Journal articles: 'Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)'

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ITOH, Junko, Keizo KISHIDA, Koji NAKAMURA, Masayuki MIYAZAKI, Shigeo OHSUGI, and Sumio YOSHIOKA. "Glass Tube Design for CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 49, no. 6Appendix (2000): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.49.6appendix_110.

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YAMASHITA, Masaru, Sachiko MATSUMOTO, Tomoko AKAI, Hajime SUGITA, Yukari IMOTO, Takeshi KOMAI, and Hirofumi SAKANAKURA. "Leaching behavior of cathode ray tube (CRT) glasses." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 122, no. 1432 (2014): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.122.1020.

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Górski, Marcin, Natalia Wielgus, Krzysztof Loska, Michał Kozioł, Marcin Landrat, Waldemar Ścierski, and Krzysztof Pikoń. "Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Cathode Ray Tube Glass." Polymers 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071149.

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Geopolymers can be treated as an environmentally friendly alternative for concrete and enables utilization of various wastes. This paper focuses on the possibility of application of discarded cathode ray tube (CRT) glass inside a metakaolin-based geopolymer in the form of an aggregate, providing an ecological method of recycling of this hazardous material. The main goal of this paper was to develop an optimal composition of a new geopolymer and to describe its behavior under varying curing conditions. A geopolymer made of different mixtures was subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests. The density, mass loss, temperature changes, and metals leaching were determined as well. The results demonstrated that neither the content of CRT glass nor the curing regime has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior. However, the strength of the geopolymer containing 50% CRT glass by mass increased with time in contrast to a geopolymer with a higher CRT glass content. The development of temperature inside the mixture was dependent on the amount of metakaolin. The concentration of toxic metals in an aqueous extract decreased considerably after the encapsulation of CRT glass inside the geopolymer. The presented results indicate that discarded CRT glass can be considered an aggregate for a metakaolin-based geopolymer. The new material shows high strength and makes the CRT glass safe for the environment.

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Grdić, Dušan, Iva Despotović, Nenad Ristić, Zoran Grdić, and Gordana Topličić Ćurčić. "Potential for Use of Recycled Cathode Ray Tube Glass in Making Concrete Blocks and Paving Flags." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041499.

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The potential to use waste glass, including cathode ray tube (CRT) glass, for making new products or as an admixture to existing ones is being intensively investigated. This kind of research intensified particularly in the period after CRT TV sets and computer monitors were replaced in the market by the advanced technology of thin film transistor (TFT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. Cathode ray tube glass represents a considerable part of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste globally increases at a far higher rate than other solid waste materials. There is a possibility to recycle cathode ray tube glass and use it in the construction industry. This paper shows the test results of physical and mechanical properties of blocks and paving flags. The reference specimen was made with quartz sand, while the other product employed a combination of quartz sand and ground panel cathode ray tube glass. The glass was ground to the fraction 0.25/1.00 mm, which corresponds to quartz sand fineness. The following tests were performed: shape and dimensions, resistance to freeze/thaw and de-icing salts, water absorption, splitting tensile strength and tensile strength by bending. Special attention was paid to the tests of Böhme wear resistance, slip resistance of the top surface of CRT products using a pendulum, radioactivity and leaching. The texture of the experimental concrete products was observed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and analyzed. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that CRT glass can successfully be used for making concrete blocks and paving flags.

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Konuma, K., Y. Okada, A. Okamoto, Y. Tomihari, and S. Miyano. "A field-emitter-array cathode-ray tube (FEA-CRT)." Journal of the Society for Information Display 8, no. 3 (2000): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1828755.

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Mear, François, Pascal Yot, Martine Cambon, Renaud Caplain, and Michel Ribes. "Characterisation of porous glasses prepared from Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)." Powder Technology 162, no. 1 (February 2006): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.12.003.

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Yu, Miao, Lili Liu, and Jinhui Li. "An overall Solution to Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Recycling." Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 (2016): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.106.

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Meng, Wen, Xiaoyan Wang, Wenyi Yuan, Jingwei Wang, and Guanghan Song. "The Recycling of Leaded Glass in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)." Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 (2016): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.120.

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Bawab, Jad, Jamal Khatib, Ali Jahami, Adel Elkordi, and Elhem Ghorbel. "Structural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Incorporating Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Waste." Buildings 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020067.

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The performance of reinforced concrete beams in the presence of cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass waste is examined. Four concrete mixes containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% CRT glass waste as partial replacement of sand were prepared. The compressive and flexural strength as well as the modulus of elasticity of concrete were determined. Reinforced concrete beams with varying amounts of CRT glass were prepared and the three-point bending test was conducted. The load-deflection curve as well as the strain distribution along the depth of the beams were determined. Concrete containing CRT glass showed an increase in compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity especially at 10% replacement level. The load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beam is higher when 10% of sand is replaced with CRT glass compared to the control beam and the beams with 20% and 30% CRT glass substitution. The failure mode of the reinforced concrete beams is flexural failure, and the failure pattern is similar for all beams. Strain distribution showed a better ductility at control beam where the deflection was higher than the other beams at the same load. Numerical analysis was conducted, and comparison was made with the experimental results. The comparison showed the accuracy of the software used, where the results of maximum load capacity and maximum deflection were very similar, and the difference did not exceed 5%. In addition, the tensile damage generated by the numerical analysis was very similar to that obtained by the experimental study.

