Academic literature on the topic 'Catholic church, catechisms and creeds'
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Journal articles on the topic "Catholic church, catechisms and creeds"
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Buckley, Francis J. "The Catechism of the Catholic Church: An Appraisal." Horizons 20, no. 2 (1993): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900027456.
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AbstractThe format is a scholastic treatment of creed, sacraments, morality, and prayer with many allusions to Scripture, church Councils, and teachings of the magisterium, particularly in the social teachings of the church. This Catechism could have been written before the Second Vatican Council with references to Council documents added later, much as the biblical references were added as “proof-texts.” The biblical, liturgical, ecumenical, and catechetical movements have not had a substantial impact on the structure or content of the Catechism. There are many excellent features of the Catechism. It avoids the question-and-answer format. It dropped the major doctrinal errors. Its expanded development of prayer is superb. The greatest weakness of the Catechism is its steadfast refusal to distinguish teachings of the magisterium which demand an assent of faith from teachings which demand some other interior assent.
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Lillback, Peter. "THE ABIDING LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION’S CONFESSIONAL ORTHODOXY: THE REQUIRED VOWS OF WESTMINSTER SEMINARY PROFESSORS AND NAPARC MINISTERS." VERBUM CHRISTI: JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 41–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51688/vc7.1.2020.art3.
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Since the Reformed faith has been characterized from its sixteenth century origins, thus for both Catholic and Protestant the century was an era characterized by faith speaking through the composition of their respective confessions of faith. This article begin to examine the problems raised by confessional subscription for Protestantism and its solutions. The various purposes for confessional subscription to the historic creeds of the Reformation and confessional subscription at Westminster Theological Seminary, and finally confessional subscription in the PCA and the OPC also discussed. This article argues that the abiding legacy of the Reformation's Confessional Orthodoxy manifested in the required vows of Westminster Seminary professors and NAPARC ministers.
KEYWORDS: creeds, confessions, catechisms, Reformed.
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Davids, Adelbert. "De Theologische Dialoog Over het Filioque, I." Het Christelijk Oosten 50, no. 3-4 (November 29, 1998): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29497663-0500304006.
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The Theological Dialogue about the Filioque, I The aim of the Vatican document from 1995 on ‘The Greek and the Latin traditions regarding the procession of the Holy Spirit’, drawn up by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, is to reopen the theological dialogue about the procession of the Holy Spirit, which is carried out by the Joint International Commission between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. In its first report on ‘The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in the light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity’ from Munich in 1982 the commission had mentioned the centuries-old difficulty between the two Churches concerning the eternal origin of the Holy Spirit, but was not able to treat the subject extensively. The Vatican document from 1995 consists of two parts. In the first part the problem of the Filioque is sketched. The East has always maintained the formula of the creed of the second ecumenical council of Constantinople of 381, whereas in the West the Filioque was introduced in the formulation about the Holy Spirit in that creed: “qui a patre filioque procedit”. But the Eastern theology also knows about a procession of the Spirit from the Father through the Son. The second part gives an explanation of the Western theology of the Filioque. The conclusion of the document is that both theologies, the Eastern as well as the Western, are complementary (as was already stated in the new Catechism of 1992) and that there is no need to omit the Filioque from the creed of the Western Church. Being aware of the “legitimate complementarity”, the Catholic Church has refused the addition of the Filioque to the creed in the Greekspeaking Churches, even of Latin rite, which use it in Greek.
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Coffey, Joan L. "Of Catechisms and Sermons: Church-State Relations in France, 1890–1905." Church History 66, no. 1 (March 1997): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169632.
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The years from 1890 to 1905 were tumultuous ones for church-state relations in France. The Third Republic (1870–1940) sought a more secular state while remaining ever mindful that the majority of French were at least nominally Roman Catholic. Anticlericalism became the unifying theme of an otherwise factious government, and a formal separation of church and state took place in 1905. The church in France, for its part, dreamed of reviving its former power and influence. Some in the church looked back and saw the restoration of the monarchy as the way to realize the dream; others worked to establish a presence in the modern world of factories and department stores. All were concerned with the decline in the number of communicants and the growth of socialism. Feeling threatened and increasingly forced into a defensive stance, the church determined to hold ground and, periodically, even to go on the offensive.
