Journal articles on the topic 'Catholic Academy of Sciences in the United States of America'

ABSTRACTEarly in 1782, republican rebels in Geneva removed the city's magistrates and instituted a popular government, portraying themselves as defenders of liberty and Calvinism against the French threats of Catholicism and luxury. But on 1 July 1782, the republicans fled because of the arrival at the city gates of invading troops led by France. The failure of the Genevan revolution indicated that while new republics could be established beyond Europe, republics within Europe, and more especially Protestant republics in proximity to larger Catholic monarchies, were no longer independent states. Many Genevans sought asylum across Europe and in North America in consequence. Some of them looked to Britain and Ireland, attempting to move the industrious part of Geneva to Waterford. During the French Revolution, they sought to establish a republican community in the United States. In each case, a major goal was to transfer the Genevan Academy established in the aftermath of Calvin's Reformation. The anti-religious nature of the French Revolution made the attempt to move the Academy to North America distinctive. By contrast with the Irish case, where religious elements were played down, moving the Academy to North America was supported by religious rhetoric coupled with justifications of republican liberty.

Europe, the United States and China have conducted a lot of research on the detection and localization of underwater target. The United States, the typical representative among Europe and America, pays much attention to marine research and has a profound foundation. In China, Harbin Engineering University, Institute of Acoustics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Northwestern Polytechnical University also have done a lot of research on target detection and localization. Overall, the United States of America and other developed countries temporarily precede China in underwater target detection and localization.

William Maclure (1763-1840) established a reputation as a geologist and mineralogist in the United States, based largely on his well-known geological map of eastern North America, published in 1809. This research note discusses the important library of over 5,000 scientific books amassed by Maclure. Many of these books are now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Editor's note: The on-line catalog of the Academy's library is at http://www.acnatsci.org/library.]

The paper is a review of the regulatory framework of the Russian-American cooperation in science and technology. The authors analyse the interstate and intergovernmental agreements concluded by Russia and the United States in this field (1992 Agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, 1993 Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States of America, 2013 Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation On cooperartion in nuclear- and energy-related scientific research and development). The paper highlights the key problems of legal regulation and provides specific examples of the implementation of the provisions of bilateral agreements, in particular, joint Russian-American projects in the area of space, scientific, technological and educational cooperation (the program «Soyuz-Apollon», international project «International Space Station», the Russian Academy of Sciences and the US scientific institutions cooperation agreements). In conclusion, an attempt is made to identify the main trends in the development of the legal framework for cooperation between Russia and the United States in the scientific and technological field.

ABSTRACTThe last fifteen years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the history of the Cold War. Historical attention has focused not only on the diplomatic and military aspects of the conflict, but also, increasingly, on its cultural, intellectual, and technological dimensions. One of the fruits of this widening of scope in Cold War studies is a burgeoning literature on the development of the post-Second World War American human sciences. Studies of the Cold War career of the human sciences, however, have often been inflected by moralistic, and sometimes tendentious, claims about the relationship between the state and the academy. This article seeks to explain the chief characteristics of the historiography of the human sciences in Cold War America by describing its formation in the interstices of three distinct lines of inquiry: the history of science, the cultural turn in Cold War studies, and the history of the birth of the human science professions in the United States. It argues that historians of the post-war American human sciences have absorbed some features of these literatures, whilst neglecting others that offer more nuanced perspectives on the relationship between scientific research and its patrons during the Cold War era. Moreover, it suggests that the best prospects for the future maturation of the field lie in the recovery of ‘middle-range contextualizations’ that link post-war trends in the human sciences to interwar and turn-of-the-century developments, thereby making the Cold War context less all-encompassing than it has sometimes appeared.

This article argues that the imagery that American policymakers deployed to represent poverty as a social problem in the United States in the 1960s was rooted in the conceptual vocabulary that had emerged to describe “underdevelopment” in Third World in the years after 1945. Relying upon a close reading of still and moving images produced and distributed under the auspices of the American state in the mid-1960s – including the Academy Award®-winning documentary,A Year Towards Tomorrow– this article explores the ways influential American liberals represented poverty as an explicitly global social problem demanding the intervention of middle-class “agents of change.” This moment in the history of poverty fighting marks the origins of the concept of “global poverty.”

Titanium is one of the widely used metal for orthopaedic implants. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants”. All published articles related to “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps. This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding “Titanium-based orthopaedic implants” and also to find out the trends related to the same. The most active journal related to this research domain was Biomaterials. The most active country was the United States of America. The leading organization engaged in research regarding Titanium Based orthopaedic implants was the Brown University of the United States of America and the Chinese Academy of Sciences of China. The most active authors who had made valuable contributions related to orthopaedic implants were Webster T.J. 

During the construction of the Panama Canal by the United States of America (1904–1914) geology was conspicuous by its absence, despite the problems with landslides, first experienced during the French construction venture (1880–1889), and especially in the Gaillard Cut through the Continental Divide. In 1913, the United States Geological Survey seconded a young geologist on their staff, Donald MacDonald, to reside on the Canal for the remainder of the construction period. Although too late to assist with the control of the slides, his studies of their causes, and of the local geology, received the highest praise from the Committee of Enquiry appointed by the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1915 after two bad slides had effectively closed the Canal for 6 months. The report of this important committee, composed equally of civil engineers and geologists, is one of the "classics" of early geotechnical literature. And MacDonald was a Canadian from Pictou County, Nova Scotia! An outline of his life is presented as a tribute to this pioneer Canadian geotechnical worker, still virtually unknown. Key words : Panama Canal, Donald MacDonald, geology, landslides, geotechnical pioneer.

Hydrogen fuel is one of the clean fuels that can replace non-renewable energy sources. Engineering innovations in extraction and distribution are the key challenges to this alternative fuel[1].The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Hydrogen fuel”[2], [3]. All published articles related to “Hydrogen fuel” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps.This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding the “Hydrogen fuel”and also to find out the trends related to the same.The most active journals in this research domain were identified as International Journal of Hydrogen Energyand Journal of Power Sources.The most active country was the United States of America. The leading organizations in this research domain were the Russian Academy of Sciences of Russia and Argonne National Laboratory of the United States of America.The most active authorswere Tomasov A.A and Jacobson M.Z.

AbstractA leading Japanese scholar of Chinese history who was based in Kansai, Ôba Osamu (1927–2002) spent a highly productive career, holding appointments from 1953 onwards at Seishin Joshi Daigaku, Ryûkoku Daigaku and Osaka Daigaku. A Professor of Kansai Daigaku in 1965, he later served there as the head of the Faculty of Letters (Bungaku bu) and at one time as Director of the University Library. Outside Japan he held short-term appointments, or was invited to be a visiting scholar, at a number of centres of learning, including some in China (Liaoning, Shandong, Hong Kong and Beijing), the United States of America (Princeton), Belgium (Leuven) and the United Kingdom (Cambridge and London). He held the title of Guest Professor in the Archaeological Research Institute, Gansu, and at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing.

Abstract In recent years, Chinese scientists have achieved significant progress in paleontological discoveries and scientific studies. Series of studies published in top journals, such as Science, Nature and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), have astonished the world by presenting beautiful fossils that furnish robust evidence to enrich the understanding of organismic evolution, major extinctions and stratigraphy. It has been portrayed as the heyday in the paleontology of China. What is the status of the field? What factors have caused the avalanche of fossil discoveries in China? What implications can these new discoveries provide for our understanding of current evolution theories? How, given their significant contribution to the world's paleontology scholarship, can Chinese scientists play a due leadership role in the field? At an online forum organized by the National Science Review (NSR), its associate editor-in-chief, Zhonghe Zhou, asked four scientists in the field as well as NSR executive editor-in-chief Mu-ming Poo to join the discussion. Jin Meng Paleobiologist at American Museum of Natural History Mu-ming Poo Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuzhong Shen Stratigrapher at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuhai Xiao Paleobiologist and geobiologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Zhonghe Zhou (Chair) Paleobiologist at Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences