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YOKOGAWA, Shingo, Shigeo OISHI, Hiroyuki TAGASHIRA, Haruo ISHIMARU, Kenji ARAKAWA, Masahiro YOSHIMOTO, and Toshiaki KAWAKAMI. "Effect of Degradation of Cathode-ray Tube(CRT) Brightness on Diagnosis." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 55, no. 3 (1999): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003110508.

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Mohd Pauzi, Nurul Noraziemah. "A Review on Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass as Aggregates." Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/csue.v1i1.31.

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The issue of the cathode ray tube (CRT) technology facing its end-of-time and increasing quantities across the globe has acquired the responsiveness of many researchers. The use of waste CRT glass as a construction material has fascinated them due to its significant advantage in recycling the hazardous and non-biodegradable waste CRT glass. However, lack of knowledge about the effects and features of CRT glass as a construction material could be a hindrance to the excessive utilization of waste CRT glass. Therefore, in order to establish the idea of using CRT waste glass as a more common construction material, this paper reviews several recycling techniques of CRT glass and further detail on the workability, density, and compressive strength properties of concrete and mortar using CRT glass (treated or untreated) as fine aggregates. The review showed that, generally, the use of CRT glass as a complete or partial replacement of natural sand shows a slight increase in density, workability, and concrete strength compared to conventional concrete. However, there are no clear trends that can be concluded as this review also showed that various factors influenced its performance, such as percentage replacement, particle size, lead (Pb) content, and types of admixtures.

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MASUDA, KAZUHIRO, TOMOHIRO MATSUMOTO, SHIGEYASU MURAYAMA, KUMIKO SUZUKI, TATSUYA KIKUCHI, HIROSHI AMAUCHI, TSUGIO SATOU, OSAMU WAKAMATSU, and YASUO NAKAZAWA. "Luminance Characteristics of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors in Cineradiographic Systems." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 55, no. 7 (1999): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001356641.

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Aaron Jelačić, Maximilian. "Development of Affordable Portable Oscilloscope Using Vacuum Tubes." International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology 07, no. 06 (2023): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.47001/irjiet/2023.706001.

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The goal of this project is developing an affordable oscilloscope for the average hobbyist and making it simple to use and build. The developed oscilloscope is an analog oscilloscope. Because they are much simpler to build than digital ones, they are generally more resistant to high voltages and allow the user to measure voltages up to hundreds of volts without damaging the oscilloscope. This gives the user a greater freedom in experimentation. As the oscilloscope is an analog one the display will be provided with a cathode ray tube. Having a CRT display makes the driving circuit of the display much simpler than a digital one. To allow the oscilloscope to handle high voltages and to be able to power the x and y deflection on the CRT, vacuum tubes will be used. Even though vacuum tubes consume and waste power for the heating of their cathodes, that will only present a couple watts of loses that can be ignored in this prototype development.

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Bawab, Jad, Jamal Khatib, Hilal El-Hassan, Lateef Assi, and Mehmet Serkan Kırgız. "Properties of Cement-Based Materials Containing Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Waste as Fine Aggregates—A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 11529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011529.

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Among many alternatives to replace sand in cement-based materials, cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass emerges as a suitable replacement for many reasons. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the use of cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass waste in cement-based concrete and mortar in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The new aspects of the research are the literature coverage up to 2021 which would make it distinct from other articles. This review would act as a catalyst to use CRT glass waste in concrete mixtures. A total of 61 papers from literature were analyzed with emphasis on the fresh, mechanical, and durability performance of cement-based materials containing CRT glass waste as fine aggregates. The analysis revealed that the majority of the studies agreed that replacing sand with CRT glass waste increased the consistency where the low permeability of the CRT glass caused this effect. Strength of cement-based materials, on the other hand, decreased due to the weaker bond between the cement paste and the aggregates. The low water absorption of the CRT glass defined its effect on the durability properties of cement-based materials, such as drying shrinkage and water absorption capacity, leading to an improved performance. In addition, CRT glass waste activated the alkali-silica reaction in cement-based materials causing undesirable expansion. Additionally, several investigations proposed solutions to mitigate the lead leaching associated with the lead content found in the CRT glass. In general, it was assessed that CRT glass waste could be a valid component in the production of sustainable cement-based materials, especially for radiation shielding applications. The recommendations for future research are also suggested.