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Murray, Douglas M. "The study of the catholic tradition of the Kirk: Scoto-Catholics and the worship of the reformers." Studies in Church History 33 (1997): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013437.
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James Cooper, Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Glasgow University and a prominent High Churchman, once remarked that one of the main reasons for the Catholic revival in the Church of Scotland in the late nineteenth century was the renewed study of the history of the Scottish Church. The Catholic revival, or Scoto-Catholic movement, found expression in the formation of the Scottish Church Society in 1892. The High Churchmen who formed the Society considered that a Catholic position was no novelty in the Kirk. According to Henry J. Wotherspoon, one of the leading theologians of the movement, the Presbyterian was from the first ‘the High Catholic of Puritanism’, and it followed that the material for a catholic revival lay at hand in the traditions of the Church. In its classic form and confessional position, he said, Presbyterianism discerned the Kingship of Christ; it asserted the Church as a Divine imperium, ‘visible, universal, and divinely ordered’, independent and autonomous; it maintained Episcopate, none the less that it was Episcopate put into commission; it asserted for the Presbyterate Apostolic Succession; it held a very distinct sacramental system, cumbered only by the endeavour to combine it with a doctrine of election; it exercised a vigorous discipline; it adhered to the oecumenical creeds in every term of their definitions and on that ground claimed to be acknowledged as Catholic.
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Van der Borght, Eddy. "The Church as the Community of the Shared Story." Journal of Reformed Theology 2, no. 1 (2008): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973108x278085.
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AbstractWithin this article, three ecumenical documents that discuss reconciliation and healing memories and that were published in the twenty first century are analyzed. The focus is on the way they deal with the past link between church and ethnicity, and how this has contributed to the inability of actual national or ethnic churches to be an expression of the one, catholic church of the ancient creeds. The result of the analysis is disappointing. The texts avoid dealing with this issue.
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Hallig, Jason Valeriano. "Catholicization: Towards a Theological Praxis of the Unity of the Church of Jesus Christ in Celebration of the Upcoming 500th Anniversary of the Protestant Reformation." Evangelical Quarterly 88, no. 1 (April 26, 2016): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08801002.
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Jesus’s prayer for unity needs a face. Evangelicals have been accused of a pathological tendency to fragment. And unless the Church addresses its disunity and deals with its calling for unity, both its life and ministry are at risk. Catholicization is an attempt to offer a theological praxis of the unity of the Church, putting emphasis both on theology and its practical relation to the life and ministry of the Church to make its spiritual unity an empirical one. This is a new ‘Reformation’ but this time towards a catholic movement. Catholicization is anchored in and founded upon four ‘distinctives’ of the unity of the Church, namely the Trinity, the Scripture, the creeds, and the liturgy.
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Bertova, Anna. "Japanese Catholic Church Before and During World War II: Catechisms of 1936 and 1942." State Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide 41, no. 2 (2023): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2023-41-2-217-239.
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NEDAVNYA, Оlgа. "Issues of war and defense of the motherland in the catechisms of the modern Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2023.01.086.
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The article examines the provisions of the catechisms of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church regarding the war and its challenges, as well as the defense of the Motherland. A comparative analysis of relevant thematic instructions in the Catechism “Christ is our Easter” (published in 2011), the Catechism for youth “We walk with Christ” (published in 2021) and the “Catechism of the Christian Warrior” (published in 2022) was carried out. It was determined that the provisions of the UGCC's own fundamental doctrinal documents, its Catechisms, regarding the problems of war and defense of the Motherland, were formed, clarified and supplemented according to the circumstances and needs of the time. The catechism of the UGCC “Christ is our Easter” contains general Christian considerations on the subject under consideration, which are principled, establishing, and refer to how civilized peoples should conduct themselves. The catechism for youth, created in the previous years of the undeclared Russian Federation's “hybrid” war against Ukraine, covers the issues related to the war and the defense of the Motherland in a substantive way and closer to current Ukrainian realities, although it still has some idealistic approach. The Catechism of the Christian Warrior, the preparation of which was completed and the publication was carried out during the full-scale military offensive of the aggressor, is a set of thorough and competent advises for Ukrainian soldiers, where things are called by their names, and there are no provisions that can cause doubts due to experience and be problematically achievable for implementation. Therefore, it is concluded that especially this Catechism, together with and in addition to the two previous ones, is a useful and timely contribution of the UGCC to the instruction of Ukrainians during the war, and therefore to Ukraine's victory over the enemy.