The purpose of the article is to characterize Mark Antonovichʼs activities at the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (USA) as President of the UAN and to determine his contribution to the development of the Academy. Methods of research: historical-typological, historical-genetic, historical-system. Main results: An important contribution to the development and preservation of Ukrainian historical science can be considered the work of researchers in the scientific institutions of the diaspora in the twentieth century. The article analyzes the scientific and organizational work of Marko Dmytrovych Antonovych as an active member of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN). Marko Dmytrovych joined the scientific institution at the beginning of its foundation. The researcher took an active part in scientific conferences and fruitfully co-operated in the first group of History and Early History with auxiliary sciences, where Marko Antonovych served as secretary. After being elected President by the UVAN in the United States, he devoted himself entirely to the work of the organization. The scientist was in this position during 1992–1997. As the President of UVAN, M. Antonovych participated in the organization of scientific conferences speaking up with the reports. In addition, he was engaged in editing and preparing for the publication of scientific publications. During this period, under the auspices of UIA under the editorship or with the introductory word of M. Antonovych nine editions were published. On his initiative, the reorganization and modernization of the archive and library began. It was planned to inventory library and archival funds, the recruitment of a professional librarian and the purchase of a computer for the introduction of an electronic catalog (including the creation of e-mail). In addition, it was suggested to contact US and Canadian universities to collaborate on microfilming and preservation of some of the most valuable book and archive funds. It was during the presidency of Marko Dmytrovych that an agreement was signed on cooperation between the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences in the USA and the T. H. Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for ten years (1997-2007), the active cooperation of the Institute with UVAN in Canada, the Historical and Philological Section of NTSh and NTSh in Lviv, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University, the Harriman Institute and other academic institutions in America, Europe and Canada. UVAN occupied an important place in the organization of scientific life in the diaspora. Marko Antonovych, being a full member, and later also the President of the Academy, greatly contributed to the development of historical science. Thanks to his hard work, collections of archival materials and works by renowned scholars were published. His efforts to reorganize the archives and libraries also had a positive impact on the organization of the scientific activity of the UVAN, and, consequently, on the whole historical science. Practical significance: recommended for use in studying the activities of the Ukrainian diaspora, the work of scientific institutions abroad. Originality: A generalization of UAV activities in the United States was used during the period 1992–1997. Scientific novelty: documents from the UIT archive (Ukraine) and the UVAN archive (USA) were used for the first time. Article type: analitycal.

The invention of sound recording technology in the nineteenth century was a modern miracle. Making possible the storage and preservation of sounds across time and distance, which previously could only be dreamed of, this invention contributed significantly to the developing entertainment world. Thomas Alva Edison first realized this dream in 1877 when he invented the tin-foil phonograph, which then inspired other scientists to perfect and develop his invention. During the last two decades of the 1800s sound recording machines were exhibited outside the United States of America, first in Europe and then in Australia and Asia. In Europe the machine was first demonstrated at the Academy of Science in Paris on 11 March 1878, where a French professor named Bonjour accused Edison of cheating. He stated that Edison was a ventriloquist.

Hedge is defined as the expression of provisionalness and possibility that makes scientific messages tentative, vague, and imprecise, thereby reducing the force of claims scientists make. Linguistic study of hedges began in the early 1970s in generative semantics. Since then, the focus has shifted from seeking linguistic properties in spoken discourse to analyzing its pragmatic functions in written contextual communication. The purpose of this paper was to analyze hedges in Chinese and English scientific articles from the perspective of contrastive pragmatics. Based on a contextual analysis of 5 Chinese and 5 English scientific articles, selected randomly, from two journals in molecular biology— Science in China and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, there were significant differences between Chinese and English scientific articles in use of hedges.

Several metals are used for orthopaedic implants. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “corrosion of orthopaedic implants”. All published articles related to “corrosion of orthopaedic implants” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps. This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding “corrosion of orthopaedic implants” and also to find out the trends related to the same. The most active journals in this research domain were Material Science and Engineering, Biomaterials and Acta Biomaterialia. The most active country was the United States of America. The leading organization engaged in research regarding corrosion of orthopaedic implants was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The most active authors were Zhang X., Jacobs J.J. and Zhang Y. 

January 19, 2021 marks the 75th anniversary of the birth of one of the leading Russian neurosurgeons, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Vsevolodovich Gaidar. Eight years at the head of the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery at the Military Medical Academy and 7 years at the head of Military Medical Academy, when his talent as a teacher and leader was most clearly revealed. Academician B.V. Gaidar is one of the countrys leading scientists in the field of treatment of combat injuries of the central nervous system (craniocerebral trauma and mine-explosive wounds of the central nervous system), vascular neurosurgery, and neurooncology. He made a major contribution to solving the issues of organizing specialized neurosurgical care in the Armed Forces in peacetime and in wartime. He personally took part in providing medical assistance to the wounded during the armed conflict in the North Caucasus. B.V. Gaidar represented Russian science at international forums in Austria, Germany and the United States of America, in 2005 he led the organization of the World Congress on Military Medicine for the only time in our country. During the years of leadership of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy B.V. Gaidar carried out a large-scale reconstruction and re-equipment of a number of leading surgical clinics, which contributed to the progressive development of the academys scientific schools. B.V. Gaidar created a scientific school of neurosurgeons, prepared a rich legacy of articles, textbooks and monographs, his merits were recognized by the scientific community and the state. Celebrating the anniversary, Boris Vsevolodovich continues to actively engage in scientific work, training, counseling critical patients, passionately defending the interests of the Military Medical Academy.

Jubran Khalil Jubran was one of the thousands Lebanese youth who emigrated with his family to the United States because of inappropriate social, political and financial situations. Using his great potentialities, he became on of the most influential figures of the world in thinking, literary, and art dimensions.
 This study attempts to investigate 1)the influential and challenging character of Khalil Jubran in the Arab world, Europe, and America; 2) the challenging religious and literary viewpoints presented by Khalil Jubran; 3) his distinguished and unique viewpoints about ontology, religion, human, and society; 4) having freedom of religious expression with a specific and non-imitative style; 5) management and guidance of the Northern Mahjar academy; 6) great realization of humanistic and moral attitudes in his works; 7)deep contemplation in human mental and behavioral states and materializing them in different works of poetry, prose and essay; and 8)lack of religious and sectarian prejudice. Although he was born to a catholic family, his personality reflected Christianity thinking, Islam, and Buddhism; and great figures such as Jesus, Imam Ali, Buddha, Abolala Moeri, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Coleridge, Nietzsche, famous European and American novelist provided him with highly valuable experiences. A lot of his viewpoints are consistent with Islamic views. A few inconsistencies are, however, observed in relation to transpiration of the soul or transmogrification, a global single or common religion, contradiction between propagating religious unity and advocacy of legitimacy of multiplicity in thinking and morality; giving love to all humans even to the cruel and murderers! and frangibility and instability of religious beliefs because of integration of the origin of his thought, which will be investigated and criticized in this study.

Technically, the material possessing a minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm is called Nanomaterial, and cannot be seen by the naked eye. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Nanomaterial”[1], [2]. All published articles related to “Nanomaterial” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps.This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding the “Nanomaterial”and also to find out the trends related to the same.The most active journals in this research domain were Construction and Building Materials and Composites Science and Technology. The most active countries were China and the United States of America. The leading organizations engaged in the research regarding Nanomaterial was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the North Eastern University of China, and the Ministry of Education of China.The most active authors who had made valuable contributions related to Nanomaterial were Wang Y. and Yang H.

Journal of Plant Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
 
 Journal of Plant Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jps/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to jps@ccsenet.org. 
 
 Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 1
 
 Adriana F. Sestras, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romania
 
 Alessandra Lanubile, Agriculture Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
 
 Bingcheng Xu, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, China
 
 Chang-Jun Liu, Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States of America
 
 Chrystian Iezid Maia e Almeida Feres, Tocantins Federal University, Brazil
 
 Deborah Yara Alves Cursino Santos, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
 
 Denis Charlebois, Horticultural Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-food Canada, Canada
 
 Homa Mahmoodzadeh, Islamic Azad University, Iran
 
 Milana Trifunovic-Momcilov, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Serbia
 
 Rosana Noemi Malpassi, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina
 
 Slawomir Borek, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
 
 Vatsavaya Satyanarayana Raju, Kakatiya University Warangal, India
 
 Vijayasankar Raman, University of Mississippi, United States

Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento das publicações que fazem referência ao estudo dos impactos do derramamento de petróleo na pesca marítima, no sentido de buscar os trabalhos existentes e apresentar um portfólio para pesquisas futuras. Para a pesquisa foi utilizado a base de dados Web of Science onde é realizada uma análise qualitativa a respeito dos artigos selecionados. Além da análise qualitativa, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica de citação e cocitação por meio do software CiteSpace e verificado uma rede de colaborações entre os autores com auxílio do Google Earth. Dentre os 14 periódicos selecionados, a revista de maior destaque em relação à temática é a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. É observado que os EUA, Canadá e Europa apresentam parcerias de pesquisas atuais. Os resultados demonstram que as publicações estão se convergem para duas vertentes, uma na área ambiental e outra na área econômica, porém pesquisas focadas no impacto econômico se apresentam tímidas, mostrando uma área que necessita de mais pesquisas.