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Mohamad, Ahmad Yusri, Nur Izzi Md. Yusof, Mohd Raihan Taha, and Maslina Jamil. "Physical Properties of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Used as Aggregate for Road Pavement Application." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-si3(1)-01.

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The amount of electronic waste (e-waste) generated globally has been increasing steadily, including in Malaysia. Utilizing the e-waste as alternative recycled materials can help to conserve natural resources as well as reduce the demand for natural resources. Furthermore, recycled materials can be used in countries with limited aggregate resources. The present study aims to compare the physical properties CRT glass e-waste used as partial replacement for natural aggregates in road pavements. The study method for laboratory work were carried out in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Three physical tests were carried out to determine the strength of the sample, i.e. Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity test and water absorption test. Result shows that CRT glass has a high value of 59.50% for the Los Angeles abrasion test, which exceed the specified requirement of 50%. The value for water absorption test shows that the CRT glass sample was able to achieve the specified requirement. The result for specific gravity test shows that the natural aggregates have a value higher than that of the CRT glass sample. Aggregates with higher specific gravity are generally stronger than those with lower specific gravity. Studies have to be carried out to identify the feasibility of using CRT e-waste glass as an alternative recycled material in the construction of road pavements.

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Wielgus, Natalia, Marcin Górski, and Jan Kubica. "Discarded Cathode Ray Tube Glass as an Alternative for Aggregate in a Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020479.

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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass belongs to the group of wastes which are hard to be recycled due to their toxic metals content. Geopolymers are relatively new environmentally friendly materials which allow for the use of different types of wastes within their matrix. The following paper combines both issues and presents a new geopolymer mixture containing discarded CRT glass as a replacement for an aggregate. The main goal of the paper is to describe the basic mechanical behavior of the new type of metakaolin-based geopolymer and to discuss different factors influencing it. After the preliminary research, the mixture containing 50% of CRT glass was chosen for further tests. However, according to results, CRT glass content has no evident influence on flexural or compressive strength. Summarizing the second part of the research, it was decided that the following parameters are optimal from the mechanical, economic and environmental points of view: metakaolin to CRT glass ratio 1:1 (by mass), CRT glass of size up to 4 mm, curing at the room temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration 10 mol/L. According to the authors, the presented geopolymer is a promising building material. Further tests shall be done to describe new material more precisely.

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Adie, Gilbert U., Abdulazeez M. Hammed, and Nene O. Adim. "IMMOBILIZATION OF HIGH-LEADED CATHODE RAY TUBE GLASS IN FIRED CLAY BRICKS BY RECYCLING." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v6.i1.2022.221.

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End-of-life cathode ray tubes (CRTs) have become global problem in the pool of waste electrical and electronics owing to higher concentration of lead (Pb) and this needs urgent management in an ecofriendly manner. In this study, spent CRT glass was incorporated in clay to make burnt bricks for construction. Samples of CRT glass were collected from technicians’ workshops, manually dismantled, pulverized, milled and sieved into three particles sizes (PS), namely; 0.6mm ≤1.0mm, ≤2.0mm. The metallic composition was determined with Inductive Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometric technique (ICP-OES). Each PS was mixed with clay at percentages ranging from 0% as control to 15% CRT and moulded using dry compression technique, dried and fired in furnace at 800 0C. Mechanical properties of fired bricks products were assessed including water absorption, linear shrinkage and compressive strength. The 4wt% CRT-clay composition for ≤0.6mm PS exhibited highest strength with low linear shrinkage and medium water absorption and was selected as optimum composition. Lead (Pb) leachability from fired CRT-glass/clay from the three particle sizes using TCLP and SPLP were within permissible limit of 5.0mg/L set by US-EPA. The total recoverable lead (Pb) from optimum test composition was 96mg/L or 96,000 mg/kg that exceeded the permissible limit. From the findings, it can be shown that the optimum composition of less than 0.6mm particle size is of good quality, durable and environmentally safe bricks that can be used for building construction works.

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Imre-Lucaci, Árpád, Melinda Fogarasi, Florica Imre-Lucaci, and Szabolcs Fogarasi. "Chemical–Electrochemical Process Concept for Lead Recovery from Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061546.

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This paper presents a novel approach for the recovery of lead from waste cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass by applying a combined chemical-electrochemical process which allows the simultaneous recovery of Pb from waste CRT glass and electrochemical regeneration of the leaching agent. The optimal operating conditions were identified based on the influence of leaching agent concentration, recirculation flow rate and current density on the main technical performance indicators. The experimental results demonstrate that the process is the most efficient at 0.6 M acetic acid concentration, flow rate of 45 mL/min and current density of 4 mA/cm2. The mass balance data corresponding to the recycling of 10 kg/h waste CRT glass in the identified optimal operating conditions was used for the environmental assessment of the process. The General Effect Indices (GEIs), obtained through the Biwer Heinzle method for the input and output streams of the process, indicate that the developed recovery process not only achieve a complete recovery of lead but it is eco-friendly as well.