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Ivanova, Maria. "Non-compliant Reading and Annotating in the Ruthenian Reformation: Cyril of Jerusalem’s Mystagogical Catechisms from Szymon Budny’s Library." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 89–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus558.
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While the works of the Antitrinitarian thinker and religious leader Szymon Budny (ca. 1530-93) have been the subject of extensive scholarly research, his library, marginalia, and reading practices have been significantly less examined. Following the discovery of a copy of Cyril of Jerusalem’s Mystagogical Catechisms (Vienna, 1560) belonging to Budny, I analyze Budny’s notes and comments regarding the Latin translation of Cyril’s text as a case study of Budny’s attempt to recover the Church Father from the Catholic post-Tridentine agenda and his own subsequent re-appropriation of Cyril for his radical non-adorantist program. By exploring Budny’s subversive reading and annotating strategies, I demonstrate Budny’s original contributions to the development of Antitrinitarian thought in Europe. I also illustrate how marginalia and paratexts reflect not only the history of the book in which they are found, but also how they throw light on religious and intellectual history.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Catholic church, catechisms and creeds"
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Frisk, Jean M. "Mary in catechesis: a comparative study on magisterial catechetical documents and religion textbooks for elementary schools in the United States from 1956-1998." IMRI - Marian Library / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=udmarian1431447113.
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Orlando, Evelyn de Almeida. "Por uma civilização cristã : a coleção monsenhor Álvaro Negromonte e a pedagogia do catecismo (1937 - 1965)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2008. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4695.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis work investigates the collection of the catechisms of Monsignor Álvaro Negromonte published between 1937 and 1965, under two perspectives of analysis: in his material support in the context of the editorial market to the season and in his content through the approximations with the presupposed of the New School. Starting from these two points of analysis the research tries to help with a shading scenery in the area of the History of Brazilian Education that don t comes looking to the catechism as a class of printed that determined much times the Brazilians school practices. Inserted in the area of the History of Education, the investigation begins from the proposal of the Cultural History and from the History of the Book, even looking to the history of the collections, that consider the book of catechism as any book, a cultural object, that wants to promote the civilization process by the education. The Collection Monsignor Álvaro Negromonte is composed of 14 volumes: 12 titles destined to the teaches of schools since the 1st grade of elementary school until the regular course and 3 Guides of the Catechist: the 1st referring to the orientation of catechism teaching for the 1st and 2nd grades of elementary school; the 2nd guide referring to the 3rd grade of elementary school; and the 3rd guide orientated the 4th grade of elementary school. The general purpose of this investigation is based on analyzing this collection as a didactic tool used by the Catholic Church to the formation of the individuals. The materiality, the production, the circulation and the appropriation guided the way that composed scenery that the religious area acted trying to create a Christian civilization. Through the modern practices that the Church developed as the using of printed, in this case, the catechism, a specific object of transmission of the Catholic culture, little explored in the researches in History of Education yet, as in its materiality as in the representations that acquired in the Brazilian society, this research has yet the presence and the place of the Catholic Church in the educational discussions that happened in the country between the decades of 30 and 60 of the 20th century and the appropriation of the discussion about the Actives Pedagogies for this group defended by the author of the collection.