ABSTRACTAntibiotic residues have entered into the environment owing to the unreasonable use and disposal of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to ecosystems and human health. In this study, the network analysis method was used to compare publications on antibiotics in water, soil and sediment from the aspects of countries, institutes, journals, subject categories and keywords based on Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that the United States of America and China had dominant positions of studies on antibiotics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles on antibiotic research. ‘Chemosphere’, ‘Science of the Total Environment’, ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ and ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology’ all appeared in the top six journals. ‘Environmental Sciences and Ecology’ was the core subject category of antibiotic research. Further analysis results depicted that ‘Antibiotics’, ‘Tetracycline’ and ‘Antibiotic Resistance’ were found as the research hotspots. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline all showed in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics research in water, soil and sediment. However, chlortetracycline, sulfadiazine and tylosin all emerged only in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics study in soil. In future, more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance bacteria in antibiotics research.

Praying mantids are charismatic insects that are considered beneficial to humans because of their insectivorous lifestyle and because of their aesthetic appeal. Despite this, many praying mantid species remain understudied. One species that occurs in the southeastern United States is the grass-like mantid, Thesprotia graminis (Scudder) (Figure 1). This small, cryptic mantid species is light brown to green in color and can easily blend in with pine needles and grass, making it difficult to detect in its natural habitat.
 Although this mantid may be mistaken for a stick insect (Order: Phasmatodea), especially when its forelegs are held directly in front of the body and it resembles a blade of grass, the raptorial forelimbs reveal the insect’s true identity. There are 14 Neotropical species within the genus Thesprotia, all of which occur in South America except Thesprotia graminis (Rondon et al. 2007). The type specimen for this species is a male that was collected in Gainesville, Florida. It is vouchered in the entomology collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/.
 https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1235

This article is a case study of Huang Pao-tung (1921–2005), who was a polymer chemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his wife, Feng Zhiliu (1921–2015), who was a polymer physicist. The couple studied in America and returned to China in the 1950s. Based on an analysis of first-hand data from the two scientists’ archives, diaries and memoirs, which recorded their economic lives after they returned, I found as follows: (1) their income after returning to China was about one-fifth of their income in the United States; (2) their income channel was narrow (there was no mechanism for wage increases, and their wages were unchanged for 25 years); (3) the main expenditure of their family was on food, and that proportion increased year by year; and (4) no taxes, low rents, free medical care and other benefits helped to reduce their cost of living in China. The importance of their profession as scientists and the government’s advocacy of scholars returning home brought them relatively good treatment, and their economic benefits and living standard were several times better than those of other ordinary social classes. However, this kind of preferential treatment was dependent on many other things, which caused them to lose independence and autonomy.

AbstractAdvances across the chemical and biological (life) sciences are increasingly enabled by ideas and tools from sectors outside these disciplines, with information and communication technologies playing a key role across 21st century scientific development. In the face of rapid technological change, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (“the Convention”), seeks technological opportunities to strengthen capabilities in the field of chemical disarmament. The OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in its review of developments in science and technology examined the potential uses of emerging technologies for the implementation of the Convention at a workshop entitled “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, held from 3 to 5 July 2017, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event, organized in cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society, was attended by 45 scientists and engineers from 22 countries. Their insights into the use of innovative technological tools and how they might benefit chemical disarmament and non-proliferation informed the SAB’s report on developments in science and technology for the Fourth Review Conference of the Convention (to be held in November 2018), and are described herein, as are recommendations that the SAB submitted to the OPCW Director-General and the States Parties of the Convention. It is concluded that technologies exist or are under development that could be used for investigations, contingency, assistance and protection, reducing risks to inspectors, and enhancing sampling and analysis.

Nearly fifty years ago, the American Academy organized a conference and two issues of its journal Dcedalus on the topic of “The Negro American.” The project engaged top intellectuals and policy-makers around the conflicts and limitations of mid-1960s liberalism in dealing with race. Specifically they grappled with the persistent question of how to integrate a forced-worker population that had been needed but that was socially undesirable once its original purpose no longer existed. Today racism has been discredited as an idea and legally sanctioned segregation belongs to the past, yet the question the conference participants explored - in essence, how to make the unwanted wanted - still remains. Recent political developments and anticipated demographic shifts, however, have recast the terms of the debate. Gerald Early, guest editor for the present volume, uses Barack Obama's election to the presidency as a pretext for returning to the central question of “The Negro American” project and, in turn, asking how white liberalism will fare in the context of a growing minority population in the United States. Placing his observations alongside those made by John Hope Franklin in 1965, Early positions his essay, and this issue overall, as a meditation on how far we have come in America to reach “the age of Obama” and at the same time how far we have to go before we can overcome “the two worlds of race.”

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
 
 Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: jfr@ccsenet.org
 
 Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2
 
 Ammar Eltayeb Ali Hassan, University of Tromsø, Norway
 
 Bernardo Pace, Institute of Science of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Italy
 
 Cheryl Rosita Rock, California State University, United States
 
 Diego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain
 
 Elke Rauscher-Gabernig, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria
 
 Jose Maria Zubeldia, Clinical Regulatory Consultant for the HIV & Hepatitis C initiative at Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Spain
 
 Leonardo Martín Pérez, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Argentina
 
 Marco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Italy
 
 Marta Mesias, Spanish National Research Council, Spain
 
 Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute, Malaysia
 
 Olutosin Otekunrin, Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria
 
 Rozilaine A. P. G. Faria, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil
 
 Tanima Bhattacharya, Novel Global Community Education Foundation, Australia
 
 Teodora E. Coldea, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
 
 Xingjun Li, Academy of the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, China

AbstractThe extent to which aesthetic preferences are ‘innate’ has been highly debated (Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364–382, 2004). For some types of visual stimuli infants look longer at those that adults prefer. It is unclear whether this is also the case for colour. A lack of relationship in prior studies between how long infants look at different colours and how much adults like those colours might be accounted for by stimulus limitations. For example, stimuli may have been too desaturated for infant vision. In the current study, using saturated colours more suitable for infants, we aim to quantify the relationship between infant looking and adult preference for colour. We take infant looking times at multiple hues from a study of infant colour categorization (Skelton, Catchpole, Abbott, Bosten, & Franklin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(21), 5545–5550, 2017) and then measure adult preferences and compare these to infant looking. When colours are highly saturated, infants look longer at colours that adults prefer. Both infant looking time and adult preference are greatest for blue hues and are least for green-yellow. Infant looking and adult preference can be partly summarized by activation of the blue-yellow dimension in the early encoding of human colour vision. These findings suggest that colour preference is at least partially rooted in the sensory mechanisms of colour vision, and more broadly that aesthetic judgements may in part be due to underlying sensory biases.

It is not an easy task to reconstruct the library and music collection of a composer, whose homes – from Hungary through some European cities and South America to the United States – cannot be counted on the fingers of both hands. This paper investigates the story of Ernő Dohnányi's music collection and music library: summarizes the stages of Dohnányi's life, where he stayed for a longer period of time, therefore makes it possible to round up a considerable library and also discusses the lists, which give account of the items of the composer's books and scores. These lists preserved about the content of Dohnányi's previous Hungarian books and music collections of the Széher út villa, the music collection on Városmajor utca (the house of Dohnányi's sister), and about the library and music collection of the Dohnányis' Tallahassee home. The author of this paper could use the items of Dohnányi's books and scores, which the composer possessed in the final decade of his lifetime, too. At present, these documents, Dohnányi's American Estate is in the care of the Archives for 20th–21st Century Hungarian Music of the Institute for Musicology, Research Centre for Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Beside the lists, the correspondence between Dohnányi and his sister, Mici, also contains information about the story of Dohnányi's libraries and music collections. This overview follows Dohnányi's collection even during the American years when he wanted to receive volumes of his former library, and understandably wanted to establish as rich a library as he had in his previous homes.

