in this area. Five species do not show distinct ring boundaries or cannot be cross-dated with each other. The dendrochronological potential of the remaining five species, two conifers and three hardwoods, are assessed in this paper. These five species, Cathaya argyrophylla, Cinnamomum camphora, Gordonia acuminata, Pinus massoniana, and Schefflera delavayi, have distinct annual growth rings and little occurrence of dou

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25

Ali Sayin, Ş., Nurdan Yavuz та Serap Içöz. "Clay minerals, δ13C values, pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs as palaeoenviromental and palaeoclimatic indicators in Pliocene sediments of central Anatolia, Turkey". Clay Minerals 52, № 3 (2017): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2017.052.3.06.

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AbstractThe Çankırı Basin is one of the largest Cenozoic basins in Central Anatolia, Turkey and contains possible economic hydrocarbon and evaporite reserves. Gypsum is the dominant mineral in the evaporite-bearing Pliocene deposits of the Çankırı Basin. In claystones, the abundance of smectite, dolomite, illite/mica and chlorite in association with minor amounts of mixed-layer chlorite-smectite, mica-vermiculite, amphibole, serpentine, quartz and feldspar together indicate an alkaline environment. Minor kaolinite is also present in some clay samples. Smectite is both detrital and authigenic.

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26

Wang, Xiao-Quan, Ying Han, and De-yuan Hong. "PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS OF THE CHLOROPLAST GENE trn K IN THE PINACEAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF CATHAYA." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 4 (1998): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676735.

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The molecular phylogeny of the Pinaceae represented by 13 species of 10 genera was constructed from PCR-RFLP analysis of the chloroplast gene trn K, which was approximately 2557 bp long. Ninety-two restriction sites, of which 68 were variable, were identified by 16 restriction enzymes. Thirty-five of the 68 polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative. The restriction site data were analyzed by PAUP (version 3.1.1) with both the Wagner parsimony method and the Dollo parsimony method. As a result, Dollo and Wagner parsimonious trees have similar topologies except for the position of Cedr

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27

Zhang, Wangfeng. "The seasonal photosynthetic responses of seedlings of the endangered plant Cathaya argyrophylla to different growth light environments." Biodiversity Science 13, no. 5 (2005): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.050142.

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28

Combourieu-Nebout, Nathalie. "Vegetation Response to Upper Pliocene Glacial/Interglacial Cyclicity in the Central Mediterranean." Quaternary Research 40, no. 2 (1993): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1074.

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AbstractNew detailed pollen analysis of the lower part of the Upper Pliocene Semaforo section (Crotone, Italy) documents cyclic behavior of vegetation at the beginning of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations. The competition between four vegetation units (subtropical humid forest, deciduous temperate forest, altitudinal coniferous forest, and open xeric assemblage) probably reflects modifications of vegetation belts at this montane site. Several increases in herbaceous open vegetation regularly alternate with subtropical humid forest, which expresses rapid climatic oscillations. The complete te

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29

Stevenson, Dennis Wm, and Aljos Farjon. "Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea." Brittonia 44, no. 3 (1992): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2806932.

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30

Schmid, Rudolf, and Aljos Farjon. "Pinaceae: Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga; Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea." Taxon 40, no. 2 (1991): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223009.

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31

Huang, Kerui, Ping Mo, Aihua Deng, Peng Xie, and Yun Wang. "Differences in the Chloroplast Genome and Its Regulatory Network among Cathaya argyrophylla Populations from Different Locations in China." Genes 13, no. 11 (2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13111963.

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Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang is a severely endangered, tertiary relict plant unique to China whose high physiological sensitivity to the environment, including photosensitivity, is likely closely related to its endangered status; however, the exact mechanism responsible has remained unknown due to the rarity of the plant and the difficulties involved in performing physiological studies on the molecular level. In this study, the chloroplast genomes of six C. argyrophylla populations sampled from different locations in China were characterized and compared. In addition, a gene regulatory n

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32

Qian, Shenhua, Yongchuan Yang, Cindy Q. Tang, Arata Momohara, Sirong Yi, and Masahiko Ohsawa. "Effective conservation measures are needed for wild Cathaya argyrophylla populations in China: Insights from the population structure and regeneration characteristics." Forest Ecology and Management 361 (February 2016): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.041.

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33

Shang, Ce, Fang K. Du, Kangquan Yin, and Zhixiang Zhang. "The complete chloroplast genome of Cathay Poplar: Poplus cathayana Rehder." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 1, no. 1 (2016): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2015.1137835.

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34

Kvaček, Zlatko, Vasilis Teodoridis, Marianna Kováčová, Ján Schlögl, and Viliam Sitár. "Lower Miocene plant assemblage with coastal-marsh herbaceous monocots from the Vienna Basin (Slovakia)." Geologica Carpathica 65, no. 3 (2014): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0016.