Este trabalho investiga a coleção de catecismos do Monsenhor Álvaro Negromonte, publicada entre 1937 e 1965, sob duas perspectivas de análise: em seu suporte material, no contexto do mercado editorial à época e no seu conteúdo, através das aproximações com os pressupostos escolanovistas. A partir desses dois focos de análise, a pesquisa busca contribuir com um cenário sombreado no campo da História da Educação Brasileira que não vem atentando para os catecismos como uma classe de impressos que determinou, muitas vezes, as práticas escolares brasileiras. Inserida no campo da História da Educação, a investigação parte da proposta da História Cultural e da História do Livro, atentando, ainda, para a História das Coleções, que considera o livro de catecismo, assim como todo livro, um objeto cultural, que visa promover o processo civilizador via educação. A Coleção Monsenhor Negromonte é composta, ao todo, de 14 volumes: 12 títulos destinados ao corpo discente das escolas, desde o 1º ano primário até o Curso Normal e três guias para o catequista: o 1º, referente à orientação do ensino de catecismo do 1º e 2º ano primário; o 2º guia, referente à orientação do 3º ano primário; e o 3º guia, orientava o 4º ano primário. O objetivo geral deste trabalho consiste em analisar essa coleção como ferramenta didática utilizada pela Igreja Católica para a formação dos indivíduos. A materialidade, a produção, a circulação e a apropriação conduziram a trilha que compôs o cenário, em que o campo religioso atuou, buscando formar uma civilização cristã. Através das práticas modernas que a Igreja desenvolveu como o uso dos impressos, neste caso, o catecismo, um objeto específico de transmissão da cultura católica, ainda pouco explorado nas pesquisas em História da Educação tanto em sua materialidade como nas representações que adquiriu na sociedade brasileira, esta pesquisa situa, ainda, a presença e o lugar da Igreja Católica nas discussões educacionais que ocorreram no país, entre as décadas de 30 e 60 do século XX e evidencia a apropriação do debate acerca das Pedagogias Ativas pelo grupo católico nas propostas do autor da coleção.
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Bronkhurst, Willem J. "A critical comparison of the Ecclesiologies of the catechism of the Catholic Church and the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2873.
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This thesis attempts to answer the following questions: What are the implications of the differences and similarities between the ways in which Catholics and Reformed Baptists understand the concept “church” and the church’s constitution and characteristics, and can a critical evaluation of the agreements and differences in any way facilitate ecumenical dialogue between Roman Catholics and Reformed Baptists?Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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Prudence, Hategekimana. "A study in the history of liberation catechesis : the contribution of the Catholic Church in South Africa to the catechetical renewal from 1965 to 1991." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3517.
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This research is a study of the history of liberation catechesis with a special emphasis on the contribution of the Catholic Church in South Africa to the catechetical renewal from 1965 to 1991. It is fundamentally an exercise in contextual catechesis and starts from the pre-supposition that it is the particular situation under which people live, in this case the South African context, which gives catechesis its existence and its specifity. Exploring the catechetical productions of the Catholic Church in South Africa from 1965 to 1991, this study shows how the clergy of the Catholic Church remained in constant turmoil searching for ways and means of meeting the demands of the catechetical renewal called for by the Second Vatican Council. In this quest for renewal it was imperative for catechetical experts to engage with the South African Context. In this enterprise there was a preoccupation with linking the Christian message and the people's life despite all the tensions, conflicts and divisions within the Catholic Church and the society as a whole. It is this need of linking the Christian faith and people's life situation in South Africa which is understood as a liberation catechesls or a liberating catechesls. It is an all-embracing catechesis because it takes into account all aspects of human life and aims at a better life. It was not an easy task as one could see through the South African situation. However it was necessary if the Catholic Church wanted to proclaim a Christian message which is relevant to the people of South Africa. Initiating a liberation catechesis demands a lot of courage and commitment because it is a question of life and death. The people who embarked on this road in South Africa were bound to call for change including the political system which affected the life of the people at the time. It is in this sense that their life was at risk. Despite this risk, progressive bishops, priests
and catechists held that liberation catechesis is the way out for the Catholic Church in South Africa to be relevant to the people. This is where the South African context offers a way out for other local Churches in South Africa trapped in social and ethnic conflict today, namely the Church in Rwanda.Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.
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"Testerian codices: hieroglyphic catechisms for native conversion in New Spain (Latin America, Catholic Church, Indians, missionaries, Mexico)." Tulane University, 1985.