FOREWORD
 This special issue of the Industrial and Systems Engineering Review highlights top papers from the 2020 annual General Donald R. Keith memorial capstone conference held at the United States Military Academy in West Point, NY. The conference was certainly a first of its kind virtual conference including asynchronous delivery of paper presentations followed by synchronous question and answer sessions with evaluation panels. Following a careful review of 63 total submissions, eleven were selected for publication in this journal. Unique to this year’s special edition is the mixed selection of seven project team capstone papers, and four honors research papers. Each paper incorporated features of systems or industrial engineering and presented detailed and reflective analysis on the topic. Although there are many elements which cut across the works, three general bodies of knowledge emerged in the papers including: systems engineering and decision analysis, systems design, modeling and simulation, and system dynamics.
 Systems Engineering and Decision Analysis topics included three unique contributions. Recognized as ‘best paper’ at the 2020 virtual conference, the work of Robinson et al. designed a multi-year predictive cost engineering model enabled through an MS O365 Power BI decision support interface to support U.S. Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) inland waterway national investment strategies. Schloo and Mittal’s work presents research in testing and evaluation of the Engagement Skills Trainer (EST) 2000 towards improving real-world soldier performance. Gerlica et al. employs a robust and scalable K-means clustering methodology to improve decision making in defensive shift schemes for Air Force Baseball outfield personnel.
 Systems Design works included three unique contributions. Binney et al. worked to design evaluation criteria for military occupational specialties associated with open-source intelligence (OSINT) analysts for the Army’s OSINT Office. Hales et al. interdisciplinary work aided in the design of search and identification systems to be incorporated on autonomous robotics to enable survivability improvements for the Army’s chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) units. Burke and Connell evaluated and designed a performance measurement-based assessment methodology for U.S. Pacific Command’s Key Leader Engagement process.
 System modeling and simulation included three unique contributions: Arderi et al. simulated and assessed how the Hyper-Enabled Operator (HEO) project improves situational awareness for U.S. Special Forces using the Infantry Warrior Simulation (IWARS). Blanks et al. employed a VBA module and Xpress software for a scheduling optimization model for enhancement of final exam scheduling at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Kelley and Mittal utilized a Batch Run Analysis and Simulation Studio (BRASS) program to batch multiple iterations of IWARS scenarios to study the integration of autonomous systems alongside military units.
 Finally, two unique contributions utilizing system dynamics (SD) modeling is presented: Dixon and Krueger developed a Vensim SD model to examine how policy recommendations across Central America could restrict gang activities while positively promoting women’s involvement in society. Cromer et al. utilized systems design approaches and a K-means clustering machine learning techniques to develop SD models in support of the U.S. Africa Command and Defense Threat Reduction Agency to examine the interdependence of threats across the Horn of Africa.
 Thank you and congratulations to the 2020 undergraduate scholars and all authors who provided meaningful contributions through steadfast intellectual efforts in their fields of study! Well done!
 
 LTC James H. Schreiner, PhD, PMP, CPEM
 Program Director, Systems and Decision Sciences (SDS)
 Department of Systems Engineering
 United States Military Academy
 Mahan Hall, Bldg 752, Room 423
 West Point, NY 10996, USA
 james.schreiner@westpoint.edu

For anyone who studies modern Chinese political thought, the revival of interest in federalism is one of the most striking features of the current scene. It has been particularly visible abroad in the wake of the Tiananmen massacre, and its most conspicuous spokesman has been the former director of the Institute of Political Science of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Yan Jiaqi. In remarks delivered to the First Congress of Chinese Students and Scholars in the United States, held in Chicago in July 1989, Yan proposed a Chinese “federation” (lianbang guojia) having a democratic system as the best hope both for reforming China's internal politics and ultimately for resolving the problems of Hong Hong, Taiwan and Tibet. He made similar remarks in other speeches in America and at the founding meeting of the Federation for Chinese Democracy, of which he was elected president, held in Paris in September 1989. Some other mainland Chinese intellectuals, among them Ge Yang, former editor-in-chief of Xin guancha, have supported such views, as have members of the China Spring movement. A recent official denunciation of such views is testimony to their growing influence.These are surprising developments. Federalist programmes for China have long been seen as little more than relics of an era which ended in the 1920s. As the Cihai entry for liansheng zizhi (one of the phrases for the idea in Chinese) puts it, while certain warlord politicians of the 1920s believed that federalism was the appropriate political system for China, “after the Guangdong revolutionary government launched the Northern Expedition in 1926, no one advocated federalism again.”

Highly sensitive methods for determining the level of TSH, carried out using test kits of the second and third generation, make it possible to differentiate with high accuracy the normal and subnormal levels of TSH in the blood and are currently widely used to examine patients with thyroid pathology. These methods have been used for a long time in clinical practice in the United States of America, and recently they are also increasingly used in Russia. The level of TSH below normal values ​​is determined in almost all cases of hyperthyroidism (with the exception of cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma or resistance of the pituitary to thyroid hormones), which makes it possible to do without additional testing with tyroliberin (TRH). Methods for determining second generation TSH usually have a lower sensitivity limit of about 0.1 mU/L. When using the third generation methods, it is possible to accurately determine the level of TSH up to 0.01 mU/L. The fourth generation methods, which are still under development, will have a lower limit of determination of 0.001 mU/L, but they are unlikely to be used for routine clinical studies in the near future. At the Endocrinology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, third-generation methods are currently being used for routine clinical research (the Amerlight system, produced in Russia by the Amerkard joint venture). In addition to this system, other test systems of both domestic and foreign production are also available in Russia. In the USA, methods for determining TTG of the second and third generation are used. Third-generation systems are noticeably more expensive than second-generation systems. Given that in most patients with hyperthyroidism, the TSH level is in the range of less than 0.1 mU/L, methods for determining the third generation are more preferable. In general, the normal level of TSH in the blood of individuals in a state of euthyroidism is from 0.5 to 5.0 mU/L, although there are some interlaboratory differences in the standards for the level of TSH.

“Historically, most things, most people ever believed to be true eventually turned out not to be true.“ We live in the age of science. At least, that is what we like to believe. With the science-driven industrial revolution starting in the 18th century, and the science-driven revolution of academic medicine starting in the second half of the 19th century, we have become accustomed to knowing more and more about this world in an objective and scientific way. And, curiously, every generation naturally believes, they know everything. Looking back, it is hard to understand, how our forefathers could have believed in bloodletting as the major medical intervention for centuries. It was seen as “the truth“ and people who might have doubted its rationale were marginalised. Today we know it was misguided at best and probably killed innumerably more patients than it saved. Then there was the world before we understood the true role of bacteria. It is curious to read about the treatment of tuberculosis before the invention of antibiotics. In Thomas Mann’s Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain), we encounter a world of scientifically based treatments, that today leave us bewildered. Reading Albert Camus’s “La Peste” leaves us wondering: why don’t they just take the antibiotics and get it over with. What was the best available “scientific” evidence in the past, is often a curiosity today. With this in mind, we should take a critical look at current scientific facts and controversies and we have good reason to do so. Truth, fake news and alternative facts have kept us busy in the world of politics; we all know that. It is a naive thought to believe that the world of science would be immune to these problems. In its review of the most read articles of 2020, JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Associations, allows some insight into the politics of science and the power of scientific fashions. On January 15th 2020, Rita Rubin published a commentary entitled “Backlash Over Meat Dietary Recommendations Raises Questions About Corporate Ties to Nutrition Scientists“ (Rubin 2020). Ms. Rubin described the reaction from certain quarters to publications questioning the widely accepted dangers of red meat consumption. Apparently, red meat consumption is not as unhealthy as often portrayed or, more precisely, the scientific base for such claims is very small. She wrote “Annals Editor-in-Chief Christine Laine, MD, MPH, saw her inbox flooded with roughly 2000 emails—most bore the same message, apparently generated by a bot—in a half hour. Laine’s inbox had to be shut down, she said. Not only was the volume unprecedented in her decade at the helm of the respected journal, the tone of the emails was particularly caustic.“ These were emails criticising the planned publication. It is important to reflect on what is going on here. This was BEFORE the article was actually published, i.e. an effort to suppress its publication after it had gone through a peer review process with someone from that peer-review process leaking the information to interested (and apparently highly opinionated) circles. Of course, the criticism was not: “ I don’t like the article, because it goes against what I think“, it was attacking the scientific base suggesting “This article is not scientific and thus must not be published“. Reproductive endocrinology colleagues report similar behind-the-scenes interactions prior to the recent metanalysis about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) which put the breast cancer risk of HRT in an interesting perspective (Vinogradova Y et al., 2020). After the WHI-study from 2002 which widely discredited HRT was shown more than 10 years later to have been severely mispresented at the time, the ideological nature of a fight about very small risks has become obvious. Roger Lobo provides an interesting review and commentary in Nature Review Endocrinology in 2017. He particularly comments on how the data was presented by NIH officials without input from the original researchers. (Lobo, 2017). HRT, meat consumption are topics that are being discussed within a legal, economic and ideological context. Science does have a powerful objective aspect; however, it is subject to the same passions and manipulations as all political discourse. Inevitably, these controversies always surround what I call “Issues of small risk“, when small but discernible risks, that are statistically present, are unclear and thus disputed with regard to their clinical relevance. In our field of surgical gynaecology we should be careful to identify our own “ideological” disputes and review the data accordingly. Pretending to “let the science speak for itself“ is a typical phrase used by those who are already misrepresenting it. Science does not speak: scientists do. And scientists are human. They have agendas, biases and skeletons in the closet, too. The role of morcellation is such a topic, heavily influenced by the legal system in the United States. Scientific facts suggesting very small risks were surrounded and masked by an emotive issue and a devastating diagnosis. While the FDA placed the risk of the occult leiomyosarcoma at 1/400, a recent Cochrane review puts it at 1/2000 (Zullo et al 2020). It is always worthwhile to also recall the controversy surrounding silicone breast implants and their alleged effect on autoimmune disease in the 90’s. After 5 Billion US-Dollars had been dispersed in legal fees, the ultimate conclusion, 15 years after the allegation, was that there is no connection. The controversy surrounding minimally invasive surgery and cervical cancer is another subject. Here too, small risks are demonstrated once and then carried around as immutable facts, much like the monstrance during the catholic processions. And beyond our own specialty, the discussions surrounding the current coronavirus pandemic and the ongoing controversies about climate change are battles about who owns the truth. The answer must be: probably no-one does. Science is always a clash of opinions and opinions are held with passion. While science can offer glimpses of objectivity, we must never forget: it is a tool in the hands of passionate women and men who, much as they strife, can never be completely objective. As long as we remember that, science will continue to move ahead. Hesitantly, erringly on a path which, maybe, will lead us to the Truth one day.