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Abstract A new plant assemblage of Cerová-Lieskové from Lower Miocene (Karpatian) deposits in the Vienna Basin (western Slovakia) is preserved in a relatively deep, upper-slope marine environment. Depositional conditions with high sedimentation rates allowed exceptional preservation of plant remains. The plant assemblage consists of (1) conifers represented by foliage of Pinus hepios and Tetraclinis salicornioides, a seed cone of Pinus cf. ornata, and by pollen of the Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Pinus sp. and Cathaya sp., and (2) angiosperms represented by Cinnamomum polymorphum, Platanus neptuni,

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35

Sun, Xue, Yu-Hua Li, and Lu-Min Vaario. "Formation of Mycorrhiza-like Structures in Cultured Root/Callus of Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang Infected with the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48, no. 10 (2006): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00334.x.

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36

Harris, Marvyn Roy. "The Occitan New Testament in ms. bibl. mun. de Lyon, PA 36 : a cathar or waldensian translation ?" Heresis 44, no. 1 (2006): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/heres.2006.2088.

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The Occitan New Testament to which a Cathar ritual is appended (Bibi. mun. de Lyon, PA 36) does not have its origins among the Cathars. It is the work of a Waldensian translator. The translation of Latin presbyteros as preveires provides strong evidence that the original translation in the dialect of southern Languedoc was done for Waldensian proselytization. A community of Languedocian Cathars would have subsequently appropriated for their use the text of that Waldensian New Testament. Flagrant Piedmontisms in the Ritual, written in the same hand that copied the New Testament, support the the

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37

McCaffrey, Emily. "Imagining the Cathars in Late-twentieth-century Languedoc." Contemporary European History 11, no. 3 (2002): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302003041.

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This article describes the recent resurgence of the popular memory of the thirteenth-century Cathar, or Albigensian, heresy and its bloody repression in Languedoc, south-western France. After centuries of having been relegated to the realms of elite historical theological and political writing, today the memory of the Cathars dominates local history, culture, literature and tourism. Indeed, the popular memory of the Cathars has become central to collective identity and its expressions. The article explores how local professional historians have mediated, sometimes awkwardly, between academic h

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38

HAMILTON, SARAH. "The Virgin Mary in Cathar Thought." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, no. 1 (2005): 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904002118.

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The central Middle Ages in western Europe witnessed both a significant growth in the cult of the Virgin Mary and the rise of the dualist heretical movements known as the Cathars. Whilst the Cathars' dualism meant they denied any role for the Virgin Mary in the incarnation, nevertheless they often assigned her an important place in their beliefs. This article explores the considerable affinities which existed between contemporary orthodox doctrines and heretical teachings on Mary and, through a case study of the Disputatio inter catholicum et paterinum hereticum, examines the close relationship

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39

Xiao, Fen, Yuchen She, Jiyun She, Jinmei Zhang, Xin Zhang, and Chuying Luo. "Assessing habitat suitability and selecting optimal habitats for relict tree Cathaya argyrophylla in Hunan, China: Integrating pollen size, environmental factors, and niche modeling for conservation." Ecological Indicators 145 (December 2022): 109669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109669.

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40

Wang, Jian, Shuo Qi, Zhi-Tong Lyu, Zhao-Chi Zeng, and Ying-Yong Wang. "A new species of the genus Lycodon (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Guangxi, China." ZooKeys 954 (July 29, 2020): 85–108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.954.53432.

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A new species of colubrid snake, Lycodon cathaya sp. nov., is described based on two adult male specimens collected from Huaping Nature Reserve, Guangxi, southern China. In a phylogenetic analyses, the new species is shown to be a sister taxon to the clade composed of L. futsingensis and L. namdongensis with low statistical support, and can be distinguished from all known congeners by the significant genetic divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene fragment (p-distance ≥ 7.9%), and morphologically by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal scales in 17–17–15 rows, smooth t

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41

S.I., Kuznetsov. "The phenofund of Pinophyta in Ukraine in the beginning of XXI century: Changes in taxonomy, structure of collections, directions in introduction." Plant Introduction 68 (November 1, 2015): 10–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2527180.

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Results of estimate of taxon amounts of different ranks of gymnosperms in Ukraine are presented (there are 205 species, subspecies, varieties, hybrids and 614 cultivars). Changes in taxonomy and quantitative specific and intraspecific structural dynamics of collections are traced (since 1987 structure of species, subspecies and varieties has only increased by 33 units, in the same time the amount of cultivars – by 512 units). Fundamental trends in the following introduction and reintroduction of <em>Pinophyta </em>on genus and species levels have been developed (such introduction and rei

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42

Hamilton, Bernard. "The Cathars and Christian Perfection." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 11 (1999): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900002209.