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Among the earliest attempts of converting the Middle American Indians to Christianity was through the use of pictorial catechisms called Testerian manuscripts. The early Spanish Mendicant friars used the pictorial prayer books to teach the prayers of the Roman Catholic Church considered essential for conversion. The Testerian catechisms are named after Fray Jacobo de Testera, the Franciscan friar who is thought to have developed the hieroglyphic catechisms for the conversion process. The manuscripts combined Christian iconography and symbols from the pre-conquest native codices, and were drawn with small mnemonic and rebus figures representing a syllable, word or phrase of the Christian text The research undertaken in this study is the first comprehensive analysis of a group of manuscripts that were based on the pre-Columbian native codices and created for the religious education and conversion of the Indians of New Spain. Thirty-two documents are considered in this study. An analysis of style, content and form allowed us to define eleven types of Testerian catechisms represented by five groups and six individual examples. We have also determined that only nineteen of the extant manuscripts called Testerian catechisms are actual working catechisms, and that these were created over a time period of approximately three hundred years. The survival of the Testerian method into the nineteenth century reveals the prolonged success of the oldest teaching instruments of the New World, long after the native languages were transcribed into European letters, and three centuries following the merging of the two distinct and powerful New World and European culturesacase@tulane.edu
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Soderberg, Gregory David. "Ancient discipline and pristine doctrine : appeals to antiquity in the developing reformation." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26414.
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This thesis in Church History examines the changing attitudes of Protestants toward Church History. The primary evidence surveyed is statements within major Protestant confessions, as well as the views of selected Reformers. By focusing on how Protestant confessions either quote the church fathers, or affirm the ancient creeds of the Church, the thesis presents a general overview of how Protestants have related to Church History. This thesis takes advantage of many recent studies on the use of church fathers by the reformers, and new critical study of creeds and confessions. A study of selected reformers and Protestant confessions demonstrates that an important part of the Reformation program was the claim to continuity with the early church, as opposed to the perceived innovations of Rome. A brief survey of reformation attitudes towards history also shows that appeals to church history were largely determined by the historical and polemical context of the times. Calvin and Bucer, for instance, make stronger or weaker appeals to church history depending in which polemical context they found themselves. As a result of the hardening of confessional lines, a more critical attitude towards church history developed, especially in Anabaptism and English Puritanism. Whereas the reformers and most Protestant confessions claim continuity with the “ancient church,” the Puritans claimed continuity with the “apostolic” church. This is ironic because the Puritans wanted to reform the English church according to the model of the “best reformed churches,” whose confessions affirm the ancient creeds. Thus, this thesis provides further evidence for the claims of other scholars who have argued that there are two main view of church history within Protestantism: one that stresses continuity with the church in history, and one which stresses interpretation of the Bible free from any historical considerations. As Stephen R. Holmes has suggested, one party sought to “reform” the church while the other party sought to “re-found” the church. If Protestants have developed an anti-historical attitude, it has been partly in response to polemical circumstances. A way out of current Protestant provincialism, particularly in American fundamentalism, may be found in studying the reformers' original, more positive, attitude towards church history.Dissertation (MA (Church History))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Church History and Church Policy
MA
unrestricted
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Innerst, Sean. "The ancient Narratio as an ecclesial participation in the divine pedagogy: a study of its sources and proposal for its current application." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4948.
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This study represents a work of practical narrative
theology which originates in the notable prominence of an ancient
form of catechesis in a modern document, the General Directory
for Catechesis (GDC), issued in 1997 by the Sacred Congregation
for the Clergy in the Vatican. The GDC first mentions narratio
explicitly in number 39 in the form of an imperative:
"Catechesis, for its part, transmits the words and deeds of
Revelation; it is obliged to proclaim and narrate them and, at
the same time, to make clear the profound mysteries that they
contain." It is under the weight of that obligation that this
study came to be.
Narratio, or the narration of salvation history, which was
a standard part of the catechesis of the Church of the fourth and
fifth centuries gave way to the exigencies of a changing Church
in which the catechetical focus turned from adults, who needed a
Judeo-Christian worldview to replace a Greco-Roman one, to
children who had grown up in communities shaped by a Christian
vision.