A Review of:
 O’Toole, E., Barham, R., & Monahan, J. (2016). The impact of physically embedded librarianship on academic departments. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 16(3), 529-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.2016.0032
 
 Abstract
 
 Objective – To examine whether liaison librarian interactions increase when librarians are physically embedded in their liaison areas.
 
 Design – Natural experiment using quantitative measures.
 
 Setting – A large, public university in the United States of America.
 
 Subjects – Liaison librarian reference interactions.
 
 Methods – This research is organized around four primary research questions that examine the effect of liaison librarian physical, co-located embeddedness on the following: 1) the frequency of walk-up reference transactions of the embedded location versus the service desk; 2) the frequency of reference and instructional transactions with liaison areas after the implementation of embedded services; 3) the frequency of walk-up transactions at embedded sites compared to the number of reference and instructional transactions after embeddedness began; and 4) liaison librarian participation in new collaborative or integrative activities with their liaison areas. Researchers used data collected between Fall 2012 and Spring 2014 and compared this to data collected in the pre-embedded period for Fall 2010 to Fall 2011. Data sources included the library’s locally developed reference services statistics tracking tool, individual librarians’ calendar appointment records, and librarian performance agreements. The analysis uses descriptive statistics.
 
 Main Results – Researchers discovered a decrease in the frequency of liaison librarians’ walk-up reference transactions at the service desk, as tracked by transactions per hour, occurring before the transition, during the transition, and after the transition to embedded librarianship. They note a decrease of 45% in the number of walk-up interactions at service points for the three librarians involved in the study from the pre-embeddedness service period during Fall 2010 as compared to Spring 2012. The data show this decline through Spring 2013 before rebounding in Fall 2013 and Spring 2014. They identified a median decline of three transactions per hour at the service desk from the pre-embeddedness to post-embeddedness periods.
 
 They identified an increase of 371% in the number of email transactions following the implementation of embedded librarianship as compared to the pre-embeddedness period. Telephone interactions declined overall during the research period, though they were already in decline before the transition to embeddedness began. The overall number of face-to-face reference appointments increased during the transition to embeddedness and continued to rise during the post-embeddedness period, with a 275% increase in the median number of appointments between pre- and post-embeddedness periods. The new embeddedness service did not have as significant an impact on the frequency of information literacy instruction sessions, with a small increase of 11.5% between the pre- and post-embeddedness periods, but it did spur the creation of online course research guides, which saw an increase of 54%.
 
 Regarding the third research question, researchers totalled the combined numbers of reference transactions by phone, email, and appointment, and compared those against walk-up interactions and also against instruction activities. In both cases, they did not discover any apparent impact of embeddedness and the frequency of these activities.
 
 The final research question addressed whether embeddedness led to liaison librarians having new collaborative and integrative activities with their subject areas. The researchers indicate that the liaison librarians “indeed experienced novel interactions with their assigned departments that fall into both categories” (p. 547). They highlight several types of activities experienced by the liaison librarians in the study, such as participating in the grant proposal process, assisting department projects, and involvement in student activities.
 
 Conclusion – This library’s expanded embedded library services led to an increased frequency of reference interactions, instruction opportunities, and opportunities for new collaborative and integrative activities between the liaison librarian and their subject area. This study reveals several opportunities for future research around embedded services as well as models of embeddedness, including opportunities to address impact and benefits of such services on the liaison areas.

A Review of:
 Carroll, A. J., Corlett-Rivera, K., Hackman, T., & Zou, J. (2016). E-book perceptions and use in STEM and non-STEM disciplines: A comparative follow-up study. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 16(1), 131-162. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2016.0002 
 
 Abstract
 
 Objective – To compile a set of usability and collection development suggestions and to examine a possible statistical correlation between visiting the physical library, online resource use, and e-book use. 
 
 Design – Online questionnaire survey. 
 
 Setting – Major public research university in Maryland, United States of America.
 
 Subjects – 47,209 faculty, students, and staff. 
 
 Methods – This survey is a follow-up to a similar 2012 study at the same institution. Survey respondents completed 14 multiple-choice and up to 8 open-ended questions about academic e-book discovery, perception, and usage patterns for both STEM and non-STEM respondents using the Qualtrics online research platform. Seven of eight open-ended questions were conditional (i.e., dependent on answers to multiple-choice questions), thus the number of questions answered by respondents could vary. The survey was available from October 1 to November 22, 2014, and promoted across a variety of communication channels (email, library website, social media, print flyers and handouts). Incentives for completing the survey included one iPad Mini and eight U.S. $25 Amazon gift cards. 
 
 Main Results – 1,911 (820 STEM and 1,091 non-STEM) self-selected students, faculty, and staff from a total campus population of 47,209 faculty, students, and staff (4.2% response rate) participated in the survey, excluding 277 additional responses representing library personnel (70) and individuals not affiliated with the institution (207). 
 
 64% of respondents indicated more e-book use than three years before, with only 21.9% of respondents noting they never use e-books for academic purposes compared to 31% in 2012. 32.5% of respondents noted daily or weekly use of e-books for scholarly pursuits, with undergraduates reporting the most frequent use: 38.6% daily/weekly use versus 37.2% for graduate students, 16.2% for faculty, and 14.2% for staff. 38% of respondents reporting daily/weekly use were from STEM disciplines; 31.3% were from non-STEM fields. 
 
 Computers, not e-readers, were the primary devices used for accessing e-books: 72.5% of respondents reported using laptops or desktops to this end versus tablets, 37.9%; mobile phones, 36.7%; Kindles, 25.6%; Nooks, 5.9%; and other e-readers, 3.3%. Top “mixed device access” responses were tablet/mobile phone/computer (98 responses); mobile phone/computer (93 responses); and tablet/computer (81 responses). 
 
 The top three discovery tools respondents reported using for finding e-books were commercial sites (35.9%), free websites (26.8%), and the library website (26.2%). A weak-positive Spearman’s rho rank correlation of 0.25 provides some evidence that respondents who visit the library often are likely to use online resources and e-books. 35% of respondents reported they use e-books online “most of the time,” and 67% of respondents indicated they print out e-book content for use. Responses to the question “What, if anything, would make you more likely to use e-books for academic purposes?” included easier access via the library website (48% of respondents), better functionality for highlighting/annotating (44%), reduced cost (43.2%), easier downloading (38.5%), more e-books in area of research interest (37.3%), more textbooks (37.2%), and ownership of a dedicated e-reader (35.6%). 
 
 In 2012, 52% of respondents reported never having downloaded an e-book for offline use. This percentage dropped notably in this study, with only 11.5% of respondents indicating they had never downloaded for later use.
 