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Smoleń, Jakub, Klaudia Tomaszewska, Grzegorz Junak, and Mateusz Kozioł. "Short glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete with addition of waste cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass." Cement Wapno Beton 27, no. 2 (2022): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2022.27.2.2.

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This paper describes the use of CRT glass waste for the production of polymer concrete. The CRT glass was subjected to a multistage mechanical disintegration process, in a way that allowed obtaining grains smaller than 2 mm. A set of hybrid reinforced polymer concrete was produced by using: ground CRT glass, sand and cut glass fibers 4.5 mm and 12 mm long. The influence of the volume of fibers and the length of glass fibers on the properties of polymer concrete with 30% by volume of epoxy resin, acting as a binder was described. Tests of CRT glass were carried out, among others study of chemical composition, particle size distribution and analysis of grain morphology. For polymer concrete, the flexural strength and compressive strength were determined, and the open porosity, apparent density, and water absorption were examined. The test results showed that polymer concrete with the use of milled CRT glass is a good way to manage this problematic waste. The polymer concrete has several times better than traditional concretes and significantly lower porosity and water absorption, which makes this material advantageous in applications such as the production of thin-walled products and products exposed to water and chemical attack. The addition of chopped glass fibers leads to an increase in mechanical properties and also protects the material against rapid disintegration after exceeding the maximum tresses, which is extremely important for the safety of use of the structure in the event of a failure.

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Xu, Qingbo, Guangming Li, Wenzhi He, Juwen Huang, and Xiang Shi. "Cathode ray tube (CRT) recycling: Current capabilities in China and research progress." Waste Management 32, no. 8 (August 2012): 1566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.009.

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Konuma, K., Y. Okada, A. Okamoto, K. Tomihari, S. Miyano, and Y. Yanai. "L2.5: Late-News Paper: Field-Emitter Array Cathode-Ray Tube (FEA-CRT)." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 30, no. 1 (1999): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1833973.

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Wang, Jiaqing, Shuaicheng Guo, Qingli Dai, Ruizhe Si, and Yunxiang Ma. "Evaluation of cathode ray tube (CRT) glass concrete with/without surface treatment." Journal of Cleaner Production 226 (July 2019): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.300.

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Malchiodi, Beatrice, Cristina Siligardi, and Paolo Pozzi. "Unsaturated Polyester-Based Polymer Concrete Containing Recycled Cathode Ray Tube Glass Aggregate." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020047.

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Polymer concrete (PC) is a composite construction material that boasts several advantages, such as lightness, low water permeability, high resistance to corrosive environments, and chemical degradation. Consequently, it has recently attracted interest as an alternative material to the traditional ones for several civil applications. In this study, unsaturated polyester resin was considered the matrix phase of PC. Aimed to produce green PC, the commonly dispersed phase of natural aggregate was totally replaced by recycled glass aggregate (RGA) deriving from cathode ray tube (CRT) glass waste. Fine and coarse fractions of non-hazardous CRT glass were considered in different ratios. Chemical and physical analyses were carried out through XRF, particle size distribution and microstructural analysis to characterize RGA. The influence of RGA particle size and percentage on PC performance was investigated by microstructural analysis and aggregate packing, chemical resistance, water absorption, and mechanical analyses, such as bending, impact, and scratch test. Using solely the coarse fraction of RGA led to the manufacturing of a green PC with similar performance to the traditional PC and in addition lower in density. The PC quality mainly depended on the matrix crosslinking which, for PC containing fine RGA, was promoted by adding 4 wt% of silane coupling agent.

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Mucsi, G., B. Csőke, M. Kertész, and L. Hoffmann. "Physical Characteristics and Technology of Glass Foam from Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass." Journal of Materials 2013 (March 20, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/696428.

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This paper deals with the laboratory investigation of cathode-ray-tube- (CRT-) glass-based glass foam, the so-called “Geofil-Bubbles” which can be applied in many fields, mainly in the construction industry (lightweight concrete aggregate, thermal and sound insulation, etc.). In this study, the main process engineering material properties of raw materials, such as particle size distribution, moisture content, density, and specific surface area, are shown. Then, the preparation of raw cathode ray tube glass waste is presented including the following steps: crushing, grinding, mixing, heat curing, coating, and sintering. Experiments were carried out to optimize process circumstances. Effects of sintering conditions—such as temperature, residence time, and particle size fraction of green pellet—on the mechanical stability and particle density of glass foam particles were investigated. The mechanical stability (abrasion resistance) was tested by abrasion test in a Deval drum. Furthermore, the cell structure was examined with optical microscopy and SEM. We found that it was possible to produce foam glass (with proper mechanical stability and particle density) from CRT glass. The material characteristics of the final product strongly depend on the sintering conditions. Optimum conditions were determined: particle size fraction was found to be 4–6 mm, temperature 800°C, and residence time 7.5 min.