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The Church’s Founder enjoined the life of perfection on all his followers, but the Cathars were unique in describing themselves as perfect or as ‘good men’. In all other forms of Christianity it is an observable fact that the more devout church members are, the more they are conscious of their imperfections and lack of goodness. This suggests that Cathar spirituality was very different from that of the mainline Christian churches, and it is this which I want to investigate here.

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43

Dushin, Oleg. "The Transformation of Manichaeism in the Middle Ages." Logos et Praxis, no. 4 (December 2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2023.4.3.

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Firstly, the article discusses the general significance of the phenomenon of "heresy" in the history of European culture. At the same time, it is indicated that in the long term of the social development process, inversions of assessments and understanding of orthodox and non-orthodox views and beliefs occur quite often, when the persecuted become true heroes and their persecutors are declared retrograde. It is also emphasized that the very practice of knowing the truth implies the need for certain experiences that go beyond the scope of traditional intellectual activity, which causes rejectio

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44

Qu, Hong, Chun-Jing Wang, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Planning priority conservation areas under climate change for six plant species with extremely small populations in China." Nature Conservation 25 (March 13, 2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.20063.

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The concept of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) has been employed to guide conservation of threatened plant species in China. Climate change has a high potential to threaten PSESP. As a result, it is necessary to integrate climate change effects on PSESP into conservation planning in China. Here, ecological niche modelling is used to project current and future habitat distributions of six PSESP in China under climate change scenarios and conservation planning software is applied to identify priority conservation areas (PCAs) for these PSESP based on habitat distributions.

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45

Qu, Hong, Chun-Jing Wang, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Planning priority conservation areas under climate change for six plant species with extremely small populations in China." Nature Conservation 25 (March 13, 2018): 89–106. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.20063.

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The concept of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) has been employed to guide conservation of threatened plant species in China. Climate change has a high potential to threaten PSESP. As a result, it is necessary to integrate climate change effects on PSESP into conservation planning in China. Here, ecological niche modelling is used to project current and future habitat distributions of six PSESP in China under climate change scenarios and conservation planning software is applied to identify priority conservation areas (PCAs) for these PSESP based on habitat distributions.

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46

Czarnecki, Piotr. "Authenticity of the “Interrogatio” Iohannis in the Light of Contemporary Deconstructionist Source Criticism." Studia Ceranea 13 (December 30, 2023): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.13.43.

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Scholars of Catharism representing the deconstructionist current in the recent years continue their struggle with the traditional interpretation of this heresy which underlines its dualistic character and strong connections with Eastern dualisms – especially with Bogomilism. Their tactics is focused primarily on questioning the authenticity of the sources confirming Cathar dualism and its Eastern roots. Such sources are presented as forgeries invented by the Catholics trying to discredit the “dissidents”. This tactic is directed primarily against the sources of heretical provenience, which are

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47

Tang, Lili, Runxi Wang, Kate S. He, et al. "Throwing light on dark diversity of vascular plants in China: predicting the distribution of dark and threatened species under global climate change." PeerJ 7 (April 9, 2019): e6731. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6731.

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Background As global climate change accelerates, ecologists and conservationists are increasingly investigating changes in biodiversity and predicting species distribution based on species observed at sites, but rarely consider those plant species that could potentially inhabit but are absent from these areas (i.e., the dark diversity and its distribution). Here, we estimated the dark diversity of vascular plants in China and picked up threatened dark species from the result, and applied maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to project current and future distributions of those dark species in their p

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48

Cheng, W. K. "Constructing Cathay." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 12, no. 2 (2002): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.12.2.05che.

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As relation between China and the West changed precipitately in the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a heightened demand in the West for knowledge about the Flowery Kingdom. But until well into the twentieth century, virtually the only direct source of information about China and the Chinese came from missionaries, in which respect they were often lauded as cultural brokers. As missionary communication of their experience provided Western readers with a vicarious experience of China, their cultural brokerage inexorably shaped Western popular perceptions of China and the Chinese

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49

Rhoads, Edward J. M. "Cycles of Cathay." Transfers 2, no. 2 (2012): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020207.

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Introduced into China in the late nineteenth century, the bicycle had to compete with a variety of alternative modes of personal transportation that for a number of years limited its appeal and utility. Thus, during the 1920s and 1930s it took a back seat to the hand-pulled rickshaw and during the 1940s to the pedicab (cycle rickshaw). It was only in the 1950s that the bicycle became the primary means of transportation for most urban Chinese. For the next four decades, as its use spread from the city to the countryside, China was the iconic “bicycle kingdom.“ Since the 1990s, however, the peda

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Waltz, Emily. "Cathay Industrial Biotech." Nature Biotechnology 30, no. 6 (2012): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0612-480.

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