 Conclusion – While this study indicates both STEM and non-STEM respondents at this institution are increasingly using e-books, preferences for electronic versus print format varied according to content type and type of user (e.g., STEM or non-STEM, undergraduate or graduate, student/faculty/staff). Key recommendations for usability and collection development include: improving discovery and awareness mechanisms, purchasing some content (e.g., references works, style guides) in e-format while ensuring multiple simultaneous use, taking advantage of print plus electronic options to serve users with different format preferences, and encouraging vendors to allow digital rights management free downloading and printing.

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which Th17 cells, B cells and inflammatory cytokines (1-3) contribute to joint tissue damage, however the role of specific myeloid populations to immunopathogenesis of RA remains unclear.Objectives:To address this question, we studied transcriptional, phenotypical and functional characteristics of monocytes (Mo), CD1c+ and CD141+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC) from RA patients.Methods:Frequencies and maturation patterns of Lin-CD14-HLADR+ plasmacytoid (CD11c-), CD1c+ and CD141+ cDC (CD11c+) subsets and CD14+ Mo from n=25 RA patients at baseline were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. In addition, longitudinal studies on the evolution of these populations after treatment initiation were conducted on a smaller group of RA patients. Moreover, CD1c+ and CD141+ cDC subsets and total Mo were sorted from the peripheral blood from n=4 untreated RA and healthy individuals and the synovial fluid from n=3 RA and chondrocalcinosis patients. Differential transcriptional patterns within each population were analyzed by RNAseq. Functional validation of targets were performed in vitro with cDC subsets isolated form the synoviual fluid of RA patients. Finally, silencing of expression of NLRC4 and NLRP3 on CD1c+cDCs was performed with specific siRNAs.Results:Both CD1c+ (p=0.0001) and CD141+ (p=0.0008) cDCs were significantly depleted from the blood and enriched in the synovial fluid from untreated RA patients, but proportions of CD1c+ cDCs were more significantly recovered after treatment initiation and associated with improved clinical parameters. In addition, specific increased expression levels of the IgG-Fc receptor CD64 on CD1c+ cDC was associated with higher DAS28 (p=0.0002). Moreover, differential transcriptional patterns of circulating CD1c+cDCs from RA patients were characterized by genes linked to toll-like receptor, Fc-receptor, inflammasome pathways and elevated CCR2 expression (p=0.016), while CD141+cDCs transcribed interferon-related genes. Importantly, CCR2+ CD64Hi CD1c+cDCs from the synovial fluid from RA patients transcribed proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1-β, CCL3 and IL-8, actively expressed the inflammasome mediator caspase 1 and were more effective activating pathogenic IFNγ+IL-17+ CD4+ T cells in vitro than CD141+ cDC (p=0.0019). These functional profiles could be artificially induced stimulating CD1c+ cDCs with dsDNA in the presence of IgGs and was dependent on caspase 1 and the NLRC4 inflammasome.Conclusion:Our data provides novel insights about specific activation and functional patterns on CD1c+cDC contributing to RA pathogenesis and identifies new sensors that could represent novel therapeutic target to treat RA.References:[1]Alvandpur N, Tabatabaei R, Tahamoli-Roudsari A, Basiri Z, Behzad M, Rezaeepoor M, et al. Circulating IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T cells and IL-17A producing CD4+ T cells, HLA-shared epitope and ACPA may characterize the clinical response to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Human immunology. 2020.[2]Nistala K, Adams S, Cambrook H, Ursu S, Olivito B, de Jager W, et al. Th17 plasticity in human autoimmune arthritis is driven by the inflammatory environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2010;107(33):14751-6.[3]Chapuy-Regaud S, Nogueira L, Clavel C, Sebbag M, Vincent C, Serre G. IgG subclass distribution of the rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated fibrin. Clinical and experimental immunology. 2005;139(3):542-50.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Citation of original article 1:S. J. Isakoff, J. A. Engelman, H. Y. Irie, J. Luo, S. M. Brachmann, R. V. Pearline, L. C. Cantley, J. S. Brugge. Cancer Research 2005; 65: 10 992–11 000.Abstract of the original article 1:Activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA) have been identified in several human cancers. The mutations primarily result in single amino acid substitutions, with >85% of the mutations in either exon 9 or 20. Multiple studies have shown that these mutations are observed in 18% to 40% of breast cancers. However, the phenotypic effects of these PIK3CA mutations have not been examined in breast epithelial cells. Herein, we examine the activity of the two most common variants, E545K and H1047R, in the MCF-10A immortalized breast epithelial cell line. Both variants display higher PI3K activity than wild-type p110 yet remain sensitive to pharmacologic PI3K inhibition. In addition, expression of p110 mutants in mammary epithelial cells induces multiple phenotypic alterations characteristic of breast tumor cells, including anchorage-independent proliferation in soft agar, growth factor-independent proliferation, and protection from anoikis. Expression of these mutant p110 isoforms also confers increased resistance to paclitaxel and induces abnormal mammary acinar morphogenesis in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. Together, these data support the notion that the cancer-associated mutations in PIK3CA may significantly contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis and represent attractive targets for therapeutic inhibition.Citation of original article 2:J. J. Zhao, Z. N. Liu, L. Wang, E. Shin, M. F. Loda, T. M. Roberts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005; 102: 18 443–18 448.Abstract of the original article 2:The PIK3CA gene encoding the p110α subunit of Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) is frequently mutated in human tumors. Mutations in the PIK3CB gene encoding p110β, the only other widely expressed Class IA PI3K, have not been reported. We compared the biochemical activity and transforming potential of mutant forms of p110α and p110β in a human mammary epithelial cell system. The two most common tumor-derived alleles of p110α, H1047R and E545K, potently activated PI3K signaling. Human mammary epithelial cells expressing these alleles grew efficiently in soft agar and as orthotopic tumors in nude mice. We also examined a third class of mutations in p110α, those in the p85-binding domain. A representative tumor-derived p85-binding-domain mutant R38H showed modestly reduced p85 binding and weakly activated PI3K/Akt signaling. In contrast, a deletion mutant lacking the entire p85-binding domain efficiently activated PI3K signaling. When we constructed in p110β a mutation homologous to the E545K allele of p110α, the resulting p110β mutant was only weakly activated and allowed minimal soft-agar growth. However, a gene fusion of p110β with the membrane anchor from c-Src was highly active and transforming in both soft-agar and orthotopic nude mouse assays. Thus, although introduction of activating mutations from p110α at the corresponding sites in p110β failed to render the enzyme oncogenic in human cells, the possibility remains that other mutations might activate the β isoform.

Представлены методики экспериментов для изучения переохлажденной воды с использованием микроволновой спектроскопии. Одна методика связана с получением глубокого переохлаждения воды в порах силикатного материала, другая основана на получении аморфного состояния в образце пресного льда при его пластической деформации. Показаны возможности методик при изучении свойств переохлажденной воды. При атмосферном давлении и температуре –45 °С (на линии Видома) был определен интервал температур, в котором наблюдаются аномалии микроволновых потерь переохлажденной воды, находящейся в порах силикагеля. При пластической деформации поликристаллического льда наблюдали минимум фактора потерь в микроволновом диапазоне на линии Видома.
 