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Devasia, Santosh. "Nonlinear Models for Relativity Effects in Electromagnetism." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2009): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-5-606.

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Abstract Experimental energy measurements tend to be smaller than the predicted values in (i) the absorption of high-energy particles (in cloud chambers) and (ii) the average energy determination of the classical β -ray spectrum of radium E (using magnetic fields). To address these differences in energy measurements, we reconsider relative-velocity-dependent models in electromagnetism proposed initially by Weber before data from cathode-ray-tube (CRT) experiments was available. It is shown that identifying the nonlinear, relative-velocity terms using CRT data results in a model, which (i) captures relativity effects in optics and high-energy particles, and (ii) explains the apparent discrepancies in experimental energy measurements.

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Shea, Lauren E. "Low-Voltage Cathodoluminescent Phosphors." Electrochemical Society Interface 7, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f05982if.

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Phosphors have been used for the display of information since the invention of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) by Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897. With the development of color television, an effort spanning approximately 30 years, came the most significant advances in phosphor technology. The most noteworthy was the shift to the all-sulfide system, and discovery of the red, rare-earth oxysulfide phosphors.

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Vancea, Cosmin, Giannin Mosoarca, and Romul-Marius Jurca. "Cathode ray tubes glass wastes used for vitrification of iron oxide rich waste resulted from the groundwater treatment." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 33, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2022-0025.

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Abstract This paper presents a new solution to use the cathode ray tube glass wastes for iron oxide rich waste vitrification. The obtained glass-ceramics, synthesized at three heat treatment temperatures: 800, 900 and 1000 °C were characterized in terms of the effect of the CRT waste glass addition upon the dimensional stability, apparent porosity and density, chemical stability and lead barium and iron ions retention capacity.

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Lecler, Marie-Thérèse, François Zimmermann, Eric Silvente, Frédéric Clerc, Alain Chollot, and Jérôme Grosjean. "Exposure to hazardous substances in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) recycling sites in France." Waste Management 39 (May 2015): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.027.

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Fernandes, Hugo R., Fernanda Andreola, Luisa Barbieri, Isabella Lancellotti, Maria J. Pascual, and José M. F. Ferreira. "The use of egg shells to produce Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass foams." Ceramics International 39, no. 8 (December 2013): 9071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.002.

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Mohd Pauzi, Nurul Noraziemah, Maslina Jamil, Roszilah Hamid, and Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain. "Influence of Morphology of Cathode-Ray Tube Glass as Coarse Aggregates on Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.399.

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The study on the substitution for natural coarse aggregates using waste CRT funnel glass in spherically shapes is still limited. In this paper, the waste CRT glass has been processed to form a spherical CRT glass (GS) and crushed CRT glass (GC), which were used as a coarse aggregate in concrete production. Results indicated that the inclusion of GS and GC has lower the compressive strength and decreased the rate of capillary water absorption of concrete. It was demonstrated that the morphology properties of GS and GC (shape, surface texture, size, grading) is significantly affected the concrete properties.

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Matsumoto, Celso Soiti, Kei Shinoda, Harue Matsumoto, Hideaki Funada, Kakeru Sasaki, Haruka Minoda, Takeshi Iwata, and Atsushi Mizota. "Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials Elicited by Organic Electroluminescence Screen." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/606951.

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Purpose. To determine whether organic electroluminescence (OLED) screens can be used as visual stimulators to elicit pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs).Method. Checkerboard patterns were generated on a conventional cathode-ray tube (S710, Compaq Computer Co., USA) screen and on an OLED (17 inches, 320 × 230 mm, PVM-1741, Sony, Tokyo, Japan) screen. The time course of the luminance changes of each monitor was measured with a photodiode. The p-VEPs elicited by these two screens were recorded from 15 eyes of 9 healthy volunteers (22.0 ± 0.8 years).Results. The OLED screen had a constant time delay from the onset of the trigger signal to the start of the luminescence change. The delay during the reversal phase from black to white for the pattern was 1.0 msec on the cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen and 0.5 msec on the OLED screen. No significant differences in the amplitudes of P100 and the implicit times of N75 and P100 were observed in the p-VEPs elicited by the CRT and the OLED screens.Conclusion. The OLED screen can be used as a visual stimulator to elicit p-VEPs; however the time delay and the specific properties in the luminance change must be taken into account.

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Bender, Walter, Ruth Ann Crespo, Peter J. Kennedy, and Richard Oakley. "CRT Typeface Design and Evaluation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 12 (September 1987): 1311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101202.

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Reading text from a video display screen is a relatively new modality of human communication. This new technology presents advantages and limitations never considered in the design of typefaces for printed communication. It is well known that people read faster from printed text than from a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). This paper discusses some of the current work to improve CRT readability. Specifically, we have developed software to be used by a typography designer to design anti-aliased (or “grayscale”) CRT typefaces. A new anti-aliased typeface was designed and tested for readability. It was found that readability was significantly improved with this new typeface. This paper describes some of our recent work in this area. The typeface design software and examples of text rendered in a new typeface will be demonstrated on an analog color display.