This doctoral thesis proceeds by, first, surveying Roman
Catholic magisterial teaching immediately preceding the issuance
of the GDC to trace the roots of this apparent innovation within
an institution which is otherwise noted for its conservatism.
After establishing the context and character of the GDCs call
for revival of narratio, this thesis examines the historical
setting, rhetorical structure, and function of narratio in
Augustine of Hippo's De catechizandis rudibus, and then its
scriptural precursors in the two Testaments in order to discover
how this narration functioned in the Jewish and Christian
communities which practiced haggadic and anamnetic recitals of
God's saving works as a means to the formation and maintenance of
communal identity.
This study seeks to establish that a positive response to
the GDC's call is as much warranted by the evidence provided in
the biblical and post-biblical Jewish and Christian practice of
ritual/covenantal remembrance as by the Catholic magisterial
imperative in the GDC. In this, it may aid to inform and direct
such a positive response to the GDC for the revival of the
catechetical narratio.Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D. Th. (Church History)
Books on the topic "Catholic church, catechisms and creeds"
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Comerford, Lawler Thomas, and Lawler Ronald David 1926-, eds. The Catholic catechism. Huntington, Ind: Our Sunday Visitor Pub. Division, Our Sunday Visitor, 1986.
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Michael, Laughery Kevin, ed. Faith alive: A study companion to the Catechism. Liguori, Mo: Liguori Publications, 1995.
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Kendzia, Mary Carol. Catholic update guide to the catechism of the Catholic Church. Cincinnati, Ohio: Franciscan Media, 2012.
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DeSiano, Frank P. Presenting the Catholic faith: A modern catechism for inquirers. New York: Paulist Press, 1987.
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Anderson, William Angor. In his light: A path into Catholic belief. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown-ROA, 1996.
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Church, Catholic, ed. Essential Catholic handbook: Fully indexed to the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Liguori, MO: Liguori Publications, 1994.
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D, Stubna Kris, ed. What Catholics believe: A pocket catechism. Huntington, Ind: Our Sunday Visitor, 1999.
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Publications, Liguori, ed. Faith for the future: An illustrated catechism of Catholic belief in words and pictures. Liguori, MO: Liguori Publications, 1998.
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Tolhurst, James. A concise catechism for Catholics. Leominster, Herefordshire: Gracewing, 1993.
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Häberlein, Mark, and Paula Manstetten. "The Translation Policies of Protestant Reformers in the Early Eighteenth Century. Projects, Aims, and Communication Networks." In Übersetzungspolitiken in der Frühen Neuzeit / Translation Policy and the Politics of Translation in the Early Modern Period, 301–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67339-3_13.
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ZusammenfassungThis article examines the aims and motivations underlying the numerous translation projects initiated or supported by two Protestant organizations—the Anglican Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) in London and the Pietist Halle orphanage—in the early eighteenth century. These projects included translations of the Bible, catechisms, and devotional literature into over twenty-five languages, carried out for the benefit of Protestants abroad as well as for missionary activities among non-Protestant Christians and “heathens”. We survey a broad range of these endeavours and offer a case study of one specific project, the printing of an Arabic Psalter and New Testament for the use of Eastern Christians in London from 1720 onwards. We show that these translation projects were aimed at spreading Protestant piety, particularly in vernacular languages, and at creating a counterweight to the missionary activities of the Roman Catholic Church. However, the two societies did not follow a preconceived strategy; rather, these initiatives were the brainchildren of individual members and often relied on the availability of skilled translators in London and Halle. While many of the projects had limited success, they served as a means of religious self-affirmation for their initiators, who believed they were contributing to building God’s kingdom on earth by spreading the Christian message.
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Miola, Robert S. "Robert Bellarmine." In Early Modern Catholicism, 91–95. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199259854.003.0015.
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Abstract Italian cardinal and Doctor of the Church, Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) taught theology at Louvain and Rome, wrote a Hebrew grammar and catechisms, and emerged as the leading Catholic voice against Protestants with his Disputationes de Controversiis (1586–93). Whether. poison Mariana will answer the title question in the negative, arguing, remarkably, that such a method of assassination puts the victim’s soul at risk, implicating him in a kind of suicide.