 
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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by an inherent genetic instability, which contributes to the progression of the disease towards accelerated and blast crisis (BC). The occurrence of the latter has been hampered by the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), which changed this natural progression, but BC still occurs in patients resistant to TKI. Several cytogenetic (major and minor routes) and genomic (TP53 mutation, p16/INK4A deletions, DNA repair abnormalities such as BRCA1, DNA-PKcs, hnRNP metabolism) events have been reported in the progression towards BC. Previous data have also suggested the involvement of embryonic stem cell program activated in BC cells such as Lin28A. In this work, we have taken advantage of the previously reported gene profiling of BC in a large cohort of patients (Radich et al. 2006) and found a correlation between blast numbers and the involvement of the Transcription Factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) in BC. TFC7L2 is a member of the TCF family of proteins that are known to activate WNT target genes such as Cyclin D1. TCF7L2 has been shown to be overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and represents a druggable target (Saenz et al Leukemia 2019). The involvement of TCF7L2 in CML-BC and its interaction with the epigenetic regulators has not been studied so far. The gene correlation study that we have performed using the blast numbers and the expression of TCF7L2 in CD34+ CML cells was found to be highly significant (Pearson test, r = 0.56, p-value=5.2e-4) (Fig.1A). TCF7L2 promoter was classed as active in K562 with ChromHMM Functional genomic analysis. K562 epigenetics peaks of TCF7L2 CHIP-seq were found principally mapped in proximal promoters (39% of the peaks, -3000pb upstream Transcription Starting Sites (TSS), Fig. 1B) and 183 unique peaks matched with promoter of 144 unique genes found to be correlated to the blast number in blood of the CML patients during BC (Fig 1C). This TCF7L2-dependent BC program was characterized to be active because promoters were also found positive for H3K27Ac and negative for H3K27Me3 histone marks, and functionally enriched with binding sites for MYC/MAX interactions (p=1.15e-6). The analysis of CHIP-sequencing of MYC revealed a significant overlapping of TCF7L2 epigenetic program with MYC (fold enrichment: 20.81, p < 2.2e-16). Surprisingly, the TCF7L2 program was found independent of RUNX1 and GATA2 transcriptional program. To determine these potential interactions, we have designed experiments in K562 cell line using the b-catenin activator Lithium Chloride (LiCL2) and the Myc/Max dimerization inhibitor 10058-F4. K562 cells were cultured in the presence of LiCL2 (10mM & 24hours) and the compound 10058-F4 (64µM & 48hours) and the expression of three epigenetic targets was analyzed by Q-RT-PCR in the presence of DMSO controls. The three targets chosen were protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT1), the ATPase/Helicase RUVBL1 and the WD-repeat containing protein WDR77. As expected, after culture with LiCL2, the expression of PRMT1 was increased x 6.3 fold (p=8.49e-13) , that of RUVBL1 by x 1.66 Fold (p=1.67e-6) and that of WDR77 by x 2 fold (p=4.97e) (Fig.1D). On the contrary, the culture of K562 cells in the presence of MYC/MAX inhibitor 10058-F4, decreased the expression of 3 targets as compared to DMSO controls (x 1.6 fold for PRMT1, p=6.52e-5; x2 fold reduction for RUVBL1, p-value=2.71e-5; and x 1.4 fold for WDR77, p =0.0000643). These results show for the first time a cooperative role of TCF7L2 and MYC during blast crisis of CML and provide mechanistic insights into the interactions for the role of MYC in CML blast crisis. In addition they strengthen previous data showing a possible embryonic footprint in the blast development over the hematopoietic differentiation program during progression of the disease and provide a rationale for the pharmacological targeting of BC by the use of MYC/MAX inhibitors such as 10058-F4. Experiments are underway to evaluate the role of these factors and the MYC/MAX inhibitors in primary CML samples. Reference : Radich JP, Dai H, Mao M, Oehler V, Schelter J, Druker B, Sawyers C, Shah N, Stock W, Willman CL, Friend S, Lindsey PS.(2006) :Gene Expression Changes Associated with Progression and Response in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (8): 2794-99. Disclosures Turhan: Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria; novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding.


 From its beginning, mankind suffered injuries through falling, fire, drowning and human aggression [1]. Although the frequency and the kinetics modifiy over millennia, trauma continues to represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality even in the modern society [1]. Significant progresses in the trauma surgery were due to military conflicts, which next to social sufferance came with important steps in injuries’ management, further applied in civilian hospitals. The foundation of modern trauma systems was started by Dominique Jean Larrey (1766-1842) during the Napoleonic Rin military campaign from 1792. The wounded who remained on the battlefield till the end of the battle to receive medical care, usually more than 24 hours, from that moment were transported during the conflict with flying ambulances to mobile hospitals. Starting with the First World War, through the usage of antiseptics, blood transfusions, and fracture management, the mortality decreased from 39% in the Crimean War (1853–1856) to 10%. One of the most preeminent figures of the Second World War was Michael DeBakey, who created the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH), concept very similar to the Larrey’s unit. In 1941, in England, Birmingham Accident Hospital was opened, specially designed for injured people, this being the first trauma center worldwide. During the Golf War (1990–1991) the MASH were used for the last time, being replaced by Forward Surgical Teams, very mobile units satisfying the necessities of the nowadays infantry [1].
 Nowadays, trauma meets the pandemic criteria, everyday 16,000 people worldwide are dying, injuries representing one of the first five causes of mortality for all the age groups below 60 [2]. A recent 12-month analysis of trauma pattern in the Emergency Hospital of Bucharest revealed 141 patients, 72.3% males, with a mean age of 43.52 ± 19 years, and a mean New Injury Severity Score (NISS) of 27.58 ± 11.32 [3]. The etiology was traffic related in 101 (71.6%), falls in 28 (19.9%) and crushing in 7 (5%) cases. The overall mortality was as high as 30%, for patients with a mean NISS of 37.63 [3].
 At the scene, early recognition of severe injuries and a high index of suspicion according to trauma kinetics may allow a correct triage of patients [4]. A functional trauma system should continuously evaluate the rate of over- and under-triage [5]. The over-triage represents the transfer to a very severe patient to a center without necessary resources, while under-triage means a low injured patient referred to a highly specialized center. If under-triage generates preventable deaths, the over-triage comes with a high financial and personal burden for the already overloaded tertiary centers [5]. To maximize the chance for survival, the major trauma patients should be transported as rapid as possible to a trauma center [6]. The initial resuscitation of trauma patients was divided into two time intervals: ten platinum minutes and golden hour [6]. During the ten platinum minutes the airways should be managed, the exsanguinating bleeding should be stopped, and the critical patients should be transported from the scene. During the golden hour all the life-threatening lesions should be addressed, but unfortunately many patients spend this time in the prehospital setting [6]. These time intervals came from Trunkey’s concept of trimodal distribution of mortality secondary to trauma, proposed in 1983 [7]. This trimodal distribution of mortality remains a milestone in the trauma education and research, and is still actual for development but inconsistent for efficient trauma systems [8].
 The concept of patients’ management in the prehospital setting covered a continuous interval, with two extremities: stay and play/treat then transfer or scoop and run/ load and go. Stay and play, usually used in Europe, implies airways securing and endotracheal intubation, pleurostomy tube insertion, and intravenous lines with volemic replacement therapy. During scoop and run, used in the Unites States, the patient is immediately transported to a trauma center, addressing the immediate life-threating injuries during transportation.
 In the emergency department of the corresponding trauma center, the resuscitation of the injured patients should be done by a trauma team, after an orchestrated protocol based on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). The modern trauma teams include five to ten specialists: general surgeons trained in trauma care, emergency medicine physicians, intensive care physicians, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, radiologists, interventional radiologists, and nurses. In the specially designed trauma centers, the leader of the trauma team should be the general surgeon, while in the lower level centers this role may be taken over by the emergency physicians.
 The implementation of a trauma system is a very difficult task, and should be tailored to the needs of the local population. For example, in Europe the majority of injuries are by blunt trauma, while in the United States or South Africa they are secondary to penetrating injuries. In an effort to analyse at a national level the performance of trauma care, we have proposed a national registry of major trauma patients [9]. For this registry we have defined major trauma as a New Injury Severity Score higher than 15. The maintenance of such registry requires significant human and financial resources, while only a permanent audit may decrease the rate of preventable deaths in the Romanian trauma care (Figure 1) [10].
 Figure 1 - The website of Romanian Major Trauma Registry (http://www.registrutraume.ro).
 