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Bijeljic, Jelena, Nenad Ristic, Zoran Grdic, Gordana Toplicic-Curcic, and Nenad Stojkovic. "Influence of used waste cathode ray tube glass on alkali silicate reaction and mechanical properties of mortar mixtures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (2018): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace180704020b.

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Rapid transition of electronic device manufacturing industry has led towards the increase of glass waste quantities, which are still being speculated. This resulted in increasing research on the use of waste glass in many different industries. In this study, the impact of using grounded waste cathode ray tube (CRT) glass as aggregate replacement (AR) on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR), mechanical properties and structure and microscopy of mortar were examined and reported. Crushed waste CRT aggregate was used to replace 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of natural limestone aggregate in mortar bars. ASR expansion values of mortar with added waste glass were investigated and tested for observation period according to Ultra-accelerated mortar-bar test. The results showed that the increase of AR percentage resulted in higher susceptibility to ASR. Mechanical properties and microscopy of mortar mixtures showed the potential of using waste CRT glass, due to the small difference between tested mixtures.

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Bursi, Elena, Chiara Ponzoni, Isabella Lancellotti, Ivano Vassura, Laura Ferroni, and Luisa Barbieri. "CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) LEAD GLASS: LEAD LEACHING STUDY AFTER A CHELATING AGENT TREATMENT." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14, no. 7 (2015): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2015.162.

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Park, Sang Hu, and Won Jin Kim. "Structural design of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) to improve its mechanical shockproof character." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 20, no. 9 (September 2006): 1361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02915959.

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Uyaisom, C., K. Nuntasud, and P. Kerdlap. "Comparison of Monitor Types in Personal Computer Set on Electrical Energy Saving and Side Effect on Power Quality." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.891.

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This paper presets comparisons of type of monitor in personal computer set on electrical energy saving and side effect on power quality. The 3 types of monitor in personal computer consists of cathode ray tube : CRT type inch, liquid crystal display : LCD type, and light emitting diode : LED type and side of each monitor is 19 inch. The experimental results as shown the power consumption and side effect on power quality such as power factor and %THDi each monitor types. The experiment results shown the best effectiveness is LED monitor type, it can be saving of energy up to 75.69 % of CRT monitor type and 45.30 % of PC. Set with CRT monitor type. However, the LED monitor type are generated of %THDi very high level and low level of power factor.

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Reising, John M., and David C. Hartsock. "Advanced Warning/Caution/Advisory Displays for Fighter Aircraft." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (October 1989): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300214.

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The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using color cathode ray tube (CRT) checklists and programmable multifunction switches to display warning/caution/advisory (W/C/A) information. This study compared three different display formats on speed and accuracy of recognition and execution of emergency procedures. The following three different W/C/A formats were tested: 1) Abbreviated title of the emergency written on a CRT [e.g., ELEC SYS/MAIN GEN], with the pilot using his knee pad checklist to complete the required steps, 2) Complete title with the checklist shown on a CRT, [e.g., MAIN GENERATOR FAILURE/ELEC RESET SWITCH- DEPRESS], and 3) Complete title with the checklist plus the pictorial switch layout, [i.e., CRT showing location of switch to be pressed.] Results showed that there is a definite advantage in using a CRT W/C/A checklist. Event time for the Abbreviated Title/Manual Checklist was significantly longer than either the Complete Title/CRT Checklist or the Complete Title/CRT Checklist with pictorials. However, there was no difference in event time between the latter two.

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Cabrera, M., P. Pérez, J. Rosales, and F. Agrela. "Feasible Use of Cathode Ray Tube Glass (CRT) and Recycled Aggregates as Unbound and Cement-Treated Granular Materials for Road Sub-Bases." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030748.

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In the last 15 years, new types of display technologies have increasingly replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) screens, which has led to an increase in landfill of old discarded CRT televisions, which present a great environmental challenge throughout the world due to their high lead content. In addition, environmental awareness has led to greater use of recycled aggregates to reduce the exploitation of existing reserves. This document aims to study the feasibility of incorporating CRT glass waste with recycled aggregate (RA) in combinations for use in civil engineering, more specifically in road bases and sub-bases. For the mechanical and environmental assessment of all of the samples and materials, the following procedures have been performed: the compliance batch test of UNE-EN 12457-4:2004 for RA, CRT, and mixtures; the Percolation Test according CEN/TS 14405 for the mixtures, CRT, and RA; Modified Proctor and load capacity (the California Bearing Ratio, or CBR) in all mixtures without cement addition, and finally, compressive strength of the material treated with cement at different ages of curing. The analysis of the mechanical and environmental properties through different techniques of lixiviation was positive, showing the ability to use CRT for certain dosage percentages mixed with recycled aggregates.