 USA - In the United States of America there are 203 level I centers, 265 level II centers, 205 level III or II centers and only 32 level I or II pediatric centers, according to the 2014 report of National Trauma Databank [11]. USA were the first which recognized trauma as a public health problem, and proceeded to a national strategy for injury prevention, emergency medical care and trauma research. In 1966, the US National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council noted that ‘’public apathy to the mounting toll from accidents must be transformed into an action program under strong leadership’’ [12]. Considerable national efforts were made in 1970s, when standards of trauma care were released and in 1990s when ‘’The model trauma care system plan’’[13] was generated. The American College of Surgeons introduced the concept of a national trauma registry in 1989. The National Trauma Databank became functional seven years later, in 2006 being registered over 1 million patients from 600 trauma centers [14].
 Mortality from unintentional injury in the United States decreased from 55 to 37.7 per 100,000 population, in 1965 and 2004, respectively [15]. Due to this national efforts, 84.1% of all Americans have access within one hour from injury to a dedicated trauma care [16].
 Canada - A survey from 2010 revealed that 32 trauma centers across Canada, 16 Level I and 16 Level II, provide definitive trauma care [18]. All these centers have provincial designation, and funding to serve as definitive or referral hospital. Only 18 (56%) centers were accredited by an external agency, such as the Trauma Association of Canada. The three busiest centers in Canada had between 798–1103 admissions with an Injury Severity Score over 12 in 2008 [18].
 Australia - Australia is an island continent, the fifth largest country in the world, with over 23 million people distributed on this large area, a little less than the United States. With the majority of these citizens concentrated in large urban areas, access to the medical care for the minority of inhabitants distributed through the territory is quite difficult. The widespread citizens cannot be reached by helicopter, restricted to near-urban regions, but with the fixed wing aircraft of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, within two hours [13]. In urban centers, the trauma care is similar to the most developed countries, while for people sparse on large territories the trauma care is far from being managed in the ‘’golden hour’’, often extending to the ‘’Golden day’’ [19].
 Germany - One of the most efficient European trauma system is in Germany. Created in 1975 on the basis of the Austrian trauma care, this system allowed an over 50% decreasing of mortality, despite the increased number of injuries. According to the 2014 annual report of the Trauma Register of German Trauma Society (DGU), there are 614 hospitals submitting data, with 34.878 patients registered in 2013 [20]. The total number of cases documented in the Trauma Register DGU is now 159.449, of which 93% were collected since 2002. In the 2014 report, from 26.444 patients with a mean age of 49.5% and a mean ISS of 16.9, the observed mortality was 10% [20].
 The United Kingdom - In 1988, a report of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, analyzing major injuries concluded that one third of deaths were preventable [21]. In 2000, a joint report from the Royal College of Surgeons of England and of the British Orthopedic Association was very suggestive entitled "Better Care for the Severely Injured" [22]. Nowadays the Trauma Audit Research network (TARN) is an independent monitor of trauma care in England and Wales [23]. TARN collects data from hospitals for all major trauma patients, defined as those with a hospital stay longer than 72 hours, those who require intensive care, or in-hospital death. A recent analysis of TARN data, looking at the cost of major trauma patients revealed that the total cost of initial hospital inpatient care was £19.770 per patient, of which 62% was attributable to ventilation, intensive care and wards stays, 16% to surgery, and 12% to blood transfusions [24].
 
 
 
 
 
 Global health care models
 
 
 Countries where is applied
 
 
 Functioning concept
 
 
 Total healthcare costs from GDP
 
 
 
 
 Bismarck model
 
 
 Germany
 
 
 Privatized insurance companies (approx. 180 nonprofit sickness funds). Half of the national trauma beds are publicly funded trauma centers; the remaining are non-profit and for-profit private centers.
 
 
 11.1%
 
 
 
 
 Beveridge model
 
 
 United Kingdom
 
 
 Insurance companies are non-existent. All hospitals are nationalized.
 
 
 9.3%
 
 
 
 
 National health insurance
 
 
 Canada, Australia, Taiwan
 
 
 Fusion of Bismarck and Beveridge models. Hospitals are privatized, but the insurance program is single and government-run.
 
 
 11.2% for Canada
 
 
 
 
 The out-of-pocket model
 
 
 India, Pakistan, Cambodia
 
 
 The poorest countries, with undeveloped health care payment systems. Patients are paying for more than 75% of medical costs.
 
 
 3.9% for India
 
 
 
 
 GDP – gross domestic product
 
 
 
 
 Table 1 - Global health care models with major consequences on trauma care [17].
 Traumas continue to be a major healthcare problem, and no less important than cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and access to dedicated and timely intervention maximizes the patients’ chance for survival and minimizes the long-term morbidities. We should remember that one size does not fit in all trauma care. The Romanian National Trauma Program should tailor its resources to the matched demands of the specific Romanian urban and rural areas.

Abstract Abstract 5171 Introduction: One of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world is iron-deficiency anemia and young children are at high risk of developing it. In spite of fortification of foods in the United States, there is a high prevalence of anemia in infants and toddlers increasing their risk of neuro-developmental effects. Constipation is defined as delay or difficulty in defecation ≥ 2 weeks. Around one year of age, various changes are commonly implemented in a child's diet including introduction of whole milk and solids. Children may then present with sub-clinical colitis, constipation and anemia secondary to blood loss in stool or develop anemia due to increased consumption of milk. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends screening for anemia at 1 year and 2 year visits. The only clue to intolerance to milk may be symptomatic constipation and treating the anemia and switching the type of milk often helps to resolve this problem. This study explores the relation between iron deficiency, constipation and milk. Methods: This is an ongoing prospective study, which has been extended from Cornell to different centers. Data presented here is only from the Cornell principal site. Children between 6 months and 30 months visiting the resident's pediatric clinic and having routine blood work drawn as a part of their visit were included in the study. The National Health Sciences (NHS) Constipation questionnaire was administered to the parents of these children; ≥ 2 was considered Constipation. In addition, a detailed diet history of the child, and history of medicines and illness was taken and questions were asked about family history of anemia, constipation and allergies. If the mother was breast feeding, questions were asked about her dairy intake. Comparisons were made between children with and without constipation/iron deficiency. If the child had Hemoglobin (Hgb) <11, the child was started on Iron as per clinic policy, and phone calls were made to check for compliance with Iron. In addition letters including a printed calendar and a note on Iron rich foods were mailed out to the parents. Results: Two hundred five children, 92 females and 113 males between 8 and 30 months mean age 16. 7 months, are enrolled in the study. Seventy-two children (35 %) were constipated (score ≥2). Forty-two children (20. 5%) had Hgb <11. Children who had Hgb < 11 were not more constipated (45%) than those who had Hgb ≥11 (35%). In the Hgb <11 group, there was no significant difference in Hgb between children with and without constipation (p = 0. 19), however there was a difference in Hgb between infants with a Constipation score 0 and score 1 (p = 0. 03). Of the 42 children who had Hgb <11, 3 were later found to have sickle trait or alpha thalassemia trait, which were identified when iron intake did not improve the Hgb level. Compliance with Iron: Of the 39 children who were on Iron, 9 parents could not be reached via phone. Only 6 parents gave no Iron at all but another 12 did not give Iron properly resulting in 18/30 or 60% of infants/toddlers not receiving an adequate trial of replacement Iron. Among the side effects of Iron, one parent felt Iron caused rash on back and wanted multivitamin with Iron after finishing a month's course, one child had discoloration of teeth, so the parent gave it with juice. Two parents with infants with apparent true milk protein allergy colitis said constipation improved with diet change and iron. Conclusions: The prevalence of mild anemia is high in infants and toddlers. There was no clear association of constipation and anemia. Compliance is one of the key factors for Iron replacement therapy and in view of how erratic compliance was, it is imperative to give proper instructions to the parent while prescribing Iron. Material to better indicate which foods were rich in iron and follow-up phone calls were included in the management to optimize iron intake of anemic children. We will include more patients, more closely monitor the change in the diet of the child, and monitor responses to Iron therapy in children with low Hgb. In addition, different practices at other involved centers e. g. Brooklyn hospital Center may allow comparison of the time of screening (9 months v/s 1 year) and testing with Hemoglobin/Hematocrit versus a full Complete Blood Count with indices. Disclosures: Bussel: Amgen: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cangene: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Genzyme: Research Funding; IgG of America: Research Funding; Immunomedics: Research Funding; Ligand: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Eisai, Inc: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Shinogi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Symphogen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sysmex: Research Funding; Portola: Consultancy.

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. The study revealed that ADHD as a developmental disorder is influenced by prenatal, biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors, and suggested that better understanding of genomic susceptibilities, family environment and parental characteristics would transform the pathway for development of ADHD in children.
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The COVID-19 pandemics have caused a lot of stressors for parents. Apart from doing daily activities, parents also have to take care of their children and accompany them to study. The number of stressors can lead to toxic behavior in parenting. This study aims to measure the level of toxicity in parenting behavior and coping strategies adopted by parents. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods to measure toxic levels in parenting behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 568 parents from Banjarmasin and Yogyakarta participated in this study. The survey results show that several factors can trigger parenting stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely worsening economic conditions, delinquent children, excessive anxiety, accumulated daily hassles, growing family demands, and disputes with spouses. However, some of these stressors do not lead to toxic parenting. The results showed that 97.79% of respondents from Banjarmasin and 95.29% from Yogyakarta showed a low toxic level. The remaining 2.21% of respondents in Banjarmasin and 4.71% of respondents in Yogyakarta indicated a moderate toxic level. Coping strategies are crucial for neutralizing stress. There are several strategies applied, namely trying to consider a problem is God's test, and there is a positive side to every problem; trying to address the source of stress and solving it; Withdrawing and finding individual time; looking for social support from the family and others; crying and releasing it by doing favorite things and capitulate and get back the problem. This Research is expected to be a reference for parents in choosing coping strategies to manage the stress they feel in parenting during the pandemic.
 Keywords: Toxic parenting; stress trigger, coping strategy; COVID-19
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