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ICHIDA, TAKAO, MINORU HOSOGAI, KOUJI YOKOYAMA, TAKAYOSHI OGAWA, KENJI OKUSAKO, MASACHIKA SHOUGAKI, HIRONAO MASAI, EIJI YAMADA, KAZUO OKUYAMA, and MASAKATSU HATAGAWA. "Newly Developed Monitor for IVR: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Replaced with Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 60, no. 9 (2004): 1308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003174598.

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Lee, Jong Young, Chae Yong Lee, Ji Suk Kim, Sang Jae Lee, Wan Seoup Park, and Kuck Hyeun Woo. "Neurobehavioral Effects of Low Level Lead-exposed Workers at CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) Manufacturing Factory." Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 9, no. 2 (1997): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.208.

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Lin, Ella Y., Astrid Rahmawati, Jo-Hsin Ko, and Jhy-Chern Liu. "Extraction of yttrium and europium from waste cathode-ray tube (CRT) phosphor by subcritical water." Separation and Purification Technology 192 (February 2018): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.004.

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Tian, Ying Liang, Wen Cai Liu, Su Ping Cui, Shi Bing Sun, Yi Wang, Jin Hui Li, Yue Sheng Fu, and Jian Wang. "Recycled CRT Funnel Glass as Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate in the Radiation Protection Concrete." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.437.

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In recent decades, high-tech electrical equipment has drastically proliferated instead of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), making CRT funnel glass potential hazardous solid waste. Due to a relatively high level of lead, CRT funnel glass could be used as a potential material for the production of anti-radioactive concrete. In our study the CRT funnel glass , which was separated as aggregate in the concrete, was reduced to 4.75-25 mm (coarse aggregates) and less 4.75 mm (fine aggregates) in the production of anti-radioactive concrete. Mixes containing 0%, 20%, 40% , 60%, 80% and 100% (volume percentage) of CRT funnel glass to replace fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (respectively or simultaneously)) were prepared. The influence of the size, shape and replacement percentage of aggregates on workability, compressive strength and radiation shielding performance were determined. It was found that the replacement of natural aggregate with recycled CRT glass considerably improved the slump and radiation shielding performance but reduced compressive strength. The optimum percentage of waste funnel glass used as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate was 40%. The results clearly showed that the CRT funnel glass performed a significant enhancement in radiation shielding properties.

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Sayyed, M. I., Nouf Almousa, and Mohamed Elsafi. "Green Conversion of the Hazardous Cathode Ray Tube and Red Mud into Radiation Shielding Concrete." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155316.

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The present investigation was aimed at the utilization of alternate materials, emphasizing hazardous industrial products (red mud and cathode ray tubes), as constituents of radiation shielding concrete. The usage of these hazardous industrial products improves the sustainability and performance of the radiation shielding concrete. Five concrete blocks were cast and their density, compressive strength, gamma shielding factors, radiation absorption ratio, and transmission factor were explored. For this purpose, gamma-ray shielding measurements were done with the help of an HPGe detector. Mix-1, with zero contents of red mud and CRTs, had the lowest LAC. The LAC results demonstrated that the shielding performance of the current concretes would be better with the increase in red mud and cathode ray tube glass. The Transmission factor (TF) for the prepared concretes with a thickness of 2 cm varied between 11.9–26.1% at 0.06 MeV, while it varied between 4–13% for a thickness of 3 cm. The TF results showed that the composites with a thickness of 2, 3, or 5 cm are good shields against lower energy radiation. The radiation absorption ratio (RAR) for the prepared concretes is high at low energy, suggesting that these new composites can absorb most of the low-energy photons. The RAR results emphasize that the increase in CRTs in the new composites enhanced the radiation shielding features, and when the CRT glass is at a maximum, more attenuation was achieved.

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Maschio, Stefano, Gabriele Tonello, and Erika Furlani. "Recycling Glass Cullet from Waste CRTs for the Production of High Strength Mortars." Journal of Waste Management 2013 (June 3, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/102519.

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The present paper reports on the results of some experiments dealing with the recycling of mixed cathode ray tube (CRT) glass waste in the production of high-strength mortars. Waste CRT glass cullet was previously milled, and sieved, and the only fine fraction was added to the fresh mortar in order to replace part of the natural aggregate. The addition of superplasticizer was also investigated. All hydrated materials displayed high compressive strength after curing. Samples containing CRT mixed glass showed a more rapid increase of strength with respect to the reference compositions, and materials with a superplasticizer content of 1% showed the best overall performance due to the favourable influence of the small glass particles which increase the amount of silicate hydrated produced. The induced coupled plasma (ICP) analysis made on the solutions, obtained from the leaching tests, confirmed the low elution of hazardous elements from the monolithic materials produced and consequently their possible environmental compatibility.

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Vancea, Cosmin, Giannin Mosoarca, Simona Popa, Mircea Dan, and Sorina Boran. "New Glass Ceramic Materials Obtained from Cathode Ray Tubes Glass Wastes and Fly Ash." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043021.

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This paper presents an alternative way to recycle cathode ray tube glass waste, together with fly ash and kaolin, into new glass ceramic materials. The samples were obtained using three firing temperatures: 700, 800, and 900 °C. The effect of the fly ash/CRT waste ratio upon the materials’ firing shrinkage, apparent density, apparent and total porosity, chemical stability, and compression strength was investigated. The firing shrinkage used as a dimensional stability parameter, a firing shrinkage range between 2.19–8.18%, was positively influenced by the waste mix amount. The apparent density of the obtained materials is positively affected by the heat treatment temperature, rising from 2.09 to 2.93 (g·cm−3), while the apparent porosity decreases with the increase of the firing temperature from 6.08 to 2.24 %. All the studied glass ceramics show very good chemical stability and complete immobilization of the Pb2+ and Ba2+ ions in the glass ceramic matrix. The compression strength of the sintered materials ranges between 1.42–11.83 (N·mm−2), being positively influenced by the kaolin amount and negatively influenced by porosity. The obtained results confirm the viability of the proposed alternative to use CRT waste and fly ash together with kaolin to obtain glass ceramic materials that can be used for outdoor paving applications.

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Miyao, Masaru, Shin'Ya Ishihara, Hisao Ishigaki, Tomonori Sugiura, Eiji Matsuura, Masashi Furuta, and Toshihiro Sakata. "Psychology of Computer Use: XXX. Effects of Presentation Speed on Pupil Size Using Negative and Positive Crts." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3 (December 1993): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.979.

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The effects of presentation speed and both positive and negative CRT (cathode ray tube) displays on pupil size were studied. The pupillary areas of 12 female student volunteers were measured by infrared videopupillography. The three presentation speeds were no change for 12 sec., a change every 2 sec. for 12 sec., and a change every 1/2 sec. for 12 sec. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the pupil size in the negative displays was significantly larger than that in the positive displays. A difference in pupillary area results from different display speeds, irrespective of a difference in polarity.

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Innocenzi, Valentina, Ida De Michelis, Francesco Ferella, Francesca Beolchini, Bernd Kopacek, and Francesco Vegliò. "Recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube, CRT: Zn removal by sulphide precipitation." Waste Management 33, no. 11 (November 2013): 2364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.006.

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Lu, Xingwen, Jiani Yang, Xun-an Ning, Kaimin Shih, and Fei Wang. "Crystallization pathways in glass-ceramics by sintering cathode ray tube (CRT) glass with kaolin-based precursors." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 38, no. 15 (December 2018): 5184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.06.047.

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Sassi, Meriem, and Andrea Simon. "Waste-to-Reuse Foam Glasses Produced from Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass, Cathode Ray Tube Glass, and Aluminium Dross." Inorganics 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10010001.

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Aluminium dross is a hazardous industrial waste generated during aluminium production. It contains metallic oxides of aluminium and magnesium, other phases (aluminum nitride), and residues of fluxes and salts from the melting process of aluminium. Discarding this by-product is considered an environmental and economic challenge due to the high reactivity of dross with water or even air humidity. After removing the hazardous components from the as-received dross, one of the optional approaches is to incorporate the treated dross into construction materials. Dross is applied in several types of research as a secondary raw material source for alumina, clinker, cement or glass-ceramic production, but only a few papers focus on the usage of dross as a foaming agent for foams. Even fewer research are reported where dross was applied as a basic component of foam glasses. In this work, foam glasses were produced completely from waste materials: Aluminium dross, container (SLS) glass, and cathode ray tube (CRT) glass. The research holds several specificities, i.e., combining two industrial waste materials (CRT glass and dross), and adding an increased amount from the wastes. The physical and mechanical characteristics were examined with a special focus on the effect of the foam glass components on the microstructure, density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength.

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Sua-Iam, Gritsada, and Natt Makul. "Use of Limestone Powder to Improve the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Produced Using Cathode Ray Tube Waste as Fine Aggregate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.472.

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This paper presents the effect of added limestone powder (LS) on the fresh and cured properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing cathode ray tube glass waste. The concrete was produced using ordinary Portland cement at a water-cement (W/C) ratio of 0.38 by weight. CRT glass waste cullet was incorporated in river sand in proportions of 20 or 40%. To suppress potential viscosity effects limestone powder was added at levels of 5, 10, or 15% by weight. The slump flow time, slump flow diameter, V-funnel flow time, Marsh cone flow time, and setting time of the fresh concrete were tested, as well as the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the hardened concrete. The slump flow, V-funnel flow time, and Marsh cone flow increased with increasing limestone powder content, while the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to use limestone powder to produce SCC containing CRT glass waste as a fine aggregate replacement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)'

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